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<li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Kannauj_Triangle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Kannauj_Triangle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Kannauj Triangle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Kannauj_Triangle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medieval times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perfume_and_flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfume_and_flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Perfume and flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfume_and_flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Colleges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colleges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colleges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Medical College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Engineering College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kannauj</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC" title="قنوج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قنوج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%9C" title="কনৌজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কনৌজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj_(si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF)" title="Kannauj (siâⁿ) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kannauj (siâⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C" title="कन्नौज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कन्नौज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Канаудж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Канаудж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanauj" title="Kanauj – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kanauj" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj_(lungsod)" title="Kannauj (lungsod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kannauj (lungsod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kannauj" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kannauj" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kannauj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC" title="قنوج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قنوج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2nnauj" title="Kânnauj – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kânnauj" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9C" title="કન્નોજ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કન્નોજ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%82%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%80" title="카나우지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카나우지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C" title="कन्नौज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कन्नौज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%9C" title="কন্নৌজ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কন্নৌজ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kannauj" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kannauj" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="კანაუჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კანაუჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kannauj" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D" title="കാനൗജ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാനൗജ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C" title="कनौज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कनौज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC" title="كنوج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنوج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kannauj" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj_(stad)" title="Kannauj (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kannauj (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C" title="कन्नौज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कन्नौज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C" title="कन्नौज – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कन्नौज" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8" title="カナウジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナウジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kannauj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9C" title="ਕੰਨੌਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਨੌਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC" title="کنوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj_(miasto)" title="Kannauj (miasto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kannauj (miasto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Каннаудж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каннаудж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C" title="कन्नौज – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कन्नौज" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱳᱡᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱱᱱᱳᱡᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kannauj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="கன்னோசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கன்னோசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D" title="కన్నౌజ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కన్నౌజ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%8C" title="กันเนาช์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กันเนาช์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Каннаудж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каннаудж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC" title="قنوج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قنوج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kannauj" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kannauj&params=27.07_N_79.92_E_type:city(84862)_region:IN-UP"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°04′N</span> <span class="longitude">79°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.07°N 79.92°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.07; 79.92</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about This page is about the city of Kannauj, for the medeival kingdom based in Kannauj, See. For <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kannauj" title="Kingdom of Kannauj">Kingdom of Kannauj</a>, see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kannauj (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">Kannauj (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the municipality in Uttar Pradesh, India. For its namesake district, see <a href="/wiki/Kannauj_district" title="Kannauj district">Kannauj district</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Uttar Pradesh, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kannauj</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_Annapurna_Temple_,tirwa_town,stateUttar_Pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annapurna temple in Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh"><img alt="Annapurna temple in Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Goddess_Annapurna_Temple_%2Ctirwa_town%2CstateUttar_Pradesh.jpg/250px-Goddess_Annapurna_Temple_%2Ctirwa_town%2CstateUttar_Pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Goddess_Annapurna_Temple_%2Ctirwa_town%2CstateUttar_Pradesh.jpg/375px-Goddess_Annapurna_Temple_%2Ctirwa_town%2CstateUttar_Pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Goddess_Annapurna_Temple_%2Ctirwa_town%2CstateUttar_Pradesh.jpg/500px-Goddess_Annapurna_Temple_%2Ctirwa_town%2CstateUttar_Pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Annapurna temple in Kannauj, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Perfume Capital of India</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kannauj is located in India"><img alt="Kannauj is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-India_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.092%;left:40.375%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kannauj"><img alt="Kannauj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kannauj</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kannauj is located in Uttar Pradesh"><img alt="Kannauj is located in Uttar Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/250px-India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/375px-India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/500px-India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="981" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.194%;left:37.922%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kannauj"><img alt="Kannauj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kannauj</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Uttar Pradesh</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kannauj&params=27.07_N_79.92_E_type:city(84862)_region:IN-UP"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°04′N</span> <span class="longitude">79°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.07°N 79.92°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.07; 79.92</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of India">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kannauj_district" title="Kannauj district">Kannauj</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha MP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akhilesh_Yadav" title="Akhilesh Yadav">Akhilesh Yadav</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">SP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">139 m (456 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">84,862</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kannauji, Kannaujwale</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Regional</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">UP-74</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kannauj.nic.in">www<wbr />.kannauj<wbr />.nic<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kannauj</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> pronunciation: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[kənːɔːd͡ʒ]</a></span>) is an ancient city, administrative headquarters and a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal board">municipal board</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nagar_palika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar palika">Nagar Palika Parishad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kannauj_district" title="Kannauj district">Kannauj district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. The city's name is an evolved form of the classical name <i>Kanyakubja</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the ancient <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, it was the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1c%C4%81la" title="Pañcāla">Panchala Kingdom</a> during the reign of king Vajrayudha.