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verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" title="Naar de hoofdpagina gaan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hoofdpagina</span></a></li><li id="n-zoekartikel" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Navigatie"><span>Vind een artikel</span></a></li><li id="n-today" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/19_november"><span>Vandaag</span></a></li><li id="n-Etalage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. 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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Mosoel" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Mosoel" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Mosoel" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Geschiedenis-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottomaanse_Rijk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottomaanse_Rijk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ottomaanse Rijk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottomaanse_Rijk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onder_Irak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onder_Irak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Onder Irak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onder_Irak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recente_geschiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recente_geschiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Recente geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recente_geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geboren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geboren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geboren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geboren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overleden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overleden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Overleden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overleden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mosoel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 103 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosoel" title="Mosoel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mosoel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Oudengels" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Oudengels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84" title="الموصل – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموصل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A8%DC%A0" title="ܡܘܨܠ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܨܠ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84" title="الموصل – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الموصل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84" title="موصول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موصول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Масул – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Масул" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="मोसुल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मोसुल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="মসুল – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মসুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosoul" title="Mosoul – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mosoul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossul" title="Mossul – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mossul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Мовсил – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мовсил" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Mosul (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mosul (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%B5" title="مووسڵ – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مووسڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossul" title="Mossul – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mossul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C4%B1l" title="Musıl – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Musıl" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Μοσούλη – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοσούλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosulo" title="Mosulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mosulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84" title="موصل – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موصل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossoul" title="Mossoul – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mossoul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C" title="מוסול – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוסול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="मोसुल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोसुल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moszul" title="Moszul – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moszul" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Մոսուլ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոսուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3s%C3%BAl" title="Mósúl – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mósúl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB" title="モースル – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モースル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მოსული – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოსული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%88%A0" title="모술 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BBsil" title="Mûsil – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mûsil" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausilium" title="Mausilium – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mausilium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosoel" title="Mosoel – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mosoel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossul" title="Mossul – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mossul" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosulas" title="Mosulas – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mosulas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosula" title="Mosula – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mosula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BE" title="മൊസൂൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊസൂൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="मोसुल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोसुल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%B5" title="مووسڵ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مووسڵ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossol" title="Mossol – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mossol" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2" title="ਮੋਸਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਸਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84" title="موصل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موصل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossul" title="Mossul – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mossul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossul" title="Mossul – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mossul" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowsil" title="Mowsil – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mowsil" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Silezisch" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silezisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மோசுல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோசுல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Мавсил – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мавсил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="โมซูล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมซูล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musul" title="Musul – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Musul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8B%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%84" title="مەۋسىل – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مەۋسىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Мосул – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мосул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84" title="موصل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موصل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94" title="摩苏尔 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摩苏尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მოსული – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოსული" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C" title="מאסול – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאסול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosoel" title="Mosoel – Zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mosoel" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94" title="摩苏尔 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摩苏尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mosul" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE" title="摩蘇爾 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="摩蘇爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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bekijken" style="font-size:87%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Coördinaten"><img alt="Coördinaten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Internet-web-browser.svg/23px-Internet-web-browser.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Internet-web-browser.svg/35px-Internet-web-browser.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Internet-web-browser.svg/46px-Internet-web-browser.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=nl&params=36_20_29_N_43_7_45_E_type:city(2066370)_region:IQ&pagename=Mosoel">36° 20′ NB, 43° 8′ OL</a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <caption class="notheme" style="font-size:large; margin-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Mosoel</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center">Plaats in <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Irak"><img alt="Vlag van Irak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; color:inherit; padding:0;" class="center" colspan="2"><div style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width: 266px; max-width: 266px; float:none; clear:both;"><div style="position: relative;border: 1px solid none; padding: 0px; width: 266px; max-width: 266px;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Iraq_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosoel (Irak)"><img alt="Mosoel (Irak)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Iraq_location_map.svg/266px-Iraq_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Iraq_location_map.svg/399px-Iraq_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Iraq_location_map.svg/532px-Iraq_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span><br /><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: 14.7%; left: 44.9%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -4px; top: -4px; width: 8px; font-size: 