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Rahmi Hariadi</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Rizka Aisha Rahmi Hariadi"> <meta name="keywords" content="Rizka Aisha Rahmi Hariadi"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Rizka Aisha Rahmi Hariadi"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 83</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Rizka Aisha Rahmi Hariadi</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> Comparative Study between Herzberg’s and Maslow’s Theories in Maritime Transport Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nermin%20Mahmoud%20Gohar">Nermin Mahmoud Gohar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Tarek%20Noour"> Aisha Tarek Noour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Learner satisfaction has been a vital field of interest in the literature. Accordingly, the paper will explore the reasons behind individual differences in motivation and satisfaction. This study examines the effect of both; Herzberg’s and Maslow’s theories on learners satisfaction. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from learners who were geographically widely spread around the College of Maritime Transport and Technology (CMTT) at the Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport (AAST&MT) in Egypt. One hundred and fifty undergraduates responded to a questionnaire survey. Respondents were drawn from two branches in Alexandria and Port Said. The data analysis used was SPSS 22 and AMOS 18. Factor analysis technique was used to find out the dimensions under study verified by Herzberg’s and Maslow’s theories. In addition, regression analysis and structural equation modeling were applied to find the effect of the above-mentioned theories on maritime transport learners’ satisfaction. Concerning the limitation of this study, it used the available number of learners in the CMTT due to the relatively low population in this field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title="motivation">motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satisfaction" title=" satisfaction"> satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=needs" title=" needs"> needs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education" title=" education"> education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Herzberg%E2%80%99s%20and%20Maslow%E2%80%99s%20theories" title=" Herzberg’s and Maslow’s theories "> Herzberg’s and Maslow’s theories </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18735/comparative-study-between-herzbergs-and-maslows-theories-in-maritime-transport-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18735.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">435</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> Identification and Differentiation of Fagonia Arabica and Fagonia Indica by Using DNA Barcode Region Matk</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noshaba%20Dilbar">Noshaba Dilbar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Tahir"> Aisha Tahir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amer%20Jamil"> Amer Jamil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the last decade, DNA barcoding proved to be an authentic tool for discovery and identification of plants. In the present study, DNA barcoding of two species, Fagonia arabica and Fagonia indica was done for differentiation by using matK region. matK gene is considered as a universal barcode because of its easy alignment and high discrimination ability. In this study, matK yielded 100% sequencing results. The sequences from both plants were aligned at clustal W and observed that there is no nucleotide variation and polymorphism among both sequences. This was further analysed by BLAST which showed the similar sequences from different plants belonging to same family but didn’t find sequence of both species. Considering this, the resulted sequence was submitted by the name of Fagonia arabica with accession number KM276890. In the end, we analysed the results from BOLD which gave us the final conclusion that both plants are same as their matK sequences are 100% identical. In literature, both Fagonia indica and Fagonia arabica names are used for this plant but there is no clear differentiation has been observed in these plants. Results evaluate that Fagonia indica and Fagonia arabica are the alternative names of same plant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA%20barcoding" title="DNA barcoding">DNA barcoding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fagonia%20arabica" title=" Fagonia arabica"> Fagonia arabica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fagonia%20indica" title=" Fagonia indica"> Fagonia indica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matK" title=" matK"> matK</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122682/identification-and-differentiation-of-fagonia-arabica-and-fagonia-indica-by-using-dna-barcode-region-matk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122682.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> Presence of Nesting Parrot (Psittacula krameri borealis) Order Psitaciforme, Family Psittacidea in District Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Liaquat%20Ali">Aisha Liaquat Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghulam%20Sarwar%20Gachal"> Ghulam Sarwar Gachal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Yusuf%20Sheikh"> Muhammad Yusuf Sheikh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The parrot (Psittacula krameri borealis) commonly known as ‘Tota’ belongs to the order ‘Psittaciformes’ and family ‘Psittacidea’. Its range inhabits tropical to subtropical regions. The parrot (Psittacula krameri borealis) has been categorized as least concern species. The core aim of the present study is to investigate the nesting of parrot (Psittacula krameri borealis); site observation was done a different interval from various adjoining areas of District Mirpurkhas from June 2017 to May 2018. During the study period, altogether 15 nests were observed, number of nests were high in June’s month (33.3%), July (13.3%), August (20.0 %), March (13.3%), April (13.3%) while the lowest number of nest was observed in September’s month (6.6%) and the nest was absent from October to February. It investigates that the number of nests was high June’s month when temperature range between '20 °C' and '45 °C'. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=District%20Mirpurkhas%20Sindh%20Pakistan" title="District Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan">District Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nesting" title=" nesting"> nesting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parrot%20%28Psittacula%20krameri%29" title=" parrot (Psittacula krameri)"> parrot (Psittacula krameri)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=presence" title=" presence"> presence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101864/presence-of-nesting-parrot-psittacula-krameri-borealis-order-psitaciforme-family-psittacidea-in-district-mirpurkhas-sindh-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101864.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> Motivational Factors on Non-Academic Staff of Higher Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atya%20Nur%20Aisha">Atya Nur Aisha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pamoedji%20Hardjomidjojo"> Pamoedji Hardjomidjojo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yassierli"> Yassierli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Motivation is an important aspect which affects employee behavior to achieve performance. Working motivation tend to be unstable, it easily changing. This condition could be affected by individual factors, namely working ability, and organizational factors, such as working condition and incentives system. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of individual and organizational factors on non-academic staff motivation. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to 150 non-academic staff of a university in Indonesia. Regression analysis was used to identify the relationship. Results revealed that individual working ability and incentives system had a positive impact on non-academic staff motivation (sig 0.001). This study provides information about practical implication for university authorities and theoretical implications for researchers who interested in exploring motivational and employee performance in a higher education context. It was proposed to increase productivity and work motivation of non-academic staff, university authorities should maintain equality and feasibility of incentives system and design a human resource development to improve employee ability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title="motivation">motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incentives" title=" incentives"> incentives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=working%20ability" title=" working ability"> working ability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-academic%20staff" title=" non-academic staff"> non-academic staff</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39687/motivational-factors-on-non-academic-staff-of-higher-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39687.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Drug Sensitivity Pattern of Organisms Causing Suppurative Otitis Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagat%20M.%20Saeed">Nagat M. Saeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mabruka%20S.%20Elashheb"> Mabruka S. Elashheb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20M.