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id="toc-Campaign_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Campaign names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Invasion of Kuwait </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasion_of_Kuwait-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Invasion of Kuwait subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kuwaiti_resistance_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwaiti_resistance_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Kuwaiti resistance movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwaiti_resistance_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Run-up_to_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Run-up_to_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Run-up to the war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Run-up_to_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Run-up to the war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Run-up_to_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_means" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_means"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Diplomatic means </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_means-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_means" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_means"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military means </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_means-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_a_coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_a_coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Creating a coalition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_a_coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Justification_for_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification_for_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Justification for intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justification_for_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_relations_campaign_targeting_the_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_relations_campaign_targeting_the_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Public relations campaign targeting the public </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_relations_campaign_targeting_the_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Early battles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_battles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early battles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Air campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi_Scud_missile_strikes_on_Israel_and_Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_Scud_missile_strikes_on_Israel_and_Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Iraqi Scud missile strikes on Israel and Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_Scud_missile_strikes_on_Israel_and_Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi_invasion_of_Saudi_Arabia_(Battle_of_Khafji)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi_invasion_of_Saudi_Arabia_(Battle_of_Khafji)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia (Battle of Khafji) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi_invasion_of_Saudi_Arabia_(Battle_of_Khafji)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter_reconnaissance_for_2nd_Armoured_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter_reconnaissance_for_2nd_Armoured_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Counter reconnaissance for 2nd Armoured Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter_reconnaissance_for_2nd_Armoured_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Breach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ground campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ground_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ground campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ground_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberation_of_Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_of_Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Liberation of Kuwait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_of_Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_moves_into_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_moves_into_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Initial moves into Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_moves_into_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalition_forces_enter_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_forces_enter_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Coalition forces enter Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_forces_enter_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_active_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_active_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 End of active hostilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_active_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalition_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Coalition involvement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coalition_involvement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Coalition involvement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Coalition_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Civilian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraqi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraqi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Iraqi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraqi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Coalition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Friendly_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendly_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3.1 Friendly fire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendly_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gulf_War_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Gulf War illness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_depleted_uranium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_depleted_uranium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Effects of depleted uranium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_depleted_uranium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highway_of_Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highway_of_Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Highway of Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highway_of_Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulldozer_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulldozer_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Bulldozer assault </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulldozer_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_exodus_from_Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_exodus_from_Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 Palestinian exodus from Kuwait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_exodus_from_Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalition_bombing_of_Iraq's_civilian_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_bombing_of_Iraq's_civilian_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 Coalition bombing of Iraq's civilian infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_bombing_of_Iraq's_civilian_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_Coalition_POWs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_Coalition_POWs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.7 Abuse of Coalition POWs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_Coalition_POWs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Southern_Watch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Southern_Watch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.8 Operation Southern Watch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Southern_Watch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.9 Sanctions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draining_of_the_Qurna_Marshes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draining_of_the_Qurna_Marshes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.10 Draining of the Qurna Marshes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draining_of_the_Qurna_Marshes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_spill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_spill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.11 Oil spill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_spill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwaiti_oil_fires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwaiti_oil_fires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.12 Kuwaiti oil fires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwaiti_oil_fires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Cost </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cost-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cost subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_on_developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_developing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Effect on developing countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_developing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Media coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_and_equipments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_and_equipments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Technology and equipments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology_and_equipments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technology and equipments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technology_and_equipments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scud_and_Patriot_missiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scud_and_Patriot_missiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Scud and Patriot missiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scud_and_Patriot_missiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.2 Novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gulf War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" > 104 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfoorlog" title="Golfoorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Golfoorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب الخليج الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الخليج الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27o_Golfo" title="Guerra d'o Golfo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra d'o Golfo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Golfu" title="Guerra del Golfu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra del Golfu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapyte_%C3%91orair%C3%B5" title="Parapyte Ñorairõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Parapyte Ñorairõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rf%C9%99z_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Körfəz müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Körfəz müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="کؤرفز ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کؤرفز ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="উপসাগরীয় যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপসাগরীয় যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D2%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Фарсы ҡултығында һуғыш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фарсы ҡултығында һуғыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Вайна ў Персідскім заліве – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна ў Персідскім заліве" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Вайна ў Пэрсыдзкім заліве – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вайна ў Пэрсыдзкім заліве" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_(1990_%E2%80%93_1991)" title="Война в Персийския залив (1990 – 1991) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Война в Персийския залив (1990 – 1991)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalivski_rat" title="Zalivski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zalivski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_ar_Pleg-mor" title="Brezel ar Pleg-mor – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel ar Pleg-mor" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Golf" title="Guerra del Golf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra del Golf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_v_Z%C3%A1livu" title="Válka v Zálivu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Válka v Zálivu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_y_Gwlff" title="Rhyfel y Gwlff – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel y Gwlff" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfkrigen" title="Golfkrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Golfkrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Golfkrieg" title="Zweiter Golfkrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiter Golfkrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%AA_%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%8E%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%A6" title="ގަލްފު ހަނގުރާމަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގަލްފު ހަނގުރާމަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahes%C3%B5da" title="Lahesõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lahesõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πόλεμος του Κόλπου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος του Κόλπου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Golfo" title="Guerra del Golfo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra del Golfo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-a_milito_en_la_Persa_Golfo" title="2-a milito en la Persa Golfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="2-a milito en la Persa Golfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golkoko_Gerra" title="Golkoko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Golkoko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="جنگ خلیج فارس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ خلیج فارس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gulf War" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B3gvakr%C3%ADggi%C3%B0" title="Flógvakríggið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Flógvakríggið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_du_Golfe" title="Guerre du Golfe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre du Golfe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfoarloch" title="Golfoarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Golfoarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_na_Murascaille" title="Cogadh na Murascaille – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh na Murascaille" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Golfo" title="Guerra do Golfo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra do Golfo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0" title="ગલ્ફ વોર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગલ્ફ વોર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B8%ED%94%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="걸프 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="걸프 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84-%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Իրաք-քուվեյթյան պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրաք-քուվեյթյան պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="खाड़ी युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खाड़ी युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaljevski_rat" title="Zaljevski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zaljevski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfo-milito" title="Gulfo-milito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gulfo-milito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Teluk_I" title="Perang Teluk I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Teluk I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persafl%C3%B3astr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0_(1991)" title="Persaflóastríðið (1991) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Persaflóastríðið (1991)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Golfo" title="Guerra del Golfo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra del Golfo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5" title="מלחמת המפרץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת המפרץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Lempongan" title="Perang Lempongan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Lempongan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C9%94%C9%94l%C9%A9f%CA%8B_you_t%C9%94m" title="Gɔɔlɩfʋ you tɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Gɔɔlɩfʋ you tɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಕೊಲ್ಲಿ ಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಲ್ಲಿ ಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სპარსეთის ყურის მეორე ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპარსეთის ყურის მეორე ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Шығанақ соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шығанақ соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Kendav%C3%AA_1991" title="Şerê Kendavê 1991 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Kendavê 1991" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundum_bellum_sinus_Persici" title="Secundum bellum sinus Persici – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Secundum