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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asal_usul_penduduk_Chechnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asal_usul_penduduk_Chechnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Asal usul penduduk Chechnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asal_usul_penduduk_Chechnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prasejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prasejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Prasejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prasejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_pra-kekaisaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_pra-kekaisaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Zaman pra-kekaisaran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_pra-kekaisaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemerintahan_Ketsaran_Rusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemerintahan_Ketsaran_Rusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pemerintahan Ketsaran Rusia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemerintahan_Ketsaran_Rusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemerintahan_Soviet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemerintahan_Soviet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Pemerintahan Soviet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemerintahan_Soviet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perang_Chechen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perang_Chechen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Perang Chechen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perang_Chechen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rekonstruksi_dan_pemberontakan_pascaperang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rekonstruksi_dan_pemberontakan_pascaperang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Rekonstruksi dan pemberontakan pascaperang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rekonstruksi_dan_pemberontakan_pascaperang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Politik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divisi_administrasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisi_administrasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Divisi administrasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisi_administrasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisi_informal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisi_informal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Divisi informal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisi_informal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HAM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HAM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>HAM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HAM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_tambahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_tambahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bacaan tambahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_tambahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chechnya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 141 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чечентәыла – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чечентәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Chechen" title="Republik Chechen – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Republik Chechen" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjni%C3%AB" title="Tsjetsjnië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjetsjnië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B8%E1%89%BD%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ቸችኒያ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቸችኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الشيشان – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشيشان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الشيشان – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الشيشان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%80" title="ЧачаналӀ – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЧачаналӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enistan" title="Çeçenistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çeçenistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چچنیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چچنیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Чечен Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чечен Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Dien%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Čečienėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čečienėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чачня – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чачня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чачэнія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чачэнія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чечения – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чечения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="চেচনিয়া – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চেচনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchetchenia" title="Tchetchenia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchetchenia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denija" title="Čečenija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čečenija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txetx%C3%A8nia" title="Txetxènia – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txetxènia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Нохчийчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нохчийчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenskaya_Respublika" title="Chechenskaya Respublika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chechenskaya Respublika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چیچان – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چیچان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enistan" title="Çeçenistan – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çeçenistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Densko" title="Čečensko – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čečensko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чечен Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чечен Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsietsnia" title="Tsietsnia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsietsnia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Tjetjenien" title="Republikken Tjetjenien – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Republikken Tjetjenien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschetschenien" title="Tschetschenien – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschetschenien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7en%C4%B1stan" title="Çeçenıstan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çeçenıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τσετσενία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσετσενία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88e%C4%89enio" title="Ĉeĉenio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉeĉenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1et%C5%A1eeni_Vabariik" title="Tšetšeeni Vabariik – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšetšeeni Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txetxenia" title="Txetxenia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txetxenia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86" title="چچن – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چچن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1et%C5%A1enia" title="Tšetšenia – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšetšenia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1et%C5%A1eeni%C3%A4" title="Tšetšeeniä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tšetšeeniä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekenia" title="Kekenia – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kekenia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A9nie" title="Tchétchénie – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchétchénie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschetscheenien" title="Tschetscheenien – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschetscheenien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeisnia" title="An tSeisnia – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeisnia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7eniya" title="Çeçeniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çeçeniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌴𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gotik" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌴𐍄𐍃𐌾𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya_Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet" title="Chechnya Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chechnya Khiung-fò-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A6%27%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="צ'צ'ניה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'צ'ניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चेचन्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चेचन्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denija" title="Čečenija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čečenija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denska" title="Čečenska – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čečenska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csecsenf%C3%B6ld" title="Csecsenföld – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csecsenföld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Չեչնիա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չեչնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecenia" title="Cecenia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cecenia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siasnia" title="Siasnia – Inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Siasnia" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Нохчиче – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Нохчиче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko_Chechenia" title="Republiko Chechenia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Republiko Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9t%C3%A9n%C3%ADa" title="Téténía – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Téténía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecenia" title="Cecenia – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cecenia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="チェチェン共和国 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェチェン共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8chnya" title="Chèchnya – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chèchnya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩეჩნეთი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეჩნეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Шэшэн Республикэ – Kabardi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Шэшэн Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Шешен Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шешен Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%B2%B8_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="체첸 공화국 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체첸 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чечен Республика – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Чечен Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enistan" title="Çeçenistan – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çeçenistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чеченстан – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чеченстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetsenia" title="Tsetsenia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tsetsenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjeni%C3%AB" title="Tsjetsjenië – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjetsjenië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecenia" title="Cecenia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cecenia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecenia" title="Cecenia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cecenia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8D%C4%97nija" title="Čečėnija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čečėnija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denija" title="Čečenija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čečenija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चेचन्या – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चेचन्या" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetsenia" title="Tsetsenia – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsetsenia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Чеченија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чеченија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ചെച്‌നിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെച്‌നിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Чечень – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чечень" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="चेचन्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चेचन्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Чеченэнь Республикась – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чеченэнь Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%86%D9%86" title="چچن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چچن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjeni%C3%AB" title="Tsjetsjenië – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjetsjenië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjenia" title="Tsjetsjenia – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjetsjenia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjetsjenia" title="Tsjetsjenia – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjetsjenia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenia" title="Chechenia – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chechenia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Dnien_tazavaldu" title="Čečnien tazavaldu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čečnien tazavaldu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D1%86%C3%A6%D0%BD" title="Цæцæн – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæцæн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਚੈਚਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੈਚਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czeczenia" title="Czeczenia – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czeczenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="چیچنیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چیچنیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%DA%86%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="چيچنيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چيچنيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chech%C3%AAnia" title="Chechênia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chechênia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecenia" title="Cecenia – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cecenia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cec%C3%A8nia" title="Cecènia – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cecènia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cec%C3%A8nia" title="Cecènia – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cecènia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnie" title="Chechnie – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chechnie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%DA%86%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="چيچنيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيچنيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1et%C5%A1enia" title="Tšetšenia – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Tšetšenia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denija" title="Čečenija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čečenija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Densko" title="Čečensko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čečensko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denija" title="Čečenija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čečenija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeejniya" title="Jeejniya – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jeejniya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enia" title="Çeçenia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çeçenia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Чеченија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чеченија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9chnya" title="Chéchnya – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Chéchnya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjetjenien" title="Tjetjenien – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjetjenien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="செச்சினியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செச்சினியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чеченистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чеченистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="สาธารณรัฐเชเชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐเชเชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechenya" title="Chechenya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chechenya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceceniston" title="Ceceniston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ceceniston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C3%A7enistan" title="Çeçenistan – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çeçenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%90%DA%86%DB%90%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="چېچېنىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چېچېنىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чечня – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чечня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="چیچنیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیچنیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheniston" title="Checheniston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Checheniston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C4%8Denijan_Tazovaldkund" title="Čečenijan Tazovaldkund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čečenijan Tazovaldkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E8%87%A3" title="车臣 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="车臣" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩეჩნეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩეჩნეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E8%87%A3%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="车臣共和国 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="车臣共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chechnya" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%87%A3" title="車臣 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="車臣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5187#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" 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sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chechnya"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Chechnya" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Chechnya" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&oldid=26159074" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Chechnya&id=26159074&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChechnya"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChechnya"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Chechnya"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chechnya&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8F" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5187" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_koordinat_geografis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem koordinat geografis">Koordinat</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chechnya&language=id&params=43_24_N_45_43_E_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">45°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.400°N 45.717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.400; 45.717</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:23em; text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="fn org">Republik Chechnya</span><br /><span style="font-size:80%">Чеченская Республика<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555; position:relative;"> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>)</span><br />Нохчийн Республика/Noxçiyn Respublika<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555; position:relative;"> (Chechen)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cddeff">—  <span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rusia" title="Republik Rusia">Republik</a></span>  —</th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" style="text-align:left"><table style="text-align:center; padding:0.4em 0; width:100%; background:none"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Republik Chechnya"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/115px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/173px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/230px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><br /><small><b><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Chechnya" title="Bendera Chechnya">Bendera</a></b></small></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambang Republik Chechnya"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chechnya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="812" /></a></span><br /><small><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambang_Republik_Chechnya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambang Republik Chechnya (halaman belum tersedia)">Lambang</a></b></small></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left"><center>Lagu resmi: <span lang="ce">Шатлакхан Илли</span><br /><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">Şatlaqan İlli</i></span><br />"<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eatlaqan_Illi" title="Şatlaqan Illi">Lagu Shatlak</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="158" data-mwtitle="Гимн_Чеченской_Республики.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg&lang=ce&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ce" label="нохчийн ‪(ce)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><sup id="cite_ref-Anthem_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthem-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></center></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><center><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Map_of_Chechnya_in_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_of_Chechnya_in_Russia.svg/300px-Map_of_Chechnya_in_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_of_Chechnya_in_Russia.svg/450px-Map_of_Chechnya_in_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Map_of_Chechnya_in_Russia.svg/600px-Map_of_Chechnya_in_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></center></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left"><center>Koordinat: <span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25917590">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chechnya&language=id&params=43_24_N_45_43_E_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°24′N</span> <span class="longitude">45°43′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.400°N 45.717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.400; 45.717</span></span></span></a></span></span></span> </center></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cddeff"><span class="category">Status politik</span></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Negara</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Distrik_federal_di_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Distrik federal di Rusia">Distrik federal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Distrik_Federal_Kaukasus_Utara" title="Distrik Federal Kaukasus Utara">Kaukasia Utara</a><sup id="cite_ref-FederalDistrict_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FederalDistrict-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_ekonomi_Rusia" title="Wilayah ekonomi Rusia">Wilayah ekonomi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_ekonomi_Kaukasus_Utara" title="Wilayah ekonomi Kaukasus Utara">Kaukasus Utara</a><sup id="cite_ref-EconomicRegion_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconomicRegion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hari jadi</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">11 Januari 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ibukota</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cddeff"><span class="category">Pemerintahan<span style="font-weight:normal;"> (sejak Maret 2010)</span></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Republik_Chechnya" title="Presiden Republik Chechnya">Presiden</a><sup id="cite_ref-HeadLegis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadLegis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a><sup id="cite_ref-Head_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Badan legislatif</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlemen_Republik_Chechen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlemen Republik Chechen (halaman belum tersedia)">Parlemen</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cddeff"><span class="category">Statistik</span></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left"><b>Area</b> (menurut Sensus 2002)<sup id="cite_ref-Area_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Total</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">17300 km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peringkat</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Pembagian_administratif_Rusia#Subjek_federal_Rusia" title="Pembagian administratif Rusia">75</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left"><b>Jumlah penduduk</b> (menurut Sensus 2010)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Total</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">1.268.989</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Peringkat</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_subjek_federal_Rusia_berdasarkan_jumlah_penduduk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar subjek federal Rusia berdasarkan jumlah penduduk (halaman belum tersedia)">40</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Kepadatan<sup id="cite_ref-DensityNote_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DensityNote-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">73.35 jiwa/km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Perkotaan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">34.9%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Perdesaan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">65.1%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left"><b>Jumlah penduduk</b> (perkiraan January 2016)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Total</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">1.395.678<sup id="cite_ref-2014Est_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014Est-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:RU" title="ISO 3166-2:RU">Kode ISO 3166-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="text-align:left">RU-CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Plat_nomor_kendaraan_di_Rusia" title="Plat nomor kendaraan di Rusia">Plat nomor</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left">95</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bahasa resmi</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">Rusia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Rusia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rusia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Chechen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Chechen">Chechen</a><sup id="cite_ref-Languages_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chechnya.gov.ru/">Situs web resmi</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Republik Chechnya</b>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">Чече́нская Респу́блика</span>, <i>Chechenskaya Respublika</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Chechnya" title="Bahasa Chechnya">bahasa Chechnya</a>: <span lang="ce"><i>Нохчийн Республика</i></span>, <i>Noxçiyn Respublika</i>), atau <b>Chechnya</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">Чечня́</span>, <i>Chechnya</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Chechnya" title="Bahasa Chechnya">bahasa Chechnya</a>: <span lang="ce"><i>Нохчийчоь</i></span>, <i>Noxçiyçö</i>), juga disebut <i>Chechnia</i> atau <i>Chechenia</i>, terkadang mengacu kepada <b>Ichkeria</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a>: <span lang="id">Tanah mineral</span>), adalah sebuah nama daerah di <a href="/wiki/Federasi_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federasi Rusia">Federasi Rusia</a> yang berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Daftar_republik_di_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar republik di Rusia">republik</a>. </p><p>Chechnya berbatasan dengan <a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a> di barat laut, republik <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> di timur laut dan timur, <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> di selatan, dan republik <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ossetia_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetia Utara">Ossetia Utara</a> di barat. Letaknya berada di pegunungan <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a> Utara. Ibu kotanya berada di <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>. </p><p>Setelah <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Uni_Soviet_(1985-1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Uni Soviet (1985-1991)">jatuhnya Uni Soviet</a>, sekelompok pemberontak Chechnya menyatakan bahwa mereka adalah pemerintah yang sah, mengumumkan parlemen baru, dan memproklamasikan kemerdekaan mereka sebagai <b><a href="/wiki/Republik_Chechnya_Ichkeria" title="Republik Chechnya Ichkeria">Republik Chechnya Ichkeria</a></b>. Hingga <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>, kemerdekaan mereka tidak diakui negara apapun. Deklarasi tersebut telah menyebabkan konflik bersenjata di mana kelompok-kelompok Chechnya dan Rusia saling terlibat. </p><p>Menurut laporan, pejabat pro-Rusia mengaku bahwa sejak <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a> lebih dari 200.000 pemberontak dan warga sipil telah terbunuh, dan dalam jangka waktu yang sama lebih dari 20.000 anak-anak telah meninggal dan puluhan ribu lainnya menjadi yatim piatu. </p><p>Mayoritas penduduknya beragama Islam. Hampir 95% adalah Islam dan rata-rata merupakan penganut madzhab Syafi'i </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Chechnya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Chechnya (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah Chechnya</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asal_usul_penduduk_Chechnya">Asal usul penduduk Chechnya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Asal usul penduduk Chechnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asal usul penduduk Chechnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipotesis_asal_Vainakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipotesis asal Vainakh (halaman belum tersedia)">Hipotesis asal Vainakh</a></div> <p>Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonti_Mroveli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonti Mroveli (halaman belum tersedia)">Leonti