8px; line-height:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Mosoel"><img alt="Mosoel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; top:-2.65em; left:-3em; text-align: center;"><span style="padding: 1px;"></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 90%"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="2">Situering </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bestuurlijke_indeling_van_Irak" title="Bestuurlijke indeling van Irak">Provincie</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninawa" title="Ninawa">Ninawa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Geografische_co%C3%B6rdinaten" title="Geografische coördinaten">Coördinaten</a> </th> <td><span class="plainlinks"><span class="coordinates plainlinks"><span id="text_coordinates"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=nl&params=36_020_0_N_43_07_0_E_type:city_scale:25000&pagename=Mosoel">36° 20′ NB, 43° 7′ OL</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="2">Algemeen </th></tr> <tr> <th>Inwoners <br /><small class="nowrap">(2008)</small> </th> <td>1.800.000 </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="2">Foto's </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" style="padding:0;" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg/260px-Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg/390px-Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Tigris_river_Mosul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="2" style="font-size:85%">De <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> bij Mosoel </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" colspan="2"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse;" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Azi%C3%AB" title="Portaal:Azië">Azië</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Map_of_Mosul.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_Mosul.svg/260px-Map_of_Mosul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_Mosul.svg/390px-Map_of_Mosul.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_Mosul.svg/520px-Map_of_Mosul.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="4143" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mosoel</b> of <b>Mosul</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabisch" title="Arabisch">Arabisch</a>: الموصل, <i>Al Mawsil</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turks" title="Turks">Turks</a>: <i>Musul</i>, <a href="/wiki/Koerdisch" title="Koerdisch">Koerdisch</a> مووسڵ, <i>Mûsil</i>, <a href="/wiki/Aramees" title="Aramees">Aramees</a>: ܡܘܨܠ, <i>Māwṣil</i>) is de op twee na grootste stad van <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, gelegen in het noorden van het land, nabij de grens met <a href="/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije">Turkije</a>. In 2008 woonden er 1,8 miljoen mensen. De stad ligt op de rechteroever van de <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, waarin stroomopwaarts de <a href="/wiki/Mosoeldam" title="Mosoeldam">Mosoeldam</a> ligt. Ten oosten van de stad, aan de overkant van de Tigris, bevindt zich het oude <a href="/wiki/Ninive" title="Ninive">Ninive</a>. </p><p>De bevolking is overwegend Arabisch, maar de omgeving wordt vooral door <a href="/wiki/Koerden" title="Koerden">Koerden</a> bewoond met daarnaast ook een christelijke minderheid waaronder <a href="/wiki/Armenen" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenen">Armenen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Aramee%C3%ABrs" title="Arameeërs">Arameeërs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De stad Mosoel ligt juist buiten de autonome Koerdische regio in Noordoost-Irak. Op religieus gebied is de stad van belang als het historische centrum van het <a href="/wiki/Assyrische_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrische Kerk">nestorianisme</a>, een <a href="/wiki/Ori%C3%ABntaals-orthodoxe_kerken" title="Oriëntaals-orthodoxe kerken">oriëntaals-orthodoxe kerk</a>. In de 4e eeuw werd het Mar-Benham-klooster 32 km ten zuiden van Mosoel gesticht. De stad is ook de zetel van de <a href="/wiki/Syrisch-Katholieke_Kerk" title="Syrisch-Katholieke Kerk">geünieerde Syrische aartsbisschop</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Chaldeeuws-Katholieke_Kerk" title="Chaldeeuws-Katholieke Kerk">geünieerde Chaldeeuwse aartsbisschop</a>. De christenen vormden eeuwenlang een belangrijke minderheid van de stad, maar de moslims overvleugelen de christenen getalsmatig en aanhangers van <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_Staat_(in_Irak_en_de_Levant)" title="Islamitische Staat (in Irak en de Levant)">Islamitische Staat in Irak en de Levant</a> hebben hen in 2014 praktisch allemaal verdreven.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Si%C3%A8ge_de_Mossoul_(1261-1262).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Mossoul_%281261-1262%29.jpeg/300px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Mossoul_%281261-1262%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Mossoul_%281261-1262%29.jpeg/450px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Mossoul_%281261-1262%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Mossoul_%281261-1262%29.jpeg/600px-Si%C3%A8ge_de_Mossoul_%281261-1262%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>Inname van Mosoel door de Mongolen in 1261. Illustratie uit de <a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a> van de Perzische historicus <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din" title="Rashid al-Din">Rashid al-Din</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mosoel ontstond aan de westelijke oever van de Tigris, tegenover Ninive, maar werd in <a href="/wiki/636" title="636">636</a> door