bellum sinus Persici" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB%C4%8Da_kar%C5%A1" title="Līča karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Līča karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persijos_%C4%AFlankos_karas" title="Persijos įlankos karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Persijos įlankos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96b%C3%B6lh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Öbölháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Öbölháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Заливска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Заливска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ഗൾഫ് യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗൾഫ് യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="पहिले आखाती युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पहिले आखाती युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حرب الخليج التانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب الخليج التانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Teluk" title="Perang Teluk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Teluk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_l_Golfo" title="Guerra de l Golfo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Guerra de l Golfo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Персийн булангийн дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Персийн булангийн дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ပင်လယ်ကွေ့ စစ်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်ကွေ့ စစ်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfoorlog_van_1990-1991" title="Golfoorlog van 1990-1991 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Golfoorlog van 1990-1991" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="खाडी युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खाडी युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="खाडी युद्ध – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खाडी युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%BE%E5%B2%B8%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="湾岸戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="湾岸戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfkrigen" title="Gulfkrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gulfkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfkrigen" title="Golfkrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Golfkrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Kuwait_(1990-1991)" title="Guèrra de Kuwait (1990-1991) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de Kuwait (1990-1991)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBrfaz_urushi" title="Koʻrfaz urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻrfaz urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਖਾੜੀ ਯੁੱਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਾੜੀ ਯੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="جنگ خلیج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنگ خلیج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د خلیج جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د خلیج جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_d%C3%ABl_G%C3%B2lf" title="Guèra dël Gòlf – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra dël Gòlf" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_wojna_w_Zatoce_Perskiej" title="I wojna w Zatoce Perskiej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="I wojna w Zatoce Perskiej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Golfo" title="Guerra do Golfo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra do Golfo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Golf" title="Războiul din Golf – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul din Golf" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Война в Персидском заливе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война в Персидском заливе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_de_su_Golfu" title="Gherra de su Golfu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherra de su Golfu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gulf War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Gjirit" title="Lufta e Gjirit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Gjirit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%BA" title="ගල්ෆ් යුද්ධය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගල්ෆ් යුද්ධය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gulf War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نار واري جنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نار واري جنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_vojna_v_Perzskom_z%C3%A1live" title="Druhá vojna v Perzskom zálive – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Druhá vojna v Perzskom zálive" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalivska_vojna" title="Zalivska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zalivska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88" title="شەڕی کەنداو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی کەنداو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Заливски рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Заливски рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaljevski_rat" title="Zaljevski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zaljevski rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianlahden_sota" title="Persianlahden sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Persianlahden sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaitkriget" title="Kuwaitkriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kuwaitkriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digmaan_sa_Golpo" title="Digmaan sa Golpo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Digmaan sa Golpo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="வளைகுடாப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வளைகுடாப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Desert_Storm&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1990–1991 conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the conflict against Iraq in 1990–1991. For other conflicts with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gulf War (disambiguation)">Gulf War (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Desert Storm" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Desert_Storm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Desert Storm (disambiguation)">Desert Storm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Gulf War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg/288px-USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg/432px-USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg/576px-USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1274" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tank_in_Desert_Storm.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tank_in_Desert_Storm.JPEG/163px-Tank_in_Desert_Storm.JPEG" decoding="async" width="163" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tank_in_Desert_Storm.JPEG/245px-Tank_in_Desert_Storm.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tank_in_Desert_Storm.JPEG/326px-Tank_in_Desert_Storm.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1870" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:British_gulf_war_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/British_gulf_war_%28cropped%29.jpg/121px-British_gulf_war_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/British_gulf_war_%28cropped%29.jpg/182px-British_gulf_war_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/British_gulf_war_%28cropped%29.jpg/242px-British_gulf_war_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="242" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg/148px-Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg/222px-Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg/296px-Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="1901" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_war_target_cam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gulf_war_target_cam.jpg/136px-Gulf_war_target_cam.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Gulf_war_target_cam.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="134" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> From top to bottom, left to right:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>U.S. Air Force <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15E_Strike_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle">F-15Es</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16s</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-15_Eagle" title="McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle">F-15C</a> flying over <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">burning Kuwaiti oil wells</a></li> <li>a U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a> laying down a smokescreen</li> <li>British troops from the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Regiment" title="Staffordshire Regiment">Staffordshire Regiment</a> practicing casualty evacuation</li> <li>wrecked and abandoned vehicles on the <a href="/wiki/Highway_of_Death" title="Highway of Death">Highway of Death</a></li> <li>camera view from a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">Lockheed AC-130</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">2 August 1990</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign" title="Gulf War air campaign">17 January 1991</a> (Operation Desert Shield) <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign" title="Gulf War air campaign">17 January</a> – <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Kuwait">28 February 1991</a> (Operation Desert Storm) (6 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">Coalition</a> victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">State of Kuwait</a> resumes self-governance over all Kuwaiti sovereign territory</li> <li>Establishment of a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_689" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 689">demilitarized zone</a> and construction of a <a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">separation barrier</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Iraq–Kuwait border</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">Coalition</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Afghan_interim_government-in-exile_%281988%E2%80%931992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Afghan_interim_government-in-exile_%281988%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Afghan_interim_government-in-exile_%281988%E2%80%931992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Afghan_interim_government-in-exile_%281988%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Afghan_interim_government-in-exile_%281988%E2%80%931992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Afghan_interim_government-in-exile_%281988%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a><a href="#cite_note-apps.dtic.mil-1">[1]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Bahrain_%281972%E2%80%932002%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain_%281972%E2%80%932002%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Bahrain_%281972%E2%80%932002%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain_%281972%E2%80%932002%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Bahrain_%281972%E2%80%932002%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain_%281972%E2%80%932002%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Bahrain" title="State of Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" 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</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr." title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Horner" title="Chuck Horner">Chuck Horner</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Yeosock" title="John J. Yeosock">John J. Yeosock</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Boomer" title="Walter E. Boomer">Walter E. Boomer</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_R._Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley R. Arthur">Stanley R. Arthur</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Johnston" title="Robert B. Johnston">Robert B. Johnston</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peter_de_la_Billi%C3%A8re" title="Peter de la Billière">Peter de la Billière</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Roquejeoffre" title="Michel Roquejeoffre">Michel Roquejeoffre</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah">Sheikh Jaber Al Ahmad</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saad_Al-Salim_Al-Sabah" title="Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah">Sheikh Saad Al Abdullah</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">King Fahd</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Prince Abdullah</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz" title="Sultan bin Abdulaziz">Prince Sultan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Muhaya" title="Saleh Al-Muhaya">Saleh Al-Muhaya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Sultan_Al_Saud" title="Khalid bin Sultan Al Saud">Khalid bin Sultan</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nayef_bin_Abdulaziz" title="Nayef bin Abdulaziz">Prince Nayef</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Badr_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Badr bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Prince Badr</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turki_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Turki bin Faisal Al Saud">Prince Turki Al Faisal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Youssef_Sabri_Abu_Taleb" title="Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb">Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Salah_Halabi" title="Salah Halabi">Salah Halabi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tantawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Tantawi">Muhammad Tantawi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iyad_Futayyih" title="Iyad Futayyih">Iyad Futayyih</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_al-Majid" title="Hussein Kamel al-Majid">Hussein Kamel al-Majid</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abid_Hamid_Mahmud" title="Abid Hamid Mahmud">Abid Hamid Mahmud</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Muzahim_Saab_Hassan" title="Muzahim Saab Hassan">Muzahim Saab Hassan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Salah_Aboud_Mahmoud" title="Salah Aboud Mahmoud">Salah Aboud Mahmoud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Over 950,000 soldiers 3,113 tanks 1,800 aircraft 2,200 artillery systems</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,000,000+ soldiers (~600,000 in Kuwait) 5,500 tanks 700+ aircraft 3,000 artillery systems<a href="#cite_note-Knights-2005-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total: 13,488<hr /> Coalition: 292 killed (147 killed by enemy action, 145 non-hostile deaths) 776 wounded<a href="#cite_note-ca.encarta.msn.com-5">[5]</a> (467 wounded in action) 31 tanks destroyed/disabled<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> 28 Bradley IFVs destroyed/damaged <a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> 1 M113 APC destroyed 2 British Warrior APCs destroyed 1 artillery piece destroyed 75 aircraft destroyed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kuwait: 420 killed 12,000 captured ≈200 tanks destroyed/captured 850+ other armored vehicles destroyed/captured 57 aircraft lost 8 aircraft captured (Mirage F1s) 17 ships sunk, 6 captured<a href="#cite_note-airCombatInformationGroup-16">[16]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Total: 175,000–300,000+<hr /> Iraqi: 20,000–50,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> 75,000+ wounded<a href="#cite_note-ca.encarta.msn.com-5">[5]</a> 80,000–175,000 captured<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-google1990-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-google1991-20">[20]</a> 3,300 tanks destroyed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455-17">[17]</a> 2,100 APCs destroyed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455-17">[17]</a> 2,200 artillery pieces destroyed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455-17">[17]</a> 110 aircraft destroyed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 137 aircraft flown to Iran to escape destruction<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> 19 ships sunk, 6 damaged[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Kuwaiti civilian losses: Over 1,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-useofterrorkuwait-23">[23]</a> 600 <a href="/wiki/Missing_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing people">missing people</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Iraqi civilian losses: 3,664 killed directly<a href="#cite_note-Wagesofwar-25">[25]</a> Total Iraqi losses (including <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a>): 142,500–206,000 deaths (According to <a href="/wiki/Medact" title="Medact">Medact</a>)<a href="#cite_note-26">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collateral_damage-27">[26]</a> Other civilian losses: 75 killed in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel">Israel</a> and Saudi Arabia, 309 injured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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title="1993 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">Iraq missile strikes (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq" title="1996 cruise missile strikes on Iraq">Iraq missile strikes (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Iraq bombing (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict (2003–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003%E2%80%932006_phase_of_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency">Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulf_War3020" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Gulf_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Gulf War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Gulf_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Gulf War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Gulf_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Gulf War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulf_War3020" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridges" title="Battle of the Bridges">Kuwaiti Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dasman_Palace" title="Battle of Dasman Palace">Dasman Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Failaka" title="Battle of Failaka">Failaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_149" title="British Airways Flight 149">British Airways Flight 149</a></li></ul> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coalition intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji" title="Battle of Khafji">Khafji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Batin" title="Battle of Wadi al-Batin">Wadi al-Batin</a></li></ul> Naval operations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ad-Dawrah" title="Battle of Ad-Dawrah">Ad-Dawrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qurah_and_Umm_al_Maradim" title="Battle of Qurah and Umm al Maradim">Qurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qurah_and_Umm_al_Maradim" title="Battle of Qurah and Umm al Maradim">Maradim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bubiyan" title="Battle of Bubiyan">Bubiyan</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign" title="Gulf War air campaign">Air campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_engagements_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Air engagements of the Gulf War">Air to Air combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_rocket_attacks_on_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi rocket attacks on Saudi Arabia">Dhahran & Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_Q_Strike" title="Package Q Strike">"Package Q" Air Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Ras_Tanura" title="Attack on Ras Tanura">Ras Tanura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurra_Air_Battle" title="Samurra Air Battle">Samurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiriyah_shelter_bombing" title="Amiriyah shelter bombing">Amiriyah</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign" title="Liberation of Kuwait campaign">Liberation of Kuwait</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Gulf_War_ground_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Gulf War ground campaign">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_73_Easting" title="Battle of 73 Easting">73 Easting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Busayyah" title="Battle of Al Busayyah">Al Busayyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phase_Line_Bullet" title="Battle of Phase Line Bullet">Phase Line Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_Ridge" title="Battle of Medina Ridge">Medina Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_of_Death" title="Highway of Death">Highway of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jalibah_Airfield" title="Battle for Jalibah Airfield">Jalibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norfolk" title="Battle of Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuwait_International_Airport" title="Battle of Kuwait International Airport">Kuwait International Airport</a></li></ul> Post-ceasefire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safwan_Airfield_standoff" title="Safwan Airfield standoff">Safwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rumaila" title="Battle of Rumaila">Rumaila</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ba%27athism" title="Category:Ba'athism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 175%;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'athism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Ba'ath Party"><img alt="Flag of the Ba'ath Party" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Major_groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath" title="Arab Ba'ath">Arab Ba'ath</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Arab Ba'ath Movement">Arab Ba'ath Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1947–1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Iraqi)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1968–2003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">Baath Party (pro-Syrian)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–2024</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ba%27athism" title="Neo-Ba'athism">Neo-Ba'athism</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1979–2003</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">Zaki al-Arsuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Aflaq" title="Michel Aflaq">Michel Aflaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_al-Din_al-Bitar" title="Salah al-Din al-Bitar">Salah al-Din al-Bitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Rimawi" title="Abdullah Rimawi">Abdullah Rimawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahib_al-Ghanim" title="Wahib al-Ghanim">Wahib al-Ghanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuad_al-Rikabi" title="Fuad al-Rikabi">Fuad al-Rikabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Jadid" title="Salah Jadid">Salah Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr" title="Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr">Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izzat_Ibrahim_al-Douri" title="Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri">Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Way_of_Resurrection" title="On the Way of Resurrection">On the Way of Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_One_Destiny" title="The Battle for One Destiny">The Battle for One Destiny</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Zaki_al-Arsuzi" title="Zaki al-Arsuzi">The Genius of Arabic in Its Tongue</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party" title="History of the Ba'ath Party">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Abdul-Karim_Qasim" title="Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim">Attempted assassination of Abdul-Karim Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">November 1963 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">UN sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Ba%27athification" title="De-Ba'athification">De-Ba'athification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Committee_to_Help_Iraq" title="Syrian Committee to Help Iraq">Syrian Committee to Help Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963</a> / <a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup d'états</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_invasion_of_Jordan" title="Syrian invasion of Jordan">Syrian invasion of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_intervention_in_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War">Intervention in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">Fall of the Assad regime</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Regional_branches" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Regional organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;text-align:center;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Algeria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_of_Algeria" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Algeria">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Algeria" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Bahrain</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Assembly" title="Nationalist Democratic Assembly">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Bahrain" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Egypt_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Egypt Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Egypt" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iraq</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Iraq" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Jordan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Jordanian Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Ba%27ath_Progressive_Party" title="Arab Ba'ath Progressive Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kuwait</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Kuwait" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Lebanon</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Arab_Lebanon_Vanguard_Party" title="Socialist Arab Lebanon Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Lebanon_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Libya</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Libyan Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party">pro-Iraq</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Mauritania</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_Party" title="National Vanguard Party">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Socialist Democratic Unionist Party">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Palestine</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Sudan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Organization_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Organization of Sudan">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Syria</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)#Syria" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Tunisia</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Ba%27ath_Movement" title="Tunisian Ba'ath Movement">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)#Tunisia" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Yemen</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="National Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Yemen Region">pro-Syria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ba%27athist_movements#Splinter-groups" title="List of Ba'athist movements">Splinter groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Revolutionary_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Revolutionary Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1960–1962/63</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Lebanon" title="Socialist Lebanon">Socialist Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1965–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolutionary_Workers_Party" title="Arab Revolutionary Workers Party">Arab Revolutionary Workers Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1966–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Arab_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party">Democratic Socialist Arab Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1970–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Ba%27ath_Party" title="Sudanese Ba'ath Party">Sudanese Ba'ath Party</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">2002–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Armed groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awda_(guerrilla_organization)" title="Al-Awda (guerrilla organization)">Al-Awda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Abud_Network" title="Al-Abud Network">Al-Abud Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeish_Muhammad" title="Jeish Muhammad">Jeish Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejectionists" title="Rejectionists">Rejectionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Party" title="Snake Party">Snake Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Command_for_Jihad_and_Liberation" title="Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation">Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order" title="Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order">Naqshbandi Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Military_Council_for_Iraqi_Revolutionaries" title="General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries">General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Iraqi_Army" title="Free Iraqi Army">Free Iraqi Army</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadist%E2%80%93Saddamist_conflict" title="Assadist–Saddamist conflict">Assadist–Saddamist conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B8%A5da,_%E1%B8%A4urriyya,_Ishtir%C4%81kiyya" title="Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya">Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ba%27athism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ba'athism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #017B48"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#CE1126;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png/75px-Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png/113px-Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png/150px-Saddam_Hussein_in_1998.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1188" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#CE1126;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein#Early_life_and_education" title="Saddam Hussein">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddamism" title="Saddamism">Saddamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Family of Saddam Hussein">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Hussein" title="Uday Hussein">Uday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghad_Hussein" title="Raghad Hussein">Raghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Hussein" title="Rana Hussein">Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajida_Talfah" title="Sajida Talfah">Sajida Talfah</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Affiliations</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Iraq-based Ba'ath Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Revolutionary Command Council</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Political offices</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President of Iraq</a> (1979–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> (1979–1991, 1994–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iraq" title="Vice President of Iraq">Vice President of Iraq</a> (1968–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_(Iraq)" title="Revolutionary Command Council (Iraq)">Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council</a> (1979–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Command_of_the_Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Regional Secretary of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party</a> (1964–1966, 1979–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">Secretary General of the Iraqi Ba'ath Party</a> (1992–2006)</li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Rise to power</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Algiers_Agreement" title="1975 Algiers Agreement">1975 Algiers Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran" title="Iraqi invasion of Iran">Iraqi invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dujail_massacre" title="Dujail massacre">Dujail massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja_massacre" title="Halabja massacre">Halabja massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel" title="1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel">missile attacks on Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_ballistic_missile_attacks_on_Saudi_Arabia" title="Iraqi ballistic missile attacks on Saudi Arabia">missile attacks on U.S. bases in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(2003)" title="Battle of Baghdad (2003)">Battle of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firdos_Square_statue_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Firdos Square statue destruction">Firdos Square statue destruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Human rights record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Al-Qaeda link allegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Timeline of Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Nuclear weapon program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Desposition</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Interrogation of Saddam Hussein">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein">Reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Elections and referendums</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Iraqi_presidential_referendum" title="1995 Iraqi presidential referendum">1995 Iraqi presidential referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Iraqi_presidential_referendum" title="2002 Iraqi presidential referendum">2002 Iraqi presidential referendum</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_novels" title="Saddam Hussein's novels">Novels</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Quran" title="Blood Quran">Blood Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabibah_and_the_King" title="Zabibah and the King">Zabibah and the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fortified_Castle" title="The Fortified Castle">The Fortified Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_and_the_City" title="Men and the City">Men and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begone,_Demons" title="Begone, Demons">Begone, Demons</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein's signature"><img alt="Saddam