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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammatical_case_suffix_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_case_suffix_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Grammatical case suffix table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_case_suffix_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_reflexive_relationship_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_reflexive_relationship_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Personal reflexive relationship suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_reflexive_relationship_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperative_verb_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperative_verb_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Imperative verb suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperative_verb_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declarative_verb_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declarative_verb_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Declarative verb suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declarative_verb_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns'_verb_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns'_verb_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pronouns' verb suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns'_verb_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Present_future_tensse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_future_tensse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Present future tensse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_future_tensse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Past tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverb_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverb_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Adverb suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverb_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lexicon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Mongol_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Mongol_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Middle Mongol words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Mongol_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_dili" title="Daur dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daur dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoreg" title="Daoreg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Daoreg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagur_(Sprache)" title="Dagur (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dagur (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahuri_keel" title="Dahuri keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dahuri keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daura_lingvo" title="Daura lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Daura lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="زبان داگور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان داگور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_(langue)" title="Daur (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Daur (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9A%B0%EB%A5%B4%EC%96%B4" title="다우르어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다우르어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daurski_jezik" title="Daurski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Daurski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Daur" title="Bahasa Daur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Daur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_daur" title="Lingua daur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua daur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Даур кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Даур кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Даурски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Даурски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Дагуур хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дагуур хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="ダウール語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダウール語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Daur (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Daur (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagursk" title="Dagursk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dagursk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_daur" title="Lenga daur – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga daur" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_dagurski" title="Język dagurski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język dagurski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_daur" title="Língua daur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua daur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Даурский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Даурский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagursk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Dagurskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dagurskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguurin_kieli" title="Daguurin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Daguurin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Даур теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Даур теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahurca" title="Dahurca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dahurca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Daur" title="Tiếng Daur – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Daur" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%96%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="达斡尔语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="达斡尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Dagur</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Daghur, Dahur, Daur</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;"><span title="Daur-language text"><span lang="dta">Даор Усуву</span></span> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span lang="mongol" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left">ᡩᠠᠣ‍ᠷ<br />ᡠᠰᡠᠸᡠ</span> <br /> <span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">Daor Usuwu</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hailar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailar">Hailar</a>) <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mongol" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left">ᡩᠠᠸᡠᠷ<br />ᡴᡝᠯ</span> <br /> </p> <span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">Dagur Kel</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[daɔr<span class="wrap"> </span>usuɣu]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Heilongjiang Province">Heilongjiang Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: 91,000 cited 1999)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Dagur</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongol script</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Manchu_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu script">Manchu script</a> (<i>historically</i>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dta" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dta">dta</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/daur1238">daur1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3181">Dagur</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Dagur is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Dagur</b>, <b>Daghur</b>, <b>Dahur</b>, or <b>Daur language</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic language</a>, as well as a distinct branch of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic language family</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is primarily spoken by members of the <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a> ethnic group. </p><p>There is no written standard in use, although a <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>-based orthography has been devised; instead the Dagur make use of Mongolian or Chinese, as most speakers know these languages as well.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, Dagur was written with the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dagur is a Mongolic language consisting of five dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Amur Dagur</b> in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Heihe" title="Heihe">Heihe</a> (original homeland). About 400 people.