%20Ben%20Rabaha"> Fatma M. Ben Rabaha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20M%20Edrah"> Aisha M Edrah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the study was to determine the type and pattern of antibiotic susceptibility of the pathogenic microorganisms causing chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), which could lead to better therapeutic decisions and consequently avoidance of appearance of resistance to specific antibiotics. Most frequently isolated agents were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 28.5%; followed by Staphylococcus aureus 18.2%; proteus mirabilis 13.9%; Providencia stuartti 6.7%; Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Aspergillus sp., candida sp., 4.2% each; and other microorganisms were represented in 3-0.2%. Drug sensitivities pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that ciprofloxacin was active against the majority of isolates (93.9%) followed by ceftazidime 86.2%, amikacin 76.2% and gentamicin 40.8%. However, Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin 72.7%, erythromycin 28.6%, cephalothin 18.2%, cloxacillin 8.3% and ciprofloxacin was active against 96.2% of isolates. The resistance pattern of proteus mirabilis was 55.6% to ampicillin, 47.1% to carbencillin, 29.4% to cephalothin, 14.3% to gentamicin and 4.8% to amikacin while 100% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. We conclude that ciprofloxacin is the best drug of choice in the treatment of CSOM caused by the common microorganisms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=otitis%20media" title="otitis media">otitis media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chronic%20suppurative%20otitis%20media%20%28CSOM%29" title=" chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)"> chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microorganisms" title=" microorganisms"> microorganisms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20sensitivity" title=" drug sensitivity"> drug sensitivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4426/drug-sensitivity-pattern-of-organisms-causing-suppurative-otitis-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4426.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Neotectonic Characteristics of the Western Part of Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahmi%20Aksoy">Rahmi Aksoy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The western part of Konya consists of an area of block faulted basin and ranges. Present day topography is characterized by alternating elongate mountains and depressions trending east-west. A number of depressions occur in the region. One of the large depressions is the E-W trending Kızılören-Küçükmuhsine (KK basin) basin bounded on both sides by normal faults and located on the west of the Konya city. The basin is about 5-12 km wide and 40 km long. Ranges north and south of the basin are composed of undifferentiated low grade metamorphic rocks of Silurian-Cretaceous age and smaller bodies of ophiolites of probable Cretaceous age. The basin fill consists of the upper Miocene-lower Pliocene fluvial, lacustrine, alluvial sediments and volcanic rocks. The younger and undeformed Plio-Quaternary basin fill unconformably overlies the older basin fill and is composed predominantly of conglomerate, mudstone, silt, clay and recent basin floor deposits. The paleostress data on the striated fault planes in the basin indicates NW-SE extension and associated with an NE-SW compression. The eastern end of the KK basin is cut and terraced by the active Konya fault zone. The Konya fault zone is NE trending, east dipping normal fault forming the western boundary of the Konya depression. The Konya depression consists mainly of Plio-Quaternary alluvial complex and recent basin floor sediments. The structural data gathered from the Konya fault zone support normal faulting with a small amount of dextral strike-slip tensional tectonic regime that shaped under the WNW-ESE extensional stress regime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20Anatolia" title="central Anatolia">central Anatolia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20kinematics" title=" fault kinematics"> fault kinematics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C3%B6ren-K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCkmuhsine%20basin" title=" Kızılören-Küçükmuhsine basin"> Kızılören-Küçükmuhsine basin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Konya%20fault%20zone" title=" Konya fault zone"> Konya fault zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neotectonics" title=" neotectonics"> neotectonics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44672/neotectonic-characteristics-of-the-western-part-of-konya-central-anatolia-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44672.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Air Conditioning Variation of 1kW Open-Cathode Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Syahirin%20Aisha">Mohammad Syahirin Aisha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khairul%20Imran%20Sainan"> Khairul Imran Sainan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The PEM fuel cell is a device that generate electric by electrochemical reaction between hydrogen fuel and oxygen in the fuel cell stack. PEM fuel cell consists of an anode (hydrogen supply), a cathode (oxygen supply) and an electrolyte that allow charges move between the two positions of the fuel cell. The only product being developed after the reaction is water (H2O) and heat as the waste which does not emit greenhouse gasses. The performance of fuel cell affected by numerous parameters. This study is restricted to cathode parameters that affect fuel cell performance. At the anode side, the reactant is not going through any changes. Experiments with variation in air velocity (3m/s, 6m/s and 9m/s), temperature (10oC, 20oC, 35oC) and relative humidity (50%, 60%, and 70%) have been carried out. The experiments results are presented in the form of fuel cell stack power output over time, which demonstrate the impacts of the various air condition on the execution of the PEM fuel cell. In this study, the experimental analysis shows that with variation of air conditions, it gives different fuel cell performance behavior. The maximum power output of the experiment was measured at an ambient temperature of 25oC with relative humidity and 9m/s velocity of air. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air-breathing%20PEM%20fuel%20cell" title="air-breathing PEM fuel cell">air-breathing PEM fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathode%20side" title=" cathode side"> cathode side</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=variation%20in%20air%20condition" title=" variation in air condition"> variation in air condition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24926/air-conditioning-variation-of-1kw-open-cathode-proton-exchange-membrane-pem-fuel-cell" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">461</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Evaluating the Location of Effective Product Advertising on Facebook Ads</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aulia%20F.%20Hadining">Aulia F. Hadining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atya%20Nur%20Aisha"> Atya Nur Aisha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimas%20Kurninatoro%20Aji"> Dimas Kurninatoro Aji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Utilization of social media as a marketing tool is growing rapidly, including for SMEs. Social media allows the user to give product evaluation and recommendations to the public. In addition, the social media facilitate word-of-mouth marketing communication. One of the social media that can be used is Facebook, with Facebook Ads. This study aimed to evaluate the location of Facebook Ads, to obtain an appropriate advertising design. There are three alternatives location consist of desktop, right-hand column and mobile. The effectiveness and efficiency of advertising will be measured based on advertising metrics such as reach, click, Cost per Click (CUC) and Unique Click-Through-Rate (UCTR). Facebook's Ads Manager was used for seven days, targeted by age (18-24), location (Bandung), language (Indonesia) and keywords. The result was 13,999 total reach, as well as 342 clicks. Based on the results of comparison using ANOVA, there was a significant difference for each placement location based on advertising metrics. Mobile location was chosen to be successful ads, because it produces the lowest CUC, amounting to Rp 691,- per click and 14% UCTR. Results of this study showed Facebook Ads was useful and cost-effective media to promote the product of SME, because it could be view by many people in the same time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing%20communication" title="marketing communication">marketing communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media" title=" social media"> social media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Facebook%20Ads" title=" Facebook Ads"> Facebook Ads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20location" title=" mobile location"> mobile location</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39700/evaluating-the-location-of-effective-product-advertising-on-facebook-ads" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Comparison of Surface Hardness of Filling Material Glass Ionomer Cement Which Soaked in Alcohol Containing Mouthwash and Alcohol-Free Mouthwash</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Yuristiawan">Farid Yuristiawan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aulina%20R.%20Rahmi"> Aulina R. Rahmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Detty%20Iryani"> Detty Iryani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gunawan"> Gunawan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Glass ionomer cement is one of the filling material that often used in the field of dentistry because it is relatively less expensive and mostly available. Surface hardness is one of the most important properties of restoration material; it is the ability of material to stand against indentation, which is directly connected to the material compressive strength and its ability to withstand abrasion. The higher surface hardness of a material means it is better to withstand abrasion. The existence of glass ionomer cement in the mouth makes it susceptible to any substance that comes into mouth, one of them is mouthwash which is a solution that used for many purposes such as antiseptic, astringent, to prevent caries, and bad breath. The presence of alcohol in mouthwash could affect the properties of glass ionomer cement, surface hardness. Objective: To determine the comparison of surface hardness of glass ionomer cement which soaked in alcohol containing mouthwash and alcohol-free mouthwash. Methods: This research is a laboratory experimental type study. There were 30 samples made from GC FUJI IX GP EXTRA and then soaked in artificial saliva for the first 24 hours inside incubator which temperature and humidity were controlled. Samples then divided into three groups. The first group will be soaked in alcohol-containing mouthwash; second group will be soaked alcohol-free mouthwash and control group will be soaked in artificial saliva for 6 hours inside incubator. Listerine is the mouthwash that was used on this research and surface hardness was examined using Vickers Hardness Tester. The result of this research shows mean value for surface hardness of the first group is 16.36 VHN, 24.04 VHN for second group, and 43.60 VHN for control group. The result one way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni comparing test show significant results p = 0.00. Conclusions: The data showed there were statistically significant differences of surface hardness between each group, which surface hardness of the first group is lower than the second group, and both surface hardness of the first (alcohol mouthwash) and second group (alcohol-free mouthwash) are lowered than control group (p = 0.00). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glass%20ionomer%20cement" title="glass ionomer cement">glass ionomer cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mouthwash" title=" mouthwash"> mouthwash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20hardness" title=" surface hardness"> surface hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vickers%20hardness%20tester" title=" Vickers hardness tester"> Vickers hardness tester</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71287/comparison-of-surface-hardness-of-filling-material-glass-ionomer-cement-which-soaked-in-alcohol-containing-mouthwash-and-alcohol-free-mouthwash" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71287.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">224</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> CSRFDtool: Automated Detection and Prevention of a Reflected Cross-Site Request Forgery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaa%20A.%20Almarzuki">Alaa A. Almarzuki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nora%20A.%20Farraj"> Nora A. Farraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20M.%20Alshiky"> Aisha M. Alshiky</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20A.%20Batarfi"> Omar A. Batarfi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The number of internet users is dramatically increased every year. Most of these users are exposed to the dangers of attackers in one way or another. The reason for this lies in the presence of many weaknesses that are not known for native users. In addition, the lack of user awareness is considered as the main reason for falling into the attackers’ snares. Cross Site Request Forgery (CSRF) has placed in the list of the most dangerous threats to security in OWASP Top Ten for 2013. CSRF is an attack that forces the user’s browser to send or perform unwanted request or action without user awareness by exploiting a valid session between the browser and the server. When CSRF attack successes, it leads to many bad consequences. An attacker may reach private and personal information and modify it. This paper aims to detect and prevent a specific type of CSRF, called reflected CSRF. In a reflected CSRF, a malicious code could be injected by the attackers. This paper explores how CSRF Detection Extension prevents the reflected CSRF by checking browser specific information. Our evaluation shows that the proposed solution succeeds in preventing this type of attack. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CSRF" title="CSRF">CSRF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CSRF%20detection%20extension" title=" CSRF detection extension"> CSRF detection extension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attackers" title=" attackers"> attackers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attacks" title=" attacks"> attacks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10423/csrfdtool-automated-detection-and-prevention-of-a-reflected-cross-site-request-forgery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10423.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> Evaluation of the Gas Exchange Characteristics of Selected Plant Species of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, UTHM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yunusa%20Audu">Yunusa Audu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alona%20Cuevas%20Linatoc"> Alona Cuevas Linatoc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Idris"> Aisha Idris</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco (Vcmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax), light compensation point (LCP), light saturation point (LSP), maximum photosynthesis (Amax), and apparent quantum yield (Aqy) are gas exchange characteristics that are derived from the carbon dioxide (CO2) and light response curves. This characteristics can be affected by the level of CO2 and light received by the plant. Moreover, the characteristics determines the photosynthetic capacity of the plant. The objective of the study is to evaluate the gas exchange characteristics of selected plant species of UTHM. Photosynthetic carbon dioxide (A\Ci) and light (A/Q) response curves were measured using portable photosynthesis system (LICOR). The results shows that both A/Ci and A/Q curves increases as CO2 and light increases, but reach to a certain point where the curves will become saturated. Spathodea campanulata was having the highest Vcmax (52.14±0.005 µmolCO2 m-2s-1), Jmax (104.461±0.011 µmolCO2 m-2s-1) and Aqy (0.072±0.001 mol CO2 mol-1 photons). The highest LCP was observed in Rhaphis excelsa (69.60±0.067 µmol photons m-2s-1) while the highest LSP was recorded for Costus spicatus (1576.69±0.173 µmol photons m-2s-1). It was concluded that the plants need high light intensity and CO2 for their maximum assimilation rate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Co2" title=" Co2"> Co2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Exchange" title=" Exchange"> Exchange</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Plants" title=" Plants"> Plants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189361/evaluation-of-the-gas-exchange-characteristics-of-selected-plant-species-of-universiti-tun-hussein-onn-malaysia-uthm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">14</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Factors Influencing the Choice of Food Intake of Students of the Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adekunle%20Ayodeji%20Folorunso">Adekunle Ayodeji Folorunso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20S.%20Habeeb"> Aisha S. Habeeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study was to determine the factors influencing the student’s choice of food intake, a case study of the Federal Polytechnic, Bida. A review of the past work was done, and many key points were noted. A sample population of 1000 students was selected randomly (i.e. 200 students from each school) who were in the 2011/2012 academic session. The factor influencing the students' foods intake ranges from economic factors (food cost, income, availability of food), physical factors (easy to cook, shortest time), social factors (cultural, family and meal pattern) attitudes, belief and knowledge about food were discovered. The data collected were tabulated in frequency and percentages. It was revealed that ‘easy method of cooking and preparation’ influenced students’ choice of food intake more (34%) and the food frequency questionnaire shows that the students eat more of carbohydrates foods compared to other classes of food. The cooking skills of students were low (1%) which may be responsible for the limitations in the food choices. It is, therefore, recommended that students should be equipped with sound cooking skills to increase their range of food intake. Variety is needed in diet/meal because the required nutrients are scattered among many different foods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factors" title="factors">factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20intake" title=" food intake"> food intake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=influencing" title=" influencing"> influencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=choice" title=" choice"> choice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=students" title=" students"> students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79387/factors-influencing-the-choice-of-food-intake-of-students-of-the-federal-polytechnic-bida-niger-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79387.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> The Bone Remodeling of Mandible in Bruxers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eni%20Rahmi">Eni Rahmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rasmi%20Rikmasari"> Rasmi Rikmasari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taufik%20Soemarsongko"> Taufik Soemarsongko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: One of the bad habits that requires a treatment and viewed as a risk factor of the temporomandibular disorder is bruxism. Bruxism defined as an awake and/or asleep parafunctional activities include grinding, gnashing, bracing or clenching of the teeth. In particular circumstances such as an increased frequency of episode, duration and the intensity of masseter contractions, caused phenomenon with pathological consequences, i.e., mandibular remodeling. The remodeling in mandibular angle was associated with the masseter and pterygoid medial muscles attachment which in its insertion area. The aim of this study was to compare the mandibular remodeling between bruxers and non-bruxers with ramus height, gonial angle and bigonial width as parameters, and to identify correlation among those parameters in bruxers, using panoramic radiographic. Methods: This study was conducted on 35 bruxers (10 phasic bruxism patients, 6 tonic bruxism patients, and 19 mixed bruxism patients) and 20 non-bruxers as control group. The data were obtained by using questionary, clinical examination, and radiographic measurement. Panoramic radiograph measurement was done using soft CBCT EPX Impla (E-Woo Korea). The data was analyzed by using Paired T-Test to see differences between parameters in both group and Pearson Correlation Test to evaluate correlation among parameters. Result: There was significant differences between bruxers and non-bruxers in ramus heights (p=0,04), bigonial widths (p=0,001), and gonial angles(p=0,015). The bruxers showed increased ramus heights and bigonial widths, in other hand, the gonial angles decreased. This study also found that there was highly correlation among ramus height, gonial angles, and bigonial widths. Conclusion: the bone remodeling occurred on inferior and posterior border of mandibular angle in bruxism patient, indicated by the form and size differences between bruxers (phasic bruxism, tonic bruxism, and mixed bruxism) with non-bruxers, which shown by panoramic radiograph. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bruxism" title="bruxism">bruxism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ramus%20height" title=" ramus height"> ramus height</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gonial%20angle" title=" gonial angle"> gonial angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bigonial%20width" title=" bigonial width"> bigonial width</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67452/the-bone-remodeling-of-mandible-in-bruxers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67452.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">299</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Design and Analysis of Enhanced Heat Transfer Kit for Plate Type Heat Exchanger</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Shahrukh%20Saeed">Muhammad Shahrukh Saeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Ahmad%20Nameer"> Syed Ahmad Nameer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shafiq%20Ur%20Rehman"> Shafiq Ur Rehman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Jillani"> Aisha Jillani </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heat exchangers play a critical role in industrial applications of thermal systems. Its physical size and performance are vital parameters; therefore enhancement of heat transfer through different techniques remained a major research area for both academia and industry. This research reports the main purpose of heat exchanger with better kit design which plays a vital role during the process of heat transfer. Plate type heat exchanger mainly requires a design in which the plates can be easily be installed and removed without having any problem with the plates. For the flow of the fluid within the heat exchanger, it requires a flow should be fully developed. As natural laws allows the driving energy of the system to flow until equilibrium is achieved. As with a plate type heat exchanger heat the heat penetrates the surface which separates the hot medium with the cold one very easily. As some of the precautions should be considered while taking the heat exchanger accountable like heat should transfer from hot medium to cold, there should always be difference in temperature present and heat loss from hot body should be equal to the heat gained by the cold body regardless of the losses present to the surroundings. Aluminum plates of same grade are used in all experiments to ensure similarity. Size of all plates was 254 mm X 100 mm and thickness was taken as 5 mm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer%20coefficient" title="heat transfer coefficient">heat transfer coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminium" title=" aluminium"> aluminium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entry%20length" title=" entry length"> entry length</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design" title=" design"> design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41433/design-and-analysis-of-enhanced-heat-transfer-kit-for-plate-type-heat-exchanger" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41433.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> Architects Lens on Afrocentric Cultural Approach to Housing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Abdulkarim%20Aliyu">Aisha Abdulkarim Aliyu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alice%20Sabrina%20Ismail"> Alice Sabrina Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fadhlina%20Binti%20Ahmad"> Fadhlina Binti Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study's main goal is to improve Afrocentric cultural approaches in Nigerian residential environments (Kano) in terms of physical, aesthetical, and socio-cultural factors. Kano's fast-changing residential settings and city image have been subjected to a significant neoliberal restructuring process in recent decades. Architects have evolved in lockstep with the society they serve, first as an art form, then as a science, and finally as a business that designs structures. Design values have always emphasized a certain building style throughout history. Architects and architectural critics have a different perspective on them than the general public. In fact, a popular style among the general public was taken into consideration. When it comes to the current design, this study examines the values and viewpoints of architects on the usage of an Afrocentric cultural approach to housing. The qualitative data analysis of surveys conducted with Kano housing and planning professionals is used to determine the criteria for using an Afrocentric cultural approach in housing development in order to preserve and restore our cultural heritage, as well as to rank these criteria according to their importance. The professional lens on this subject differs insignificantly across Nigeria, although they do vary to some amount based on the sector of the housing industry, according to the study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architects%20lens" title="architects lens">architects lens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afrocentric%20culture" title=" Afrocentric culture"> Afrocentric culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=housing" title=" housing"> housing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=northern%20Nigeria" title=" northern Nigeria"> northern Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146431/architects-lens-on-afrocentric-cultural-approach-to-housing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> The Influence of Temperature on the Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibition of Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Solution: Thermodynamic Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatimah%20Al-Hayazi">Fatimah Al-Hayazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehteram.%20A.%20Noor"> Ehteram. A. Noor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20H.%20Moubaraki"> Aisha H. Moubaraki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The inhibitive effect of Securigera securidaca seed extract (SSE) on mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl solution has been studied by weight loss and electrochemical techniques at four different temperatures. All techniques studied provided data that the studied extract does well at all temperatures, and its inhibitory action increases with increasing its concentration. SEM images indicate thin-film formation on mild steel when corroded in solutions containing 1 g L-1 of inhibitor either at low or high temperatures. The polarization studies showed that SSE acts as an anodic inhibitor. Both polarization and impedance techniques show an acceleration behaviour for SSE at concentrations ≤ 0.1 g L-1 at all temperatures. At concentrations ≥ 0.1 g L-1, the efficiency of SSE is dramatically increased with increasing concentration, and its value does not change appreciably with increasing temperature. It was found that all adsorption data obeyed Temkin adsorption isotherm. Kinetic activation and thermodynamic adsorption parameters are evaluated and discussed. The results revealed an endothermic corrosion process with an associative activation mechanism, while a comprehensive adsorption mechanism for SSE on mild steel surfaces is suggested, in which both physical and chemical adsorption are involved in the adsorption process. A good correlation between inhibitor constituents and their inhibitory action was obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title="corrosion">corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibition%20of%20steel" title=" inhibition of steel"> inhibition of steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrochloric%20acid" title=" hydrochloric acid"> hydrochloric acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermodynamic%20study" title=" thermodynamic study"> thermodynamic study</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148994/the-influence-of-temperature-on-the-corrosion-and-corrosion-inhibition-of-steel-in-hydrochloric-acid-solution-thermodynamic-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Creating Legitimate Expectations in International Energy Investments: Role of the Stability Provisions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahmi%20Kopar">Rahmi Kopar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Legitimate expectations principle is considered one of the most dominant elements of the Fair and Equitable Treatment Standard which is today’s most relied upon treaty standard. Since its utilization by arbitral tribunals is relatively new, the contours of the legitimate expectations concept under investment treaty law have not been precisely defined yet. There are various fragmented views arising both from arbitral tribunals and scholarly writings with respect to its limits and use even though the principle is ‘firmly rooted in arbitral practice.’ International energy investments, due to their characteristics, are more prone to certain types of risks, especially the political risks. Thus, there are several mechanisms to protect an energy investment against those risks. Stabilisation is one of these investment protection methods. Stability provisions can be found under domestic legislations, as a contractual clause, or as a separate legal stability agreement. This paper will start by examining the roots of the contentious concept of legitimate expectations with reference to its application in domestic legal systems from where the doctrine under investment treaty law context was transplanted. Then the paper will turn to the investment treaty law and analyse the main contours of the doctrine as understood and applied by arbitral tribunals. 