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the medieval era, it formed the core of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kannauj" title="Kingdom of Kannauj">Kingdom of Kannauj</a> and was ruled by multiple successive royal families. </p><p>It was also known as <i>Mahodaya</i> during the time of <a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is situated 104 kilometres west of the state capital, <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>. </p><p>Kannauj is famous for distilling of scents and perfumes. It is known as "India's perfume capital" and is famous for its traditional <a href="/wiki/Kannauj_Perfume" title="Kannauj Perfume">Kannauj Perfume</a>, a government protected entity. This industry is threatened by the rise of perfumes made from chemicals, rather than using attar, made from the petals of flowers grown in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-perfume_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perfume-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kannauj" title="Kingdom of Kannauj">Kingdom of Kannauj</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological discoveries show that Kannauj was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted Grey Ware">Painted Grey Ware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span>-600 BCE and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>-200 BCE, respectively. Under the names of Kuśasthala and Kanyakubja, it is mentioned as a well-known town in the Hindu Epics, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, and by the grammarian <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Patanjali</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150 BCE</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">early Buddhist literature</a> mentions Kannauj as Kannakujja, and refers to its location on the trade route from <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> to <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kannauj may have been known to the Greco-Roman civilization under the name of Kanagoja or Kanogiza, which appears in <i>Geography</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 140 CE</span>). It was also visited by the Chinese Buddhist travellers <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> in the fifth and seventh centuries CE, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maukharis_of_Kanauj._Isanavarman._Circa_AD_535-553.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Maukharis_of_Kanauj._Isanavarman._Circa_AD_535-553.jpg/220px-Maukharis_of_Kanauj._Isanavarman._Circa_AD_535-553.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Maukharis_of_Kanauj._Isanavarman._Circa_AD_535-553.jpg/330px-Maukharis_of_Kanauj._Isanavarman._Circa_AD_535-553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Maukharis_of_Kanauj._Isanavarman._Circa_AD_535-553.jpg/440px-Maukharis_of_Kanauj._Isanavarman._Circa_AD_535-553.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Coin of the <a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukharis</a> of Kannauj under Maharaja Isanavarman, circa 535-553 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harshavardhana_Circa_AD_606-647.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Harshavardhana_Circa_AD_606-647.jpg/220px-Harshavardhana_Circa_AD_606-647.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Harshavardhana_Circa_AD_606-647.jpg/330px-Harshavardhana_Circa_AD_606-647.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Harshavardhana_Circa_AD_606-647.jpg/440px-Harshavardhana_Circa_AD_606-647.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Emperor Harsha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vardhana_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardhana dynasty">Vardhana dynasty</a>, circa 606–647 CE<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Govindchandra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Govindchandra.jpg/220px-Govindchandra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Govindchandra.jpg/330px-Govindchandra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Govindchandra.jpg/440px-Govindchandra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuri</a>-style 'seated goddess' coin of <a href="/wiki/Gahadavala_dynasty" title="Gahadavala dynasty">Gahadavala dynasty</a> of Kannauj (r. c. 1114-1155 CE). </figcaption></figure><p>During the decline of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, the <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari dynasty</a> of Kannauj - who had served as vassal rulers under the Guptas - took advantage of the weakening of central authority, broke away and established control over large areas of northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Maukharis, Kannauj continued to grow in importance and prosperity. It became the greatest city of Northern India under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> (r. 606 to 647 CE) of the <a href="/wiki/Vardhana_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardhana dynasty">Vardhana dynasty</a>, who made it his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> visited India during the reign of Harsha, and described Kannauj as a large, prosperous city with many Buddhist monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harsha died with no heir, resulting in a power vacuum until Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Yashovarman" title="Yashovarman">Yashovarman</a> seized power as the ruler of Kannauj.<sup id="cite_ref-Tripathi,_p._192_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripathi,_p._192-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kannauj_Triangle">The Kannauj Triangle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Kannauj Triangle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a></div> <p>Kannauj became a focal point for three powerful dynasties, namely the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara_Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara Pratihara">Gurjara Pratiharas</a> (r. 730-1036 CE), <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a> (r. 750-1162 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakutas</a> (r. 753-982 CE), between the 8th and 10th centuries. The conflict between the three dynasties has been referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite struggle">Tripartite struggle</a> by many historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Kannauj_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kannauj-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R._C._Majumdar_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R._C._Majumdar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/220px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/330px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/440px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>The Kannauj was the focal point of three <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakutas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, the Gurjara Pratiharas of <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were initial struggles but ultimately the Gurjara Pratiharas succeeded in retaining the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Kannauj_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kannauj-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gurjara-Pratiharas ruled <a href="/wiki/Avanti_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti (India)">Avanti</a> (based at <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>), which was bounded to the South by the Rashtrakuta Empire, and the Pala Empire to the East. The Tripartite struggle began with the defeat of Indrayudh at the hands of Gurjara-Pratihara ruler <a href="/wiki/Vatsraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsraja">Vatsaraja</a> (r. 780-800 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Kannauj_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kannauj-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pala ruler <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharampala</a> (~770-821 CE) was also keen to establish his authority at Kannauj, giving rise to a struggle between Vatsaraja and Dharmapala, in which Dharmapala was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking advantage of the chaos, the Rastrakuta ruler <a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Dharavarsha" title="Dhruva Dharavarsha">Dhruva Dharavarsha</a> (r. 780–793 CE) surged northwards, defeated Vatsaraja, and took Kannauj for himself, completing the furthest northern expansion by a South Indian ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-R._C._Majumdar_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R._C._Majumdar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva Dharavarsha advanced back to the south, Dharampala was left in control of Kannauj for some time. The struggle between the two northern dynasties of Palas and Gurjara Pratiharas continued: the Pala's vassal <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)#Chakrayudha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Chakrayudha</a> (Dharmapala's nominee for Ujjain) was defeated by the Pratihara <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata II</a> (r. 805–833 CE), and Kannauj was again occupied by the Gurjara Pratiharas. Dharmapala tried to take control of Kannauj but was defeated badly at <a href="/wiki/Munger_Fort#Etymology" title="Munger Fort">Moongher</a> by the Gurjara Pratiharas.