</li> <li><b>Nonni Dagur</b> on the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Nonni_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonni River">Nonni River</a> from south of <a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Morin_Dawa_Daur_Autonomous_Banner" title="Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner">Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner</a>. Speakers of Nonni Dagur are usually grouped into the following 4 dialects: <ul><li><b>Morin Daba Dagur</b>, in <a href="/wiki/Morin_Dawa_Daur_Autonomous_Banner" title="Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner">Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner</a> (Moli Daba) of <a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulun Buir League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><b>Butha (Buteha)</b> (Northern)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Dagur</b>, immediately south of <a href="/wiki/Morin_Dawa_Daur_Autonomous_Banner" title="Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner">Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner</a></li> <li><b>Tsitsikar</b> (Southern)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Dagur</b>, in Tsitsikar (<a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a>) City and surrounding areas</li> <li><b>Mergen Dagur</b> or <b>Nenjiang Dagur</b>, in <a href="/wiki/Nenjiang_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenjiang County">Nenjiang County</a> (formerly Mergen County) of <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Heilongjiang Province">Heilongjiang Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Hailar Dagur</b> to the south-east of <a href="/wiki/Hailar_District" title="Hailar District">Hailar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ewenki_Autonomous_Banner" title="Ewenki Autonomous Banner">Ewenki Autonomous Banner</a></li> <li><b>Sinkiang Dagur</b> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Tacheng" title="Tacheng">Tacheng</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dagur phonology is peculiar in that some of its dialects have developed a set of <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labialized</a> consonants (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʷar/</span> 'flea' vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sar/</span> 'moon'),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while it shares <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalized</a> consonants<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with most <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> dialects that have not been developed in the other Mongolic languages. It also has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span>, which is, however, limited to loan words.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word-final short vowels were lost<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and historically short vowels in non-initial syllables have lost phoneme status.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dagur is the only Mongolic language to share this development with Mongolian (<i>i.e.</i> Mongolian proper, <a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a>). Due to the merger of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tsumagari (2003), vowel harmony is still a productive synchronic phonotactic aspect of Dagur in which initial syllable long vowels are divided into "masculine" (back), "feminine" (front), and neutral groups. Likewise, suffixal long vowels must agree in harmonic group with the root. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Dagur vowels (Chuluu 1994) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">əː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Dagur consonants (Chuluu 1994) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">lab.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">pal.</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">tʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">tʃʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">kʲ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">bʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">dʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">dʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">dʒʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ɡʲ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td>f </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">sʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">xʲ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">mʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">mʲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">rʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Letters </th> <th colspan="3">Contextual forms </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Initial </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Final </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/A_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="A (Mongolic)">ᠠ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠠ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠠ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠠ</span> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠠ᠋</span> </p> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>a</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">а</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/E_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="E (Mongolic)">ᠡ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠡ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠡ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠡ</span> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠡ᠋</span> </p> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>e</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/E_(Cyrillic)" title="E (Cyrillic)">э</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/I_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="I (Mongolic)">ᠢ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠢ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠢ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠢ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>i</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/I_(Cyrillic)" title="I (Cyrillic)">и</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/O_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="O (Mongolic)">ᠣ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠣ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠣ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠣ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>o</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)" title="O (Cyrillic)">о</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ue_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ue (Mongolic)">ᠦ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡠ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᡠ᠊᠋‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᡠ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>u</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Ue_(Cyrillic)" title="Ue (Cyrillic)">у</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Na_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Na (Mongolic)">ᠨ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠨ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠨ‍</span> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠨ᠋‍</span> </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠨ</span> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠨ᠎</span> </p> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>n</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/N_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="N (Cyrillic)">н</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ang_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ang (Mongolic)">ᠩ</a></span> </td> <td>— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠩ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠩ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>ng</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>нг</span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ba_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ba (Mongolic)">ᠪ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠪ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠪ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>b</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Be_(Cyrillic)" title="Be (Cyrillic)">б</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Pa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Pa (Mongolic)">ᡦ᠊</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡦ᠊‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᡦ᠊‍</span> </td> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>p</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Cyrillic)" title="Pe (Cyrillic)">п</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Qa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Qa (Mongolic)">ᡥ᠊</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡥ᠊‍</span> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᡭ᠊᠎</span> </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᡥ᠊</span> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᡭ᠊᠎</span> </p> </td> <td>— </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>h</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">х</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Qa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Qa (Mongolic)">ᠬ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬ</span> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠺ᠊᠎</span> </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠬ‍</span> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᠺ᠊᠎</span> </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠬ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>k</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">к</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ga_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ga (Mongolic)">ᡤ᠊</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡤ᠊</span> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᡬ᠊᠋‍</span> </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᡤ᠊‍</span> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᡬ᠊᠋‍</span> </p> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍‍ᠭ᠎</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>g</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)" title="Ge (Cyrillic)">г</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ma_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ma (Mongolic)">ᠮ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠮ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠮ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠮ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>m</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Em_(Cyrillic)" title="Em (Cyrillic)">м</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/La_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="La (Mongolic)">ᠯ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠯ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠯ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠯ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>l</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/El_(Cyrillic)" title="El (Cyrillic)">л</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Sa (Mongolic)">ᠰ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠰ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠰ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠰ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>s</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">с</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Sha (Mongolic)">ᡧ᠊</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡧ᠊‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᡧ᠊‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᡧ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>x</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Cyrillic)" title="Sha (Cyrillic)">ш</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ta_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ta (Mongolic)">ᠲ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠲ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠲ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠲ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>t</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Te_(Cyrillic)" title="Te (Cyrillic)">т</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Da_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Da (Mongolic)">ᡩ᠊</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡩ᠊‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᡩ᠊‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᡩ᠊</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>d</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/De_(Cyrillic)" title="De (Cyrillic)">д</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Cha_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Cha (Mongolic)">ᠴ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠴ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠴ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍‍ᠴ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>q</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Che_(Cyrillic)" title="Che (Cyrillic)">ч</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ja_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ja (Mongolic)">ᠵ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠵ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠵ‍</span> </td> <td>‍<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍‍ᠵ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>j</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Zhe_(Cyrillic)" title="Zhe (Cyrillic)">ж</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ya_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ya (Mongolic)">ᠶ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠶ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠶ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠶ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>y</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Short_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Short I">й</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ya_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ya (Mongolic)">ᠸ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠸ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᠸ᠊‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᠸ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>w</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Short_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Short I">в</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Ra_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ra (Mongolic)">ᠷ</a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠷ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠷ‍</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠷ</span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>r</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span><a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">р</a></span></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dagur has a <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronominal</a> system that distinguishes between first person plural inclusive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bed/</span> and exclusive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/baː/</span> and, even more archaic, it distinguishes between third person singular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iːn/</span> and plural <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːn/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> (< <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*t͡ʃʰ</span>) has been retained, the second person singular pronoun has become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃiː/</span> nevertheless,<sup id="cite_ref-Sengge_2004c:_621_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sengge_2004c:_621-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resembling a more thorough sound change in <a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongolian" title="Khorchin Mongolian">Khorchin Mongolian</a>. The second person plural is retained as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/taː/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sengge_2004c:_621_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sengge_2004c:_621-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a> have fused in some variants, becoming –<i>ji</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a> may assume the form of the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental case</a>. The old comitative has been lost, while the innovated comitative is the same as in Mongolian.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, several other cases have been innovated that are not shared by Mongolian, including a new <a href="/wiki/Allative" class="mw-redirect" title="Allative">allative</a>, -<i>maji</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dagur has a fairly simple <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>-<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> system consisting of the nonpast markers -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bəi/</span> and (marginally) -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and the past forms -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sən/</span> and (marginally) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/la/</span> and the non-finite imperfective marker -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒa/</span>-. These may be inflected for person. The attributive <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a> forms are limited to –<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʷ/</span> (< Written Mongolian -γ-a) for <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective aspect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future tense</a>, -<i>sən</i> (< -γsan) for <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective aspect</a>, -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡat͡ʃ/</span> (< <i>-gči</i>) for habituality (instead of -daγ which used to fulfil this function) and -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mar/</span> for potential and probable actions. It has acquired a highly complex <a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">converbal</a> system containing several innovations. Notably, -<i>mar</i> which is a participle in Mongolian serves as a converb as well.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_case_suffix_table">Grammatical case suffix table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammatical case suffix table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Case </th> <th>Marker </th> <th>Note </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13">Genitive </td> <td rowspan="4"><b>-ei</b> </td> <td rowspan="4">Added to words ending in a consonant (except j, q, x) </td> <td>битегей <p>biteg + ei → bitegei </p> </td> <td>of the book </td></tr> <tr> <td>хелегей <p>heleg + ei → helegei </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>адусей <p>adus + ei → adusei </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>аолэй <p>aol + ei → aolei </p> </td> <td>of the mountain </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b>-ii</b> </td> <td rowspan="3">Added to words ending in j, q, x </td> <td>кайчий <p>kaiq + ii → kaiqii </p> </td> <td>of shears </td></tr> <tr> <td>оржий <p>orj + ii → orjii </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>тульший <p>tulx + ii → tulxii </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b>-i</b> </td> <td rowspan="3">Added to words ending in a short vowel </td> <td>морий <p>mori + i → morii </p> </td> <td>of the horse </td></tr> <tr> <td>новуй <p>nowu + i → nowui </p> </td> <td>of the dog </td></tr> <tr> <td>дангай <p>danga + i → dangai </p> </td> <td>of smoke </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><b>-yi</b> </td> <td rowspan="3">Appended to words ending in long vowels and diphthongs </td> <td>акааий <p>akaa + yi → akaayi </p> </td> <td>older brother's </td></tr> <tr> <td>касооий <p>kasoo + yi → kasooyi </p> </td> <td>of iron </td></tr> <tr> <td>даоий <p>dao + yi → daoyi </p> </td> <td>of the song </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative </td> <td colspan="4">Same as genitive case </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Locative </td> <td rowspan="3"><b>-d</b> </td> <td rowspan="3">Added to the stem (if ending in a consonant d, t, k, s, j, q, x