Mroveli</a>, penulis sejarah <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> abad ke-11, kata <a href="/wiki/Kaukasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaukasia">Kaukasia</a> berasal dari leluhur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangsa_Nakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangsa Nakh (halaman belum tersedia)">Nakh</a>, Kavkas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menurut George Anchabadze dari <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Negeri_Ilia" title="Universitas Negeri Ilia">Ilia State University</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r21477316">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Vainakh adalah penduduk asli <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a> kuno. Patut dicatat, bahwa menurut tabel silsilah yang dibuat oleh Leonti Mroveli, nenek moyang legendaris Vainakh adalah "Kavka". Maka nama Kavkasia, salah satu etnis yang ditemukan dalam sumber tertulis Georgia kuno, menandakan nenek moyang orang <a href="/wiki/Suku_Chechen" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku Chechen">Chechen</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Suku_Ingush" title="Suku Ingush">Ingush</a>. Seperti yang terlihat di atas, kaum Vainakh (setidaknya dengan namanya) ditampilkan sebagai orang yang paling "Kaukasia" dari semua orang Kaukasia (Kaukasus – Kavkas – Kavkasia) dalam tradisi sejarah Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ahli bahasa Amerika, Johanna Nichols, telah menggunakan bahasa untuk menghubungkan orang-orang modern di wilayah Kaukasus dengan petani kuno <a href="/wiki/Hilal_subur" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal subur">Bulan Sabit Subur</a>. Penelitiannya menunjukkan bahwa petani di wilayah itu menggunakan bahasa Nakh-Daghestanians. Nichols menyatakan: "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Kaukasia_Timur_Laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Kaukasia Timur Laut (halaman belum tersedia)">Bahasa Nakh–Dagestan</a> adalah bahasa yang paling dekat yang kita miliki untuk kelanjutan kelangsungan komunitas budaya dan bahasa yang menciptakan <a href="/wiki/Budaya_Barat" title="Budaya Barat">peradaban Barat</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prasejarah">Prasejarah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Prasejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Prasejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg/220px-Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg/330px-Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg/440px-Karte_des_Kaukasischen_Isthmus_-_Entworfen_und_gezeichnet_von_J-Grassl_-_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8925" data-file-height="6640" /></a><figcaption>Peta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanah_Genting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanah Genting (halaman belum tersedia)">Tanah Genting</a> Kaukasia<br />oleh J. Grassl, 1856</figcaption></figure> <p>Jejak pemukiman manusia sejak 40.000 SM ditemukan di dekat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danau_Kezenoyam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danau Kezenoyam (halaman belum tersedia)">Danau Kezanoi</a>. Lukisan gua, artefak, dan bukti arkeologi lainnya menunjukkan tempat tinggal yang berkelanjutan selama sekitar 8.000 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-chechhand_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chechhand-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orang-orang yang tinggal di pemukiman ini menggunakan peralatan, api, dan pakaian yang terbuat dari kulit binatang.<sup id="cite_ref-chechhand_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chechhand-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Era <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesolitikum_Trialetian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesolitikum Trialetian (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaukasia Epipaleolitik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasejarah_Kaukasus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasejarah Kaukasus (halaman belum tersedia)">Neolitik</a> awal terlihat pengenalan terhadap <a href="/wiki/Pertanian" title="Pertanian">pertanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irigasi" title="Irigasi">irigasi</a>, dan penjinakan hewan di wilayah tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-science_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemukiman dekat Ali-Yurt dan <a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a> mengungkapkan alat yang alat yang dipergunakan terbuat dari batu seperti kapak batu, batu dipoles, pisau batu, batu dengan lubang dibor di dalamnya, piring tanah liat dll. Pemukiman yang terbuat dari batu bata tanah liat ditemukan di dataran. Di pegunungan ada pemukiman yang terbuat dari batu dan dikelilingi oleh tembok; beberapa di antaranya berasal dari tahun 8000 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodzoev_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodzoev-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Periode ini juga terlihat awal penggunaan roda (3000 SM), menunggang kuda, karya logam (tembaga, emas, perak, besi), piring, baju besi, belati, pisau dan ujung panah di wilayah tersebut. Artefak tersebut ditemukan di dekat Nasare-Cort, Muzhichi, Ja-E-Bortz (atau dikenal sebagai Surkha-khi), Abbey-Gove (juga dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Nazran" title="Nazran">Nazran</a> atau Nasare).<sup id="cite_ref-Kodzoev_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodzoev-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_pra-kekaisaran">Zaman pra-kekaisaran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Zaman pra-kekaisaran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Zaman pra-kekaisaran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ilmuwan Jerman, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas" title="Peter Simon Pallas">Peter Simon Pallas</a>, percaya bahwa orang Vainakh (Chechen dan Ingush) merupakan keturunan langsung dari <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1239, ibukota Alania di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maghas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maghas (halaman belum tersedia)">Maghas</a> dan konfederasi Alan dari dataran tinggi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masyarakat_Kaukasus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masyarakat Kaukasus (halaman belum tersedia)">Kaukasia Utara</a>, negara-negara serta suku-suku mereka dihancurkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a> (seorang pemimpin <a href="/wiki/Suku_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku Mongol">Mongol</a> dan cucu <a href="/wiki/Jenghis_Khan" title="Jenghis Khan">Jenghis Khan</a>). </p><p>Menurut misionaris <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine" title="Giovanni da Pian del Carpine">Pian de Carpine</a>, bagian dari suku Alan telah berhasil melawan pengepungan Mongol di sebuah gunung selama 12 tahun:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ketika mereka (Mongol) mulai mengepung sebuah benteng, mereka mengepungnya selama bertahun-tahun, seperti yang terjadi hari ini dengan satu gunung di tanah Alans. Kami percaya mereka telah mengepungnya selama dua belas tahun dan mereka (orang Alan) melakukan perlawanan dengan berani dan membunuh banyak Tatar, termasuk banyak bangsawan.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, laporan dari 1250</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Pengepungan dua belas tahun ini tidak ditemukan dalam laporan lain, namun sejarawan Rusia A.I. Krasnov menghubungkan pertempuran ini dengan dua cerita rakyat Chechnya yang direkamnya pada tahun 1967 yang berbicara tentang seorang pemburu tua bernama Idig bersama teman-temannya mempertahankan gunung Dakuoh selama 12 tahun melawan Tatar-Mongol. Dia juga dilaporkan telah menemukan beberapa mata panah dan tombak dari abad ke-13 di dekat gunung tempat pertempuran terjadi:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Tahun berikutnya pada awal musim panas, gerombolan musuh datang lagi untuk menghancurkan dataran tinggi. Tetapi pada tahun itu mereka gagal untuk merebut gunung, di mana orang-orang Chechen yang pemberani menetap. Pertempuran itu berlangsung selama dua belas tahun. Kekayaan utama orang Chechnya - ternak - dicuri oleh musuh. Bosan dengan perjuangan keras selama bertahun-tahun, orang-orang Chechnya yang percaya jaminan belas kasihan musuh, turun dari gunung, tetapi Tatar Mongol membunuh banyak orang dan sisanya diperbudak. Nasib ini hanya bisa dihindari oleh Idig dan beberapa rekannya yang tidak mempercayai para Tatar Mongol dan tetap berada di gunung. Mereka berhasil melarikan diri dan meninggalkan Gunung Dakuoh setelah 12 tahun pengepungan.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Amin Tesaev, Legenda dan perjuangan pahlawan Chechnya, Idig, (1238-1250)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Pada abad ke-14 dan ke-15, sering terjadi peperangan antara orang-orang Chechen, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Lenk" title="Timur Lenk">Timur Lenk</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh" title="Tokhtamysh">Tokhtamysh</a> yang puncaknya pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Sungai_Terek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Sungai Terek (halaman belum tersedia)">Pertempuran Sungai Terek</a>. Suku Chechnya membangun benteng, kastil, dan tembok pertahanan, melindungi pegunungan dari penjajah. Bagian dataran rendah diduduki oleh bangsa Mongol. Namun, pertengahan abad ke-14 sebuah kerajaan Chechnya yang kuat bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simsir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simsir (halaman belum tersedia)">Simsir</a> muncul di bawah seorang raja Chechnya yang memimpin politik dan perang Chechnya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khour_Ela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khour Ela (halaman belum tersedia)">Khour Ela</a>. Dia memimpin pasukan Chechnya melawan panglima perang jahat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamai (halaman belum tersedia)">Mamai</a> dan mengalahkannya dalam Pertempuran Tatar-tup pada tahun 1362. Kerajaan Simsir berakhir selama invasi Timur Lenk di Kaukasus, ketika Khour Ela bersekutu dengan <a href="/wiki/Gerombolan_Emas" title="Gerombolan Emas">Golden Horde</a> Khan Tokhtamysh dalam Pertempuran Sungai Terek. Timur Lenk berusaha untuk menghukum penduduk dataran tinggi karena kesetiaan mereka kepada Tokhtamysh dan sebagai akibatnya menyerbu Simsir pada tahun 1395.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Chechnya_and_Caucasus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Chechnya_and_Caucasus.png/250px-Chechnya_and_Caucasus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Chechnya_and_Caucasus.png/375px-Chechnya_and_Caucasus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Chechnya_and_Caucasus.png/500px-Chechnya_and_Caucasus.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Lokasi Chechnya di peta Kaukasus</figcaption></figure> <p>Abad ke-16, <a href="/wiki/Ketsaran_Rusia" title="Ketsaran Rusia">Rusia</a> pertama kali terlibat di Kaukasus. Pada 1558, Temryuk dari Kabarda mengirim utusannya ke <a href="/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow">Moskow</a> meminta bantuan dari <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_Vasilyevich" title="Ivan IV Vasilyevich">Ivan the Terrible</a> melawan suku Vainakh. Ivan the Terrible menikahi putri Temryuk, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Temryukovna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Temryukovna (halaman belum tersedia)">Maria Temryukovna</a>. Sebuah aliansi dibentuk untuk mendapatkan tempat di Kaukasus tengah untuk memperluas <a href="/wiki/Ketsaran_Rusia" title="Ketsaran Rusia">Tsardom Rusia</a> melawan para pembela Vainakh yang keras kepala. Chechnya adalah sebuah negara di Kaukasus Utara yang berjuang melawan kekuasaan asing terus menerus sejak abad ke-15. Beberapa pemimpin Chechnya seperti Mehk-Da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldaman_Gheza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldaman Gheza (halaman belum tersedia)">Aldaman Gheza</a> pada abad ke-17 memimpin politik Chechnya dalam melawan kekuatan asing. Dia mempertahankan perbatasan Chechnya dari invasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orang_Kabardia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orang Kabardia (halaman belum tersedia)">Kabardinia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Orang_Avar" title="Orang Avar">Avar</a> selama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Khachara_(1667)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Khachara (1667) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pertempuran Khachara</a> pada tahun 1667.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orang-orang Chechnya berpindah agama selama beberapa abad ke <a href="/wiki/Sunni" title="Sunni">Islam Sunni</a>, karena Islam dikaitkan dengan perlawanan terhadap serangan Rusia.<sup id="cite_ref-tsaroieva_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsaroieva-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ilyasov_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilyasov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pemerintahan_Ketsaran_Rusia">Pemerintahan Ketsaran Rusia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Pemerintahan Ketsaran Rusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemerintahan Ketsaran Rusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Perang_Kaukasus" title="Perang Kaukasus">Perang Kaukasus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25,_1859_by_Kivshenko,_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg/290px-Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg/435px-Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg/580px-Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imam_Shamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imam Shamil (halaman belum tersedia)">Imam Shamil</a> dari Chechnya dan Dagestan yang menyerah kepada jenderal Rusia Baryatinsky pada tahun 1859; lukisan oleh <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Kivshenko" title="Aleksey Kivshenko">Aleksey Kivshenko</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_I_dari_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyotr I dari Rusia">Peter the Great</a> pertama kali berusaha meningkatkan pengaruh politik Rusia di <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus">Kaukasus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a> dengan mengorbankan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Safawi_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safawi Iran (halaman belum tersedia)">Persia Safawi</a> melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Rusia-Persia_(1722-1723)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Rusia-Persia (1722-1723) (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Rusia-Persia</a> tahun 1722–1723. Terkenal dalam sejarah Chechnya, Perang Rusia-Persia ini menandai pertemuan militer pertama antara <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia">Kekaisaran Rusia</a> dan Vainakh. Pasukan Rusia berhasil merebut sebagian besar wilayah Kaukasia dari Persia selama beberapa tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saat Rusia menguasai koridor Kaspia dan pindah ke <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> yang dikuasai Persia, pasukan Peter bertemu dengan suku-suku pegunungan. Peter mengirim pasukan kavaleri untuk menaklukkan mereka, tetapi orang-orang Chechen mengusir mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1732, setelah Rusia menyerahkan kembali sebagian besar Kaukasus ke Persia yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Resht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Resht (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Resht</a>, pasukan Rusia bentrok lagi dengan orang-orang Chechen di sebuah desa bernama Chechen-aul di sepanjang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Argun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Argun (halaman belum tersedia)">Sungai Argun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rusia dikalahkan lagi dan mundur. Pertempuran ini asal muasal atas cerita apokrif tentang bagaimana nama Nokchi kemudian dikenal sebagai "Chechen" - orang-orang yang diberi nama untuk tempat pertempuran itu terjadi. Namun nama Chechnya sudah digunakan sejak awal 1692.