<sup id="cite_ref-Kannauj_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kannauj-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Nagabhata II was in turn soon defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> <a href="/wiki/Govinda_III" title="Govinda III">Govinda III</a> (r. 793–814 CE), who had initiated a second northern surge. An inscription states that Chakrayudha and Dharmapala invited Govinda III to war against the Gurjara Pratiharas, but Dharmapala and Chakrayudh both submitted to the Govinda III, in order to win his sympathy. After this defeat, Pratihara power degenerated for some time. After the death of Dharampala, Nagabhata II regained hold over Kannuaj and made it the capital of the Gurjara Pratihara Empire. During this period, the Rashtrakutas were facing some internal conflicts, and so they, as well as the Pala Empire, did not contest this.<sup id="cite_ref-Kannauj_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kannauj-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Gurjara Pratiharas became the greatest power in Northern India after occupying Kannauj (9th century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Kannauj_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kannauj-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_times">Medieval times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Famous Pir-e-Kamil, Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari was also born in Kannauj in 1493 in the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Lodi">Sikandar Lodi</a>. He was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Surkh-Posh_Bukhari" title="Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari">Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari</a> and his father Syed Sadar-ud-din Shah Kabeer Naqvi Al Bukhari was a great saint and was also among the advisors of King Sikandar Lodhi. <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jewna" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Jewna">Shah Jewna</a> migrated to <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jeewna" title="Shah Jeewna">Shah Jeewna</a> (a town named after him) now in Pakistan. Shah Jewna’s colonized towns in Kannauj :- Siray-e-Miran, Bibiyan Jalalpur, Makhdumpur, Lal Pur (associated with the name of Saint Sayyed Jalaluddin Haider Surkh Posh Bukhari or Lal Bukhari). His descendants still present in various parts of India and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_,_Kannauj,9th-10_century,_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg/220px-A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg/330px-A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg/440px-A_panel_depicting_the_Saptamatrikas_%2C_Kannauj%2C9th-10_century%2C_Pratihara_dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>A panel depicting the Saptamatrikas, Kannauj, 9th-10th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In Hindu epics, Kannauj or Kanyakubja was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Amavasu_dynasty" title="Amavasu dynasty">Amavasu</a> the son of <a href="/wiki/Pururavas" title="Pururavas">Pururavas</a> and an ancestor of Rigvedic sage <a href="/wiki/Vishwamitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwamitra">Vishwamitra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_India" title="Golden Age of India">Classical India</a>, it served as the center of imperial Indian dynasties. The earliest of these was the <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari dynasty</a>, and later, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vardhana_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Vardhana dynasty">Vardhana dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tripathi,_p._192_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripathi,_p._192-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city later came under the <a href="/wiki/Gahadavala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahadavala">Gahadavala dynasty</a>, and under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Govindachandra_(Gahadavala_dynasty)" title="Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)">Govindachandra</a>, the city reached "unprecedented glory". Kannauj was also the main place of war in the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite struggle">Tripartite struggle</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakutas</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanda,_from_Kannuaj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg/220px-Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg/330px-Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg/440px-Skanda%2C_from_Kannuaj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of Skanda, The Hindu God of War, Kannauj, 8th Century</figcaption></figure> <p>Kannauj was clearly the wealthiest city in early Medieval India at large<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the country all around Kannauj was called <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems likely that Kannauj and Middle country was the place of origin of majority of migrating Brahmins throughout the medieval centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:019XZZ000004324U00012000(SVC2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/019XZZ000004324U00012000%28SVC2%29.jpg/220px-019XZZ000004324U00012000%28SVC2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/019XZZ000004324U00012000%28SVC2%29.jpg/330px-019XZZ000004324U00012000%28SVC2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/019XZZ000004324U00012000%28SVC2%29.jpg/440px-019XZZ000004324U00012000%28SVC2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Kannauj on the Bank of Ganges</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1010 A.D. <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> saw Kannauj as a "City which raised its head to skies which in strength and structure might justly boast to have no equals".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_invasion_of_Kannauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj">captured Kanauj</a> in 1018. <a href="/wiki/Chandradeva" title="Chandradeva">Chandradeva</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Gahadvala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahadvala">Gahadvala</a> dynasty with its capital at Kannauj around 1090. His grandson <a href="/wiki/Govindachandra_(Gahadavala_dynasty)" title="Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)">Govindachandra</a> "raised Kannauj to unprecedented glory." <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ghori" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ghori">Muhammad Ghori</a> advanced against the city, and in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chandwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chandwar">Battle of Chandwar</a> of 1193 killed <a href="/wiki/Jayachandra" title="Jayachandra">Jayachandra</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Alberuni</a> has referred to "Kannoj" as the key geographical point to explain marching distances to other Indian cities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "glory of Imperial Kannauj" ended with <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a>'s conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21, 32–33">: 21, 32–33 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kannauj" title="Battle of Kannauj">Battle of Kannauj</a> on 17 May 1540. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_at_Cannouge_-_British_Library_X432_3(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ruins_at_Cannouge_-_British_Library_X432_3%287%29.jpg/220px-Ruins_at_Cannouge_-_British_Library_X432_3%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ruins_at_Cannouge_-_British_Library_X432_3%287%29.jpg/330px-Ruins_at_Cannouge_-_British_Library_X432_3%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ruins_at_Cannouge_-_British_Library_X432_3%287%29.jpg/440px-Ruins_at_Cannouge_-_British_Library_X432_3%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Ruins at Cannouge, an engraving by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Daniell" title="Thomas Daniell">Thomas Daniell</a> from 1802</figcaption></figure> <p>During early English rule in India, the city was spelled <b>Cannodge</b> by them.