add an appropriate vowel before -d) </td> <td>ширээд <p>xiree + d → xireed </p> </td> <td>on the desk </td></tr> <tr> <td>хорвуд <p>horwu + d → horwud </p> </td> <td>in/on the cabinet </td></tr> <tr> <td>тосод <p>tos + d → tosod </p> </td> <td>in the oil </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11">Instrumental </td> <td rowspan="3"><b>-aar, -eer, -oor</b> </td> <td rowspan="3">Added to words ending in consonants (except j, q, x) according to vowel harmony </td> <td>сарпаар <p>sarp + aar → sarpaar </p> </td> <td>using chopsticks </td></tr> <tr> <td>лэкээр <p>lek + eer → lekeer </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>топоор <p>topoor + oor → topooroor </p> </td> <td>using an axe </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>-ier</b> </td> <td rowspan="2">Added to words ending in j, q, x </td> <td>онкиэр <p>onq + ier → onqier </p> </td> <td>using a knife </td></tr> <tr> <td>оржиэр <p>orj + ier → orjier </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><b>-ar, -er, -or</b> </td> <td rowspan="4">Added according to vowel harmony to words ending in short vowels </td> <td>дангаар <p>danga + ar → dangaar </p> </td> <td>using smoke </td></tr> <tr> <td>галиэр <p>gali + er → galier </p> </td> <td>using fire </td></tr> <tr> <td>мориэр <p>mori + er → morier </p> </td> <td>using a horse </td></tr> <tr> <td>новуор <p>nowu + or → nowuor </p> </td> <td>using a dog </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>-yaar, -yeer</b> </td> <td rowspan="2">Added according to vowel harmony to words ending in long vowels and diphthongs </td> <td>чолоояар <p>qoloo + yaar → qolooyaar </p> </td> <td>using a stone </td></tr> <tr> <td>касоояар <p>kasoo + yaar → kasooyaar </p> </td> <td>using iron </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ablative </td> <td colspan="2">Same as instrumental case </td> <td colspan="2">The ablative form is sometimes -aas, -ees, -oos, -ies, -as, -es, -os, -yaas, -yees. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Comitative </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>-tii</b> </td> <td rowspan="2">Added to the word stem </td> <td>акаатий <p>akaa + tii → akaatii </p> </td> <td>together with older brother </td></tr> <tr> <td>эвээтий <p>ewee + tii → eweetii </p> </td> <td>together with mom </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Terminative </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>-qaar, -qeer</b> </td> <td rowspan="2">Added to the word stem according to vowel harmony </td> <td>соочаар <p>soo + qaar → sooqaar </p> </td> <td>up to the armpits </td></tr> <tr> <td>сакчаар <p>sak + qaar → sakqaar </p> </td> <td>up to the ankles </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_reflexive_relationship_suffixes">Personal reflexive relationship suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal reflexive relationship suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Marker </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1st </td> <td rowspan="2">Singular </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>mini</b> </td> <td>жакмини <p>jakmini </p> </td> <td>my stuff/thing </td></tr> <tr> <td>хороомини <p>horoomini </p> </td> <td>my finger </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural (exclusive) </td> <td><b>-maani</b> </td> <td>себмаани <p>sebmaani </p> </td> <td>our teacher </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural (inclusive) </td> <td><b>-naani</b> </td> <td>себнаани <p>sebnaani </p> </td> <td>our teacher </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2nd </td> <td>Singular </td> <td><b>-xini</b> </td> <td>васкалшини <p>waskalxini </p> </td> <td>your clothing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural </td> <td><b>-taani</b> </td> <td>гэритаани <p>geritaani </p> </td> <td>your home </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">3rd </td> <td rowspan="2">Singular </td> <td><b>-ini</b> </td> <td>агини <p>agini </p> </td> <td>his brother </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-yini</b> </td> <td>экээйини <p>ekeeyini </p> </td> <td>his sister </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Plural </td> <td><b>-inaani</b> </td> <td>этэвуйнаани <p>eteewuinaani </p> </td> <td>their grandmother </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-yinaani</b> </td> <td>ачайинаани <p>aqaayinaani </p> </td> <td>their father </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperative_verb_suffixes">Imperative verb suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Imperative verb suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Volitional </th> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Prohibitive </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">1st </td> <td rowspan="3">Singular </td> <td rowspan="7">-яа <p>-yaa </p> </td> <td rowspan="7"> </td> <td>-гаан, -гээн <p>-gaan, -geen </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-гаамини <p>-gaamini </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-гэмини <p>-geemini </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Plural (exclusive) </td> <td>-гаамани <p>-gaamaani </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-гээмани <p>-geemaani </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Plural (inclusive) </td> <td>-гааннаани <p>-gaannaani </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-гээннаани <p>-geennaani </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2nd </td> <td rowspan="2">Singular </td> <td>-гаание <p>-gaanie </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">(word stem) </td> <td>-гааншини <p>-gaanxini </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-геение <p>-geenie </p> </td> <td>-гээншини <p>-geenxini </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Plural </td> <td>-гаантие <p>-gaantie </p> </td> <td rowspan="2">-ту <p>-tu </p> </td> <td>-гаантаани <p>-gaantaani </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-геентие <p>-geentie </p> </td> <td>-геентаани <p>-geentaani </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3rd </td> <td rowspan="2">Singular & plural </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td rowspan="2">-тгай <p>-tgai </p> </td> <td>-гаанини <p>-gaanini </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-гээнини <p>-geenini </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declarative_verb_suffixes">Declarative verb suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Declarative verb suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Time </th> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Present future tense </td> <td><b>-bei</b> </td> <td>идбей (иден) <p>idbei (iden) </p> </td> <td>(he) will eat </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-n</b> </td> <td>яобей (явун) <p>yaobei (yawun) </p> </td> <td>(she) will go </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Past tense </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>-sen</b> </td> <td>идсен <p>idsen </p> </td> <td>(she) ate </td></tr> <tr> <td>яосен <p>yaosen </p> </td> <td>(he) went </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns'_verb_suffixes"><span id="Pronouns.27_verb_suffixes"></span>Pronouns' verb suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pronouns' verb suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Present_future_tensse">Present future tensse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Present future tensse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Marker </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">1st </td> <td rowspan="2">Singular </td> <td><b>-wei(-w)</b> </td> <td>Би харивей. <p>Bi hariwei(hariw). </p> </td> <td>I return. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-nbi</b> </td> <td>Би харинби. <p>Bi harinbi. </p> </td> <td>I return. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Plural (exclusive) </td> <td><b>-waa</b> </td> <td>Баа хариваа. <p>Baa hariwaa. </p> </td> <td>We return. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-nbaa</b> </td> <td>Баа харинбаа. <p>Baa harinbaa. </p> </td> <td>We return. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Plural (inclusive) </td> <td><b>-wdaa</b> </td> <td>Бид харивдаа. <p>Bid hariwdaa. </p> </td> <td>We return. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-ndaa</b> </td> <td>Бид хариндаа. <p>Bid harindaa. </p> </td> <td>We return. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2nd </td> <td rowspan="2">Singular </td> <td><b>-beixi(-bxi)</b> </td> <td>Ши харибейши. <p>Xi haribeixi. </p> </td> <td>You return. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-nxi</b> </td> <td>Ши харинши. <p>Xi harinxi. </p> </td> <td>You return. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Plural </td> <td><b>-beitaa (-btaa)</b> </td> <td>Таа харибейтаа. <p>Taa haribeitaa (haribtaa). </p> </td> <td>You return. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-ntaa</b> </td> <td>Таа харинтаа. <p>Taa harintaa. </p> </td> <td>You return. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Past_tense">Past tense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Past tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Marker </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1st </td> <td>Singular </td> <td><b>-senbi</b> </td> <td>Би харисенби. <p>Bi harisenbi. </p> </td> <td>I returned. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural (exclusive) </td> <td><b>-senbaa</b> </td> <td>Баа харисенбаа. <p>Baa harisenbaa. </p> </td> <td>We returned. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural (inclusive) </td> <td><b>-sendaa</b> </td> <td>Бид харисэндаа. <p>Bid harisendaa. </p> </td> <td>We returned. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2nd </td> <td>Singular </td> <td><b>-senxi</b> </td> <td>Ши харисенши. <p>Xi harisenxi. </p> </td> <td>You returned. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural </td> <td><b>-sentaa</b> </td> <td>Таа харисентаа. <p>Taa harisentaa. </p> </td> <td>You returned. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverb_suffixes">Adverb suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adverb suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Notes </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>-j</b> </td> <td>Indicates parallel actions </td> <td>Ийчиж ужсенби. <p>iiqij ujsenbi. </p> </td> <td>I went to see (it). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-jie (dii)</b> </td> <td>Indicates that two actions are performed simultaneously </td> <td>Саожие (дий) усвулжьжабей. <p>Saojie (dii) uswuljjabei. </p> </td> <td>(She) sits while talking. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>-aar, -eer, -oor</b> </td> <td rowspan="2">Indicates that the behavior occurred successively </td> <td>Гараар ирсэн. <p>Garaar irsen. </p> </td> <td>(He) came out. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Энкуер яосэн. <p>Enkuer yaosen. </p> </td> <td>(She) ate it. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b>-jii</b> </td> <td rowspan="2">Signifies the end of the act </td> <td>Ужьжий яосэн. <p>Ujjii yaosen. </p> </td> <td>(He) left after reading (it). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Иджий яо! <p>Idjii yao! </p> </td> <td>Let's eat and (then) go. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-n ...-n</b> </td> <td>Indicates behaviors that occur together </td> <td>Гуйн кариен яосэн. <p>Guin karien yaosen. </p> </td> <td>(He) jumped and bounced away. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-mkii,-mklii</b> </td> <td>Indicates that the behavior occurs immediately </td> <td>Мадемький (мэдемький) ичсэн. <p>Medemkii (medemklii) iqsen. </p> </td> <td>(She) went as soon as (she) knew it. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-mder</b> </td> <td>Indicates that the behavior occurs immediately </td> <td>Медемдерь (меднмкьлий) ичсэн. <p>Medemder (medemklii) iqsen. </p> </td> <td>(She) went as soon as she knew it. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-wueter</b> </td> <td>Indicates readiness </td> <td>Елвуетерь медсен. <p>Elwueter medsen. </p> </td> <td>(She) will know as soon as (he) says it. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-aajaar, -eejeer (-eejaar), -oojaar</b> </td> <td>Indicates simultaneous act </td> <td>Бариежаараа алдсэн. <p>Bariejaaraa aldsen. </p> </td> <td>(He) grabbed it and let it go. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-rsaar, rseer</b> </td> <td>Indicates continuation and recurrence of behavior </td> <td>Элерсеерь араан болсен. <p>Elerseer araan bolsen. </p> </td> <td>How many times have you said it? </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-aas, -ees, -oos</b> </td> <td>Express the condition of the behavior </td> <td>Элеесшини укубей. <p>Eleesxini ukubei. </p> </td> <td>If you say so, I'll give it to you. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-tgai q</b> </td> <td>Indicates concessive act </td> <td>Учийкэн аатгай чукаатий. <p>Uqiiken aatgai qukaatii. </p> </td> <td>Small but wise. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-worg, -wuar</b> </td> <td>Indicates the act to follow </td> <td>Хийвуерь тортсен. <p>Hiiwuer tortsen. </p> </td> <td>(She) decided to do (it). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-gaanie, -geenie</b> </td> <td>Expresses purpose </td> <td>Уйгеени игсен. <p>Uigeenie igsen. </p> </td> <td>(He) went to see (it). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-tel</b> </td> <td>Indicates behavioral boundaries </td> <td>Яотельмини аасен. <p>Yaotelmini aasen. </p> </td> <td>(He'll) be there until (she) leaves. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-tlaa(-tlaanie), tlee(-tleenie)</b> </td> <td>Expresses choice </td> <td>Элтлеение хиисехдь уль денген. <p>Eltleenie hiisehd ul dengen. </p> </td> <td>It's better to do (so). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-maak(-maaken), meek(-meken)</b> </td> <td>Indicates the proximity of behavior </td> <td>Ванамаак (ванамаакен) болсен. <p>Wanamaak (wanamaaken) bolsen. </p> </td> <td>(It's) about to fall. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="3">1st Person </th> <th colspan="2">2nd Person </th> <th colspan="2">3rd Person </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">singular</th> <th colspan="2">plural </th> <th rowspan="2">singular</th> <th rowspan="2">plural </th> <th rowspan="2">singular</th> <th rowspan="2">plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>exclusive </th> <th>inclusive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>бий <p>bii </p> </td> <td>биэде <p>biede </p> </td> <td>баа <p>baa </p> </td> <td>ший <p>xii </p> </td> <td>таа <p>taa </p> </td> <td>инг <p>ing </p> </td> <td>аанг <p>aang </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>миний <p>minii </p> </td> <td>биэдний <p>biednii </p> </td> <td>мааний <p>maanii </p> </td> <td>шиний <p>xinii </p> </td> <td>тааний <p>taanii </p> </td> <td>иний <p>inii </p> </td> <td>ааний <p>aanii </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>намд <p>namd </p> </td> <td>биэдендэ <p>biedende </p> </td> <td>маандэ <p>maande </p> </td> <td>шамд <p>xamd </p> </td> <td>таандэ <p>taande </p> </td> <td>ямд (инд) <p>yamd (ind) </p> </td> <td>аандэ <p>aande </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>намий <p>namii </p> </td> <td>биэдний <p>biednii </p> </td> <td>мааний <p>maanii </p> </td> <td>шамий <p>xamii </p> </td> <td>тааний <p>taanii </p> </td> <td>ямий <p>yamii </p> </td> <td>ааний <p>aanii </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td>намаасэ <p>namaase </p> </td> <td>биэденаас <p>biedenaas </p> </td> <td>маанаас <p>maanaas </p> </td> <td>шамаасэ <p>xamaase </p> </td> <td>таанаас <p>taanaas </p> </td> <td>ямаас <p>yamaas </p> </td> <td>аанаас <p>aanaas </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>намаарэ <p>namaare </p> </td> <td>биэдэнаар <p>biedenaar </p> </td> <td>маанаар <p>maanaar </p> </td> <td>шамаарэ <p>xamaare </p> </td> <td>таанаар <p>taanaar </p> </td> <td>ямаар <p>yamaar </p> </td> <td>аанаар <p>aanaar </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Comitative </th> <td>намтий <p>namtii </p> </td> <td>биэдентий <p>biedentii </p> </td> <td>маантий <p>maantii </p> </td> <td>шамтий <p>xamtii </p> </td> <td>таантий <p>taantii </p> </td> <td>ямтий <p>yamtii </p> </td> <td>аантий <p>aantii </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is estimated that out of Dagur's entire language vocabulary, over half is Mongolic in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, while Dagur has over 50% common Mongolic vocabulary, it has borrowed 5<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 10% of its words from Chinese, as well as 10% of its words from <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>, and a small number vocabulary borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> – leaving about 20% vocabulary that is specific to Dagur only.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Mongol_words">Middle Mongol words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle Mongol words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dagur retains quite a few archaic Mongolic words, and although they are not commonly found in the modern Mongolic languages, they do appear in Middle Mongol sources, like the <i><a href="/wiki/Huayiyiyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayiyiyu">Hua-Yi yiyu</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret History of the Mongols">The Secret History of the Mongols</a></i>. These words include:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">tergul ~ terwul</i></span> (тэргул ~ тервул) ‘road’ (in Mongol *jam)</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">najir</i></span> (нажийр) ‘summer’ (Mongol *jun)</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">xeky</i></span> (хэкый) ‘head’ (Mongol *tologai)</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">sorby</i></span> (сорбый) ‘staff’ (Mongol *tayag)</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">kasoo</i></span> (касоо) ‘iron’</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">saur</i></span> (саур) ‘spade’</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">ogw</i></span> (огв) ‘brain’</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">basert</i></span> (басерть) ‘kidney’</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">twalcig</i></span> (твалциг) ‘knee’</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">kataa</i></span> (катаа) ‘salt’</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">warkel</i></span> (варкэль) ‘clothes’</li> <li><span title="Daur-language romanization"><i lang="dta-Latn">el-</i></span> (эл-) ‘to say’ (cf. Mongol *kele-)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All basic numerals are of Mongolic origin. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>English</th> <th>Classical Mongolian</th> <th>Dagur (<a href="/wiki/Hailar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hailar">Hailar</a>)</th> <th>Dagur (<a href="/wiki/Qiqihar" title="Qiqihar">Qiqihar</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>One</td> <td>Nigen</td> <td>Нэкэн<br />Neken</td> <td>Neke </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Two</td> <td>Qoyar</td> <td>Хойир <br /> Hoir</td> <td>Hoyir </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Three</td> <td>Ghurban</td> <td>Гуарбан <br />Guarban</td> <td>Guarbe </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Four</td> <td>Dorben</td> <td>Дурубун <br /> Durbun</td> <td>Durbu </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Five</td> <td>Tabun</td> <td>Таавун <br />Taawun</td> <td>Taawu </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Six</td> <td>Jirghughan</td> <td>Жиргөө<br />Jirwoo</td> <td>Jirgoo </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Seven</td> <td>Dologhan</td> <td>Долөөн<br /> Doloon</td> <td>Doloo </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Eight</td> <td>Naiman</td> <td>Найман <br />Naiman</td> <td>Naime </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Nine</td> <td>Yisun</td> <td>Йсэн <br />Isen</td> <td>Yise </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Ten</td> <td>Arban</td> <td>Харбан <br /> Harban</td> <td>Harbe </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/dta/">Dagur</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/dta">zby/ {{{ld4}}}</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsumagari 2003: 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2012" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAlwcg9ioPMC&pg=PA4"><i>Mongolian</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3820-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3820-7"><bdi>978-90-272-3820-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolian&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3820-7&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAlwcg9ioPMC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagur+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsumagari 2003: 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engkebatu 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsumagari 2003: 129, Sengge 2004: 616</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2006" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuCRAgAAQBAJ&q=mongolic+book+juha"><i>The Mongolic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. pp. On page 129, Janhunen writes: 'The Nonni Dagur are normally divided into speakers of the Butha (northern) and Tsitsikar (southern) dialects'. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79690-7"><bdi>978-1-135-79690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongolic+Languages&rft.pages=On+page+129%2C+Janhunen+writes%3A+%27The+Nonni+Dagur+are+normally+divided+into+speakers+of+the+Butha+%28northern%29+and+Tsitsikar+%28southern%29+dialects%27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79690-7&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuCRAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmongolic%2Bbook%2Bjuha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagur+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chuluu 1994: 5, but for example not the Tacheng dialect, see Yu et al. 2008: 25-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sengge 2004a, Tsumagari 2003: 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 66-67, cp. Tsumagari 2003: 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsumagari 2003: 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cp. Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsumagari 2003: 131 basically in agreement with Sengge 2004a; in contrast, Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 37 give a pretty standard Mongolian vowel harmony system with the pharyngeal vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span> contrasting with the non-pharyngeal vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, while <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> is neutral.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 211-126, cp. Tsumagari 2003: 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sengge_2004c:_621-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sengge_2004c:_621_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sengge_2004c:_621_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sengge 2004c: 621</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983: 110-121, Sengge 619-620</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sengge 2004c: 620</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsumagari 2003: 144-148 supplemented with Sengge 2004c. The exact form of the plosive in -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡat͡ʃ/</span> is unclear as these two sources and Namcarai and Qaserdeni 1983 give different phones.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF恩和巴图1983" class="citation book cs1">恩和巴图 (1983). <i>达汉小词典</i>. 内蒙古人民出版社. p. 243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%BE%E6%B1%89%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1983&rft.au=%E6%81%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%B4%E5%9B%BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagur+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF恩和巴图1983" class="citation book cs1">恩和巴图 (1983). <i>达汉小词典</i>. 内蒙古人民出版社. p. 247.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%BE%E6%B1%89%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1983&rft.au=%E6%81%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%B4%E5%9B%BE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagur+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsumagari 2003: 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2006" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuCRAgAAQBAJ&q=mongolic+book+juha"><i>The Mongolic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. pp. Page 151, under 'Lexicon', Janhunen writes: "It has been estimated that, roughly speaking, more than half of the entire vocabulary of Dagur is Mongolic in origin, including both inherited items and reintroduced borrowings.". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79690-7"><bdi>978-1-135-79690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongolic+Languages&rft.pages=Page+151%2C+under+%27Lexicon%27%2C+Janhunen+writes%3A+%22It+has+been+estimated+that%2C+roughly+speaking%2C+more+than+half+of+the+entire+vocabulary+of+Dagur+is+Mongolic+in+origin%2C+including+both+inherited+items+and+reintroduced+borrowings.%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79690-7&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuCRAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmongolic%2Bbook%2Bjuha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagur+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sengge 2004b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2006" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuCRAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Mongolic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. pp. Page 151, Janhunen writes: " Borrowings from Manchu amount to c.10 per cent, while borrowings from Chinese cover another 10 per cent of the lexicon. A smaller number of items has been borrowed from Ewenki. This means that a significant proportion, over 20 per cent, of all vocabulary items are specific only to Dagur". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79690-7"><bdi>978-1-135-79690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongolic+Languages&rft.pages=Page+151%2C+Janhunen+writes%3A+%22+Borrowings+from+Manchu+amount+to+c.10+per+cent%2C+while+borrowings+from+Chinese+cover+another+10+per+cent+of+the+lexicon.+A+smaller+number+of+items+has+been+borrowed+from+Ewenki.+This+means+that+a+significant+proportion%2C+over+20+per+cent%2C+of+all+vocabulary+items+are+specific+only+to+Dagur%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79690-7&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuCRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagur+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsumagari 2003: 151-152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2006" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuCRAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Mongolic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. pp. In pages 151 and 152: "Due to its peripheral position, Dagur retains a considerable number of archaic Mongolic words, which are not commonly found in the modern Mongolic languages, but which are attested in Middle Mongol sources, such as the Hua-Yi yiyu and the ‘Secret History’. Such words include: tergul ~ terwul ‘road’ (Mongol *jam), najir ‘summer’ (Mo. *jun), xeky ‘head’ (Mongol *tologai), sorby ‘staff’ (Mongol *tayag). Other more or less idiosyncratic words include several basic items, such as: kasoo ‘iron’, saur‘spade’, ogw ‘brain’, basert ‘kidney’, twalcig ‘knee’, kataa ‘salt’, warkel ‘clothes’, el- ‘to say’ (cf. Mongol *kele-).". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79690-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79690-7"><bdi>978-1-135-79690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongolic+Languages&rft.pages=In+pages+151+and+152%3A+%22Due+to+its+peripheral+position%2C+Dagur+retains+a+considerable+number+of+archaic+Mongolic+words%2C+which+are+not+commonly+found+in+the+modern+Mongolic+languages%2C+but+which+are+attested+in+Middle+Mongol+sources%2C+such+as+the+Hua-Yi+yiyu+and+the+%E2%80%98Secret+History%E2%80%99.+Such+words+include%3A+tergul+~+terwul+%E2%80%98road%E2%80%99+%28Mongol+%2Ajam%29%2C+najir+%E2%80%98summer%E2%80%99+%28Mo.+%2Ajun%29%2C+xeky+%E2%80%98head%E2%80%99+%28Mongol+%2Atologai%29%2C+sorby+%E2%80%98staff%E2%80%99+%28Mongol+%2Atayag%29.+Other+more+or+less+idiosyncratic+words+include+several+basic+items%2C+such+as%3A+kasoo+%E2%80%98iron%E2%80%99%2C+saur%E2%80%98spade%E2%80%99%2C+ogw+%E2%80%98brain%E2%80%99%2C+basert+%E2%80%98kidney%E2%80%99%2C+twalcig+%E2%80%98knee%E2%80%99%2C+kataa+%E2%80%98salt%E2%80%99%2C+warkel+%E2%80%98clothes%E2%80%99%2C+el-+%E2%80%98to+say%E2%80%99+%28cf.+Mongol+%2Akele-%29.%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79690-7&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuCRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagur+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuluu1994" class="citation cs2">Chuluu, Üjiyediin (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp056_dagur_language.pdf"><i>Introduction, Grammar, and Sample Sentences for Dagur</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Sino-Platonic Papers, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction%2C+Grammar%2C+and+Sample+Sentences+for+Dagur&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Chuluu&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Cjiyediin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp056_dagur_language.