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg/290px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg/435px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg/580px-%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Pasukan artileri Chechen</figcaption></figure> <p>Di bawah kekuasaan Persia sejak tahun 1555, pada tahun 1783 orang-orang Georgia timur <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kerajaan Kartli-Kakheti">Kartl-Kakheti</a> yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Erekle_II_dari_Georgia" title="Erekle II dari Georgia">Erekle II</a> dan Rusia menandatangani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perjanjian_Georgievsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perjanjian Georgievsk (halaman belum tersedia)">Perjanjian Georgievsk</a>. Menurut perjanjian ini, Kartl-Kakheti menerima perlindungan dari Rusia dan Georgia menolak ketergantungan pada Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk meningkatkan pengaruhnya di Kaukasus dan untuk mengamankan komunikasi dengan Kartli dan wilayah Kristen lainnya di Transkaukasia (yang dianggap berguna dalam perangnya melawan Persia dan Turki), Kekaisaran Rusia mulai menaklukkan pegunungan Kaukasus Utara. Kekaisaran Rusia menggunakan agama Kristen untuk membenarkan penaklukannya, membiarkan Islam menyebar luas karena memposisikan dirinya sebagai agama pembebasan dari tsardom yang memandang suku Nakh sebagai "bandit".<sup id="cite_ref-ling_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemberontakan itu dipimpin oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansur_Ushurma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansur Ushurma (halaman belum tersedia)">Mansur Ushurma</a>, seorang syekh <a href="/wiki/Tarekat_Naqsyabandiyah" title="Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah">Naqsybandi</a> (Sufisme|Sufi) Chechnya—dengan dukungan militer dari suku-suku Kaukasia Utara lainnya. Mansur berharap untuk mendirikan negara Islam <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus_Selatan" title="Kaukasus Selatan">Transkaukasus</a> di bawah hukum <a href="/wiki/Syariat_Islam" title="Syariat Islam">syariah</a>. Dia tidak dapat sepenuhnya mencapai ini karena selama perang, dia dikhianati oleh <a href="/wiki/Kesultanan_Ottoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesultanan Ottoman">Ottoman</a> dengan menyerahkannya kepada Rusia dan dieksekusi pada tahun 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah penyerahan paksa wilayah Dagestan saat ini (sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>) dan Georgia oleh Persia ke Rusia, setelah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Rusia-Persia_(1804%E2%80%931813)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Rusia-Persia (1804–1813) (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Rusia-Persia (1804–1813)</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Gulistan" title="Perjanjian Gulistan">Perjanjian Gulistan</a> yang dihasilkan, Rusia secara signifikan memperluas pijakannya di Kaukasus dengan mengorbankan Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Rusia-Persia_(1826%E2%80%931828)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Rusia-Persia (1826–1828) (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Rusia-Persia (1826–1828)</a> yang berhasil melawan Persia beberapa tahun kemudian yang berakhir dengan <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Turkmenchay" title="Perjanjian Turkmenchay">Perjanjian Turkmenchay</a>, dan perang yang berhasil <a href="/wiki/Perang_Rusia-Turki_(1828%E2%80%931829)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Rusia-Turki (1828–1829)">melawan Turki Utsmaniyah</a> pada tahun 1828 dan 1829, memungkinkan Rusia untuk lebih mudah menempatkan pasukannya dalam menaklukkan <a href="/wiki/Kaukasus_Utara" title="Kaukasus Utara">Kaukasus Utara</a>. </p><p>Perlawanan suku Nakh tidak pernah berakhir dengan komandan Muslim-<a href="/wiki/Orang_Avar" title="Orang Avar">Avar</a> baru, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Syamil" title="Imam Syamil">Imam Syamil</a>[, yang berperang melawan Rusia dari tahun 1834 hingga 1859 (lihat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Murid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Murid (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Murid</a>). Pada tahun 1859, Syamil ditangkap oleh Rusia di aul Gunib. Syamil meninggalkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baysangur_dari_Benoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baysangur dari Benoy (halaman belum tersedia)">Baysangur</a> dari Benoa,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seorang Chechnya dengan satu tangan, satu mata, dan satu kaki, bertanggung jawab atas komando di Gunib. Baysangur menerobos pengepungan dan terus melawan Rusia selama dua tahun sampai dia ditangkap dan dibunuh oleh Rusia. Tsar Rusia berharap dengan menyelamatkan nyawa Syamil, perlawanan di Kaukasus Utara akan berhenti, tetapi ternyata tidak. Rusia mulai menggunakan taktik penjajahan dengan menghancurkan pemukiman Nakh dan membangun garis pertahanan Cossack di dataran rendah. Cossack menderita kekalahan demi kekalahan dan terus-menerus diserang oleh pendaki gunung, yang merampok makanan dan persenjataan mereka. </p><p>Rezim Tsar menggunakan pendekatan yang berbeda pada akhir tahun 1860-an. Mereka menawarkan orang-orang Chechen dan Ingush untuk meninggalkan Kaukasus menuju Kekaisaran Ottoman (lihat <a href="/wiki/Genosida_Adighe" title="Genosida Adighe">Muhajir (Kaukasus)</a>). Diperkirakan sekitar 80% orang Chechen dan Ingush meninggalkan Kaukasus selama deportasi. Ini melemahkan perlawanan yang berubah dari perang terbuka menjadi perang pemberontak. Salah satu pejuang perlawanan Chechnya yang terkenal pada akhir abad ke-19 adalah seorang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abrek (halaman belum tersedia)">abrek</a> Chechnya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelimkhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelimkhan (halaman belum tersedia)">Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev</a> dan rekan seperjuangannya abrek Ingush Sulom-Beck Sagopshinski. Bersama-sama mereka membangun unit-unit kecil yang terus-menerus mengganggu konvoi militer Rusia, uang kertas pemerintah, dan pasca dinas pemerintah, terutama di Ingushetia dan Chechnya. Ingush aul Kek benar-benar terbakar ketika Ingush menolak untuk menyerahkan Zelimkhan. Zelimkhan terbunuh pada awal abad ke-20. Perang antara suku Nakh dan Rusia muncul kembali selama masa <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Rusia" title="Revolusi Rusia">Revolusi Rusia</a>, yang menyaksikan perjuangan Nakh melawan <a href="/wiki/Anton_Ivanovich_Denikin" title="Anton Ivanovich Denikin">Anton Ivanovich Denikin</a> dan kemudian melawan <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>. </p><p>Pada 21 Desember 1917, <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, Chechnya, dan Dagestan mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan dari Rusia dan membentuk satu negara bagian: "Penghuni Gunung Bersatu dari Kaukasus Utara" (juga dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Republik_Pegunungan_Kaukasus_Utara" title="Republik Pegunungan Kaukasus Utara">Republik Pegunungan Kaukasus Utara</a>) yang diakui oleh kekuatan besar dunia. Ibu kota negara bagian baru dipindahkan ke Temir-Khan-Shura (Dagestan).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdulmajid_Tapa_Tchermoeff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdulmajid Tapa Tchermoeff (halaman belum tersedia)">Abdulmajid Tapa Tchermoeff</a>, seorang negarawan Chechnya terkemuka, terpilih sebagai perdana menteri pertama negara bagian itu. Perdana menteri kedua yang terpilih adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassan-Girey_Dzhabagiev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev (halaman belum tersedia)">Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev</a>, seorang negarawan Ingush yang juga merupakan penulis konstitusi republik pada tahun 1917, dan pada tahun 1920 ia terpilih kembali untuk masa jabatan ketiga. Pada tahun 1921, Rusia menyerang dan menduduki negara itu dan secara paksa menyerapnya ke dalam negara Soviet. Perang Kaukasia untuk kemerdekaan dimulai kembali dan pemerintah diasingkan.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pemerintahan_Soviet">Pemerintahan Soviet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Pemerintahan Soviet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemerintahan Soviet"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selama pemerintahan Soviet, Chechnya dan Ingushetia digabungkan untuk membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Otonom_Checheno-Ingush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonom Checheno-Ingush (halaman belum tersedia)">Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonom Checheno-Ingush</a>. Pada 1930-an, Chechnya dibanjiri banyak orang Ukraina yang melarikan diri dari kelaparan. Akibatnya, banyak orang Ukraina menetap di Chechnya-Ingush ASSR secara permanen dan selamat dari kelaparan.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meskipun lebih dari 50.000 orang Chechnya dan lebih dari 12.000 orang Ingush berperang melawan <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Nazi Jerman</a> di garis depan (diantaranya menjadi <a href="/wiki/Pahlawan_Uni_Soviet" title="Pahlawan Uni Soviet">Pahlawan Uni Soviet</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abukhadzhi_Idrisov" title="Abukhadzhi Idrisov">Abukhadzhi Idrisov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanpasha_Nuradilov" title="Khanpasha Nuradilov">Khanpasha Nuradilov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movlid_Visaitov" title="Movlid Visaitov">Movlid Visaitov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdulhakim_Ismailov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdulhakim Ismailov (halaman belum tersedia)">Abdulhakim Ismailov</a>), dan meskipun pasukan Nazi Jerman bertempur sampai berhenti total di dua kota Chechnya-Ingush ASSR yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malgobek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malgobek (halaman belum tersedia)">Malgobek</a> dan Ordzhonikidze (berganti nama menjadi <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>) setelah merebut setengah dari Kaukasus dalam waktu kurang dari sebulan, orang-orang Chechnya dan Ingush dituduh sebagai pendukung Nazi dan seluruh negara <a href="/wiki/Pemindahan_penduduk_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Pemindahan penduduk di Uni Soviet">dideportasi</a> selama <a href="/wiki/Aardakh" title="Aardakh">Operasi Lentil</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Kazakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Kazakh">SSR Kazakh</a> (kemudian <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>) pada tahun 1944 dekat akhir <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> di mana lebih dari 60% populasi Chechnya dan Ingush binasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejarawan Amerika <a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Norman Naimark</a> menulis: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r21477316"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pasukan mengumpulkan penduduk desa dan penduduk kota, memuatnya ke dalam truk – banyak orang yang dideportasi ingat bahwa mereka adalah Studebaker, baru dari pengiriman Lend-Lease melewati perbatasan Iran – dan mengirimkannya ke rel yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. ...Mereka yang tidak bisa digerakkan ditembak. ...[Selain] beberapa pejuang, seluruh penduduk negara Chechnya dan Ingush berjumlah 496.460 orang dideportasi dari tanah air mereka.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Deportasi dibenarkan dengan bukti-bukti yang disiapkan oleh perwira <a href="/wiki/NKVD" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Kobulov" title="Bogdan Kobulov">Bogdan Kobulov</a>, yang menuduh orang-orang Chechen dan Ingush dalam konspirasi massal mempersiapkan pemberontakan dan memberikan bantuan kepada pasukan Jerman. Banyak dari bukti-bukti itu kemudian terbukti dibuat-buat.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakovlev_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakovlev-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahkan perwira <a href="/wiki/Tentara_Merah" title="Tentara Merah">Tentara Merah</a> terkemuka yang bertempur dengan gagah berani melawan Jerman (misalnya komandan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Resimen_Terpisah_Chechnya-Ingush_ke-255&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resimen Terpisah Chechnya-Ingush ke-255 (halaman belum tersedia)">Resimen Terpisah Chechnya-Ingush ke-255</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movlid_Visaitov" title="Movlid Visaitov">Movlid Visaitov</a>, yang pertama menghubungi pasukan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> di sungai Elbe) dideportasi.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ada teori bahwa alasan sebenarnya mengapa orang Chechen dan Ingush dideportasi adalah keinginan Rusia untuk menyerang Turki, negara non-komunis, karena orang Chechen dan Ingush dapat menghalangi rencana tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 2004, <a href="/wiki/Parlemen_Eropa" title="Parlemen Eropa">Parlemen Eropa</a> mengakui deportasi orang Chechen dan Ingush sebagai tindakan genosida.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilayah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Otonomi_Chechnya-Ingush&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonomi Chechnya-Ingush (halaman belum tersedia)">Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonomi Chechnya-Ingush</a> dibagi antara <a href="/wiki/Krai_Stavropol" title="Krai Stavropol">Stavropol Krai</a> (tempat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grozny_Okrug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grozny Okrug (halaman belum tersedia)">Grozny Okrug</a> dibentuk), <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Otonom_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonom Dagestan">ASSR Dagestan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Otonomi_Ossetia_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonomi Ossetia Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">ASSR Ossetia Utara</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Georgia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Georgia">RSS Georgia</a>. </p><p>Orang-orang Chechen dan Ingush diizinkan untuk kembali ke tanah mereka tahun 1956 selama <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinisasi" title="De-Stalinisasi">De-Stalinisasi</a> di bawah <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ketika Republik Sosialis Soviet Otonomi Chechen-Ingush dipulihkan tetapi batas dan komposisi wilayah tersebut berubah secara signifikan. Ada banyak migran (terutama Rusia) dari bagian lain <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a> yang sering menetap di rumah keluarga Chechen dan Ingushes yang ditinggalkan. Republik kehilangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrik_Prigorodny,_Ossetia_Utara%E2%80%93Alania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrik Prigorodny, Ossetia Utara–Alania (halaman belum tersedia)">Distrik Prigorodny</a> yang dipindahkan ke ASSR Ossetia Utara tetapi memperoleh sebagian besar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrik_Naursky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrik Naursky (halaman belum tersedia)">Distrik Naursky</a> Rusia dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrik_Shelkovskoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrik Shelkovskoy (halaman belum tersedia)">Distrik Shelkovskoy</a> yang dianggap sebagai tanah air <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terek_Cossack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terek Cossack (halaman belum tersedia)">Terek Cossack</a>. </p><p>Kebijakan Rusifikasi terhadap orang Chechnya berlanjut setelah tahun 1956 dengan kemahiran bahasa Rusia diperlukan dalam banyak aspek kehidupan untuk memberikan kesempatan yang lebih baik bagi orang Chechen untuk maju dalam sistem Soviet.