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81794/page/n70/mode/1up/search/Hakim" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.81794/page/n70/mode/1up/search/Hakim">Nawab Hakim Mehndi Ali Khan</a> has been constantly associated with the development of city of Kannauj by the travellers and writers of the period. A ghat (<a href="//archive.org/details/wanderingsofpilg02parluoft/page/16/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:wanderingsofpilg02parluoft/page/16/mode/1up">Mehndighat</a>), a Sarai (for the free stay of travellers and merchants) and various metalled roads were built by the Nawab which also bear his name. </p><p>Different spellings that are used to refer to Kannauj, apart from the official Kannauj, are: <b>Cannodge</b>, <b>Kannauj</b>, <b>Kannoj</b>, <b>Kinnouge</b>, <b>Qannauj</b> and <b>Qannawj</b>. The British who visited Kannauj in the later part of 19th century mostly referred to it as Kanauj (notice the single "n"). <a href="/wiki/George_Forster_(traveller)" title="George Forster (traveller)">George Forster</a> spells it Kinnouge. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunnigham</a> wrote its spelling as Kanoj. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kannauj is located at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kannauj&params=27.07_N_79.92_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°04′N</span> <span class="longitude">79°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.07°N 79.92°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.07; 79.92</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has an average elevation of 139 metres (456 feet). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annapurna_Temple,_Kannauj,_Uttar_Pradesh,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Annapurna_Temple%2C_Kannauj%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_2018.jpg/220px-Annapurna_Temple%2C_Kannauj%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Annapurna_Temple%2C_Kannauj%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_2018.jpg/330px-Annapurna_Temple%2C_Kannauj%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Annapurna_Temple%2C_Kannauj%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_2018.jpg/440px-Annapurna_Temple%2C_Kannauj%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Annapurna Temple, Tirwa, Kannauj</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perfume_and_flowers">Perfume and flowers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Perfume and flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kannauj is famous for distilling of scents and perfumes. It is known as "India's perfume capital" and is famous for its traditional <a href="/wiki/Kannauj_Perfume" title="Kannauj Perfume">Kannauj Perfume</a>, a government protected entity.<sup id="cite_ref-perfume_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perfume-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kannauj itself has more than 200 perfume distilleries and is a market center for perfume, tobacco and rose water.<sup id="cite_ref-perfume_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perfume-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has given its name to a distinct dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a>, which has two different codes or registers. </p><p>Changes in when flower crops bloom due to climate change are affecting the industry of perfumes made from natural sources, like attar from roses. The unpredictable bloom times make it difficult to deliver the blooms and raises a concern that perfumes from these natural sources will be replaced by chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2001<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> India <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kannauj had a population of 71,530. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Kannauj has an average literacy rate of 58%: male literacy is 64%, and female literacy is 52%. In Kannauj, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colleges">Colleges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_College">Medical College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medical College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Kannauj" title="Government Medical College, Kannauj">Government Medical College, Kannauj</a> is a government medical college located in Tirwa of Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is affiliated to <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_Medical_University" title="King George's Medical University">King George's Medical University, Lucknow</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_College">Engineering College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Engineering College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Government_Engineering_College,_Kannauj" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Engineering College, Kannauj">Government Engineering College, Kannauj</a> is a government <a href="/wiki/Engineering_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering college">engineering college</a> located at Kannauj. It is a constituent college of <a href="/wiki/Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_Technical_University" title="Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University">Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Technical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttar Pradesh Technical University">Uttar Pradesh Technical University</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>. The college is situated at Aher, Tirwa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is served by two major railway station <a href="/wiki/Kannauj_railway_station" title="Kannauj railway station">Kannauj railway station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannauj_City_railway_station" title="Kannauj City railway station">Kannauj City railway station</a>. The nearest airport is <a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Airport" title="Kanpur Airport">Kanpur Airport</a> situated about 2 hours drive from the town. </p><p>It is situated on GT road (Delhi to Kanpur). It has road transportation Kannauj Depo. under the Uttar Pradesh State Road Transportation Corporation (UPSRTC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ma" title="Āma">Āma</a>, King of Kannauj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malini_Awasthi" title="Malini Awasthi">Malini Awasthi</a>, folk singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a>, King of North India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jewna" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Jewna">Shah Jewna</a>, Missionary or Pir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a>, Nawab of Bhopal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Muhammad_Qanauji" title="Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji">Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji</a>, Sufi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyukta" title="Samyukta">Samyukta</a>, Princess of Kannauj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovarman" title="Yashovarman">Yashovarman</a>, King of Kannauj</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauj_Perfume" title="Kannauj Perfume">Kannauj Perfume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishungarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Bishungarh, Uttar Pradesh">Bishungarh, Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRama_Shankar_Tripathi1989" class="citation book cs1">Rama Shankar Tripathi (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA2"><i>History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0404-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0404-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060513/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Kanauj%3A+To+the+Moslem+Conquest&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0404-3&rft.au=Rama+Shankar+Tripathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Tnh2QjGhMQC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gJDAAAAYAAJ"><i>Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Farrukhabad. 39. Ballia</i></a>. Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1988. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttar+Pradesh+District+Gazetteers%3A+Farrukhabad.+39.+Ballia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gJDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_Sandhu2000" class="citation book cs1">Singh Sandhu, Gurcharn (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0yXcAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Military History of Ancient India</i></a>. Vision Books. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Singh+Sandhu&rft.aufirst=Gurcharn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0yXcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sanjeev-singh-blog/why-gurjara-is-not-gujjar-a-historical-perspective/">"Why Gurjara is not Gujjar: A historical perspective"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 7 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809112734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/sanjeev-singh-blog/why-gurjara-is-not-gujjar-a-historical-perspective/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Why+Gurjara+is+not+Gujjar%3A+A+historical+perspective&rft.date=2021-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2Fsanjeev-singh-blog%2Fwhy-gurjara-is-not-gujjar-a-historical-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perfume-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perfume_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perfume_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perfume_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2012/09/20/2003543194">"Life: India's perfume capital threatened by scent of modernity"</a>. <i>The Taipei Times</i>. 