'What gives rise to the investor’s legitimate expectations?' question is answered mainly by three categories of sources: the general legal framework prevalent in a host state, the representations made by the officials or organs of a host state, and the contractual commitments. However, there is no unanimity among the arbitral tribunals and the scholars with respect to the form these sources should take. At this point, the study will discuss the sources of a stability provision and the effect of these stability provisions found in various legal sources in creating a legitimate expectation for the investor. The main questions to be discussed in this paper are as follows: a) Do the stability provisions found under different legal sources create a legitimate expectation on the investor side? b) If yes, what levels of legitimate expectations do they create? These questions will be answered mainly by reference to investment treaty jurisprudence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fair%20and%20equitable%20treatment%20standard" title="fair and equitable treatment standard">fair and equitable treatment standard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20energy%20investments" title=" international energy investments"> international energy investments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20protection" title=" investment protection"> investment protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legitimate%20expectations" title=" legitimate expectations"> legitimate expectations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization" title=" stabilization"> stabilization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85429/creating-legitimate-expectations-in-international-energy-investments-role-of-the-stability-provisions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85429.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">214</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Determination of Potential Agricultural Lands Using Landsat 8 OLI Images and GIS: Case Study of Gokceada (Imroz) Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahmi%20Kafadar">Rahmi Kafadar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Levent%20Genc"> Levent Genc</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In present study, it was aimed to determine potential agricultural lands (PALs) in Gokceada (Imroz) Island of Canakkale province, Turkey. Seven-band Landsat 8 OLI images acquired on July 12 and August 13, 2013, and their 14-band combination image were used to identify current Land Use Land Cover (LULC) status. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to three Landsat datasets in order to reduce the correlation between the bands. A total of six Original and PCA images were classified using supervised classification method to obtain the LULC maps including 6 main classes (“Forest”, “Agriculture”, “Water Surface”, “Residential Area-Bare Soil”, “Reforestation” and “Other”). Accuracy assessment was performed by checking the accuracy of 120 randomized points for each LULC maps. The best overall accuracy and Kappa statistic values (90.83%, 0.8791% respectively) were found for PCA images which were generated from 14-bands combined images called 3-B/JA. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with 15 m spatial resolution (ASTER) was used to consider topographical characteristics. Soil properties were obtained by digitizing 1:25000 scaled soil maps of rural services directorate general. Potential Agricultural Lands (PALs) were determined using Geographic information Systems (GIS). Procedure was applied considering that “Other” class of LULC map may be used for agricultural purposes in the future properties. Overlaying analysis was conducted using Slope (S), Land Use Capability Class (LUCC), Other Soil Properties (OSP) and Land Use Capability Sub-Class (SUBC) properties. A total of 901.62 ha areas within “Other” class (15798.2 ha) of LULC map were determined as PALs. These lands were ranked as “Very Suitable”, “Suitable”, “Moderate Suitable” and “Low Suitable”. It was determined that the 8.03 ha were classified as “Very Suitable” while 18.59 ha as suitable and 11.44 ha as “Moderate Suitable” for PALs. In addition, 756.56 ha were found to be “Low Suitable”. The results obtained from this preliminary study can serve as basis for further studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20elevation%20model%20%28DEM%29" title="digital elevation model (DEM)">digital elevation model (DEM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geographic%20information%20systems%20%28GIS%29" title=" geographic information systems (GIS)"> geographic information systems (GIS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gokceada%20%28Imroz%29" title=" gokceada (Imroz)"> gokceada (Imroz)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lANDSAT%208%20OLI-TIRS" title=" lANDSAT 8 OLI-TIRS"> lANDSAT 8 OLI-TIRS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=land%20use%20land%20cover%20%28LULC%29" title=" land use land cover (LULC)"> land use land cover (LULC)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26949/determination-of-potential-agricultural-lands-using-landsat-8-oli-images-and-gis-case-study-of-gokceada-imroz-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26949.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> The Use of Self-Determination Theory to Assess the Opportunities and Challenges for Blended E-Learning in Egypt: An Analysis of the Motivations of Logistics Lecturers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Tarek%20Noour">Aisha Tarek Noour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nick%20Hubbard"> Nick Hubbard</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Blended e-Learning (BL) is proving to be an effective pedagogical tool in many areas of business and management education, but there remains a number of barriers to overcome before its implementation. This paper seeks to analyse the views of lecturers towards BL according to Self-Determination Theory (SDT), and identifies the opportunities and challenges for using BL in Logistics Education in an Egyptian higher education establishment. SDT is approached from a different perspective and the relationship between intrinsic motivation (IM), extrinsic motivation (EM), and amotivation (AM) is analysed and related to the opportunities and challenges of the BL method. The case study methodology comprises of a series of interviews with lecturers employed at three Colleges of International Transport and Logistics (CITLs) at the Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Maritime and Transport (AAST&MT) in Egypt. A structured face-to-face interview was undertaken with 61 interviewees across all faculty positions: Deans, Associate Professors, Assistant Professor, Department Heads, Part-time instructors, Teaching Assistants, and Graduate Teaching Assistants. The findings were based on "content analysis" of the interview transcripts and use of the NVivo10 software program. The research contributes to the application of SDT within the field of BL through an analysis of the views of lecturers towards the opportunities and challenges that BL offers to logistics educators in Egypt. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intrinsic%20motivation" title="intrinsic motivation">intrinsic motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extrinsic%20motivation" title=" extrinsic motivation"> extrinsic motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amotivation" title=" amotivation"> amotivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomy" title=" autonomy"> autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=competence" title=" competence"> competence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relatedness" title=" relatedness"> relatedness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-determination%20theory%20and%20blended%20e-learning" title=" self-determination theory and blended e-learning"> self-determination theory and blended e-learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24220/the-use-of-self-determination-theory-to-assess-the-opportunities-and-challenges-for-blended-e-learning-in-egypt-an-analysis-of-the-motivations-of-logistics-lecturers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24220.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">440</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Effect of Phenolic Compounds on Off-Odor Development and Oxidative Stability of Camel Meat during Refrigerated Storage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajid%20Maqsood">Sajid Maqsood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aysha%20Al%20Rashedi"> Aysha Al Rashedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Abushelaibi"> Aisha Abushelaibi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kusaimah%20Manheem"> Kusaimah Manheem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Impact of different natural antioxidants on lipid oxidation, microbial load and sensorial quality in ground camel meat (leg region) during 9 days of refrigerated storage were investigated. Control camel meat showed higher lipid oxidation products (Peroxide value and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) during the storage period. Upon addition of different natural antioxidants PV and TBARS were retarded, especially in samples added with tannic acid (TA), catechin (CT) and gallic acid (GA) (p<0.05). Haem iron content decreased with increasing storage period and was found to be lower in samples added with caffeic acid (CA) and gallic acid (GA) at the end of storage period (p<0.05). Furthermore, lower mesophilic bacterial count (MBC) and psychrophilic bacterial counts (PBC) were observed in TA and CT treated samples compared to control and other samples (p<0.05). Camel meat treated with TA and CT also received higher likeness scores for colour, odor and overall appearance compared to control samples (p<0.05). Therefore, adding different natural antioxidants especially TA and CT showed retarding effect on lipid oxidation and microbial growth and were also effective in maintaining sensory attributes (color and odor) of ground camel meat during storage at 4°C. Hence, TA and CT could be considered as the potential natural antioxidant for preserving the quality of the camel meat displayed at refrigerated shelves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20antioxidants" title="natural antioxidants">natural antioxidants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipid%20oxidation" title=" lipid oxidation"> lipid oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=camel%20meat" title=" camel meat"> camel meat</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12471/effect-of-phenolic-compounds-on-off-odor-development-and-oxidative-stability-of-camel-meat-during-refrigerated-storage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12471.