de <a href="/wiki/Moslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Moslims">moslims</a> veroverd. De stad ontwikkelde zich vanaf de <a href="/wiki/8e_eeuw" title="8e eeuw">8e eeuw</a> tot een belangrijk handelscentrum op een kruispunt van belangrijke <a href="/wiki/Karavaanroute" class="mw-redirect" title="Karavaanroute">karavaanroutes</a>. Dat zou het tot de verovering door de <a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_Rijk" title="Mongoolse Rijk">Mongolen</a> in <a href="/wiki/1261" title="1261">1261</a> blijven. In de 14e eeuw werd Mosoel door de <a href="/wiki/Perzen" title="Perzen">Perzen</a> veroverd en in de 16e eeuw door de <a href="/wiki/Turken" title="Turken">Turken</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottomaanse_Rijk">Ottomaanse Rijk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ottomaanse Rijk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ottomaanse Rijk"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1638 veroverden de Turken de herbouwde stad. Tot 1918 behoorde de stad tot het <a href="/wiki/Ottomaanse_Rijk" title="Ottomaanse Rijk">Ottomaanse Rijk</a>, waarna de Turken en de Britten, die Irak sinds dat jaar als <a href="/wiki/Mandaatgebied" title="Mandaatgebied">mandaatgebied</a> beheerden, nog tot 1926 twistten over de stad. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onder_Irak">Onder Irak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Onder Irak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Onder Irak"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na de Eerste Wereldoorlog was Mosoel inzet van strijd tussen Irak en Iran (destijds Perzië). In de <a href="/wiki/Vrede_van_Lausanne_(1923)" title="Vrede van Lausanne (1923)">Vrede van Lausanne</a> (1923) was de status van Mosoel niet opgenomen. In 1925 wees de <a href="/wiki/Volkenbond" title="Volkenbond">Volkenbond</a> Mosoel toe aan Irak en in 1926 deed Turkije formeel afstand van Mosoel. Kort daarna werden de belangrijke olievelden rond de stad ontdekt, die haar tot op vandaag een grote strategische betekenis geven. </p><p>Vanouds staat Mosoel bekend om zijn wol- en katoenproductie: <a href="/wiki/Mousseline_(textiel)" title="Mousseline (textiel)">mousseline</a> is naar Mosoel genoemd. Verder produceert de omgeving van Mosoel sinds mensenheugenis <a href="/wiki/Albast" title="Albast">albast</a>. </p><p>Mosoel is een etnisch diverse stad, op de grens tussen het merendeels Arabisch-soennitische zuidwesten van Irak, en het Koerdisch-soennitische noordoosten. Deze deling is ook in de stad duidelijk. Tevens heeft de stad een grote sjiitische <a href="/wiki/Turkmenen" title="Turkmenen">Turkmeense</a> populatie, die in Ottomaanse tijden de meerderheid vormde. Wegens haar diversiteit was de stad tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Irakoorlog" title="Irakoorlog">Irakoorlog</a> en tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Opstanden_in_Irak_sinds_2003" title="Opstanden in Irak sinds 2003">Iraakse burgeroorlog</a> toneel van veel verzet, onderling geweld en aanslagen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recente_geschiedenis">Recente geschiedenis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Recente geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Recente geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Golfoorlog_van_1990-1991" title="Golfoorlog van 1990-1991">Tweede Golfoorlog</a> (1990-1991) werd de aardolie-industrie nagenoeg vernietigd door bombardementen en raketbeschietingen. Begin 1991, tijdens de na de Golfoorlog uitgebroken burgeroorlog, was de stad korte tijd in handen van <a href="/wiki/Koerden" title="Koerden">Koerdische rebellen</a> en liep zij opnieuw ernstige schade op ten gevolge van de strijd. </p><p>Vanaf eind 2013, toen terreurgroep <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_Staat_in_Irak_en_de_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamitische Staat in Irak en de Levant">ISIS</a> de macht in handen kreeg over de naburige delen van Irak en Syrië, zouden extremisten de lokale bevolking al hebben bedreigd en uitgebuit. Zij persten onder andere winkeliers af, voor geld dat voor de strijd in Syrië nodig zou zijn. Ook poogden zij de Turkmenen en andere minderheden uit de stad te verjagen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op 10 juni 2014 viel Mosoel in handen van ISIS en verloren Iraakse veiligheidstroepen de controle over de stad. Het Iraakse leger bleek niet in staat weerstand te bieden aan de snelle opmars van ISIS. Het leger van de Koerdische autonome regio was niet in de buurt wegens onenigheid met de Sjiitische nationale regering over de status van de stad. Na enkele uren strijd verlieten Iraakse politieagenten en militairen massaal hun posten en gepantserde wagens. Binnen 48 uur waren volgens de VN meer dan 500.000 inwoners van de stad op de vlucht geslagen naar de Koerdische autonome regio. Volgens lokale ziekenhuizen vielen zeker 200 doden en vluchtelingen spraken van lijken in de straten. Naar eigen zeggen executeerde ISIS 1.700 militairen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De voorzitter van het Iraakse parlement riep de Koerden op om met hun leger direct versterking te komen bieden om Mosoel te bevrijden (samen met het nationale leger).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISIS drong het Turkse consulaat van de stad binnen en gijzelde 49 Turken, waaronder de consul en drie kinderen. Tevens kidnapte ISIS 31 Turkse vrachtwagenchauffeurs, 40 Indiërs en 16 Georgiërs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aramese, Assyrische en Armeense kerken werden door ISIS in brand gestoken.