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tanggal 26 November 1990, Dewan Tertinggi Chechnya-Ingush ASSR mengadopsi "Deklarasi Kedaulatan Negara Republik Chechnya-Ingush". Deklarasi ini merupakan bagian dari reorganisasi Uni Soviet. Perjanjian baru ini akan ditandatangani pada 22 Agustus 1991, yang akan mengubah 15 negara republik menjadi lebih dari 80. <a href="/wiki/Upaya_kudeta_Uni_Soviet_1991" title="Upaya kudeta Uni Soviet 1991">Upaya kudeta Soviet 19-21 Agustus 1991</a> menyebabkan ditinggalkannya reorganisasi ini.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dengan pembubaran Uni Soviet yang akan datang pada tahun 1991, sebuah gerakan kemerdekaan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_Seluruh_Nasional_Rakyat_Chechnya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres Seluruh Nasional Rakyat Chechnya (halaman belum tersedia)">Kongres Nasional Chechnya</a> dibentuk, dipimpin oleh mantan jenderal <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Udara_Uni_Soviet" title="Angkatan Udara Uni Soviet">Angkatan Udara Uni Soviet</a> dan Presiden Chechnya yang baru <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>. Gerakan ini mengkampanyekan pengakuan Chechnya sebagai negara yang terpisah. Gerakan ini ditentang oleh <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Federasi Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, yang berpendapat bahwa Chechnya bukanlah entitas independen di dalam Uni Soviet—seperti yang dimiliki oleh negara-negara Baltik, Asia Tengah, dan Kaukasia lainnya—tetapi merupakan bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Federasi_Soviet_Rusia" title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia">Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia</a> dan karenanya tidak memiliki hak di bawah konstitusi Soviet untuk memisahkan diri. Ia juga berpendapat bahwa <a href="/wiki/Republik_di_Rusia" title="Republik di Rusia">republik lain di Rusia</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, akan mempertimbangkan untuk memisahkan diri dari Federasi Rusia jika Chechnya diberikan hak itu. Akhirnya, ia berpendapat bahwa Chechnya adalah pusat utama dalam infrastruktur minyak Rusia dan karenanya pemisahannya akan merugikan ekonomi negara dan akses energi. </p><p>Dalam dekade berikutnya, wilayah itu terkunci dalam perjuangan yang berkelanjutan antara berbagai faksi, biasanya berperang secara tidak konvensional. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perang_Chechen">Perang Chechen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Perang Chechen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Perang Chechen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Perang_Chechnya_I" title="Perang Chechnya I">Perang Chechnya I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Chechnya_Ichkeria" title="Republik Chechnya Ichkeria">Republik Chechnya Ichkeria</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_Chechnya_II" title="Perang Chechnya II">Perang Chechnya II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg/170px-Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg/255px-Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg/340px-Evstafiev-chechnya-prayer3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption>Seorang pria Chechnya berdoa selama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertempuran_Grozny_(1994%E2%80%931995)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertempuran Grozny (1994–1995) (halaman belum tersedia)">Pertempuran Grozny</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Perang Chechnya Pertama berlangsung 1994-1996, ketika pasukan Rusia berusaha untuk mendapatkan kembali kendali atas Chechnya yang telah mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan pada November 1991. Meskipun keunggulan jumlah yang luar biasa dalam laki-laki, persenjataan, dan dukungan udara, pasukan Rusia tidak mampu mengontrol permanen atas daerah pegunungan karena banyak pertempuran skala penuh yang sukses dan serangan pemberontakan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krisis_penyanderaan_rumah_sakit_Budyonnovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krisis penyanderaan rumah sakit Budyonnovsk (halaman belum tersedia)">Krisis penyanderaan rumah sakit Budyonnovsk</a> pada tahun 1995 mengejutkan publik Rusia dan menyebabkan kecaman internasional terhadap pemberontak Chechnya. </p><p>Pada bulan April 1996 presiden Chechnya yang terpilih secara demokratis pertama, <a href="/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev" title="Dzhokhar Dudayev">Dzhokhar Dudayev</a>, dibunuh oleh pasukan Rusia menggunakan bom jebakan dan rudal yang ditembakkan dari pesawat tempur setelah dia ditemukan melalui triangulasi posisi <a href="/wiki/Telepon_satelit" title="Telepon satelit">telepon satelit</a> yang dia gunakan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jiwa_korsa" title="Jiwa korsa">Demoralisasi</a> yang meluas dari pasukan Rusia di daerah itu dan serangan yang berhasil untuk merebut kembali Grozny oleh pasukan pemberontak Chechnya yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Aslan_Maskhadov" title="Aslan Maskhadov">Aslan Maskhadov</a> mendorong <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Rusia" title="Presiden Rusia">Presiden Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, untuk mengumumkan gencatan senjata pada tahun 1996, dan menandatangani <a href="/wiki/Persetujuan_damai" title="Persetujuan damai">perjanjian damai</a> setahun kemudian dan menarik pasukan Rusia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah perang, pemilihan parlemen dan presiden berlangsung pada Januari 1997 di Chechnya dan mengangkat Presiden baru, Aslan Maskhadov, kepala staf dan perdana menteri dalam pemerintahan koalisi Chechnya untuk masa jabatan lima tahun. Maskhadov berusaha untuk mempertahankan kedaulatan Chechnya sambil menekan pemerintah Rusia untuk membantu membangun kembali republik, yang ekonomi formal dan infrastrukturnya hampir hancur.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rusia terus mengirim uang untuk rehabilitasi republik; juga memberikan pensiun dan dana untuk sekolah dan rumah sakit. Hampir setengah juta orang (40% dari populasi sebelum perang Chechnya) telah mengungsi dan tinggal di <a href="/wiki/Kamp_pengungsi" title="Kamp pengungsi">kamp-kamp pengungsi</a> atau desa-desa yang penuh sesak.<sup id="cite_ref-dissident_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissident-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terjadi penurunan ekonomi. Dua brigade Rusia ditempatkan secara permanen di Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-dissident_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dissident-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagai pengganti struktur ekonomi yang hancur, penculikan muncul sebagai sumber pendapatan utama di seluruh negeri, menghasilkan lebih dari US$200 juta selama tiga tahun kemerdekaan negara baru yang kacau balau,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meskipun korban jarang terbunuh.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1998, 176 orang diculik, 90 di antaranya dibebaskan menurut laporan resmi. Presiden Maskhadov memulai kampanye besar-besaran melawan penyandera dan pada 25 Oktober 1998, Shadid Bargishev, pejabat tinggi anti-penculikan Chechnya, tewas dalam pengeboman mobil yang dikendalikan dari jarak jauh. Rekan-rekan Bargishev kemudian bersikeras bahwa mereka tidak akan terintimidasi oleh serangan itu dan akan melanjutkan serangan mereka. Kekerasan politik dan ekstremisme agama, yang dituduhkan pada "<a href="/wiki/Wahabisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahabisme">Wahabisme</a>", marak terjadi. Pada tahun 1998, otoritas Grozny mengumumkan <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_darurat" title="Keadaan darurat">keadaan darurat</a>. Ketegangan menyebabkan bentrokan terbuka antara Garda Nasional Chechnya dan militan Islam, seperti konfrontasi Juli 1998 di Gudermes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perang_Dagestan" title="Perang Dagestan">Perang Dagestan</a> dimulai pada 7 Agustus 1999, di mana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigade_Penjaga_Perdamaian_Internasional_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigade Penjaga Perdamaian Internasional Islam (halaman belum tersedia)">Brigade Penjaga Perdamaian Internasional Islam</a> (IIPB) memulai serangan yang gagal ke republik tetangga Rusia Dagestan yang mendukung Syura Dagestan yang mencari kemerdekaan dari Rusia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada bulan September, serangkaian bom apartemen yang menewaskan sekitar 300 orang di beberapa kota Rusia, termasuk Moskow, diduga dilakukan oleh separatis Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beberapa wartawan menentang penjelasan resmi, bukannya menyalahkan Dinas Rahasia Rusia karena meledakkan gedung-gedung untuk memulai kampanye militer baru melawan Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menanggapi pengeboman, kampanye udara yang berkepanjangan dari serangan balasan terhadap rezim Ichkeria dan serangan darat yang dimulai pada Oktober 1999 menandai awal dari Perang Chechnya Kedua. Jauh lebih terorganisir dan terencana daripada dalam Perang Chechnya pertama, angkatan bersenjata Rusia menguasai sebagian besar wilayah. Pasukan Rusia menggunakan kekuatan brutal, membunuh 60 warga sipil Chechnya selama operasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembantaian_Novye_Aldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembantaian Novye Aldi (halaman belum tersedia)">pembersihan di Aldy, Chechnya</a> pada 5 Februari 2000. Setelah penangkapan kembali <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a> pada Februari 2000, rezim Ichkeria runtuh.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rekonstruksi_dan_pemberontakan_pascaperang">Rekonstruksi dan pemberontakan pascaperang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Rekonstruksi dan pemberontakan pascaperang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Rekonstruksi dan pemberontakan pascaperang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:RU034_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/RU034_09.jpg/220px-RU034_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/RU034_09.jpg/330px-RU034_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/RU034_09.jpg/440px-RU034_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prangko_dan_sejarah_pos_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prangko dan sejarah pos Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Prangko</a> yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2009 oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Post (halaman belum tersedia)">Russian Post</a> yang didedikasikan untuk Chechnya</figcaption></figure> <p>Pemberontak Chechnya terus memerangi pasukan Rusia dan melakukan serangan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada bulan Oktober 2002, 40-50 <a href="/wiki/Krisis_penyanderaan_teater_Moskow" title="Krisis penyanderaan teater Moskow">pemberontak Chechnya merebut teater Moskow</a> dan menyandera sekitar 900 warga sipil.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krisis berakhir dengan 117 sandera dan 50 pemberontak tewas, sebagian besar karena aerosol yang tidak diketahui yang dipompa ke dalam gedung oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agen_kimia_krisis_sandera_Moskow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agen kimia krisis sandera Moskow (halaman belum tersedia)">pasukan khusus Rusia</a> untuk melumpuhkan orang-orang di dalamnya.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menanggapi meningkatnya terorisme, Rusia memperketat cengkeramannya di Chechnya dan memperluas operasi anti-terorisnya di seluruh wilayah. Rusia memasang rezim Chechnya pro-Rusia. Pada tahun 2003, sebuah referendum diadakan pada sebuah konstitusi yang mengintegrasikan kembali Chechnya ke dalam Rusia tetapi memberikan otonomi terbatas. Menurut pemerintah Chechnya, referendum disahkan dengan 95,5% suara dan hampir 80% jumlah pemilih.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> skeptis terhadap hasilnya dengan alasan bahwa "sedikit di luar <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremlin Moskwa">Kremlin</a> menganggap referendum itu adil".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada September 2004, pemberontak separatis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengepungan_sekolah_Beslan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengepungan sekolah Beslan (halaman belum tersedia)">menduduki sebuah sekolah</a> di kota <a href="/wiki/Beslan" title="Beslan">Beslan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetia_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetia Utara">Ossetia Utara</a>, menuntut pengakuan kemerdekaan Chechnya dan penarikan mundur Rusia. 1.100 orang (termasuk 777 anak-anak) disandera. Serangan itu berlangsung selama tiga hari, mengakibatkan kematian lebih dari 331 orang, termasuk 186 anak-anak.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah pengepungan sekolah tahun 2004, presiden Rusia <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> mengumumkan reformasi keamanan dan politik, menutup perbatasan di wilayah Kaukasus dan mengungkapkan rencana untuk memberi pemerintah pusat lebih banyak kekuasaan. Dia juga bersumpah untuk mengambil tindakan lebih keras terhadap terorisme domestik, termasuk serangan pendahuluan terhadap separatis Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada 2005 dan 2006, pemimpin separatis Aslan Maskhadov dan <a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a> terbunuh. </p><p>Sejak 2007, Chechnya diperintah oleh <a href="/wiki/Ramzan_Kadyrov" title="Ramzan Kadyrov">Ramzan Kadyrov</a>. Pemerintahan Kadyrov dicirikan oleh korupsi tingkat tinggi, catatan hak asasi manusia yang buruk, penggunaan penyiksaan secara luas, dan <a href="/wiki/Kultus_individu" title="Kultus individu">kultus kepribadian</a> yang berkembang.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tuduhan pembersihan <a href="/wiki/Penindasan_gay_di_Chechnya" title="Penindasan gay di Chechnya">anti-gay di Chechnya</a> awalnya dilaporkan pada 1 April 2017. </p><p>Pada April 2009, Rusia mengakhiri operasi kontra-terorismenya dan menarik sebagian besar tentaranya.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-endwar_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-endwar-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pemberontakan_di_Kaukasus_Utara" title="Pemberontakan di Kaukasus Utara">Pemberontakan di Kaukasus Utara</a> berlanjut bahkan setelah tanggal tersebut. <a href="/wiki/Keamiran_Kaukasus" title="Keamiran Kaukasus">Imarah Kaukasus</a> sepenuhnya mengadopsi prinsip-prinsip kelompok jihadis Salafi melalui kepatuhannya yang ketat terhadap ketaatan Sunni Hanbali terhadap interpretasi <a href="/wiki/Arti_harfiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Arti harfiah">literal</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qur%27an" title="Al-Qur'an">Al-Qur'an</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Geografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Geografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Politik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisi_administrasi">Divisi administrasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Divisi administrasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Divisi administrasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisi_informal">Divisi informal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Divisi informal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Divisi informal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Demografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HAM">HAM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: HAM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: HAM"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Anthem-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthem_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decree #164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FederalDistrict-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FederalDistrict_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ru">Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе».</span> (Presiden Federasi Rusia. Dekrit #849 of 13 Mei 2000 <i>Tentang Perwakilan Presiden Federasi Rusia yang Berkuasa Penuh di Distrik Federal</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EconomicRegion-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EconomicRegion_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ru">Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР.</span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gosstandart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gosstandart (halaman belum tersedia)">Gosstandart</a> Federasi Rusia. #OK 024-95 27 Desember 1995 <i>Penggolongan Wilayah Ekonomi Rusia. 2. Wilayah Ekonomi</i>, sebagaimana direvisi oleh Amendemen #5/2001 OKER).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Head-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Head_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official website of the Chechen Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chechnya.gov.ru/page.php?r=2">Ramzan Akhmatovich Kadyrov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305064203/http://www.chechnya.gov.ru/page.php?r=2">Diarsipkan</a> 2018-03-05 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Rusia" lang="Rusia">(Rusia)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeadLegis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeadLegis_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Article 5.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Area-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Area_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Badan Statistik Negara Federal) (21 Mei 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm">"Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (<i>Wilayah, Jumlah Distrik, Daerah Permukiman, dan Pemerintahan Desa oleh Subjek Federal Federasi Rusia</i>)"</a>. <i>Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (Sensus Penduduk Se-Rusia 2002)</i> (dalam bahasa Rusia). Badan Statistik Negara Federal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2002+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%28Sensus+Penduduk+Se-Rusia+2002%29&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%28Wilayah%2C+Jumlah+Distrik%2C+Daerah+Permukiman%2C+dan+Pemerintahan+Desa+oleh+Subjek+Federal+Federasi+Rusia%29&rft.date=2004-05-21&rft.au=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%28Badan+Statistik+Negara+Federal%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperepis2002.ru%2Fct%2Fhtml%2FTOM_01_03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DensityNote-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DensityNote_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nilai kepadatan penduduk dihitung dengan membagi jumlah penduduk menurut Sensus 2010 dengan luas wilayah di bagian "Area". Nilai tersebut mungkin tidak akurat karena luas wilayah yang tercantum di kotakinfo ini tidak harus berwaktu sama dengan waktu cacah jiwa.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014Est-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2014Est_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chechen Republic Territorial Branch of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Federal State Statistics Service (halaman belum tersedia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>. <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011200545/http://chechenstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chechenstat/resources/26529380428aaf3b94cedc2d59c15b71/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2014+%D0%B3..pdf">"Численность населения Чеченской Республики на 1 января 2014 года"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chechenstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/chechenstat/resources/26529380428aaf3b94cedc2d59c15b71/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2014+%D0%B3..pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2017-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2018-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2014+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchechenstat.gks.ru%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Frosstat_ts%2Fchechenstat%2Fresources%2F26529380428aaf3b94cedc2d59c15b71%2F%25D0%25A7%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258C%2B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%2B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%2B1%2B%25D1%258F%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258F%2B2014%2B%25D0%25B3..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Rusia" lang="Rusia">(Rusia)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rusia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rusia_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahasa resmi di seluruh wilayah Rusia berdasarkan Pasal 68.1 <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Rusia" title="Konstitusi Rusia">Konstitusi Rusia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Languages-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Languages_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution, Article 10.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The work of Leonti Mroveli: "The history of the Georgian Kings" dealing with the history of Georgia and the Caucasus since ancient times to the 5th century AD, is included in medieval code of Georgian annals "Kartlis Tskhovreba".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003606/http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/1887/">"Caucasian Knot | An Essay on the History of the Vainakh People. On the origin of the Vainakhs"</a>. Eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/1887/">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caucasian+Knot+%26%23124%3B+An+Essay+on+the+History+of+the+Vainakh+People.+On+the+origin+of+the+Vainakhs&rft.pub=Eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru%2Farticles%2F1887%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225132940/https://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/The_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf">"Microsoft Word – 4C04B861-0826-0853BD.doc"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circassianworld.com/pdf/The_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 25 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Word+%E2%80%93+4C04B861-0826-0853BD.doc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circassianworld.com%2Fpdf%2FThe_Vainakhs_George_Anchabadze.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wuethrich, Bernice (19 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5469/1158.full?sid=b73d602d-8965-4c4a-90ba-26a04c20dab7">"Peering into the Past, With Words"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>288</b> (5469): 1158. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1158">10.1126/science.288.5469.1158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Peering+into+the+Past%2C+With+Words&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=5469&rft.pages=1158&rft.date=2000-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1158&rft.aulast=Wuethrich&rft.aufirst=Bernice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F288%2F5469%2F1158.full%3Fsid%3Db73d602d-8965-4c4a-90ba-26a04c20dab7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span>;Bernice Wuethrich, "Science" 2000: Vol. 288 no. 5469 p. 1158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chechhand-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chechhand_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chechhand_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jaimoukha, Amjad M. (1 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnjAlei9fe0C&q=Deela-Malkh&pg=PA110"><i>The Chechens: a handbook</i></a> (edisi ke-1st). Routledge. hlm. 110. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-415-32328-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-415-32328-4">978-0-415-32328-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chechens%3A+a+handbook&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32328-4&rft.aulast=Jaimoukha&rft.aufirst=Amjad+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnjAlei9fe0C%26q%3DDeela-Malkh%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-science_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bernice Wuethrich (19 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5469/1158">"Peering into the Past, With Words"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>288</b> (5469): 1158. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1158">10.1126/science.288.5469.1158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Peering+into+the+Past%2C+With+Words&rft.volume=288&rft.issue=5469&rft.pages=1158&rft.date=2000-05-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.288.5469.1158&rft.au=Bernice+Wuethrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F288%2F5469%2F1158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodzoev-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kodzoev_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodzoev_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">N.D. Kodzoev. <i>History of Ingush nation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ingush+nation&rft.au=N.D.+Kodzoev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217060433/http://www.ingushetiya.ru/article/95.html">"Ингушетия.Ru • Авторские Материалы"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingushetiya.ru/article/95.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 17 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.Ru+%E2%80%A2+%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingushetiya.ru%2Farticle%2F95.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tesaev, Amin (2020). "К личности и борьбе чеченского героя идига (1238–1250 гг.)".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9A+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+%281238%E2%80%931250+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Tesaev&rft.aufirst=Amin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Krasnov, A.I. "Копье Тебулос-Мта". <i>Вокруг света</i>. <b>9</b>: 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8C%D0%B5+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%9C%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=29&rft.aulast=Krasnov&rft.aufirst=A.I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tesaev, Amin (2018). "Симсим". <i>РЕФЛЕКСИЯ</i>. <b>2</b>: 61–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A4%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%AF&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=61-67&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Tesaev&rft.aufirst=Amin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proza.ru/2019/12/30/99">"Гази Алдамов, или Алдаман ГIеза, воевода и предвод (Амин Тесаев) / Проза.ру"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%93I%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%2C+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4+%28%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%29+%2F+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0.%D1%80%D1%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproza.ru%2F2019%2F12%2F30%2F99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsaroieva-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tsaroieva_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tsaroïeva, Mariel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J1qtAWyeYOEC"><i>Anciennes croyances des Ingouches et des Tchétchènes: peuples du Caucase du Nord</i></a> (dalam bahasa Prancis). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-2-7068-1792-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-2-7068-1792-2">978-2-7068-1792-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anciennes+croyances+des+Ingouches+et+des+Tch%C3%A9tch%C3%A8nes%3A+peuples+du+Caucase+du+Nord&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+et+Larose&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-7068-1792-2&rft.aulast=Tsaro%C3%AFeva&rft.aufirst=Mariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1qtAWyeYOEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilyasov-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ilyasov_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ilyasov, Lecha; Ziya Bazhayev Charity Foundation (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001860/186004E.pdf"><i>The Diversity of the Chechen Culture: From Historical Roots to the Present</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-5-904549-02-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-5-904549-02-2">978-5-904549-02-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diversity+of+the+Chechen+Culture%3A+From+Historical+Roots+to+the+Present&rft.pub=UNESCO+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-5-904549-02-2&rft.aulast=Ilyasov&rft.aufirst=Lecha&rft.au=Ziya+Bazhayev+Charity+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0018%2F001860%2F186004E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Schaefer, Robert W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IGj4B1rdcu0C&q=russo+persian+war+1722+vainakh&pg=PA53"><i>The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780313386343" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780313386343">9780313386343</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insurgency+in+Chechnya+and+the+North+Caucasus%3A+From+Gazavat+to+Jihad&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780313386343&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIGj4B1rdcu0C%26q%3Drusso%2Bpersian%2Bwar%2B1722%2Bvainakh%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Farrokh, Kaveh (20 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUHhTPdJ6yIC&q=agha+mohammad+khan+conquer+georgia&pg=PT273"><i>Iran at War: 1500–1988</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9781780962214" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9781780962214">9781780962214</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+at+War%3A+1500%E2%80%931988&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.isbn=9781780962214&rft.aulast=Farrokh&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUHhTPdJ6yIC%26q%3Dagha%2Bmohammad%2Bkhan%2Bconquer%2Bgeorgia%26pg%3DPT273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak December 2016">pranala nonaktif</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ling-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ling_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ingush_people.html">"The Ingush People"</a>. Linguistics.berkeley.edu. 28 November 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ingush+People&rft.pub=Linguistics.berkeley.edu&rft.date=1992-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.berkeley.edu%2F~ingush%2Fingush_people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Frederick Baddeley, <i>The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus</i>, London, Curzon Press, 1999, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cohen, Ariel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey63iJcVvbMC&q=treaty+of+gulistan+azerbaijan+dagestan&pg=PA56"><i>Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780275964818" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780275964818">9780275964818</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Imperialism%3A+Development+and+Crisis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780275964818&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEy63iJcVvbMC%26q%3Dtreaty%2Bof%2Bgulistan%2Bazerbaijan%2Bdagestan%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211124/tO--iigYIes">"человек из камня БАЙСАНГУР БЕНОЕВСКИЙ"</a>. 