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Assessing the Feasibility of Incorporating Green Infrastructure into Colonial-Era Buildings in the Caribbean</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luz-Marina%20Roberts">Luz-Marina Roberts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ancil%20Kirk"> Ancil Kirk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Donaldson"> Aisha Donaldson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anya%20Seepaul"> Anya Seepaul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jade%20Lakhan"> Jade Lakhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shianna%20Tikasingh"> Shianna Tikasingh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate change has produced a crisis that particularly threatens small island states in the Caribbean. Developers and climate enthusiasts alike are now forced to find new and sustainable ways of building. Focus on existing buildings is particularly needed in Trinidad and Tobago, like other islands, especially as these countries are vulnerable to climate threats and geographic locations with close proximity to a hurricane. Additionally, since many colonial-era style buildings still exist, the idea that they are energy inefficient is at the forefront of the work of policy-makers. The question that remains is can these buildings be retrofitted to reflect the modern era while considering climate resilience. This paper aims to investigate the energy efficiency of colonial-era buildings in Port of Spain and whether these buildings in Trinidad and Tobago, if found to be energy inefficient, can be more energy efficient and sustainable. This involves collecting surveys from building management in colonial-era buildings and researching literature on colonial architecture in the Caribbean and modern innovations in green building designs. Additionally, the data and experiences from the Town and Country Planning Division in the Ministry of Planning and Development of Trinidad and Tobago will inform the paper. This research will aid in re-envisioning how green infrastructure can be applied to urban environments with older buildings and help inform planning policy as it relates to sustainability and energy efficiency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20planning" title="spatial planning">spatial planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20resilience" title=" climate resilience"> climate resilience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168919/assessing-the-feasibility-of-incorporating-green-infrastructure-into-colonial-era-buildings-in-the-caribbean" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168919.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Analyzing the Ecosystem for Women Entrepreneurs: A Case Study of Rural Areas of Jamshoro, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20M.%20Memon">Aisha M. Memon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabella%20Bhutto"> Arabella Bhutto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahid%20A.%20Memon"> Zahid A. Memon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adnan%20Pitafi"> Adnan Pitafi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to identify the existing and non-existing elements in the entrepreneurial ecosystem which include finance, institutions, laws and regulations, human capital, culture, and markets, to measure the level of effectiveness of existing elements and to develop recommendations for improving the ecosystem to facilitate the women entrepreneurs in Jamshoro, Pakistan. The nature of this study is qualitative. Data were drawn from 25 in-depth, semi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion with women entrepreneurs in rural Jamshoro, Pakistan. The findings show the lack of awareness and knowledge among women entrepreneurs about available financial resources, lack of knowledge about laws, an absence of familial and societal support for women in accessing the entrepreneurial ecosystem, the absence of business and innovation enablers in rural areas, communication gaps, and unskilled human capital. The study found that institutions like non-for-profit organizations are playing an active role in the growth of women entrepreneurs. The existing entrepreneurial ecosystem in Jamshoro can be improved through culturally sensitive coordinated approach, interventions aimed at increasing awareness about the resources, promoting an understanding about the laws and regulations, making business enablers more effective, establishing public-private partnerships, and providing the women entrepreneurs easy access to market and financial resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship" title="entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship%20ecosystem" title=" entrepreneurship ecosystem"> entrepreneurship ecosystem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20entrepreneurs" title=" women entrepreneurs"> women entrepreneurs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108377/analyzing-the-ecosystem-for-women-entrepreneurs-a-case-study-of-rural-areas-of-jamshoro-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">193</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Exploitation behind the Development of Home Batik Industry in Lawean, Solo, Central Java</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mukhammad%20Fatkhullah">Mukhammad Fatkhullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayla%20Karina%20Budita"> Ayla Karina Budita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cut%20Rizka%20Al%20Usrah"> Cut Rizka Al Usrah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanita%20Khoirun%20Nisa"> Kanita Khoirun Nisa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Alhada%20Fuadilah%20Habib"> Muhammad Alhada Fuadilah Habib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Muslihatul%20Mukaromah"> Siti Muslihatul Mukaromah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Batik industry has become one of the leading industries in the economy of Indonesia. Since the recognition of batik as one of cultural wealth and national identity of Indonesia by UNESCO, batik production keeps increasing as a result of increasing demands for batik, whether from domestically or abroad. One of the rapid development batik industries in Indonesia is batik industry in Lawean Village, Solo, Central Java, Indonesia. This batik industry generally uses putting-out system where batik workers work in their own houses. With the implementation of this system, therefore employers don’t have to prepare Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA), social security for workers, overtime payment, space for working, and equipment for working. The implementation of putting-out system causes many problems, starting from environmental pollution, the loss of social rights of workers, and even exploitation of workers by batik entrepreneurs. The data used to describe this reality is the primary data from qualitative research with in-depth interview data collection technique. Informants were determined purposively. The theory used to perform data interpretation is the phenomenology of Alfred Schutz. Both qualitative and phenomenology are used in this study to describe batik workers exploitation in terms of the implementation of putting-out system on home batik industry in Lawean. The research result showed that workers in batik industry sector in Lawean were exploited with the implementation of putting-out system. The workers were strictly employed by the entrepreneurs, so that their job cannot be called 'part-time' job anymore. In terms of labor and time, the workers often work more than 12 hours per day and they often work overtime without receiving any overtime payment. In terms of work safety, the workers often have contact with chemical substances contained in batik making materials without using any protection, such as clothes work, which is worsened by the lack of standard or procedure in work that can cause physical damage, such as burnt and peeled off skin. Moreover, exposure and contamination of chemical materials make the workers and their families vulnerable to various diseases. Meanwhile, batik entrepreneurs did not give any social security (including health cost aid). Besides that, the researchers found that batik industry in home industry sector is not environmentally friendly, even damaging ecosystem because industrial waste disposed without EIA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exploitation" title="exploitation">exploitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=home%20batik%20industry" title=" home batik industry"> home batik industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=occupational%20health%20and%20safety" title=" occupational health and safety"> occupational health and safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=putting-out%20system" title=" putting-out system"> putting-out system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66270/exploitation-behind-the-development-of-home-batik-industry-in-lawean-solo-central-java" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66270.