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In de centrale bank van Mosoel zou ISIS 300 miljoen euro hebben buitgemaakt. Dit zou de organisatie de rijkste terreurgroep in de wereld maken.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2.000 gevangenen zouden zijn bevrijd uit een antiterrorisme-gevangenis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanuit Mosoel namen de extremisten op 11 juni 2014 de zuidelijker gelegen steden <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baji (de pagina bestaat niet)">Baji</a> in.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tevens namen zij controle over het grootste deel van de provincie <a href="/wiki/Kirkoek_(provincie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirkoek (provincie)">Kirkoek</a> ten oosten van Mosoel. Op 12 juni publiceerde ISIS nieuwe wetgeving die gehanteerd zou worden in Mosoel; alle tempels, tombes en graven dienen vernietigd te worden en voor overtreders van de sharia zullen zware straffen gelden als amputatie en publieke executie.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later die dag bombardeerde de Iraakse luchtmacht delen van de stad, alsook gebouwen in <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a> die waren ingenomen door ISIS.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op 25 juni 2014 begon ISIS met het beschieten met mortieren van christelijke dorpen ten zuiden van Mosoel. Hoewel ISIS eerst had beweerd dat christenen met rust gelaten zouden worden, moesten tienduizenden vluchten naar Koerdisch gebied. Op hetzelfde moment begon ook een aanval op islamitische en christelijke heiligdommen. Zo zouden leden van ISIS het graf van de profeet <a href="/wiki/Jona_(profeet)" title="Jona (profeet)">Jona</a> hebben vernietigd.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeker vijf sjiietische en soefistische moskeeën en tombes in de stad werden opgeblazen, en kruisen werden in kerken vervangen door vlaggen van de terreurbeweging.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISIS-strijders gingen alle wijken van de stad langs om minderheden te registreren. Zij werden daarna voor de keuze gesteld: ofwel "berouw" te tonen (dit wil zeggen zich tot de islam te bekeren) en trouw te zweren aan het kalifaat, of te worden geëxecuteerd. Anderen zouden voor losgeld zijn gekidnapt. Ook zou ISIS dorpen ten westen van de stad richting Tel-Afar (veelal bewoond door sjiieten, Koerden en Turkmenen) volledig uitmoorden.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op 27 juni 2014 zou ISIS een eigen commandant hebben gekruisigd in de stad.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Op 19 juli 2014 verliet de laatste christelijke gemeenschap de stad, na bijna tweeduizend jaar vestiging.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hun huizen waren gemarkeerd met de Arabische letter 'N', voor Nasrani (volgers van de 'profeet van Nazareth', ofwel Jezus). In juli markeerde ISIS ook 50 moskeeën voor vernietiging. Onder andere de 14e-eeuwse moskee voor de profeet Jirjis werd met de grond gelijk gemaakt.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In enkele moskeeën die werden opgeblazen troffen lokale moslims verbrande en verscheurde korans aan, wat tot grote verontwaardiging leidde onder de bevolking van de stad. De burgers van Mosoel probeerden hun gebedshuizen te beschermen door er te overnachten, zodat ISIS ze niet kon opblazen. Zij zouden onder andere hebben voorkomen dat ISIS de 840 jaar oude 'scheve minaret' − de <a href="/wiki/Al-Nuri-moskee" title="Al-Nuri-moskee">Al-Nuri-moskee</a>, een nationaal symbool − opblies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Op 17 oktober 2016 startten Iraakse regeringstroepen, Koerdische <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> en andere strijdgroepen een <a href="/wiki/Slag_om_Mosoel_(2016-2017)" title="Slag om Mosoel (2016-2017)">offensief</a> tegen Mosoel om IS uit de stad te verdrijven. Op 9 juli 2017 kondigde de Iraakse regering aan dat de stad geheel was heroverd op IS.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daarbij werd de stad nagenoeg geheel verwoest.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In februari 2018 lanceerde UNESCO het "Revive the Spirit of Mosul" project voor de wederopbouw van de stad, met steun aan de plaatselijke bevolking door middel van cultuur en onderwijs.<sup id="cite_ref-revivemosul_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revivemosul-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In december 2018 werd de eerste steen gelegd voor de wederopbouw van de <a href="/wiki/Al-Nuri-moskee" title="Al-Nuri-moskee">Al-Nuri-moskee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economie">Economie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Economie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Economie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De stad hoort tot de belangrijkste drie van het land. Mosoel is omgeven door belangrijke <a href="/wiki/Aardolieveld" class="mw-redirect" title="Aardolieveld">aardolievelden</a> en is daarom het centrum van de Iraakse aardolieproductie. Van oudsher is er ook omvangrijke <a href="/wiki/Textielindustrie" title="Textielindustrie">textielindustrie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mousseline_(textiel)" title="Mousseline (textiel)">mousseline</a>) en verwerking van <a href="/wiki/Agrarische_producten" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarische producten">agrarische producten</a> (graan, gerst, suiker; leder); daarnaast <a href="/wiki/Machinebouw" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinebouw">machinebouw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemische_industrie" title="Chemische industrie">chemische</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houtindustrie" title="Houtindustrie">hout</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Cementindustrie" title="Cementindustrie">cementindustrie</a>. Mosoel is een aanzienlijk handels- en verkeersknooppunt (wegen, spoorwegen; luchthaven). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geboren">Geboren</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geboren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geboren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a> (1936-2015), Iraaks politicus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Yassin_Ramadan" title="Taha Yassin Ramadan">Taha Yassin Ramadan</a> (1938-2007), Iraaks politicus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Hashim_Ahmad_al-Tai" title="Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai">Sultan Hashim Ahmad al-Tai</a> (1944), Iraaks ex-generaal en oud-politicus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_al-Yawar" title="Ghazi al-Yawar">Ghazi al-Yawar</a> (1958), Iraaks politicus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ahmad_Abd_al-Sattar_Muhammad" title="Ibrahim Ahmad Abd al-Sattar Muhammad">Ibrahim Ahmad Abd al-Sattar Muhammad</a> (1966-2010), Iraaks generaal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawar_Mulla_Mohammed" title="Hawar Mulla Mohammed">Hawar Mulla Mohammed</a> (1982), Iraaks voetballer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overleden">Overleden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Overleden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Overleden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oedai_Hoessein" title="Oedai Hoessein">Oedai Hoessein</a> (1964-2003), oudste zoon van <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hoessein" title="Saddam Hoessein">Saddam Hoessein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koesai_Hoessein" title="Koesai Hoessein">Koesai Hoessein</a> (1966-2003), jongste zoon van Saddam Hoessein</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosoel&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haryy_Luke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haryy Luke (de pagina bestaat niet)">H. C. Luke</a>, <i>Mosul and its minorities</i> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fadhil_Hussain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fadhil Hussain (de pagina bestaat niet)">F. Hussain</a>, <i>The Mosul problem: a study in Anglo-Iraqi-Turkish diplomacy and public opinion</i> (1955)</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.trouw.nl/home/-europa-laat-christenen-in-midden-oosten-in-de-steek-~a20d028f/">https://www.trouw.nl/home/-europa-laat-christenen-in-midden-oosten-in-de-steek-~a20d028f/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21608804-conquering-jihadists-are-evicting-or-killing-mosuls-last-christians-nearly-all">Nearly all gone. The conquering jihadists are evicting or killing Mosul’s last Christians</a>, <i>The Economist</i>, 26 juli 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053546/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2013/11/isis-syria-raqqa-iraq-maliki.html">ISIS practicing statehood in Raqqa</a>, <i>Al-Monitor</i>, november 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nos.nl/artikel/661292-isis-publiceert-executiefotos.html">ISIS publiceert executie-foto's</a>, NOS, 15 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2014/06/11/iraakse-autoriteiten-zijn-vastberaden-om-mosul-te-heroveren/">Iraakse autoriteiten zijn vastberaden om Mosul te heroveren</a>, <i>NRC</i>, 11 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nos.nl/artikel/662904-weer-buitenlanders-ontvoerd-in-irak.html">Weer buitenlanders ontvoerd in Irak</a>, NOS, 18 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2664/Nieuws/article/detail/3671683/2014/06/13/VN-mogelijk-honderden-doden-in-Mosul.dhtml">VN: mogelijk honderden doden in Mosul</a>, <i>de Volkskrant</i>, 13 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/isil-storms-turkeys-mosul-consulate-takes-diplomats-captive-report.aspx?pageID=238&nID=67660&NewsCatID=352">ISIL kidnaps Turkish consul, 24 others in Iraq: Police</a>, <i>Hurriyet Daily News</i>, 11 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/turkey/138729/isil-rebels-raid-turkish-consulate-in-mosul-updated">ISIL rebels raid Turkish consulate in Mosul-UPDATED</a>, <i>World Bulletin</i>, 11 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2014/06/11/militanten-gijzelen-48-turken-in-consulaat-mosul/">Militanten gijzelen 48 Turken in consulaat Mosul</a>, <i>NRC</i>, 11 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312061249/http://www.cnewa.org/blog.aspx?ID=1804&pagetypeID=35&sitecode=hq">https://web.archive.org/web/20160312061249/http://www.cnewa.org/blog.aspx?ID=1804&pagetypeID=35&sitecode=hq</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2014-06-10/al-qaeda-militants-capture-us-blackhawk-helicopters-iraq">Al Qaeda Militants Capture US Black Hawk Helicopters In Iraq</a>, <i>Zero Hedge</i>, 10 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.am/en/society/2014/06/12/armenian-church/">Islamists attack St. Etchmiadzin Church in Mosul</a>, <i>Panorama.am</i>, 12 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mosul-seized-jihadis-loot-429m-citys-central-bank-make-isis-worlds-richest-terror-force-1452190">Mosul Seized: Jihadis Loot $429m from City's Central Bank to Make Isis World's Richest Terror Force</a>, <i>International Business Times</i>, 11 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rt.com/news/165340-turkish-consulate-mosul-qaeda/">Militants seize Turkish consulate, dozens diplomats in Iraqi city of Mosul</a>, <i>Russia Today</i>, 11 