Hussein's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg/120px-Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg/180px-Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg/240px-Signature_of_Saddam_Hussein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="261" /></a></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="767" /></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saddam_Hussein_series" title="Template:Saddam Hussein series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Saddam_Hussein_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Saddam Hussein series (page does not exist)"><abbr 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/75px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/113px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="1634" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of things named after George H. W. Bush">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of awards and honors received by George H. W. Bush">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_%26_Public_Service" title="Bush School of Government & Public Service">Bush School of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Points_of_Light" title="Points of Light">Points of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">43rd Vice President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">first inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Second inauguration of Ronald Reagan">second inauguration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">Reagan assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">Foreign policy</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Vice presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1980 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1984 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">41st President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">Thousand points of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Operation Restore Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">Pardons</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Policies</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_George_H._W._Bush_Administration_(1989–1993)" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Foreign</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Appointments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">Federal judges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Thomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1980_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">"No new taxes"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1988 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush's signature"><img alt="George H. W. Bush's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg/150px-George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg/225px-George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg/300px-George_HW_Bush_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="132" /></a></div> <img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_H._W._Bush_series" title="Template:George H. W. Bush series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_H._W._Bush_series" title="Template talk:George H. W. Bush series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_H._W._Bush_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George H. W. Bush series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Gulf War was an armed conflict between <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">42-country coalition</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The coalition's efforts against Iraq were carried out in two key phases: Operation Desert Shield, which marked the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991; and Operation Desert Storm, which began with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign" title="Gulf War air campaign">aerial bombing campaign against Iraq</a> on 17 January 1991 and came to a close with the American-led <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign" title="Liberation of Kuwait campaign">liberation of Kuwait</a> on 28 February 1991. On 2 August 1990, Iraq, governed by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">invaded</a> neighboring <a href="/wiki/State_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and fully occupied the country within two days. The invasion was primarily over disputes regarding Kuwait's alleged <a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">slant drilling</a> in Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field" title="Rumaila oil field">Rumaila oil field</a>, as well as to cancel Iraq's large debt to Kuwait from the recently ended <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran-Iraq War</a>. After Iraq briefly occupied Kuwait under a rump puppet government known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Republic of Kuwait</a>, it split Kuwait's sovereign territory into the <a href="/wiki/Saddamiyat_al-Mitla%27_District" title="Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District">Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District</a> in the north, which was absorbed into Iraq's existing <a href="/wiki/Basra_Governorate" title="Basra Governorate">Basra Governorate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Governorate" title="Kuwait Governorate">Kuwait Governorate</a> in the south, which became Iraq's 19th governorate. The invasion of Kuwait was met with immediate international condemnation, including the adoption of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_660" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 660">UN Security Council Resolution 660</a>, which demanded Iraq's immediate withdrawal from Kuwait, and the imposition of comprehensive <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iraq" title="International sanctions against Iraq">international sanctions against Iraq</a> with the adoption of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_661" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 661">UN Security Council Resolution 661</a>. British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and U.S. president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> deployed troops and equipment into <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and urged other countries to send their own forces. Many countries joined the American-led coalition forming the largest military alliance since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The bulk of the coalition's military power was from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> as the largest lead-up contributors, in that order. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_678" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 678">United Nations Security Council Resolution 678</a>, adopted on 29 November 1990, gave Iraq an ultimatum, expiring on 15 January 1991, to implement Resolution 660 and withdraw from Kuwait, with member-states empowered to use "all necessary means" to force Iraq's compliance. Initial efforts to dislodge the Iraqis from Kuwait began with aerial and naval bombardment of Iraq on 17 January, which continued for five weeks. As the Iraqi military struggled against the coalition attacks, <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel" title="1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel">Iraq fired missiles at Israel</a> to provoke an Israeli military response, with the expectation that such a response would lead to the withdrawal of several Muslim-majority countries from the coalition. The provocation was unsuccessful; Israel did not retaliate and Iraq continued to remain at odds with most Muslim-majority countries. <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_ballistic_missile_attacks_on_Saudi_Arabia" title="Iraqi ballistic missile attacks on Saudi Arabia">Iraqi missile barrages against coalition targets in Saudi Arabia</a> were also largely unsuccessful, and on 24 February 1991, the coalition launched a major ground assault into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait. The offensive was a decisive victory for the coalition, who liberated Kuwait and promptly began to advance past the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Iraq–Kuwait border</a> into Iraqi territory. A hundred hours after the beginning of the ground campaign, the coalition ceased its advance into Iraq and declared a ceasefire. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and areas straddling the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_border" title="Iraq–Saudi Arabia border">Iraq–Saudi Arabia border</a>. The conflict marked the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the American network <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. It has also earned the nickname Video Game War, after the daily broadcast of images from cameras onboard American military aircraft during Operation Desert Storm. The Gulf War has also gained fame for some of the largest tank battles in <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">American military history</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_Ridge" title="Battle of Medina Ridge">Battle of Medina Ridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norfolk" title="Battle of Norfolk">Battle of Norfolk</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_73_Easting" title="Battle of 73 Easting">Battle of 73 Easting</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> The war is also known under other names, such as the Second Gulf War (not to be confused with the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, also referred to as such<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>), Persian Gulf War, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War<a href="#cite_note-FrontlineCron-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfr.org-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-numbering-32">[b]</a> before the term "Iraq War" became identified with the 2003 Iraq War (also known in the US as "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Iraqi Freedom">Operation Iraqi Freedom</a>").<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The war was named Umm al-Ma'arik ("mother of all battles") by Iraqi officials.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/US_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="US invasion of Iraq">US invasion of Iraq</a> in 2003, the Gulf War of 1990–1991 is often known as the "First Iraq War".<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself: Gulf War and Persian Gulf War are the most common terms for the conflict used within <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western countries</a>, though it may also be called the First Gulf War (to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> and the subsequent Iraq War). Some authors have called it the Second Gulf War to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign" title="Liberation of Kuwait campaign">Liberation of Kuwait</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: تحرير الكويت) (taḥrīr al-kuwayt) is the term used by Kuwait and most of the coalition's Arab states, including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Egypt, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. Terms in other languages include <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: la Guerre du Golfe and Guerre du Koweït (War of Kuwait); <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Golfkrieg (Gulf War) and Zweiter Golfkrieg (Second Gulf War).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_names">Operational names</h3></div> Most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the war's operational phases. These are sometimes incorrectly used as the conflict's overall name, especially the US Desert Storm: <ul><li>Operation Desert Shield was the US operational name for the US buildup of forces and Saudi Arabia's defense from 2 August 1990 to 16 January 1991[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the <a href="/wiki/AirLand_Battle" title="AirLand Battle">airland conflict</a> from 17 January 1991 through 28 February 1991<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <ul><li>Operation Desert Sabre (early name Operation Desert Sword) was the US name for the air and land offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations (the "100-hour war") from 24 to 28 February 1991, in itself, part of Operation Desert Storm[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Farewell" title="Operation Desert Farewell">Operation Desert Farewell</a> was the name given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwait's liberation, sometimes referred to as Operation Desert Calm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operativo_Alfil" title="Operativo Alfil">Operativo Alfil</a> was the Argentine name for Argentine military activities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Daguet" title="Opération Daguet">Opération Daguet</a> was the French name for French military activities in the conflict</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">Operation Friction</a> was the name of the Canadian operations<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Granby" title="Operation Granby">Operation Granby</a> was the British name for British military activities during the operations and conflict<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operazione_Locusta" title="Operazione Locusta">Operazione Locusta</a> (Italian for <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">Locust</a>) was the Italian name for the operations and conflict</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_names">Campaign names</h3></div> The US divided the conflict into three major campaigns: <ul><li>Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990, through 16 January 1991[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Liberation and Defense of Kuwait for the period 17 January 1991, through 11 April 1991[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Southwest Asia Cease-Fire for the period 12 April 1991, through 30 November 1995, including <a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">Operation Provide Comfort</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rationale_for_the_Gulf_War" title="Rationale for the Gulf War">Rationale for the Gulf War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iraq–Kuwait relations">Iraq–Kuwait relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq–United States relations</a></div> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Iraq had been an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and there was a history of friction between Iraq and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> The US was concerned with Iraq's position on Israeli–<a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> politics. The US also disliked Iraqi support for <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">Palestinian militant</a> groups, which led to Iraq's inclusion on the developing US list of <a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsors of Terrorism</a> in December 1979.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saddam_rumsfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Saddam_rumsfeld.jpg/220px-Saddam_rumsfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Saddam_rumsfeld.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>, US special envoy to the Middle East, meets <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> on 19–20 December 1983.</figcaption></figure> The US remained officially neutral after Iraq's invasion of Iran in 1980, which became the Iran–Iraq War, although it provided resources, political support, and some "non-military" aircraft to Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-stork-42">[40]</a> In March 1982, Iran began a successful <a href="/wiki/Counteroffensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counteroffensive">counteroffensive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Undeniable_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Undeniable Victory">Operation Undeniable Victory</a>), and the US <a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" class="mw-redirect" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war">increased its support for Iraq</a> to prevent Iran from forcing a surrender. In a US bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the US list of State Sponsors of Terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Ostensibly, this was because of improvement in the regime's record, although former US Assistant Defense Secretary Noel Koch later stated: "No one had any doubts about [the Iraqis'] continued involvement in <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">terrorism</a> ... The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran."<a href="#cite_note-Borer-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> With Iraq's newfound success in the war, and the Iranian rebuff of a peace offer in July, <a href="/wiki/International_aid_to_combatants_in_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="International aid to combatants in the Iran–Iraq War">arms sales to Iraq</a> reached a record spike in 1982. When Iraqi President <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> expelled <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal" title="Abu Nidal">Abu Nidal</a> to Syria at the US's request in November 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> to meet Saddam as a special envoy and to cultivate ties. By the time the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War#1987–88:_Towards_a_ceasefire" title="Iran–Iraq War">ceasefire with Iran</a> was signed in August 1988, Iraq was heavily debt-ridden and tensions within society were rising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004333-46">[44]</a> Most of its <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">debt</a> was owed to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004341–342-47">[45]</a> Iraq's debts to Kuwait amounted to $14 billion.