20 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317085143/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2012/09/20/2003543194">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Life%3A+India%27s+perfume+capital+threatened+by+scent+of+modernity&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2012%2F09%2F20%2F2003543194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dilip K. Chakrabarti (2007), <i>Archaeological geography of the Ganga plain: the upper Ganga (Oudh, Rohilkhand, and the Doab)</i>, p.47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rama S. Tripathi, <i>History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest</i> (Motilal Banarsidass, 1964), pp.2,15-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moti Chandra (1977), <i>Trade Routes in Ancient India</i> pp.16-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tripathi, <i>History of Kanauj</i>, pp. 17-19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261204">"CNG: eAuction 329. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Ganges Valley). Vardhanas of Thanesar and Kanauj. Harshavardhana. Circa AD 606-647. AR Drachm (13mm, 2.28 g, 1h)"</a>. <i>www.cngcoins.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502151716/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261204">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cngcoins.com&rft.atitle=CNG%3A+eAuction+329.+INDIA%2C+Post-Gupta+%28Ganges+Valley%29.+Vardhanas+of+Thanesar+and+Kanauj.+Harshavardhana.+Circa+AD+606-647.+AR+Drachm+%2813mm%2C+2.28+g%2C+1h%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D261204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tripathi, <i>History of Kanauj</i>, pp. 22-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tripathi, <i>History of Kanauj</i>, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Heitzman, <i>The City in South Asia</i> (Routledge, 2008), p.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heizman, <i>The City in South Asia</i>, pp.36-37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tripathi,_p._192-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tripathi,_p._192_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tripathi,_p._192_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tripathi, <i>History of Kanauj</i>, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kannauj-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kannauj_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kannauj_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kannauj_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kannauj_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kannauj_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kannauj_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA9"><i>Pratiyogita Darpan</i></a>. Upkar Prakashan. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060314/https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pratiyogita+Darpan&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Upkar+Prakashan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7ZZzk8cXh8C%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._C._Majumdar-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R._C._Majumdar_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R._C._Majumdar_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.C._Majumdar1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R.C._Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="R.C. Majumdar">R.C. Majumdar</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA282"><i>Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 282–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=282-285&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0436-4&rft.au=R.C.+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNxiN5tzKOgC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar_Sundram2007" class="citation book cs1">Kumar Sundram (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7XliTyOXI5kC&pg=PA195"><i>Compendium General Knowledge</i></a>. Upkar Prakashan. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7482-181-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7482-181-2"><bdi>978-81-7482-181-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060348/https://books.google.com/books?id=7XliTyOXI5kC&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+General+Knowledge&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Upkar+Prakashan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7482-181-2&rft.au=Kumar+Sundram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7XliTyOXI5kC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA7"><i>Pratiyogita Darpan</i></a>. Upkar Prakashan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240308060250/https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pratiyogita+Darpan&rft.pub=Upkar+Prakashan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7ZZzk8cXh8C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469327-pir-e-kamil-hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-al-naqvi-al-bokhari">"Pir-e-Kamil Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna Al-Naqvi Al-Bokhari"</a>. <i>www.thenews.com.pk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109111019/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/469327-pir-e-kamil-hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-al-naqvi-al-bokhari">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=Pir-e-Kamil+Hazrat+Pir+Shah+Jewna+Al-Naqvi+Al-Bokhari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F469327-pir-e-kamil-hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-al-naqvi-al-bokhari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.com.pk/10-May-2012/hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-ra">"Hazrat Pir Shah Jewna (RA)"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. 9 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902113011/https://nation.com.pk/10-May-2012/hazrat-pir-shah-jewna-ra">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Hazrat+Pir+Shah+Jewna+%28RA%29&rft.date=2012-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.com.pk%2F10-May-2012%2Fhazrat-pir-shah-jewna-ra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijarch.org/CurrentIssue.aspx">"Indian Journal Of Archaeology"</a>. <i>ijarch.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118035325/http://ijarch.org/CurrentIssue.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ijarch.org&rft.atitle=Indian+Journal+Of+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijarch.org%2FCurrentIssue.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nazariapak.info/Sufism/Pir-Shah-Jewna.php">"Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust"</a>. <i>nazariapak.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803082114/http://nazariapak.info/Sufism/Pir-Shah-Jewna.php">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nazariapak.info&rft.atitle=Nazaria-i-Pakistan+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnazariapak.info%2FSufism%2FPir-Shah-Jewna.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UxFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Farrukhabad</i></a>. Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1988. pp. 21, 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttar+Pradesh+District+Gazetteers%3A+Farrukhabad&rft.pages=21%2C+22&rft.pub=Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUxFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwink2020" class="citation book cs1">wink, Andre (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of the Indo-Islamic World,C.700-1800 CE</i></a>. Cambridge university press. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%2CC.700-1800+CE&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+university+press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=wink&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPXvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain_jafri2016" class="citation book cs1">Hussain jafri, Saiyid Zaheer (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4SzQL1uds4C"><i>Recording the Progress of Indian History</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recording+the+Progress+of+Indian+History&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hussain+jafri&rft.aufirst=Saiyid+Zaheer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK4SzQL1uds4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2020" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Making of the Indo-Islamic World C.700-1800 CE</i></a>. E.J. Brill. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World+C.700-1800+CE&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPXvDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1984" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Makkhan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pTluAAAAMAAJ"><i>Settlement History and Rise of Civilization in Ganga-Yamuna Doab, from 1500 B.C. to 300 A.D.</i></a> B R Publishing Corporation. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settlement+History+and+Rise+of+Civilization+in+Ganga-Yamuna+Doab%2C+from+1500+B.C.+to+300+A.D.&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=B+R+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Makkhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpTluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gJDAAAAYAAJ"><i>Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Farrukhabad. 39. Ballia</i></a>. Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1988. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttar+Pradesh+District+Gazetteers%3A+Farrukhabad.+39.+Ballia&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gJDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(India, Vol 1, from p 199 onwards, Translated by Dr Edward C. Sachau, London 1910).