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagur+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Engkebatu (2001): <i>Cing ulus-un üy-e-dü dagur kele-ber bicigdegsen jokiyal-ud-un sudulul</i>. Kökeqota: Öbür monggol-un yeke surgaguli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamcaraiQaserdeni1983" class="citation cs2">Namcarai; Qaserdeni (1983), <i>Daγur kele ba mongγul kelen-ü qaričaγulul</i>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_People%27s_Publishing_House" title="Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House">Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45024952">45024952</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Da%CE%B3ur+kele+ba+mong%CE%B3ul+kelen-%C3%BC+qari%C4%8Da%CE%B3ulul&rft.pub=%C3%96b%C3%BCr+mong%CE%B3ul-un+arad-un+keblel-%C3%BCn+qoriy-a&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45024952&rft.au=Namcarai&rft.au=Qaserdeni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagur+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOyunčimeg2004" class="citation cs2">Oyunčimeg, ed. (2004), <i>Mongγul sudulul-un nebterkei toli</i>, Kökeqota: Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-204-07745-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-204-07745-8"><bdi>978-7-204-07745-8</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67279589">67279589</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mong%CE%B3ul+sudulul-un+nebterkei+toli&rft.place=K%C3%B6keqota&rft.pub=%C3%96b%C3%BCr+mong%CE%B3ul-un+arad-un+keblel-%C3%BCn+qoriy-a&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67279589&rft.isbn=978-7-204-07745-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagur+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sengge (2004): Daγur kele. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 616-617.</li> <li>Sengge (2004a): Daγur kelen-ü abiy-a. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 618.</li> <li>Sengge (2004b): Daγur kelen-ü üges. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 619.</li> <li>Sengge (2004c): Daγur kelen-ü kele ǰüi. In: Oyunčimeg 2004: 618-622.</li> <li>Tsumagari, Toshiro (2003): Dagur. In: Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): <i>The Mongolic languages</i>. London: Routledge: 129-153.</li> <li>Yu, Wonsoo, Jae-il Kwon, Moon-Jeong Choi, Yong-kwon Shin, Borjigin Bayarmend, Luvsandorj[in] Bold (2008): <i>A study of the Tacheng dialect of the Dagur language</i>. Seoul: Seoul National University Press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daicing.com/">Unicode Manchu/Sibe/Dagur Fonts and Keyboards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawoer.com/bbs/index.asp?boardid=11">Learning Dagur (in Chinese)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_China" title="Template talk:Languages of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">ARs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a><sup><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">HK</a>/MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a><sup><b>HK</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Mongolian</a><sup><b>NM</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Portuguese</a><sup><b>MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a><sup><b>XZ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a><sup><b>XJ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a><sup><b>GX</b></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous prefectures of China">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_in_China" title="Korean language in China">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people#Language" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of China">Counties</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia#Autonomous_banner" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Banners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">numerous</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sino-Tibetan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-<br />Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maang_language" title="Maang language">Maang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_language_(China)" title="Manga language (China)">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_language_(China)" title="Mango language (China)">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maza_language" title="Maza language">Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mondzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muangphe_language" title="Muangphe language">Muangphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiandao_dialect" title="Xiandao dialect">Xiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pela_language" title="Pela language">Pela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashan_language" title="Chashan language">Chashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Loloish_languages" title="Southern Loloish languages">Hanoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_language" title="Amu language">Amu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angluo_language" title="Angluo language">Angluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuo_language" title="Asuo language">Asuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihong_language" title="Baihong language">Baihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language_(China)" title="Budu language (China)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukong_language" title="Bukong language">Bukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duoni_language" title="Duoni language">Duoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duota_language" title="Duota language">Duota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enu_language" title="Enu language">Enu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habei_language" title="Habei language">Habei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honi_language" title="Honi language">Honi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jino_language" title="Jino language">Jino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabi_language" title="Khabi language">Kabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduo_language" title="Kaduo language">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lami_language" title="Lami language">Lami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muda_language" title="Muda language">Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuobi_language" title="Nuobi language">Nuobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuomei_language" title="Nuomei language">Nuomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phana%CA%BC_language" title="Phanaʼ language">Phana’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidi_language" title="Qidi language">Qidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadu_language" title="Sadu language">Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkong_language" title="Sangkong language">Sangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suobi_language" title="Suobi language">Suobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukong_language" title="Tsukong language">Tsukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woni_language" title="Woni language">Woni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiche_language" title="Yiche language">Yiche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisoish_languages" title="Lisoish languages">Lisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eka_language" title="Eka language">Eka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlersu_language" title="Hlersu language">Hlersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kua-nsi_language" title="Kua-nsi language">Kua-nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuamasi_language" title="Kuamasi language">Kuamasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizisi_language" title="Laizisi language">Laizisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_language" title="Lalo language">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_language" title="Lamu language">Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavu_language" title="Lavu language">Lavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawu_language" title="Lawu language">Lawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limi_language" title="Limi language">Limi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo_language" title="Lipo language">Lipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolopo_language" title="Lolopo language">Lolopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangdi_language" title="Mangdi language">Mangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_language" title="Micha language">Micha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_language" title="Mili language">Mili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonaga_language" title="Sonaga language">Sonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholo_language" title="Tholo language">Toloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhang_language" title="Xuzhang language">Xuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangliu_language" title="Yangliu language">Yangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibusi_language" title="Zibusi language">Zibusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisoish_languages" title="Nisoish languages">Nisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alingpo_language" title="Alingpo language">Alingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Alugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluo_language" title="Aluo