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Iraq pressured both nations to forgive the debts, but they refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004341–342-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-airCombatInformationGroup2-49">[47]</a> The Iraq–Kuwait border dispute involved Iraqi claims to Kuwaiti territory.<a href="#cite_note-stork-42">[40]</a> Kuwait had been a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">province of Basra</a>, something that Iraq claimed made Kuwait rightful Iraqi territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004343–344-50">[48]</a> Kuwait's ruling dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sabah" title="House of Sabah">al-Sabah family</a>, had concluded a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for Kuwait's foreign affairs to the United Kingdom. The UK drew the border between Kuwait and Iraq in 1922, making Iraq almost entirely landlocked.<a href="#cite_note-stork-42">[40]</a> Kuwait rejected Iraqi attempts to secure further provisions in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004343–344-50">[48]</a> Iraq also accused Kuwait of exceeding its <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> quotas for oil production.<a href="#cite_note-OPEC2-51">[49]</a> In order for the cartel to maintain its desired price of $18 per barrel, discipline was required. The United Arab Emirates and Kuwait were consistently overproducing; the latter at least in part to repair losses caused by Iranian attacks in the Iran–Iraq War and to pay for the losses of an economic scandal. The result was a slump in the oil price – as low as $10 per barrel ($63/m3) – with a resulting loss of $7 billion a year to Iraq, equal to its 1989 <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a> deficit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004339–340-52">[50]</a> Resulting revenues struggled to support the government's basic costs, let alone repair Iraq's damaged infrastructure. <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and Iraq both looked for more discipline, with little success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004341-53">[51]</a> The Iraqi government described it as a form of economic warfare,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004341-53">[51]</a> which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwait <a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">slant-drilling</a> across the border into Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Rumaila_oil_field" title="Rumaila oil field">Rumaila oil field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> According to oil workers in the area, Iraq's slant drilling claim was fabricated, as "oil flows easily from the Rumaila field without any need for these techniques."<a href="#cite_note-hayes-55">[53]</a> At the same time, Saddam looked for closer ties with those Arab states that had supported Iraq in the war. This move was supported by the US, who believed that Iraqi ties with pro-Western Gulf states would help bring and maintain Iraq inside the US' sphere of influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004334-56">[54]</a> In 1989, it appeared that <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iraq–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi–Iraqi relations</a>, strong during the war, would be maintained. A pact of non-interference and non-aggression was signed between the countries, followed by a Kuwaiti-Iraqi deal for Iraq to supply Kuwait with water for drinking and irrigation, although a request for Kuwait to lease Iraq <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a> was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004334-56">[54]</a> Saudi-backed development projects were hampered by Iraq's large debts, even with the <a href="/wiki/Demobilization" title="Demobilization">demobilization</a> of 200,000 soldiers. Iraq also looked to increase arms production so as to become an exporter, although the success of these projects was also restrained by Iraq's obligations; in Iraq, resentment to OPEC's controls mounted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004335-57">[55]</a> Iraq's relations with its Arab neighbors, particularly Egypt, were degraded by mounting violence in Iraq against expatriate groups, who were well-employed during the war, by unemployed Iraqis, among them demobilized soldiers. These events drew little notice outside the Arab world because of fast-moving events directly related to the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe. However, the US did begin to condemn Iraq's human rights record, including the well-known use of torture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004336-58">[56]</a> The UK also condemned the execution of <a href="/wiki/Farzad_Bazoft" title="Farzad Bazoft">Farzad Bazoft</a>, a journalist working for the British newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stork-42">[40]</a> Following Saddam's declaration that "binary chemical weapons" would be used on Israel if it used military force against Iraq, Washington halted part of its funding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004337–338-59">[57]</a> A UN mission to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a>, where riots had resulted in Palestinian deaths, was <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">vetoed</a> by the US, making Iraq deeply skeptical of US foreign policy aims in the region, combined with the reliance of the US on Middle Eastern energy reserves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004338-60">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ku-map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ku-map.gif/220px-Ku-map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ku-map.gif/330px-Ku-map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Ku-map.gif 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Map of Kuwait</figcaption></figure> In early July 1990, Iraq complained about Kuwait's behavior, such as not respecting their quota, and openly threatened to take military action. On the 23rd, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> reported that Iraq had moved 30,000 troops to the Iraq-Kuwait border, and the US naval fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> was placed on alert. Saddam believed an anti-Iraq conspiracy was developing – Kuwait had begun talks with Iran, and Iraq's rival Syria had arranged a visit to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004343-61">[59]</a> On 15 July 1990, Saddam's government laid out its combined objections to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, including that policy moves were costing Iraq $1 billion a year, that Kuwait was still using the Rumaila oil field, and that loans made by the UAE and Kuwait could not be considered debts to its "Arab brothers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004343-61">[59]</a> He threatened force against Kuwait and the UAE, saying: "The policies of some Arab rulers are American ... They are inspired by America to undermine Arab interests and security."<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The US sent <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refuelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial refuelling">aerial refuelling</a> planes and combat ships to the Persian Gulf in response to these threats.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Discussions in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, Saudi Arabia, mediated on the Arab League's behalf by Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>, were held on 31 July and led Mubarak to believe that a peaceful course could be established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan200325–26-64">[62]</a> During Saddam Hussein's 2003–2004 interrogation following his capture he claimed that in addition to economic disputes, an insulting exchange between the Kuwaiti <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah">Al Sabah</a> and the Iraqi foreign minister – during which the emir stated his intention to turn "every Iraqi woman into a $10 prostitute" by bankrupting the country – was a decisive factor in triggering the Iraqi invasion.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> On the 25th, Saddam met with <a href="/wiki/April_Glaspie" title="April Glaspie">April Glaspie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Iraq">US Ambassador to Iraq</a>, in Baghdad. The Iraqi leader attacked American policy with regards to Kuwait and the UAE: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">So what can it mean when America says it will now protect its friends? It can only mean prejudice against Iraq. This stance plus maneuvers and statements which have been made has encouraged the UAE and Kuwait to disregard Iraqi rights ... If you use pressure, we will deploy pressure and force. We know that you can harm us although we do not threaten you. But we too can harm you. Everyone can cause harm according to their ability and their size. We cannot come all the way to you in the United States, but individual Arabs may reach you ... We do not place America among the enemies. We place it where we want our friends to be and we try to be friends. But repeated American statements last year made it apparent that America did not regard us as friends.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-66">[64]</a></blockquote> Glaspie replied: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I know you need funds. We understand that and our opinion is that you should have the opportunity to rebuild your country. But we have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait ... Frankly, we can only see that you have deployed massive troops in the south. Normally that would not be any of our business. But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day, then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister, then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the UAE and Kuwait is, in the final analysis, parallel to military aggression against Iraq, then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-66">[64]</a></blockquote> Saddam stated that he would attempt last-ditch negotiations with the Kuwaitis but Iraq "would not accept death."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-66">[64]</a> According to Glaspie's own account, she stated in reference to the precise border between Kuwait and Iraq, "... that she had served in Kuwait 20 years before; 'then, as now, we took no position on these Arab affairs'."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Glaspie similarly believed that war was not imminent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan200325–26-64">[62]</a> On 26 July 1990, only a few days before the Iraqi invasion, OPEC officials said that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had agreed to a proposal to limit their oil output to 1.5 million barrels (240,000 m3) per day, "down from the nearly 2 million barrels a day they had each been pumping," thus potentially settling differences over oil policy between Kuwait and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-NY-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion_of_Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_T-72_tanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Iraqi_T-72_tanks.jpg/220px-Iraqi_T-72_tanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Iraqi_T-72_tanks.jpg/330px-Iraqi_T-72_tanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Iraqi_T-72_tanks.jpg/440px-Iraqi_T-72_tanks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion of Babylon (tank)">Lion of Babylon</a> main battle tanks, common Iraqi battle tank used in the Gulf War by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Iraqi Army</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Kuwait" title="Iraqi invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi invasion of Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gulf_War_(1990%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of the Gulf War (1990–1991)">Timeline of the Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></div> The result of the Jeddah talks was an Iraqi demand for $10 billion<a href="#cite_note-AFPS_Timeline-68">[66]</a> to cover the lost revenues from Rumaila; Kuwait offered $500 million.<a href="#cite_note-AFPS_Timeline-68">[66]</a> The Iraqi response was to immediately order an invasion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan200326-69">[67]</a> which started on 2 August 1990<a href="#cite_note-s21423-70">[68]</a> with the bombing of Kuwait's capital, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>. Before the invasion, the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Kuwait">Kuwaiti military</a> was believed to have numbered 16,000 men, arranged into three armored, one mechanized infantry and one under-strength artillery brigade.<a href="#cite_note-loccs-71">[69]</a> The pre-war strength of the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Air_Force" title="Kuwait Air Force">Kuwait Air Force</a> was around 2,200 Kuwaiti personnel, with 80 fixed-wing aircraft and 40 helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-loccs-71">[69]</a> In spite of Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Saber_rattling" title="Saber rattling">saber rattling</a>, Kuwait did not mobilize its force; the army had been stood-down on 19 July,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan200325-72">[70]</a> and during the Iraqi invasion many Kuwaiti military personnel were on leave.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 1988, at the end of the Iran–Iraq war, the Iraqi Army was the world's fourth largest army, consisting of 955,000 standing soldiers and 650,000 paramilitary forces in the Popular Army. According to John Childs and André Corvisier, a low estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding 4,500 tanks, 484 combat aircraft and 232 combat helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-MilSize-73">[71]</a> According to Michael Knights, a high estimate shows the Iraqi Army capable of fielding one million troops and 850,000 reservists, 5,500 tanks, 3,000 artillery pieces, 700 combat aircraft and helicopters; it held 53 divisions, 20 special-forces brigades, and several regional militias, and had a strong air defense.<a href="#cite_note-Knights-2005-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuwaiti_main_battle_tanks.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kuwaiti_main_battle_tanks.JPEG/220px-Kuwaiti_main_battle_tanks.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kuwaiti_main_battle_tanks.JPEG/330px-Kuwaiti_main_battle_tanks.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kuwaiti_main_battle_tanks.JPEG/440px-Kuwaiti_main_battle_tanks.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Kuwaiti Armed Forces <a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a> <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a></figcaption></figure> Iraqi commandos infiltrated the Kuwaiti border first to prepare for the major units, which began the attack at midnight. The Iraqi attack had two prongs, with the primary attack force driving south straight for Kuwait City down the main highway, and a supporting attack force entering Kuwait farther west, but then turning and driving east, cutting off Kuwait City from the country's southern half. The commander of a Kuwaiti armored battalion, 35th Armoured <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a>, deployed them against the Iraqi attack and conducted a robust defense at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridges" title="Battle of the Bridges">Battle of the Bridges</a> near <a href="/wiki/Al_Jahra" title="Al Jahra">Al Jahra</a>, west of Kuwait City.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Kuwaiti aircraft <a href="/wiki/Scrambling_(military)" title="Scrambling (military)">scrambled</a> to meet the invading force, but approximately 20% were lost or captured. A few combat sorties were flown against Iraqi ground forces.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> The main Iraqi thrust into Kuwait City was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commandos</a> deployed by helicopters and boats to attack the city from the sea, while other divisions seized the airports and two <a href="/wiki/Airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbase">airbases</a>. The Iraqis <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dasman_Palace" title="Battle of Dasman Palace">attacked the Dasman Palace</a>, the Royal Residence of <a href="/wiki/List_of_emirs_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="List of emirs of Kuwait">Kuwait's Emir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a>, which was defended by the Emiri Guard supported with <a href="/wiki/M-84" title="M-84">M-84</a> tanks. In the process, the Iraqis killed <a href="/wiki/Fahad_Al-Ahmed_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a>, the Emir's youngest brother.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Within 12 hours, most resistance had ended within Kuwait, and the royal family had fled, allowing Iraq to control most of Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan200326-69">[67]</a> After two days of intense combat, most of the Kuwaiti military were either overrun by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republican_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republican Guard">Iraqi Republican Guard</a>, or had escaped to Saudi Arabia. The Emir and key ministers fled south along the highway for refuge in Saudi Arabia. Iraqi ground forces consolidated their control of Kuwait City, then headed south and redeployed along the Saudi border. After the decisive Iraqi victory, Saddam initially installed a puppet regime known as the "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Provisional Government of Free Kuwait</a>" before installing his cousin <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid" title="Ali Hassan al-Majid">Ali Hassan al-Majid</a> as Kuwait's governor on 8 August.