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sen, S.N., 2013, A Textbook of Medieval Indian History, Delhi: Primus Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380607344" title="Special:BookSources/9789380607344">9789380607344</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrs._Meer_Hassan_Ali1832" class="citation book cs1">Mrs. Meer Hassan Ali (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/mrsmeerhassanali/letter_19.html">"Letter Nineteen"</a>. <i>Observations on the Mussalmauns of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421155244/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/mrsmeerhassanali/letter_19.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+Nineteen&rft.btitle=Observations+on+the+Mussalmauns+of+India&rft.date=1832&rft.au=Mrs.+Meer+Hassan+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpritchett%2F00islamlinks%2Fmrsmeerhassanali%2Fletter_19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Kannauj.html">"Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Kannauj"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110210224047/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Kannauj.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Falling+Rain+Genomics%2C+Inc+%E2%80%93+Kannauj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fallingrain.com%2Fworld%2FIN%2F36%2FKannauj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2024" class="citation news cs1">Mishra, Jigyasa (20 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct6r60">"Losing Attar"</a>. <i>BBC: The Documentary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC%3A+The+Documentary&rft.atitle=Losing+Attar&rft.date=2024-06-20&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Jigyasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fw3ct6r60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999">"Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)"</a>. Census Commission of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999">the original</a> on 16 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+2001%3A+Data+from+the+2001+Census%2C+including+cities%2C+villages+and+towns+%28Provisional%29&rft.pub=Census+Commission+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.net%2Fresults%2Ftown.php%3Fstad%3DA%26state5%3D999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a>, In Pusalker, A. D., In Majumdar, A. K., & <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a>,. (1993).<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofimperialkan04bhar">History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 04: The Age Of Imperial Kanauj</a></i>.</li> <li>Kishori Lal, Munshi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/guldasta-e-qannauj-munshi-kishori-lal-ebooks">Guldasta e Qannauj</a> (1871)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kannauj&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kannauj" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Kannauj">Kannauj</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kannauj.nic.in/">District Kannauj Website.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugar2012" class="citation news cs1">Dugar, Divya (7 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/mumbai/life/pictures-fading-fragrance-kannauj-indias-perfume-capital-974565">"In pictures: Fading fragrance of Kannauj, India's perfume capital"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+pictures%3A+Fading+fragrance+of+Kannauj%2C+India%27s+perfume+capital&rft.date=2012-08-07&rft.aulast=Dugar&rft.aufirst=Divya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fmumbai%2Flife%2Fpictures-fading-fragrance-kannauj-indias-perfume-capital-974565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKannauj" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA78">History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest By Rama Shankar Tripathi</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Kannauj_district" title="Template:Kannauj district"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kannauj_district" title="Template talk:Kannauj district"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kannauj_district" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kannauj district"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_and_towns_in_Kannauj_district" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities and towns in <a href="/wiki/Kannauj_district" title="Kannauj district">Kannauj district</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Kannauj</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhibramau" title="Chhibramau">Chhibramau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gursahaiganj" title="Gursahaiganj">Gursahaiganj</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kannauj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samdhan" title="Samdhan">Samdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurikh" title="Saurikh">Saurikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikanderpur,_Kannauj" title="Sikanderpur, Kannauj">Sikanderpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talgram" title="Talgram">Talgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirwa,_Kannauj" title="Tirwa, Kannauj">Tirwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Other districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_district" title="Agra district">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_district" title="Aligarh district">Aligarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_district" title="Ayodhya district">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambedkar_Nagar_district" title="Ambedkar Nagar district">Ambedkar Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethi_district" title="Amethi district">Amethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amroha_district" title="Amroha district">Amroha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auraiya_district" title="Auraiya district">Auraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azamgarh_district" title="Azamgarh district">Azamgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagpat_district" title="Bagpat district">Bagpat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraich_district" title="Bahraich district">Bahraich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballia_district" title="Ballia district">Ballia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balrampur_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh">Balrampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_district_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda district (India)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabanki_district" title="Barabanki district">Barabanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_district" title="Basti district">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadohi_district" title="Bhadohi district">Bhadohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijnor_district" title="Bijnor district">Bijnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulandshahr_district" title="Bulandshahr district">Bulandshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandauli_district" title="Chandauli district">Chandauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrakoot_district" title="Chitrakoot district">Chitrakoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoria_district" title="Deoria district">Deoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etah_district" title="Etah district">Etah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etawah_district" title="Etawah district">Etawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhabad_district" title="Farrukhabad district">Farrukhabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_district" title="Fatehpur district">Fatehpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozabad_district" title="Firozabad district">Firozabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Nagar_district" title="Gautam Buddha Nagar district">Gautam Buddha Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh">Ghaziabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazipur_district" title="Ghazipur district">Ghazipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonda_district" title="Gonda district">Gonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_district" title="Gorakhpur district">Gorakhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamirpur_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh">Hamirpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardoi_district" title="Hardoi district">Hardoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapur_district" title="Hapur district">Hapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathras_district" title="Hathras district">Hathras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaun_district" title="Jalaun district">Jalaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_district" title="Jaunpur district">Jaunpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhansi_district" title="Jhansi district">Jhansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauj_district" title="Kannauj district">Kannauj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Nagar_district" title="Kanpur Nagar district">Kanpur Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Dehat_district" title="Kanpur Dehat district">Kanpur Dehat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasganj_district" title="Kasganj district">Kasganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushambi_district" title="Kaushambi district">Kaushambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar_district" title="Kushinagar district">Kushinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_Kheri_district" title="Lakhimpur Kheri district">Lakhimpur Kheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur_district,_India" title="Lalitpur