10 December 2010. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tO--iigYIes">versi asli</a> tanggal 24 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%91%D0%90%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%A0+%D0%91%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DtO--iigYIes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101340/http://1900.ethnia.org/polity.php?ASK_CODE=KC__&ASK_YY=1919&ASK_MM=05&ASK_DD=07&SL=en">"Archived copy"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1900.ethnia.org/polity.php?ASK_CODE=KC__&ASK_YY=1919&ASK_MM=05&ASK_DD=07&SL=en">versi asli</a> tanggal 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F1900.ethnia.org%2Fpolity.php%3FASK_CODE%3DKC__%26ASK_YY%3D1919%26ASK_MM%3D05%26ASK_DD%3D07%26SL%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223044426/http://savechechnya.com/eng.news/press_1273.htm">"Общественное движение ЧЕЧЕНСКИЙ КОМИТЕТ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СПАСЕНИЯ"</a>. Savechechnya.com. 24 June 2008. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://savechechnya.com/eng.news/press_1273.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 23 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A2+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF&rft.pub=Savechechnya.com&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsavechechnya.com%2Feng.news%2Fpress_1273.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221174845/http://vainah.info/biblioteka/izvestnye-vaynahi/item/730-vassan-girey-dzhabagiev?tmpl=component&print=1">"Вассан-Гирей Джабагиев"</a>. Vainah.info. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vainah.info/biblioteka/izvestnye-vaynahi/item/730-vassan-girey-dzhabagiev?tmpl=component&print=1">versi asli</a> tanggal 21 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.pub=Vainah.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvainah.info%2Fbiblioteka%2Fizvestnye-vaynahi%2Fitem%2F730-vassan-girey-dzhabagiev%3Ftmpl%3Dcomponent%26print%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Umarova, Amina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/chechnya-ukraine-holodomor-survivors/25177285.html">"Chechnya's Forgotten Children of the Holodomor"</a>. Rferl.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chechnya%27s+Forgotten+Children+of+the+Holodomor&rft.pub=Rferl.org&rft.aulast=Umarova&rft.aufirst=Amina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Fchechnya-ukraine-holodomor-survivors%2F25177285.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta_2008-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2008_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lieven, Dominic. Russia: Chechnya. Microsoft Encarta 2008. Microsoft Corporation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3509933.stm">"Remembering Stalin's deportations"</a>. BBC News. 23 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remembering+Stalin%27s+deportations&rft.date=2004-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3509933.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe</i>, Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2001, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yakovlev-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yakovlev_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Nikolaevich_Yakovlev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev (halaman belum tersedia)">Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev</a> <i>Time of darkness</i>, Moscow, 2003, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/5-85646-097-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/5-85646-097-9">5-85646-097-9</a>, pages 205–206 (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">Яковлев А. Сумерки. Москва: Материк 2003 г.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20050505/39887224.html">"DEFENSE OF THE MOTHERLAND IS EVERY MUSLIM'S DUTY"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a>. 5 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DEFENSE+OF+THE+MOTHERLAND+IS+EVERY+MUSLIM%27S+DUTY&rft.pub=RIA+Novosti&rft.date=2005-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.rian.ru%2Fanalysis%2F20050505%2F39887224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unpo.org/article/438">"Chechnya: European Parliament recognizes the genocide of the Chechen People in 1944"</a>. <i>Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft.atitle=Chechnya%3A+European+Parliament+recognizes+the+genocide+of+the+Chechen+People+in+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unpo.org%2Farticle%2F438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Hughes. "The Peace Process in Chechnya", contained in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Sakwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Sakwa (halaman belum tersedia)">Richard Sakwa</a>'s <i>Chechnya: From Past to Future</i>. Page 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/325347.stm">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Dual attack' killed president"</a>. BBC. 21 April 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Dual+attack%27+killed+president&rft.date=1999-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F325347.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033829/http://www.friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1997/05/970512I.html">"F&P RFE/RL Archive"</a>. <i>friends-partners.org</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1997/05/970512I.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=friends-partners.org&rft.atitle=F%26P+RFE%2FRL+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friends-partners.org%2Ffriends%2Fnews%2Fomri%2F1997%2F05%2F970512I.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090714135120/http://www.freedomhouse.org/modules/mod_call_dsp_country-fiw.cfm?year=2003&country=2593">"Chechnya, reference article by Freedom House publications"</a>. Archived from the original on 2009-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chechnya%2C+reference+article+by+Freedom+House+publications.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Fmodules%2Fmod_call_dsp_country-fiw.cfm%3Fyear%3D2003%26country%3D2593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Url_tak_layak" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Url tak layak">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dissident-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dissident_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dissident_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Goldfarb_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Goldfarb (author) (halaman belum tersedia)">Alex Goldfarb</a> and Marina Litvinenko. "Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB." Free Press, New York, 2007. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4165-5165-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4165-5165-2">978-1-4165-5165-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tishkov, Valery. <i>Chechnya: Life in a War-Torn Society.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021203141902/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9812/08/chechnya.01/">"Four Western hostages beheaded in Chechnya"</a>. CNN. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9812/08/chechnya.01/">versi asli</a> tanggal 3 December 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Four+Western+hostages+beheaded+in+Chechnya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F9812%2F08%2Fchechnya.01%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9908/19/russia.dagestan.02/">Moscow again plans wider war in Dagestan</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> Retrieved on 23 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a091399kashirskoyebomb">Context of 'September 13, 1999: Second Moscow Apartment Bombing Kills 118; Chechen Rebels Blamed'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215082756/http://historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a091399kashirskoyebomb">Diarsipkan</a> 15 February 2013 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 23 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/chechnya2.htm">Second Chechnya War – 1999–2006</a> Retrieved on 23 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43658689">"Gay Chechens flee threats, beatings and exorcism"</a>. BBC News. 5 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gay+Chechens+flee+threats%2C+beatings+and+exorcism&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-43658689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Meier (2005) <i>Chechnya: To the Heart of a Conflict</i>. New York: W.W. Norton</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2365383.stm">"Gas 'killed Moscow hostages<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. BBC News. 27 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gas+%27killed+Moscow+hostages%27&rft.date=2002-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2365383.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2602945.stm">"Moscow court begins siege claims"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 24 December 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2364873.stm">"Moscow hostage relatives await news"</a>. BBC News. 27 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Moscow+hostage+relatives+await+news&rft.date=2002-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F2364873.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Aris, Ben (24 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1425501/Boycott-call-in-Chechen-poll-ignored.html">"Boycott call in Chechen poll ignored"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. Diarsipkan dari <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/1425501/Boycott-call-in-Chechen-poll-ignored.html">versi asli<span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu langganan berbayar"><img alt="Perlu langganan berbayar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/9px-Lock-red-L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/14px-Lock-red-L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lock-red-L.svg/18px-Lock-red-L.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> tanggal 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Boycott+call+in+Chechen+poll+ignored&rft.date=2003-03-24&rft.aulast=Aris&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Frussia%2F1425501%2FBoycott-call-in-Chechen-poll-ignored.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">The Economist (25 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/1651376">"Putin's proposition"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+proposition&rft.date=2003-03-25&rft.au=The+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F1651376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404112922/http://www.unicef.org/russia/media_4875.html">"August 31, 2006: Beslan – Two Years On"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/russia/media_4875.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 4 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+31%2C+2006%3A+Beslan+%E2%80%93+Two+Years+On&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Frussia%2Fmedia_4875.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> Retrieved on 24 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4207112.stm">Putin meets angry Beslan mothers</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Retrieved on 23 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8227119.stm">The children of Beslan five years on</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Retrieved on 23 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/ramzan-kadyrov-the-warrior-king-of-chechnya-430738.html">"Ramzan Kadyrov: The warrior king of Chechnya"</a>. <i>The Independent</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). 4 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Ramzan+Kadyrov%3A+The+warrior+king+of+Chechnya&rft.date=2007-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fprofiles%2Framzan-kadyrov-the-warrior-king-of-chechnya-430738.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5241&no_cache=1#.VoXQNVJUXzc">"Kadyrov's Power and Cult of Personality Grows"</a>. <i>The Jamestown Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jamestown+Foundation&rft.atitle=Kadyrov%27s+Power+and+Cult+of+Personality+Grows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamestown.org%2Fsingle%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D5241%26no_cache%3D1%23.VoXQNVJUXzc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-endwar-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-endwar_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8001495.stm">"Russia 'ends Chechnya operation<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. BBC News. 16 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+%27ends+Chechnya+operation%27&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8001495.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903083632/http://www.ict.org.il/Article/132/Salafist-Takfiri%20Jihadism%20the%20Ideology%20of%20the%20Caucasus%20Emirate">"Salafist-Takfiri Jihadism: the Ideology of the Caucasus Emirate"</a>. <i>ict.org.il</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ict.org.il/Article/132/Salafist-Takfiri%20Jihadism%20the%20Ideology%20of%20the%20Caucasus%20Emirate">versi asli</a> tanggal 2014-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ict.org.il&rft.atitle=Salafist-Takfiri+Jihadism%3A+the+Ideology+of+the+Caucasus+Emirate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ict.org.il%2FArticle%2F132%2FSalafist-Takfiri%2520Jihadism%2520the%2520Ideology%2520of%2520the%2520Caucasus%2520Emirate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AChechnya" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_tambahan">Bacaan tambahan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan tambahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan tambahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Scott. The Man Who Tried to Save the World. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-385-48666-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-385-48666-9">0-385-48666-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkady_Babchenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkady Babchenko (halaman belum tersedia)">Babchenko, Arkady</a>. <i>One Soldier's War in Chechnya</i>. Portobello, London <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84627-039-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84627-039-0">978-1-84627-039-0</a></li> <li>Baiev, Khassan. <i>The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8027-1404-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8027-1404-8">0-8027-1404-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Bennigsen-Broxup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Bennigsen-Broxup (halaman belum tersedia)">Bennigsen-Broxup, Marie</a>. <i>The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-85065-069-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-85065-069-1">1-85065-069-1</a></li> <li>Bird, Chris. <i>To Catch a Tartar: Notes from the Caucasus</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7195-6506-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7195-6506-5">0-7195-6506-5</a></li> <li>Bornstein, Yvonne and Ribowsky, Mark. "Eleven Days of Hell: My True Story of Kidnapping, Terror, Torture And Historic FBI & KGB Rescue" AuthorHouse, 2004. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4184-9302-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4184-9302-3">1-4184-9302-3</a>.</li> <li>Conrad, Roy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/CHECHNYA/grozny_engl.txt">Roy Conrad. Grozny. A few days...</a></li> <li>Dunlop, John B. <i>Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict</i> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-63619-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-63619-1">0-521-63619-1</a></li> <li>Evangelista, Mathew. <i>The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8157-2499-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8157-2499-3">0-8157-2499-3</a>.