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Feeding Habitat of Parrot (Ringed Necked Parakeet) in District Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Liaquat%20Ali">Aisha Liaquat Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghulam%20Sarwar%20Gachal"> Ghulam Sarwar Gachal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Yusuf%20Sheikh"> Muhammad Yusuf Sheikh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The parrot (Rose Ringed) commonly known as tota, belongs to the order ‘psiitaciformes’ and family ‘Psittacidea’, Four species of parakeet inhabits tropical and subtropical regions of Pakistan mostly adopted parks in cities deciduous woodlands, light secondary jungles, semidesert, and scrubland and in orchards and cultivated farmlands. They are mostly feed on citrus fruits, guava, mango, green unripen seed and almond nuts as well as bud and flowers etc. the core aim of the present study was to investigate the Feeding Habitat of Parrot (Ringed Necked Parakeet) in District Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan. Sampling was obtained from various adjoining areas of District Mirpurkhas by Non-Random Method, which was conducted from June to Nov 2017. During the present study, a total no: of 84 specimens were collected from different localities of City Mirpurkhas (42.8%) were male ♂ and (57.1%) were female ♀. Maximum population density of Psittaculla Krameri Borealis (50.0%) was collected from Guava (Psidium Guajava) Orchards, Mango (Mangifera Indica) orchard (41.6%), chekoo (Manilkara Zapota) orchard (5.9%) and the Minimum No: of Psittaculla krameri Borealis (2.3%) collected Date (Phoenix Dactylifera) orchard. It was observed that Psittaculla krameri Borealis were highly consumed Guava (Psidium Guajava) and the minimum consume food was Date (Phoenix Dactylifera). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=district%20Mirpur%20Khas%20Sindh%20Pakistan" title="district Mirpur Khas Sindh Pakistan">district Mirpur Khas Sindh Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feeding" title=" feeding"> feeding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=habitat" title=" habitat"> habitat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parrot%20%28ringed%20necked%20parakeet%29" title=" parrot (ringed necked parakeet)"> parrot (ringed necked parakeet)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91976/feeding-habitat-of-parrot-ringed-necked-parakeet-in-district-mirpurkhas-sindh-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91976.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Estimation of Effective Radiation Dose Following Computed Tomography Urography at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Idris%20Garba">Idris Garba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Rabiu%20Abdullahi"> Aisha Rabiu Abdullahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mansur%20Yahuza"> Mansur Yahuza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akintade%20Dare"> Akintade Dare</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: CT urography (CTU) is efficient radiological examination for the evaluation of the urinary system disorders. However, patients are exposed to a significant radiation dose which is in a way associated with increased cancer risks. Objectives: To determine Computed Tomography Dose Index following CTU, and to evaluate organs equivalent doses. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried at a tertiary institution located in Kano northwestern. Ethical clearance was sought and obtained from the research ethics board of the institution. Demographic, scan parameters and CT radiation dose data were obtained from patients that had CTU procedure. Effective dose, organ equivalent doses, and cancer risks were estimated using SPSS statistical software version 16 and CT dose calculator software. Result: A total of 56 patients were included in the study, consisting of 29 males and 27 females. The common indication for CTU examination was found to be renal cyst seen commonly among young adults (15-44yrs). CT radiation dose values in DLP, CTDI and effective dose for CTU were 2320 mGy cm, CTDIw 9.67 mGy and 35.04 mSv respectively. The probability of cancer risks was estimated to be 600 per a million CTU examinations. Conclusion: In this study, the radiation dose for CTU is considered significantly high, with increase in cancer risks probability. Wide radiation dose variations between patient doses suggest that optimization is not fulfilled yet. Patient radiation dose estimate should be taken into consideration when imaging protocols are established for CT urography. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CT%20urography" title="CT urography">CT urography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cancer%20risks" title=" cancer risks"> cancer risks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20dose" title=" effective dose"> effective dose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation%20exposure" title=" radiation exposure"> radiation exposure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61467/estimation-of-effective-radiation-dose-following-computed-tomography-urography-at-aminu-kano-teaching-hospital-kano-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61467.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> KUCERIA: A Media to Increase Students’ Reading Interest and Nutrition Knowledge</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luthfia%20A.%20Eka">Luthfia A. Eka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bertri%20M.%20Masita"> Bertri M. Masita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Indah%20Lestari"> G. Indah Lestari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rizka.%20Ryanindya"> Rizka. Ryanindya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anindita%20D.%20Nur"> Anindita D. Nur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asih.%20Setiarini"> Asih. Setiarini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The preferred habit nowadays is to watch television or listen to the radio rather than reading a newspaper or magazine. The low interest in reading is the reason to the Indonesian government passed a regulation to foster interest in reading early in schoolchildren through literacy programs. Literacy programs are held for the first 10 - 15 minutes before classes begin and children are asked to read books other than textbooks such as storybooks or magazines. In addition, elementary school children have a tendency to buy less healthy snacks around the school and do not know the nutrition fact from the food purchased. Whereas snacks contribute greatly in the fulfillment of energy and nutrients of children every day. The purpose of this study was to increase reading interest as well as knowledge of nutrition and health for elementary school students. This study used quantitative method with experimental study design for four months with twice intervention per week and deepened by qualitative method in the form of interview. The participants were 130 students consisting of 3rd and 4th graders in selected elementary school in Depok City. The Interventions given using KUCERIA (Child Storybook) which were storybooks with pictures consisting of 12 series about nutrition and health given at school literacy hours. There were five questions given by using the crossword method to find out the students' understanding of the story content in each series. To maximize the understanding and absorption of information, two students were asked to retell the story in front of the class and one student to fill the crossword on the board for each series. In addition, interviews were conducted by asking questions about students' interest in reading books. Intervention involved not only students but also teachers and parents in order to optimize students' reading habits. Analysis showed > 80% of student could answer 3 of 5 questions correctly in each series, which showed they had an interest in what they read. Research data on nutrition and health knowledge were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Chi-Square Test to see the relationship. However, only 46% of students completed 12 series and the rest lost to follow up due to school schedule incompatibility with the program. The results showed that there was a significant increase of knowledge (p = 0.000) between before intervention with 66,53 score and after intervention with 81,47 score. Retention of knowledge was conducted one month after the last intervention was administered and the analysis result showed no significant decrease of knowledge (p = 0,000) from 79,17 score to 75,48 score. There is also no relationship between sex and class with knowledge. Hence, an increased interest in reading of elementary school students and nutritional knowledge interventions using KUCERIA was proved successful. These interventions may be replicated in other schools or learning communities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literation" title="literation">literation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20interest" title=" reading interest"> reading interest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrition%20knowledge" title=" nutrition knowledge"> nutrition knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school%20children" title=" school children"> school children</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98445/kuceria-a-media-to-increase-students-reading-interest-and-nutrition-knowledge" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98445.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">148</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Community Education Leadership and Organizational Culture: Perceptions of Empowerment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20M.