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Model_214ST_SuperTransport_helicopter,_1991.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Iraqi_Model_214ST_SuperTransport_helicopter%2C_1991.JPEG/220px-Iraqi_Model_214ST_SuperTransport_helicopter%2C_1991.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Iraqi_Model_214ST_SuperTransport_helicopter%2C_1991.JPEG/330px-Iraqi_Model_214ST_SuperTransport_helicopter%2C_1991.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Iraqi_Model_214ST_SuperTransport_helicopter%2C_1991.JPEG/440px-Iraqi_Model_214ST_SuperTransport_helicopter%2C_1991.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force" title="Iraqi Air Force">Iraqi Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_214ST" title="Bell 214ST">Bell 214ST</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">transport helicopter</a>, after being captured by a US Marine Corps unit at the start of the ground phase of Operation Desert Storm</figcaption></figure> After the invasion, the Iraqi military looted over $1 billion in banknotes from Kuwait's Central Bank.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> At the same time, Saddam Hussein made the Kuwaiti dinar equal to the Iraqi dinar, thereby lowering the Kuwaiti currency to one-twelfth of its original value. In response, Sheikh Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah ruled the banknotes as invalid and refused to reimburse stolen notes, which became worthless because of a UN embargo. After the conflict ended, many of the stolen banknotes made their way back into circulation. The stolen banknotes are a collectible for <a href="/wiki/Numismatist" title="Numismatist">numismatists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuwaiti_resistance_movement">Kuwaiti resistance movement</h3></div> Kuwaitis founded a local armed resistance movement following the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-sh-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwaiti_Resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwaiti Resistance (page does not exist)">Kuwaiti resistance's</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:المقاومة الكويتية">ar</a>] casualty rate far exceeded that of the coalition military forces and Western hostages.<a href="#cite_note-resist-81">[79]</a> The resistance predominantly consisted of ordinary citizens who lacked any form of training and supervision.<a href="#cite_note-resist-81">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Run-up_to_the_war">Run-up to the war</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_means">Diplomatic means</h3></div> A key element of US political, military and energy economic planning occurred in early 1984. The Iran–Iraq war had been going on for five years by that time and both sides sustained significant casualties, reaching into the hundreds of thousands. Within President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Council (United States)">National Security Council</a> concern was growing that the war could spread beyond the boundaries of the two belligerents. A National Security Planning Group meeting was formed, chaired by then Vice President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, to review US options. It was determined that the conflict would likely spread into Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf states, but that the United States had little capability to defend the region. Furthermore, it was determined that a prolonged war in the region would induce much higher oil prices and threaten the fragile recovery of the world economy, which was just beginning to gain momentum. On 22 May 1984, President Reagan was briefed on the project conclusions in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Flynn_Martin" title="William Flynn Martin">William Flynn Martin</a> who had served as the head of the NSC staff that organized the study. (The full declassified presentation can be seen here:<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a>) The conclusions were threefold: first, oil stocks needed to be increased among members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> and, if necessary, released early if the oil market was disrupted; second, the United States needed to beef up the security of friendly Arab states in the region; and third, an embargo should be placed on sales of military equipment to Iran and Iraq. The plan was approved by President Reagan and later affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> leaders headed by the United Kingdom's Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/10th_G7_summit" title="10th G7 summit">London Summit of 1984</a>. The plan was implemented and became the basis for US preparedness to respond to the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1991.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_troops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bush_troops.jpg/220px-Bush_troops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bush_troops.jpg/330px-Bush_troops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bush_troops.jpg/440px-Bush_troops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption>President Bush visiting American troops in Saudi Arabia on Thanksgiving Day, 1990</figcaption></figure> Within hours of the invasion, Kuwait and US delegations requested a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a>, which passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_660" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 660">Resolution 660</a>, condemning the invasion and demanding a withdrawal of Iraqi troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan200329-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-s21425-84">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-UN-85">[83]</a> On 3 August 1990, the Arab League passed its own resolution, which called for a solution to the conflict from within the league, and warned against outside intervention. Iraq and Libya were the only two Arab League states that opposed the resolution for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait; the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestinian Liberation Organization</a> (PLO)<a href="#cite_note-86">[c]</a> opposed it as well.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The Arab states of Yemen and Jordan – a Western ally which bordered Iraq and relied on the country for economic support<a href="#cite_note-lkjomzvc-88">[85]</a> – opposed military intervention from non-Arab states.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Separately, Sudan, also an Arab League member, aligned itself with Saddam.<a href="#cite_note-lkjomzvc-88">[85]</a> On 6 August, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_661" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 661">Resolution 661</a> placed <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> on Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-UN2-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan200329-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_665" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 665">Resolution 665</a><a href="#cite_note-UN-85">[83]</a> followed soon after, which authorized a <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade">naval blockade</a> to enforce the sanctions. It said the "use of measures commensurate to the specific circumstances as may be necessary ... to halt all inward and outward maritime shipping in order to inspect and verify their cargoes and destinations and to ensure strict implementation of resolution 661."<a href="#cite_note-UN3-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> The US administration had at first been indecisive with an "undertone ... of resignation to the invasion and even adaptation to it as a fait accompli" until the UK's prime minister Margaret Thatcher<a href="#cite_note-margaretthatcher.org-94">[91]</a> played a powerful role, reminding the President that appeasement in the 1930s had led to war, that Saddam would have the whole Gulf at his mercy along with 65 percent of the world's oil supply, and famously urging President Bush "not to go wobbly".<a href="#cite_note-margaretthatcher.org-94">[91]</a> Once persuaded, US officials insisted on a total Iraqi pullout from Kuwait, without any linkage to other Middle Eastern problems, accepting the British view that any concessions would strengthen Iraqi influence in the region for years to come.<a href="#cite_note-hard_line-95">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weapons_training_at_Abu_Hydra_Range_during_Operation_Desert_Shield_DM-ST-91-12003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Weapons_training_at_Abu_Hydra_Range_during_Operation_Desert_Shield_DM-ST-91-12003.jpg/220px-Weapons_training_at_Abu_Hydra_Range_during_Operation_Desert_Shield_DM-ST-91-12003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Weapons_training_at_Abu_Hydra_Range_during_Operation_Desert_Shield_DM-ST-91-12003.jpg/330px-Weapons_training_at_Abu_Hydra_Range_during_Operation_Desert_Shield_DM-ST-91-12003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Weapons_training_at_Abu_Hydra_Range_during_Operation_Desert_Shield_DM-ST-91-12003.jpg/440px-Weapons_training_at_Abu_Hydra_Range_during_Operation_Desert_Shield_DM-ST-91-12003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Weapons training at Abu Hydra Range, 1990</figcaption></figure> On 12 August 1990, Saddam "propose[d] that all cases of occupation, and those cases that have been portrayed as occupation, in the region, be resolved simultaneously". Specifically, he called for Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in Palestine, Syria, and Lebanon, Syria to withdraw from Lebanon, and "mutual withdrawals by Iraq and Iran and arrangement for the situation in Kuwait." He also called for a replacement of US troops that mobilized in Saudi Arabia in response to Kuwait's invasion with "an Arab force", as long as that force did not involve Egypt. Additionally, he requested an "immediate freeze of all boycott and siege decisions" and a general normalization of relations with Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> From the beginning of the crisis, President Bush was strongly opposed to any "linkage" between Iraq's occupation of Kuwait and the Palestinian issue.<a href="#cite_note-sam-97">[94]</a> On 23 August, Saddam appeared on state television with Western hostages to whom he had refused exit visas. In the video, he asks a young British boy, Stuart Lockwood, whether he is getting his milk, and goes on to say, through his interpreter, "We hope your presence as guests here will not be for too long. Your presence here, and in other places, is meant to prevent the scourge of war."<a href="#cite_note-BBCOTD-98">[95]</a> Another Iraqi proposal communicated in August 1990 was delivered to US <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a> by an unidentified Iraqi official. The official communicated to the White House that Iraq would "withdraw from Kuwait and allow foreigners to leave" provided that the UN lifted sanctions, allowed "guaranteed access to the Persian Gulf through the Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah", and allowed Iraq to "gain full control of the Rumaila oil field that extends slightly into Kuwaiti territory". The proposal also "include[d] offers to negotiate an oil agreement with the United States 'satisfactory to both nations' national security interests,' develop a joint plan 'to alleviate Iraq's economical and financial problems' and 'jointly work on the stability of the gulf.'"<a href="#cite_note-Secret_Offer-99">[96]</a> On 29 November 1990, the Security Council passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_678" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 678">Resolution 678</a>, which gave Iraq until 15 January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait, and empowered states to use "all necessary means" to force Iraq out of Kuwait after the deadline.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stinger_Crew_Operation_Desert_Shield_--_1_April_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stinger_Crew_Operation_Desert_Shield_--_1_April_1992.jpg/220px-Stinger_Crew_Operation_Desert_Shield_--_1_April_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stinger_Crew_Operation_Desert_Shield_--_1_April_1992.jpg/330px-Stinger_Crew_Operation_Desert_Shield_--_1_April_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stinger_Crew_Operation_Desert_Shield_--_1_April_1992.jpg/440px-Stinger_Crew_Operation_Desert_Shield_--_1_April_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>US Army soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/11th_Air_Defense_Artillery_Brigade_(United_States)" title="11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)">11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade</a> during the Gulf War</figcaption></figure> In December 1990, Iraq made a proposal to withdraw from Kuwait provided that foreign troops left the region and that an agreement was reached regarding the Palestinian problem and the dismantlement of both Israel's and Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>. The White House rejected the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> The PLO's <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> expressed that neither he nor Saddam insisted that solving the Israel–Palestine issues should be a precondition to solving the issues in Kuwait, though he did acknowledge a "strong link" between these problems.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Ultimately, the US and UK stuck to their position that there would be no negotiations until Iraq withdrew from Kuwait and that they should not grant Iraq concessions, lest they give the impression that Iraq benefited from its military campaign.<a href="#cite_note-hard_line-95">[92]</a> Also, when US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> met with <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Aziz" title="Tariq Aziz">Tariq Aziz</a> in Geneva, Switzerland, for last minute peace talks in early 1991, Aziz reportedly made no concrete proposals and did not outline any hypothetical Iraqi moves.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> On 14 January 1991, France proposed that the UN Security Council call for "a rapid and massive withdrawal" from Kuwait along with a statement to Iraq that Council members would bring their "active contribution" to a settlement of the region's other problems, "in particular, of the Arab–Israeli conflict and in particular to the Palestinian problem by convening, at an appropriate moment, an international conference" to assure "the security, stability and development of this region of the world." The French proposal was supported by Belgium (at the moment one of the rotating Council members), Germany, Spain, Italy, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and several non-aligned states. The US, the UK, and the Soviet Union rejected it; US Ambassador to the UN <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Pickering" title="Thomas R. Pickering">Thomas Pickering</a> stated that the French proposal was unacceptable, because it went beyond previous Council resolutions on the Iraqi invasion.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> France dropped this proposal when it found "no tangible sign of interest" from Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_means">Military means</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Operation Desert Shield" redirects here. For the 2006 operation by the Iraqi insurgency, see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield_(2006)" title="Operation Desert Shield (2006)">Operation Desert Shield (2006)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiple_F-15E_parked_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Multiple_F-15E_parked_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg/220px-Multiple_F-15E_parked_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Multiple_F-15E_parked_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg/330px-Multiple_F-15E_parked_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Multiple_F-15E_parked_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg/440px-Multiple_F-15E_parked_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption>American F-15Es parked in Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Shield</figcaption></figure> One of the main concerns in the Western world was the significant threat Iraq posed to Saudi Arabia. Following Kuwait's conquest, the Iraqi Army was within easy striking distance of Saudi <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a>. Control of these fields, along with Kuwaiti and Iraqi reserves, would have given Saddam control over the majority of the world's oil reserves. Iraq also had a number of grievances with Saudi Arabia. The Saudis had lent Iraq 26 billion dollars during its war with Iran. The Saudis had backed Iraq in that war, as they feared the influence of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> Iran's <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic revolution</a> on its own Shia minority. After the war, Saddam felt he should not have to repay the loans due to the help he had given the Saudis by fighting Iran.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Soon after his conquest of Kuwait, Saddam began verbally attacking the Saudis. He argued that the US-supported Saudi state was an illegitimate and unworthy guardian of the holy cities of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. He combined the language of the <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> groups that had recently fought in Afghanistan with the rhetoric Iran had long used to attack the Saudis.