</li> <li>Gall, Charlotta & de Waal, Thomas. <i>Chechnya: A Small Victorious War</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-330-35075-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-330-35075-7">0-330-35075-7</a></li> <li>Gall, Carlotta, and de Waal, Thomas <i>Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus</i> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8147-3132-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8147-3132-5">0-8147-3132-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Goltz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Goltz (halaman belum tersedia)">Goltz, Thomas</a>. <i>Chechnya Diary : A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya</i>. M E Sharpe (2003). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-312-268-74-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-312-268-74-2">0-312-268-74-2</a></li> <li>Hasanov, Zaur. The Man of the Mountains. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/099304445X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/099304445X">099304445X</a> (facts based novel on growing influence of the radical Islam during 1st and 2nd Chechnya wars)</li> <li>Khan, Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=940307">The Chechen Terror: The Play within the Play</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Khlebnikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Khlebnikov (halaman belum tersedia)">Khlebnikov, Paul</a>. <i>Razgovor s varvarom</i> (Interview with a barbarian). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/5-89935-057-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/5-89935-057-1">5-89935-057-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatol_Lieven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatol Lieven (halaman belum tersedia)">Lieven, Anatol</a>. <i>Chechnya : Tombstone of Russian Power</i> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-300-07881-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-300-07881-1">0-300-07881-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyacheslav_Nikolaevich_Mironov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Mironov (halaman belum tersedia)">Mironov, Vyacheslav</a>. <i>Ya byl na etoy voyne.</i> (I was in this war) Biblion – Russkaya Kniga, 2001. Partial translation available online <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pobdz.youhaveaids.com/doku.php?id=unpublished:chechnya1995">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak February 2019">pranala nonaktif</span></a></i>]</span></sup>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyacheslav_Nikolaevich_Mironov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Mironov (halaman belum tersedia)">Mironov, Vyacheslav</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.ru/MEMUARY/CHECHNYA/chechen_war.txt">Vyacheslav Mironov. Assault on Grozny Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vyacheslav_Nikolaevich_Mironov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vyacheslav Nikolaevich Mironov (halaman belum tersedia)">Mironov, Vyacheslav</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214113121/http://artofwar.ru/a/abramow_o_b/">Vyacheslav Mironov. <i>I was in that war</i>.</a></li> <li>Oliker, Olga <i>Russia's Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8330-2998-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8330-2998-3">0-8330-2998-3</a>. (A strategic and tactical analysis of the Chechen Wars.)</li> <li>Pelton, Robert Young. <i>Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World's Gone Mad</i> (<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-58574-416-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-58574-416-6">1-58574-416-6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Politkovskaya, Anna</a>. <i>A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya</i> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-226-67432-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-226-67432-0">0-226-67432-0</a></li> <li>Rasizade, Alec. Chechnya: the Achilles heel of Russia. = Contemporary Review (Oxford) in three parts: 1) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011195748/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133016633.html">April 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1671, pages 193–197</a>; 2) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011195752/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133372881.html">May 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1672, pages 277–284</a>; 3) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811060052/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-134103755.html">June 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1673, pages 327–332.</a></li> <li>Seirstad, Asne. The Angel of Grozny. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-84408-395-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-84408-395-4">978-1-84408-395-4</a></li> <li>Wood, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515210953/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/chechnya-the-case-for-independence-by-tony-wood-442076.html">Chechnya: The Case For Independence</a> Book review in <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, 2007</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_warga_kehormatan_Chechnya" title="Daftar warga kehormatan Chechnya">Daftar warga kehormatan Chechnya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul 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federal</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Republik_di_Rusia" title="Republik di Rusia">Republik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Adygea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Adygea">Adygea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Altai" title="Republik Altai">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Bashkortostan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Buryatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Chuvashia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Ingushetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Kabardino-Balkaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Kalmykia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Karachay-Cherkessia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Karelia" title="Republik Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Khakassia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Komi" title="Republik Komi">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Krimea" title="Republik Krimea">Krimea</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Mari_El" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Mari El">Mari El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Mordovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Mordovia">Mordovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Ossetia_Utara-Alania" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Ossetia Utara-Alania">Ossetia Utara–Alania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Donetsk" title="Republik Rakyat Donetsk">Rakyat Donetsk</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Luhansk" title="Republik Rakyat Luhansk">Rakyat Luhansk</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%D0%B5publik_Sakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rеpublik Sakha">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Tatarstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurtia" title="Udmurtia">Udmurtia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krai_di_Rusia" title="Krai di Rusia">Krai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Altai" title="Krai Altai">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Kamchatka" title="Krai Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Khabarovsk" title="Krai Khabarovsk">Khabarovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Krasnodar" title="Krai Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Krasnoyarsk" title="Krai Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Perm" title="Krai Perm">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Primorsky" title="Krai Primorsky">Primorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Stavropol" title="Krai Stavropol">Stavropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krai_Zabaykalsky" title="Krai Zabaykalsky">Zabaykalsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oblast_di_Rusia" title="Oblast di Rusia">Oblast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Amur" title="Oblast Amur">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Arkhangelsk" title="Oblast Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Astrakhan" title="Oblast Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Belgorod" title="Oblast Belgorod">Belgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Bryansk" title="Oblast Bryansk">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Chelyabinsk" title="Oblast Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Irkutsk" title="Oblast Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Ivanovo" title="Oblast Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kaliningrad" title="Oblast Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kaluga" title="Oblast Kaluga">Kaluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kemerovo" title="Oblast Kemerovo">Kemerovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Rusia_di_Oblast_Kherson" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendudukan Rusia di Oblast Kherson">Kherson</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kirov" title="Oblast Kirov">Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kostroma" title="Oblast Kostroma">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kurgan" title="Oblast Kurgan">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Kursk" title="Oblast Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Leningrad" title="Oblast Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Lipetsk" title="Oblast Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Magadan" title="Oblast Magadan">Magadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast Moskwa">Moskwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Murmansk" title="Oblast Murmansk">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Oblast Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Novgorod" title="Oblast Novgorod">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Novosibirsk" title="Oblast Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Omsk" title="Oblast Omsk">Omsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Orenburg" title="Oblast Orenburg">Orenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Oryol" title="Oblast Oryol">Oryol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Penza" title="Oblast Penza">Penza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Pskov" title="Oblast Pskov">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Rostov" title="Oblast Rostov">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Ryazan" title="Oblast Ryazan">Ryazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Sakhalin" title="Oblast Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Samara" title="Oblast Samara">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Saratov" title="Oblast Saratov">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Smolensk" title="Oblast Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Sverdlovsk" title="Oblast Sverdlovsk">Sverdlovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tambov" title="Oblast Tambov">Tambov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tomsk" title="Oblast Tomsk">Tomsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tula" title="Oblast Tula">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tver" title="Oblast Tver">Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tyumen" title="Oblast Tyumen">Tyumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Ulyanovsk" title="Oblast Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Vladimir" title="Oblast Vladimir">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Volgograd" title="Oblast Volgograd">Volgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Vologda" title="Oblast Vologda">Vologda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Voronezh" title="Oblast Voronezh">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Yaroslavl" title="Oblast Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendudukan_Rusia_di_Oblast_Zaporizhia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendudukan Rusia di Oblast Zaporizhia">Zaporizhia</a><sup>4</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kota_federal_di_Rusia" title="Kota federal di Rusia">Kota federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankt-Peterburg" title="Sankt-Peterburg">St. Peterburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oblast_otonom_di_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast otonom di Rusia">Oblast otonom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblast_Otonom_Yahudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblast Otonom Yahudi">Yahudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Okrug_otonom_di_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrug otonom di Rusia">Okrug otonom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okrug_Otonom_Chukotka" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Okrug Otonom Chukotka">OO Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug_Otonom_Khanty-Mansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrug Otonom Khanty-Mansi">OO Khanty-Mansi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug_Otonom_Nenets" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrug Otonom Nenets">OO Nenets</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug_Otonomi_Yamalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrug Otonomi Yamalia">OO Yamalo-Nenets</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup>secara administratif bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Tyumen" title="Oblast Tyumen">Oblast Tyumen</a></li> <li><sup>2</sup>secara administratif bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Oblast_Arkhangelsk" title="Oblast Arkhangelsk">Oblast Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup><a href="/wiki/Aneksasi_Krimea_2014" title="Aneksasi Krimea 2014">bergabung</a> dengan Rusia tanpa persetujuan pemerintah Ukraina; secara internasional diakui sebagai teritori <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li><sup>4</sup><a href="/wiki/Invasi_Rusia_ke_Ukraina_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina 2022">dianeksasi</a> dari Ukraina melalui invasi; secara internasional diakui sebagai teritori Ukraina</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Pembagian_non-konstitusional_tambahan_oleh_lembaga_pemerintahan"><b>Pembagian non-konstitusional tambahan oleh lembaga pemerintahan</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayah_ekonomi_Rusia" title="Wilayah ekonomi Rusia">Wilayah ekonomi</a> (oleh <a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Pembangunan_Ekonomi_(Rusia)" title="Kementerian Pembangunan Ekonomi (Rusia)">Kementerian Pembangunan Ekonomi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrik_militer_di_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrik militer di Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Distrik militer</a> (oleh <a href="/wiki/Kementerian_Pertahanan_(Rusia)" title="Kementerian Pertahanan (Rusia)">Kementerian Pertahanan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrik_federal_di_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Distrik federal di Rusia">Distrik federal</a> (oleh <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Rusia" title="Presiden Rusia">Presiden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Banding_Arbitrase_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Banding Arbitrase Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Distrik kehakiman</a> (oleh 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