language">Aluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axi_language" title="Axi language">Axi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azha_language" title="Azha language">Azha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhe_language" title="Azhe language">Azhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Bokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepo_language" title="Gepo language">Gepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlula_language" title="Khlula language">Khlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_language" title="Lope language">Lope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moji_language" title="Moji language">Moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzi_language" title="Muzi language">Muzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasu_language" title="Nasu language">Nasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisu_language" title="Nisu language">Nisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa_language" title="Phowa language">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Phukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuma language">Phuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samei_language" title="Samei language">Samei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_language" title="Sani language">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thopho_language" title="Thopho language">Thopho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zokhuo_language" title="Zokhuo language">Zokhuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokhy_language" title="Gokhy language">Gokhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katso_language" title="Katso language">Katso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong_language" title="Kucong language">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruo_language" title="Naruo language">Naruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_language" title="Samu language">Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanie_language" title="Sanie language">Sanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zauzou_language" title="Zauzou language">Zauzou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choyo_language" title="Choyo language">Choyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_language" title="Ersu language">Ersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiqiong_language" title="Guiqiong language">Guiqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horpa_language" title="Horpa language">Horpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhug_language" title="Japhug language">Japhug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroskyabs_language" title="Khroskyabs language">Khroskyabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laze_language" title="Laze language">Laze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizu_language" title="Lizu language">Lizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_language" title="Na language">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muya_language" title="Muya language">Muya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumi_language" title="Pumi language">Pumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qiang_language" title="Northern Qiang language">Northern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qiang_language" title="Southern Qiang language">Southern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shixing_language" title="Shixing language">Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situ_language" title="Situ language">Situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshobdun_language" title="Tshobdun language">Tshobdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbu_language" title="Zbu language">Zbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaba_language" title="Zhaba language">Zhaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Derung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)">Nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxianghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak Sa-aak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">A-Hmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Nao_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-Nao languages">Bu-Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_language" title="Gejia language">Gejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Miao_language" title="Guiyang Miao language">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huishui_Miao_language" title="Huishui Miao language">Huishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_Nai_language" title="Kiong Nai language">Kiong Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobohe_Miao_language" title="Luobohe Miao language">Luobohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_Miao_language" title="Mashan Miao language">Mashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-Hng_language" title="Pa-Hng language">Pa-Hng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Na_language" title="Pa Na language">Pa Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtang_Miao_language" title="Pingtang Miao language">Pingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Qo Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raojia_language" title="Raojia language">Raojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_language" title="She language">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gha-Mu_language" title="Gha-Mu language">Small Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xixiu_Miao_language" title="Xixiu Miao language">Xixiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younuo_language" title="Younuo language">Younuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Ningming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Naxi Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_languages" title="Be languages">Ong Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> <small>(Indo-European)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_China" title="Esperanto in China">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Kinh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of<br />Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Ji-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiao-Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Zhongyuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lan-Yin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teoswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Puxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shaojiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Auish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Ping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole/Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linglinghua" title="Linglinghua">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanqiao_language" title="Sanqiao language">Sanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Old Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhangzhung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a> <ul><li>Northern (Beijing) Sign</li> <li>Southern (Shanghai) Sign <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong Sign</a><b><sup>HK/MC</sup></b></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan Sign</a><b><sup>XZ</sup></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>GX = Guangxi</li> <li>HK = Hong Kong</li> <li>MC = Macau</li> <li>NM = Inner Mongolia</li> <li>XJ = Xinjiang</li> <li>XZ = Tibet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongolic_languages" title="Template:Mongolic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongolic_languages" title="Template talk:Mongolic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongolic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongolic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />Mongolic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Buryat–Mongolian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alasha_dialect" title="Alasha dialect">Alasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkhad_dialect" title="Darkhad dialect">Darkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyk_language" title="Sart Kalmyk language">Sart Kalmyk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Peripheral Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baarin_Mongolian" title="Baarin Mongolian">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhar_Mongolian" title="Chakhar Mongolian">Chakhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongolian" title="Khorchin Mongolian">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirongol_languages" title="Shirongol languages">Shirongolic</a> <ul><li>Baoanic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dagur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_language" title="Moghol language">Moghol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Para-Mongolic_languages" title="Para-Mongolic languages">Para-Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan#Language" title="Wuhuan">Awar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Serbi</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe#Language" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#History" title="Mongolian language">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Mongol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Mongol language">Middle Mongol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Mongolian_language" title="Classical Mongolian language">Classical Mongolian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&oldid=1257662471">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagur_language&oldid=1257662471</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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