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> Acting on the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a> policy, and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, US President George H. W. Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a "wholly defensive" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia, under the codename Operation Desert Shield. The operation began on 7 August 1990, when US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia, due also to the request of its monarch, <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fahd">King Fahd</a>, who had earlier called for US military assistance.<a href="#cite_note-AFPS_Timeline-68">[66]</a> This "wholly defensive" doctrine was quickly abandoned when, on 8 August, Iraq declared Kuwait to be Iraq's 19th province and Saddam named his cousin, Ali Hassan Al-Majid, as its military-governor.<a href="#cite_note-AFPS15years-108">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M3_Bradley_Operation_Desert_Shield.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/M3_Bradley_Operation_Desert_Shield.JPEG/220px-M3_Bradley_Operation_Desert_Shield.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/M3_Bradley_Operation_Desert_Shield.JPEG/330px-M3_Bradley_Operation_Desert_Shield.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/M3_Bradley_Operation_Desert_Shield.JPEG/440px-M3_Bradley_Operation_Desert_Shield.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption>M3 Bradleys of L Troop, 3rd ACR, stand in line at a holding area during the build-up to Operation Desert Shield.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> dispatched two naval battle groups built around the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft carriers">aircraft carriers</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(CVN-69)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)">USS Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Independence_(CV-62)" title="USS Independence (CV-62)">USS Independence</a> to the Persian Gulf, where they were ready by 8 August. The US also sent the battleships <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64)" title="USS Wisconsin (BB-64)">USS Wisconsin</a> to the region. A total of 48 US Air Force F-15s from the <a href="/wiki/1st_Fighter_Wing" title="1st Fighter Wing">1st Fighter Wing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Langley_Air_Force_Base" title="Langley Air Force Base">Langley Air Force Base</a>, Virginia, landed in Saudi Arabia and immediately commenced round-the-clock air patrols of the Saudi–Kuwait–Iraq border to discourage further Iraqi military advances. They were joined by 36 F-15 A-Ds from the <a href="/wiki/36th_Wing" title="36th Wing">36th Tactical Fighter Wing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bitburg,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitburg, Germany">Bitburg, Germany</a>. The Bitburg contingent was based at <a href="/wiki/Al_Kharj_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Kharj Air Base">Al Kharj Air Base</a>, approximately an hour south east of Riyadh. The 36th TFW would be responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force aircraft shot down during the war. Two Air National Guard units were stationed at Al Kharj Air Base, the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Air_National_Guard" title="South Carolina Air National Guard">South Carolina Air National Guard</a>'s 169th Fighter Wing flew bombing missions with 24 F-16s flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping four million pounds (1,800,000 kilograms; 1,800 metric tons) of munitions, and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Air_National_Guard" title="New York Air National Guard">New York Air National Guard</a>'s 174th Fighter Wing from <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a> flew 24 F-16s on bombing missions. Military buildup continued from there, eventually reaching 543,000 troops, twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Much of the material was airlifted or carried to the staging areas via <a href="/wiki/Fast_Sealift_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast Sealift Ship">fast sealift ships</a>, allowing a quick buildup. As part of the buildup, amphibious exercises were carried out in the Gulf, including Operation Imminent Thunder, which involved the <a href="/wiki/USS_Midway_(CV-41)" title="USS Midway (CV-41)">USS Midway</a> and 15 other ships, 1,100 aircraft, and a thousand Marines.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> In a press conference, General Schwarzkopf stated that these exercises were intended to deceive the Iraqi forces, forcing them to continue their defense of the Kuwaiti coastline.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creating_a_coalition">Creating a coalition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.svg/290px-Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.svg/435px-Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.svg/580px-Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War_vs_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries that deployed coalition forces or provided support<a href="#cite_note-apps.dtic.mil-1">[1]</a> (On behalf of Afghanistan, 300 Mujaheddin joined the coalition on 11 February 1991. Niger contributed 480 troops to guard shrines in Mecca and Medina on 15 January 1991.)<a href="#cite_note-apps.dtic.mil-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">series of UN Security Council resolutions</a> and Arab League resolutions were passed regarding Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Resolution 678, passed on 29 November 1990, gave Iraq a withdrawal deadline until 15 January 1991 and authorized "all necessary means to uphold and implement Resolution 660", and a diplomatic formulation authorizing the use of force if Iraq failed to comply.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> To ensure that the US received economic backing, James Baker went on an 11-day journey to nine countries in September 1990, which the press dubbed "The Tin Cup Trip". The first stop was Saudi Arabia, which a month before had already granted permission to the United States to use its facilities. However, Baker believed that Saudi Arabia should assume some of the cost of the military efforts to defend it. When Baker asked King Fahd for $15 billion, the King readily agreed, with the promise that Baker ask Kuwait for the same amount.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The next day, 7 September, he did just that, and the <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Emir of Kuwait</a>, displaced in a Sheraton hotel outside his invaded country, easily agreed. Baker then moved to enter talks with Egypt, whose leadership he considered "the moderate voice of the Middle East". President Mubarak of Egypt was furious with Saddam for his invasion of Kuwait, and for the fact that Saddam had assured Mubarak that an invasion was not his intention. Egypt received approximately $7 billion in debt forgiveness for its providing of support and troops for the US-led intervention.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> After stops in Helsinki and Moscow to smooth out Iraqi demands for a Middle-Eastern peace conference with the Soviet Union, Baker traveled to Syria to discuss its role in the crisis with its President <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez Assad</a>. Assad had a deep personal enmity towards Saddam, which was defined by the fact that "Saddam had been trying to kill him [Assad] for years." Harboring this animosity and impressed with Baker's diplomatic initiative to visit Damascus (relations had been severed since the <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">1983 bombing of US Marine barracks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>), Assad agreed to pledge up to 100,000 Syrian troops to the coalition effort. This was a vital step in ensuring Arab states were represented in the coalition. In exchange, Washington gave al-Assad the green light to wipe out forces opposing Syria's rule in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and arranged for weapons valued at a billion dollars to be provided to Syria, mostly through Gulf states.<a href="#cite_note-newstatesman.com-113">[110]</a> In exchange for Iran's support for the US-led intervention, the US government promised the Iranian government to end US opposition to <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> loans to Iran. On the day before the ground invasion began, the World Bank gave Iran the first loan of $250m.<a href="#cite_note-newstatesman.com-113">[110]</a> Baker flew to Rome for a brief visit with the Italians in which he was promised the use of some military equipment, before journeying to Germany to meet with American ally <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Chancellor Kohl</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Germany's constitution</a> (which was brokered essentially by the United States) prohibited military involvement outside Germany's borders, Kohl committed a two billion dollar contribution to the coalition's war effort, as well as further economic and military support of coalition ally Turkey, and the transportation of Egyptian soldiers and ships to the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_saudi_arabia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bush_saudi_arabia.jpg/220px-Bush_saudi_arabia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bush_saudi_arabia.jpg/330px-Bush_saudi_arabia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bush_saudi_arabia.jpg/440px-Bush_saudi_arabia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.</a> and President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> visit US troops in Saudi Arabia on <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving Day</a>, 1990.</figcaption></figure> A coalition of forces opposing Iraq's aggression was formed, consisting of forces from 42 countries: Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> It was the largest coalition since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> A group of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan mujahidin">Afghan mujahideen</a> soldiers also reportedly joined towards the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> US Army General <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.</a> was designated to be the commander of the coalition forces in the Persian Gulf area. The Soviet Union condemned Baghdad's aggression against Kuwait, but did not support the United States and allied intervention in Iraq and tried to avert it.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Although they did not contribute any forces, Japan and Germany made financial contributions totaling $10 billion and $6.6 billion respectively. <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> also provided financial support to the coalition.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> US troops represented 73% of the coalition's 956,600 troops in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Many of the coalition countries were reluctant to commit military forces. Some felt that the war was an internal Arab affair or did not want to increase US influence in the Middle East. In the end, however, many governments were persuaded by Iraq's belligerence towards other Arab states, offers of economic aid or debt forgiveness, and threats to withhold aid.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justification_for_intervention">Justification for intervention</h4></div> The US and the UN gave several public justifications for involvement in the conflict, the most prominent being the Iraqi violation of Kuwaiti territorial integrity. In addition, the US moved to support its ally Saudi Arabia, whose importance in the region, and as a key supplier of oil, made it of considerable <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> importance. Shortly after the Iraqi invasion, US Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> made the first of several visits to Saudi Arabia where King Fahd requested US military assistance. During a speech in a special joint session of the US Congress given on 11 September 1990, Bush summed up the reasons with the following remarks: "Within three days, 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia. It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression."<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> The Pentagon stated that satellite photos showing a buildup of Iraqi forces along the border were the source of this information, but this was later alleged to be false. A reporter for the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a> acquired two commercial Soviet satellite images made at the time, which showed nothing but empty desert.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Other justifications for foreign involvement included Iraq's history of human rights <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">abuses under Saddam</a>. Iraq was also known to possess <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical weapons</a>, which Saddam had used against Iranian troops during the Iran–Iraq War and against his own country's <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> population in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal campaign">Al-Anfal campaign</a>. Iraq was also known to have a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> program; the report about it from January 1991 was partially declassified by the CIA on 26 May 2001.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_relations_campaign_targeting_the_public">Public relations campaign targeting the public</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nayirah_testimony" title="Nayirah testimony">Nayirah testimony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powell,_Schwarzkopf,_and_Wolfowitz_at_Cheney_press_conference,_February_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Powell%2C_Schwarzkopf%2C_and_Wolfowitz_at_Cheney_press_conference%2C_February_1991.jpg/220px-Powell%2C_Schwarzkopf%2C_and_Wolfowitz_at_Cheney_press_conference%2C_February_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Powell%2C_Schwarzkopf%2C_and_Wolfowitz_at_Cheney_press_conference%2C_February_1991.jpg/330px-Powell%2C_Schwarzkopf%2C_and_Wolfowitz_at_Cheney_press_conference%2C_February_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Powell%2C_Schwarzkopf%2C_and_Wolfowitz_at_Cheney_press_conference%2C_February_1991.jpg/440px-Powell%2C_Schwarzkopf%2C_and_Wolfowitz_at_Cheney_press_conference%2C_February_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2869" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>Gen. <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> (left), Gen. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr." title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> (right) listen as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney addresses reporters regarding the 1991 Gulf War.</figcaption></figure> Although the Iraqi military committed human rights abuses during the invasion, the alleged incidents that received the most publicity in the US were fabrications of the <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> firm hired by the government of Kuwait to persuade Americans to support military intervention.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Shortly after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the organization <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Free_Kuwait" title="Citizens for a Free Kuwait">Citizens for a Free Kuwait</a> was formed in the US. It hired the public relations firm <a href="/wiki/Hill_%26_Knowlton" title="Hill & Knowlton">Hill & Knowlton</a> for about $11 million, paid by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kuwait" title="Government of Kuwait">Kuwait's government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Among many other means of influencing US opinion, such as distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to US soldiers deployed in the region, "Free Kuwait" T-shirts and speakers to college campuses, and dozens of video news releases to television stations, the firm arranged for an appearance before a group of members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">US Congress</a> in which a young woman identifying herself as a <a href="/wiki/Nayirah_testimony" title="Nayirah testimony">nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital</a> described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor.<a href="#cite_note-kuwaitgate-128">[125]</a> The story helped tip both the public and Congress towards a war with Iraq: six Congressmen said the testimony was enough for them to support military action against Iraq and seven Senators referenced the testimony in debate. The Senate supported the military actions in a 52–47 vote. However, a year after the war, this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication. The young woman who had testified was found to be a member of Kuwait's royal family and the daughter of Kuwait's ambassador to the US.<a href="#cite_note-kuwaitgate-128">[125]</a> She had not lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The details of the Hill & Knowlton public relations campaign, including the incubator testimony, were published in <a href="/wiki/John_R._MacArthur" title="John R. MacArthur">John R. MacArthur</a>'s Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War,<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> and came to wide public attention when an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">Op-ed</a> by MacArthur was published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. This prompted a reexamination by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, which had originally promoted an account alleging even greater numbers of babies torn from incubators than the original fake testimony. After finding no evidence to support it, the organization issued a retraction. President Bush then repeated the incubator allegations on television.