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2664/Nieuws/article/detail/3670457/2014/06/11/Opmars-ISIS-na-Mosul-nemen-jihadisten-ook-Baiji-en-Tikrit-in.dhtml">Opmars ISIS: na Mosul nemen jihadisten ook Baiji en Tikrit in</a>, <i>de Volkskrant</i>, 11 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10895007/Repent-or-die-al-Qaeda-forces-announce-rules-for-Iraqi-territory-they-now-control.html">Repent or die: al-Qaeda forces announce rules for Iraqi territory they now control</a>, <i>The Telegraph</i>, 12 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2668/Buitenland/article/detail/3670878/2014/06/12/Iran-stuurt-troepen-Iraakse-luchtmacht-bombardeert-ISIS.dhtml">'Iran stuurt troepen', Iraakse luchtmacht bombardeert ISIS</a>, <i>de Volkskrant</i>, 12 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/isil-threatens-attack-samarra-holy-shrine-201461211041609306.html">Web Exclusive: ISIL threatens Samarra shrine</a>, <i>Al Jazeera</i>, 12 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.shiapost.com/2014/06/26/isis-terrorists-destroyed-the-grave-of-prophet-younus/">ISIS terrorists destroyed the grave of Prophet Younus</a>, <i>Shia Post</i>, 26 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hln.be/hln/nl/1280/Irak/article/detail/1936748/2014/07/05/ISIS-vernietigt-meerdere-moskeeen-en-mausolea-in-Noord-Irak.dhtml">ISIS vernietigt meerdere moskeeën en mausolea in Noord-Irak</a>, <i>HLN.be</i>, 5 juli 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.nl/Buitenland/nieuws/2014/7/ISIS-verwoest-gebedshuizen-van-ongelovigen-in-Noord-Irak-1555107W/">ISIS verwoest gebedshuizen van 'ongelovigen' in Noord-Irak</a>, <i>Elsevier</i>, 5 juli 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28155663">Iraq crisis: Isis rebels 'hunt opponents', say refugees</a>, BBC, 3 juli 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/06/27/ISIS-crucifies-one-of-its-own-in-Syria-for-corruption-.html">SIS crucifies one of its own in Syria for corruption</a>, <i>Al-Arabiya</i>, 27 juni 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nu.nl/buitenland/3832613/christenen-tweeduizend-jaar-weg-iraakse-mosul.html">"Christenen na tweeduizend jaar weg uit Iraakse Mosul"</a> <i>NU.nl</i>, 19 juli 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/isis-levels-14th-century-mosque-iraq-largest-city-article-1.1882519">ISIS levels 14th century mosque in Iraq's second largest city</a>, <i>New York Daily News</i>, 28 juli 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/01/iraqis-isis-mosul-resistance">Iraqis living under Isis rule in Mosul begin to show resistance</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 1 augustus 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/07/28/iraqis-save-840-year-old-crooked-minaret-from-isis-after-militants-blow-up-old-testament-prophets-tomb/">Iraqis save 840-year-old Crooked Minaret from ISIS after militants blow up Old Testament prophet’s tomb</a> AP/<i>National Post</i>, 28 juli 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2024"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkskrant.nl/buitenland/na-acht-maanden-strijd-is-is-bolwerk-mosul-gevallen-de-toekomst-van-de-stad-is-ongewis~a4505418/">Na acht maanden strijd is IS-bolwerk Mosul gevallen. De toekomst van de stad is ongewis</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Volkskrant" title="De Volkskrant">de Volkskrant</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-07-10">10 juli 2017</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823020618/https://www.volkskrant.nl/buitenland/na-acht-maanden-strijd-is-is-bolwerk-mosul-gevallen-de-toekomst-van-de-stad-is-ongewis~a4505418/">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-08-23">23 augustus 2017</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-07-10">10 juli 2017</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2024"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hln.be/nieuws/buitenland/irak/in-beeld-satellietbeelden-tonen-ongelooflijke-verwoesting-iraakse-stad-mosoel~ab67f976?show=art">IN BEELD: Satellietbeelden tonen ongelooflijke verwoesting Iraakse stad Mosoel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Het_Laatste_Nieuws" title="Het Laatste Nieuws">Het Laatste Nieuws</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2017-07-16">16 juli 2017</span>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119235542/https://www.hln.be/nieuws/buitenland/irak/in-beeld-satellietbeelden-tonen-ongelooflijke-verwoesting-iraakse-stad-mosoel~ab67f976?show=art">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2018-01-19">19 januari 2018</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2018-01-19">19 januari 2018</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revivemosul-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-revivemosul_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/revive-mosul">Revive the Spirit of Mosul</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705200551/https://www.unesco.org/en/revive-mosul">Gearchiveerd</a> op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2022-07-09">9 juli 2022</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2018"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/12/16/eerste-steen-gelegd-voor-heropbouw-grote-moskee-mosul/">Eerste steen gelegd voor heropbouw Grote Moskee Mosul</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vrtnws.be" title="Vrtnws.be">vrtnws.be</a> (<span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2018-12-16">16 december 2018</span>). </span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mosul#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mosul">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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