district, India">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_district" title="Lucknow district">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharajganj_district" title="Maharajganj district">Maharajganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoba_district" title="Mahoba district">Mahoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainpuri_district" title="Mainpuri district">Mainpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura_district" title="Mathura district">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_district" title="Mau district">Mau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut_district" title="Meerut district">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzapur_district" title="Mirzapur district">Mirzapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moradabad_district" title="Moradabad district">Moradabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarnagar_district" title="Muzaffarnagar district">Muzaffarnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_district" title="Prayagraj district">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raebareli_district" title="Raebareli district">Raebareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_district" title="Rampur district">Rampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_district" title="Saharanpur district">Saharanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Kabir_Nagar_district" title="Sant Kabir Nagar district">Sant Kabir Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravasti_district" title="Shravasti district">Shravasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharthnagar_district" title="Siddharthnagar district">Siddharthnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamli_district" title="Shamli district">Shamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhal_district" title="Sambhal district">Sambhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitapur_district" title="Sitapur district">Sitapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbhadra_district" title="Sonbhadra district">Sonbhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_district" title="Sultanpur district">Sultanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnao_district" title="Unnao district">Unnao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi_district" title="Varanasi district">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_places_of_Rashtrakuta_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_places_of_Rashtrakuta" title="Template:Historical places of Rashtrakuta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Historical_places_of_Rashtrakuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Historical places of Rashtrakuta (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_places_of_Rashtrakuta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical places of Rashtrakuta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_places_of_Rashtrakuta_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical places of <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achalpur" title="Achalpur">Achalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_I" title="Krishna I">Baroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadgaon,_Maharashtra" title="Bhadgaon, Maharashtra">Bhadgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_III#Northern_expedition" title="Krishna III">Jura near Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailasa_temple,_Ellora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasa temple, Ellora">Kailasa temple, Ellora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamthana" title="Kamthana">Kamthana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kannauj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuknur" title="Kuknur">Kuknur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latur#History" title="Latur">Latur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa#History" title="Malwa">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandore" title="Mandore">Mandore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manpur,_Indore" title="Manpur, Indore">Manpur, Indore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtraudha_Kavya" title="Rashtraudha Kavya">Mayuragiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naregal,_Gadag" title="Naregal, Gadag">Naregal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pataleshwar_Caves,_Pune" title="Pataleshwar Caves, Pune">Pataleshwar, Pune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satara_(city)#History" title="Satara (city)">Satara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saundatti" title="Saundatti">Saundatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Tardavadi province in modern Bijapur district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kanpur_division_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kanpur_division_topics" title="Template:Kanpur division topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kanpur_division_topics" title="Template talk:Kanpur division topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kanpur_division_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kanpur division topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kanpur_division_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_division" title="Kanpur division">Kanpur division</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Zoological_Park" title="Kanpur Zoological Park">Kanpur Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakh_Bahosi_Sanctuary" title="Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary">Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etawah_Safari_Park" title="Etawah Safari Park">Etawah Safari Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarsai_Nawar_Wetland" title="Sarsai Nawar Wetland">Sarsai Nawar Wetland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology, history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchala_Kingdom_(Mahabharata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)">Panchala Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cawnpore" title="Siege of Cawnpore">Siege of Cawnpore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cawnpore" title="Second Battle of Cawnpore">Second Battle of Cawnpore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harshvardhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshvardhan">Empire of Harshvardhana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auraiya_district" title="Auraiya district">Auraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etawah_district" title="Etawah district">Etawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhabad_district" title="Farrukhabad district">Farrukhabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauj_district" title="Kannauj district">Kannauj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Nagar_district" title="Kanpur Nagar district">Kanpur Negar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Dehat_district" title="Kanpur Dehat district">Kanpur Dehat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tehsils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auraiya" title="Auraiya">Auraiya Sadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhuna" title="Bidhuna">Bidhuna</a></li> <li>Ajeetmal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur Sadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilhaur" title="Bilhaur">Bilhaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatampur" title="Ghatampur">Ghatampur</a></li> <li>Narwal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbarpur,_Kanpur_Dehat" title="Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat">Akbarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhognipur" title="Bhognipur">Bhognipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derapur" title="Derapur">Derapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasulabad" title="Rasulabad">Rasulabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandara" title="Sikandara">Sikandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitha" title="Maitha">Maitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etawah" title="Etawah">Etawah Sadar</a></li> <li>Bhartana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswantnagar" title="Jaswantnagar">Jaswantnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifai" title="Saifai">Saifai</a></li> <li>Chakarnagar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takha" title="Takha">Takha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kannauj Sadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibramau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibramau">Chibramau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirwa">Tirwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhabad" title="Farrukhabad">Farrukhabad Sadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimganj" title="Kaimganj">Kaimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Amritpur, Uttar Pradesh">Amritpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers, dams, lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambal_River" title="Chambal River">Chambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_River_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Kali River (Uttar Pradesh)">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramganga" title="Ramganga">Ramganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_River" title="Sindh River">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a></li> <li>Arind</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Jheel" title="Moti Jheel">Moti Jheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages, people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannauji">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Hindi">Standard Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_2_(India)" title="National Highway 2 (India)">NH 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_26_(India)" title="National Highway 26 (India)">NH 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_86_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 86 (India)">NH 86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_96_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 96 (India)">NH 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibiyapur" title="Dibiyapur">Dibiyapur Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_over-bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanpur over-bridge">Kanpur over-bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Airport" title="Kanpur Airport">Kanpur Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifai_Airstrip" title="Saifai Airstrip">Saifai Airstrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhamtabad_Airstrip" title="Marhamtabad Airstrip">Marhamtabad Airstrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Central_railway_station" title="Kanpur Central railway station">Kanpur Central railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Anwarganj_railway_station" title="Kanpur Anwarganj railway station">Kanpur Anwarganj railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaphund_railway_station" title="Phaphund railway station">Phaphund railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etawah_Junction_railway_station" title="Etawah Junction railway station">Etawah Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah%E2%80%93Delhi_main_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Howrah–Delhi main line">Howrah–Delhi main line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow%E2%80%93Kanpur_Suburban_Railway" title="Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway">Lucknow–Kanpur Suburban Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Monorail" title="Kanpur Monorail">Kanpur Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Metro" title="Kanpur Metro">Kanpur Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Metropolitan_Bus_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanpur Metropolitan Bus Service">Kanpur Metropolitan Bus Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibiyapur" title="Dibiyapur">GAIL Dibiyapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="National Thermal Power Corporation">NTPC Dibiyapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panki_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Panki Thermal Power Station">Panki Thermal Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohia_Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lohia Machinery">Lohia Machinery</a></li> <li>Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_India_Corporation" title="British India Corporation">British India Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes of<br />higher learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology">Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shahu_Ji_Maharaj_University" title="Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University">Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Shankar_Vidyarthi_Memorial_Medical_College" title="Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College">Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Kannauj" title="Government Medical College, Kannauj">Government Medical College, Kannauj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Butler_Technical_University" title="Harcourt Butler Technical University">Harcourt Butler Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kanpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur">Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Textile_Technology_Institute" title="Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute">Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_University_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences">Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha constituencies<br />in Megapolitan Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbarpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Akbarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghatampur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghatampur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Ghatampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilhaur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilhaur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Bilhaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnao_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unnao (Lok Sabha constituency)">Unnao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Fatehpur</a></li> <li>Sikandra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etawah_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)">Etawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainpuri_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)">Mainpuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Auraiya_district" title="Template:Auraiya district">Cities and towns in Auraiya district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Etawah_district" title="Template:Etawah district">Cities and towns in Etawah district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Farrukhabad_district" title="Template:Farrukhabad district">Cities and towns in Farrukhabad district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kannauj_district" title="Template:Kannauj district">Cities and towns in Kannauj district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kanpur_Nagar_district" title="Template:Kanpur Nagar district">Cities and towns in Kanpur Dehat district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kanpur_Dehat_district" title="Template:Kanpur Dehat district">Cities and towns in Kanpur Dehat district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Auraiya_district" title="Category:Villages in Auraiya district">Villages in Auraiya district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Etawah_district" title="Category:Villages in Etawah district">Villages in Etawah district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Farrukhabad_district" title="Category:Villages in Farrukhabad district">Villages in Farrukhabad district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Kannauj_district" title="Category:Villages in Kannauj district">Villages in Kannauj district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Kanpur_Nagar_district" title="Category:Villages in Kanpur Nagar district">Villages in Kanpur Nagar district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Kanpur_Dehat_district" title="Category:Villages in Kanpur Dehat district">Villages in Kanpur Dehat district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Etawah" title="Category:People from Etawah">People from Etawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Farrukhabad" title="Category:People from Farrukhabad">People from Farrukhabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Kanpur" title="Category:People from Kanpur">People from Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Kanpur_Dehat_district" title="Category:People from Kanpur Dehat district">People from Kanpur Dehat district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kanpur" title="Template:Kanpur">Kanpur topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Agra_division_topics" title="Template:Agra division topics">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aligarh_division_topics" title="Template:Aligarh division topics">Aligarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Faizabad_division_topics" title="Template:Faizabad division topics">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Azamgarh_division_topics" title="Template:Azamgarh division topics">Azamgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bareilly_division_topics" title="Template:Bareilly division topics">Bareilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Basti_division_topics" title="Template:Basti division topics">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chitrakoot_division_topics" title="Template:Chitrakoot division topics">Chitrakoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Devipatan_division_topics" title="Template:Devipatan division topics">Devipatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gorakhpur_division_topics" title="Template:Gorakhpur division topics">Gorakhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jhansi_division_topics" title="Template:Jhansi division topics">Jhansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lucknow_division_topics" title="Template:Lucknow division topics">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Meerut_division_topics" title="Template:Meerut division topics">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mirzapur_Division_topics" title="Template:Mirzapur Division topics">Mirzapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Moradabad_division_topics" title="Template:Moradabad division topics">Moradabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Allahabad_division_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Allahabad division topics">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saharanpur_division_topics" title="Template:Saharanpur division topics">Saharanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Varanasi_division_topics" title="Template:Varanasi division topics">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614890#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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