%20Khairat">Aisha M. Khairat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Community education in the Arab Republic of Egypt is a model that provides education to remote, underprivileged villages and hamlets where children have no access to public education. The community education model is based on the philosophy of transforming individuals to reach their full potential and on instilling the seeds of empowerment and citizenship to induce societal transformation. This research aims at investigating the degree to which the leadership style and organizational culture of the Egyptian community schools demonstrates an empowering approach. Nile Valley NGO, an Egyptian Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) leading hundreds of Egyptian community schools was studied to investigate the perceptions of empowerment amongst its leadership. This in turn will have serious implications on the level of empowerment the communities managed by Nile Valley NGO are experiencing, and will serve as an indicator to the degree to which community schools are achieving their goals in transforming individuals and empowering communities and reforming Egyptian education – and not just a tool to reach literacy. This mixed-methods research utilized surveys and semi-structured interviews to capture the perceptions of empowerment in the views of a sample of 380 community schools facilitators (teachers) spanning 8 Egyptian governorates and Nile Valley NGO’s community education project team and leadership. The findings demonstrate interesting leadership approaches with traits from transformational and servant leadership theoretical models. The organizational culture at Nile Valley NGO reflects the universal dichotomy between market-oriented and humanitarian orientations. The perceptions of empowerment were positive, and several success stories were uncovered in spite of the many challenges faced on the national level and despite the scarcity or resources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20education" title="community education">community education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20schools%20in%20Egypt" title=" community schools in Egypt"> community schools in Egypt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empowerment" title=" empowerment"> empowerment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20culture" title=" organizational culture"> organizational culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership" title=" leadership"> leadership</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94071/community-education-leadership-and-organizational-culture-perceptions-of-empowerment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94071.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Cyber Security and Risk Assessment of the e-Banking Services </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20F.%20Bushager">Aisha F. Bushager</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Today we are more exposed than ever to cyber threats and attacks at personal, community, organizational, national, and international levels. More aspects of our lives are operating on computer networks simply because we are living in the fifth domain, which is called the Cyberspace. One of the most sensitive areas that are vulnerable to cyber threats and attacks is the Electronic Banking (e-Banking) area, where the banking sector is providing online banking services to its clients. To be able to obtain the clients trust and encourage them to practice e-Banking, also, to maintain the services provided by the banks and ensure safety, cyber security and risks control should be given a high priority in the e-banking area. The aim of the study is to carry out risk assessment on the e-banking services and determine the cyber threats, cyber attacks, and vulnerabilities that are facing the e-banking area specifically in the Kingdom of Bahrain. To collect relevant data, structured interviews were taken place with e-banking experts in different banks. Then, collected data where used as in input to the risk management framework provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which was the model used in the study to assess the risks associated with e-banking services. The findings of the study showed that the cyber threats are commonly human errors, technical software or hardware failure, and hackers, on the other hand, the most common attacks facing the e-banking sector were phishing, malware attacks, and denial-of-service. The risks associated with the e-banking services were around the moderate level, however, more controls and countermeasures must be applied to maintain the moderate level of risks. The results of the study will help banks discover their vulnerabilities and maintain their online services, in addition, it will enhance the cyber security and contribute to the management and control of risks that are facing the e-banking sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyber%20security" title="cyber security">cyber security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-banking" title=" e-banking"> e-banking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20assessment" title=" risk assessment"> risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threats%20identification" title=" threats identification "> threats identification </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35347/cyber-security-and-risk-assessment-of-the-e-banking-services" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35347.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">350</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Taxonomic Study and Environmental Ecology of Parrot (Rose Ringed) in City Mirpurkhas, Sindh, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Liaquat%20Ali">Aisha Liaquat Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghulam%20Sarwar%20Gachal"> Ghulam Sarwar Gachal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Yusuf%20Sheikh"> Muhammad Yusuf Sheikh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Parrot rose ringed (Psittaculla krameri) commonly known as Tota, belongs to the order ‘Psittaciformes’ and family ‘Psittacidea’. Its sub-species inhabiting Pakistan are Psittaculla borealis. The parrot rose-ringed has been categorized the least concern species, the core aim of the present study is to investigate the ecology and taxonomy of parrot (rose-ringed). Sampling was obtained for the taxonomic identification from various adjoining areas in City Mirpurkhas by non-random method, which was conducted from Feb to June 2017. The different parameters measured with the help of a vernier caliper, foot scale, digital weighing machine. Body parameters were measured via; length of body, length of the wings, length of tail, mass in grams. During present study, a total number of 36 specimens were collected from different localities of City Mirpurkhas (38.2%) were male and (62.7%) were female. Maximum population density of Psittaculla Krameri borealis (52.9%) was collected from Sindh Horticulture Research Station (fruit farm) Mirpurkhas. Minimum no: of Psittaculla krameri borealis (5.5%) collected in urban parks. It was observed that Psittaculla krameri borealis were in dense population during the months of ‘May’ and ‘June’ when the temperature ranged between 20°C and 45°C. A Psittaculla krameri borealis female was found the heaviest in body weight. The species of parrot (rose ringed) captured during study having green plumage, coverts were gray, upper beak, red and lower beak black, shorter tail in female long tail in the male which was similar to the Psittaculla krameri borealis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirpurkhas%20Sindh%20Pakistan" title="Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan">Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20ecology" title=" environmental ecology"> environmental ecology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parrot" title=" parrot"> parrot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rose-ringed" title=" rose-ringed"> rose-ringed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=taxonomy" title=" taxonomy"> taxonomy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91684/taxonomic-study-and-environmental-ecology-of-parrot-rose-ringed-in-city-mirpurkhas-sindh-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91684.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Clinical Evaluation of Neutrophil to Lymphocytes Ratio and Platelets to Lymphocytes Ratio in Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Arshad">Aisha Arshad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samina%20Naz%20Mukry"> Samina Naz Mukry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahir%20Shamsi"> Tahir Shamsi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder. Besides platelets counts, immature platelets fraction (IPF) can be used as tool to predict megakaryocytic activity in ITP patients. The clinical biomarkers like Neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocytes ratio(PLR) predicts inflammation and can be used as prognostic markers.The present study was planned to assess the ratios in ITP and their utility in predicting prognosis after treatment. Methods: A total of 111 patients of ITP with same number of healthy individuals were included in this case control study during the period of January 2015 to December 2017.All the ITP patients were grouped according to guidelines of International working group of ITP. A 3cc blood was collected in EDTA tube and blood parameters were evaluated using Sysmex 1000 analyzer.The ratios were calculated by using absolute counts of Neutrophils,Lymphocytes and platelets.The significant (p=<0.05) difference between ITP patients and healthy control groups was determined by Kruskal wallis test, Dunn’s test and spearman’s correlation test was done using SPSS version 23. Results: The significantly raised total leucocytes counts (TLC) and IPF along with low platelets counts were observed in ITP patients as compared to healthy controls.In ITP groups,very low platelet count with median and IQR of 2(3.8)3x109/l with highest mean and IQR IPF 25.4(19.8)% was observed in newly diagnosed ITP group. The NLR was high with prognosis of disease as higher levels were observed in P-ITP. The PLR was significantly low in ND-ITP ,P-ITP, C-ITP, R-ITP and compared to controls with p=<0.001 as platelet were less in number in all ITP patients. Conclusion: The IPF can be used in evaluation of bone marrow response in ITP. The simple, reliable and calculated NLR and PLR ratios can be used in predicting prognosis and response to treatment in ITP and to some extend the severity of disease. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutrophils" title="neutrophils">neutrophils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=platelets" title=" platelets"> platelets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lymphocytes" title=" lymphocytes"> lymphocytes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154401/clinical-evaluation-of-neutrophil-to-lymphocytes-ratio-and-platelets-to-lymphocytes-ratio-in-immune-thrombocytopenic-purpura" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span 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