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In reality, the Iraqi Army did commit various well-documented crimes during its occupation of Kuwait, such as the <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution without trial</a> of three brothers, after which their bodies were stacked and left to decay in a public street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakiya199340-130">[127]</a> Iraqi troops also ransacked and looted private Kuwaiti homes; one residence was repeatedly defecated in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakiya199331–33-131">[128]</a> A resident later commented: "The whole thing was violence for the sake of violence, destruction for the sake of destruction ... Imagine a <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealistic</a> painting by <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakiya199332-132">[129]</a> US President Bush repeatedly compared Saddam Hussein to <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_battles">Early battles</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_campaign">Air campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign" title="Gulf War air campaign">Gulf War air campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg/220px-F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg/330px-F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg/440px-F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/F-117_Nighthawk" class="mw-redirect" title="F-117 Nighthawk">F-117 Nighthawk</a>, one of the key aircraft used in Operation Desert Storm</figcaption></figure> The Gulf War began with an extensive <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities" title="Aerial bombing of cities">aerial bombing</a> campaign on 16 January 1991. For 42 consecutive days and nights, the coalition forces subjected Iraq to one of the most intensive air bombardments in military history. The coalition flew over 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sorties</a>, dropping 88,500 tonnes of bombs,<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> which widely destroyed military and civilian infrastructure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Iraqi anti-aircraft defenses, including <a href="/wiki/Man-portable_air-defense_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-portable air-defense systems">man-portable air-defense systems</a>, were surprisingly ineffective against enemy aircraft, and the coalition suffered only 75 aircraft losses in over 100,000 sorties, 44 due to Iraqi action. Two of these losses are the result of aircraft colliding with the ground while evading Iraqi ground-fired weapons.<a href="#cite_note-cnnstats-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> One of these losses is a confirmed air-air victory.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi_Scud_missile_strikes_on_Israel_and_Saudi_Arabia">Iraqi Scud missile strikes on Israel and Saudi Arabia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel">Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_rocket_attacks_on_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi rocket attacks on Saudi Arabia">Iraqi rocket attacks on Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scud_TEL_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Scud_TEL_launch.jpg/170px-Scud_TEL_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Scud_TEL_launch.jpg/255px-Scud_TEL_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/37/Scud_TEL_launch.jpg/340px-Scud_TEL_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a> Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL) with missile in upright position</figcaption></figure> Iraq's government made no secret that it would attack Israel if invaded. Prior to the war's start, in the aftermath of the failed US–Iraq peace talks in Geneva, Switzerland, a reporter asked Iraq's English-speaking Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz: "Mr. Foreign Minister, if war starts ... will you attack Israel?" His response was: "Yes, absolutely, yes."<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> Five hours after the first attacks, Iraq's state radio broadcast declared that "The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins." Iraq fired eight missiles the next day. These missile attacks were to continue throughout the war. Iraq fired 88 Scud missiles during the war's seven weeks.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Iraq hoped to provoke a military response from Israel. The Iraqi government hoped that many Arab states would withdraw from the Coalition, as they would be reluctant to fight alongside Israel.<a href="#cite_note-sam-97">[94]</a> Following the first attacks, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> jets were deployed to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq. Israel prepared to militarily retaliate, as its policy for the previous 40 years had always been retaliation. However, President Bush pressured Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a> not to retaliate and withdraw Israeli jets, fearing that if Israel attacked Iraq, the other Arab states would either desert the coalition or join Iraq. It was also feared that if Israel used Syrian or Jordanian airspace to attack Iraq, they would intervene in the war on Iraq's side or attack Israel. The coalition promised to deploy <a href="/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot" title="MIM-104 Patriot">Patriot missiles</a> to defend Israel if it refrained from responding to the Scud attacks.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> The Scud missiles targeting Israel were relatively ineffective, as firing at extreme range resulted in a dramatic reduction in accuracy and payload. Two Israeli civilians died as a direct result of the missile attacks.<a href="#cite_note-JPostCasualtyCount-143">[140]</a> Between 11 and 74 were killed from incorrect use of gas masks, heart attacks, and incorrect use of the anti-chemical weapons drug <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JPostCasualtyCount-143">[140]</a> Approximately 230 Israelis were injured.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Extensive property damage was also caused, and, according to the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "Damage to general property consisted of 1,302 houses, 6,142 apartments, 23 public buildings, 200 shops and 50 cars."<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> It was feared that Iraq would fire missiles filled with <a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">nerve agents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a>. As a result, Israel's government issued <a href="/wiki/Conflict_gas_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict gas mask">gas masks</a> to its citizens. When the first Iraqi missiles hit Israel, some people injected themselves with an antidote for nerve gas. It has been suggested that the sturdy construction techniques used in Israeli cities, coupled with the fact that Scuds were only launched at night, played an important role in limiting the number of casualties from Scud attacks.<a href="#cite_note-publicpolicy.umd.edu-146">[143]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulfwar_1991_in_Israeli_shelter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gulfwar_1991_in_Israeli_shelter.jpg/218px-Gulfwar_1991_in_Israeli_shelter.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gulfwar_1991_in_Israeli_shelter.jpg/327px-Gulfwar_1991_in_Israeli_shelter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gulfwar_1991_in_Israeli_shelter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="265" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:145px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Damage_from_an_Iraqi_Scud_missile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Damage_from_an_Iraqi_Scud_missile.jpg/218px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Damage_from_an_Iraqi_Scud_missile.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Damage_from_an_Iraqi_Scud_missile.jpg/327px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Damage_from_an_Iraqi_Scud_missile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Damage_from_an_Iraqi_Scud_missile.jpg/436px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Damage_from_an_Iraqi_Scud_missile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Israeli civilians taking shelter from missiles (top) and aftermath of attack in Ramat Gan, Israel (bottom)</div></div></div></div> In response to the threat of Scuds on Israel, the US rapidly sent a Patriot missile air defense artillery battalion to Israel along with two batteries of MIM-104 Patriot missiles for the protection of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Royal Netherlands Air Force</a> also deployed a Patriot missile squadron to Israel and Turkey. The Dutch Defense Ministry later stated that the military use of the Patriot missile system was largely ineffective, but its psychological value for the affected populations was high.<a href="#cite_note-nederland2009-148">[145]</a> Coalition air forces were also extensively exercised in "Scud hunts" in the Iraqi desert, trying to locate the camouflaged trucks before they fired their missiles at Israel or Saudi Arabia. On the ground, special operations forces also infiltrated Iraq, tasked with locating and destroying Scuds – including the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Bravo_Two_Zero" title="Bravo Two Zero">Bravo Two Zero</a> patrol of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">SAS</a>. Once special operations were combined with air patrols, the number of attacks fell sharply, then increased slightly as Iraqi forces adjusted to coalition tactics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As the Scud attacks continued, the Israelis grew increasingly impatient, and considered taking unilateral military action against Iraq. On 22 January 1991, a Scud missile hit the Israeli city of <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a>, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would. At one point, Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq, but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defense Secretary Dick Cheney, reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> In addition to the attacks on Israel, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_rocket_attacks_on_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi rocket attacks on Saudi Arabia">47 Scud missiles were fired into Saudi Arabia</a>, and one missile was fired at Bahrain and another at Qatar. The missiles were fired at both military and civilian targets. One Saudi civilian was killed, and 78 others were injured. No casualties were reported in Bahrain or Qatar. The Saudi government issued all its citizens and expatriates with gas masks in the event of Iraq using missiles with warheads containing chemical weapons.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> The government broadcast alerts and 'all clear' messages over television to warn citizens during Scud attacks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 25 February 1991, a Scud missile hit a US Army barracks of the 14th Quartermaster Detachment, out of Greensburg, Pennsylvania, stationed in <a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran</a>, Saudi Arabia, killing 28 soldiers and injuring over 100.<a href="#cite_note-iraqwatch.org-153">[150]</a> A subsequent investigation found that the assigned Patriot missile battery had failed to engage due to the <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_significance" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of significance">loss of significance effect</a> in the onboard computer's <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating point calculations</a> compounding over 100 hours of consecutive use, shifting the range gate position far enough to lose contact with the Scud during tracking action.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi_invasion_of_Saudi_Arabia_(Battle_of_Khafji)">Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia (Battle of Khafji)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji" title="Battle of Khafji">Battle of Khafji</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gulf_War" title="Special:EditPage/Gulf War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gulf+War%22">"Gulf War"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gulf+War%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gulf+War%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gulf+War%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gulf+War%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gulf+War%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2018) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Khafji_1991.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Battle_of_Khafji_1991.svg/220px-Battle_of_Khafji_1991.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Battle_of_Khafji_1991.svg/330px-Battle_of_Khafji_1991.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Battle_of_Khafji_1991.svg/440px-Battle_of_Khafji_1991.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Military operations during Khafji's liberation</figcaption></figure> On 29 January, Iraqi forces attacked and occupied the lightly defended Saudi city of <a href="/wiki/Khafji" title="Khafji">Khafji</a> with tanks and infantry. The Battle of Khafji ended two days later when the Iraqis were driven back by the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard" title="Saudi Arabian National Guard">Saudi Arabian National Guard</a>, supported by Qatari forces and US Marines.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> The allied forces used extensive artillery fire.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Both sides suffered casualties, although Iraqi forces sustained substantially more dead and captured than the allied forces. Eleven Americans were killed in two separate <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> incidents, an additional 14 US airmen were killed when their <a href="/wiki/AC-130" class="mw-redirect" title="AC-130">AC-130</a> gunship was shot down by an Iraqi surface-to-air missile,<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> and two US soldiers were captured during the battle. Saudi and Qatari forces had a total of 18 dead. Iraqi forces in Khafji had 60–300 dead and 400 captured.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Battle of Khafji was an example of how air power could single-handedly hinder the advance of enemy ground forces. Upon learning of Iraqi troop movements, 140 coalition aircraft were diverted to attack an advancing column consisting of two armored divisions in battalion-sized units. Precision stand-off attacks were conducted during the night and through to the next day. Iraqi vehicle losses included 357 tanks, 147 armored personnel carriers, and 89 mobile artillery pieces. Some crews simply abandoned their vehicles upon realizing that they could be destroyed by guided bombs, stopping the divisions from massing for an organized attack on the town. One Iraqi soldier, who had fought in the Iran–Iraq War, remarked that his brigade "had sustained more punishment from allied airpower in 30 minutes at Khafji than in eight years of fighting against Iran."<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counter_reconnaissance_for_2nd_Armoured_Division">Counter reconnaissance for 2nd Armoured Division</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norfolk" title="Battle of Norfolk">Battle of Norfolk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_Iraqi_tank_TF-41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Destroyed_Iraqi_tank_TF-41.jpg/220px-Destroyed_Iraqi_tank_TF-41.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Destroyed_Iraqi_tank_TF-41.jpg/330px-Destroyed_Iraqi_tank_TF-41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Destroyed_Iraqi_tank_TF-41.jpg/440px-Destroyed_Iraqi_tank_TF-41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Iraqi tanks destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_1-41_Infantry" title="Task Force 1-41 Infantry">Task Force 1-41 Infantry</a>, February 1991</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_1-41_Infantry" title="Task Force 1-41 Infantry">Task Force 1-41 Infantry</a> was a <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> heavy battalion task force from the 2nd Armoured Division (Forward). 2nd Armoured Division (Forward) included the 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/41st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="41st Infantry Regiment (United States)">41st Infantry Regiment</a>, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, <a href="/wiki/66th_Armor_Regiment" title="66th Armor Regiment">66th Armor Regiment</a>, and the 4th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" title="3rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">3rd Field Artillery Regiment</a>. Task Force 1–41 was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991, and to conduct ground combat operations in Iraq against the enemy on 17 February 1991.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> Shortly after arrival in theatre "..the battalion received, for planning, a brigade cross-boundary counter-reconnaissance mission."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillman19936-159">[156]</a> 1–41 Infantry was assisted by the 1st Squadron, 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment. This joint effort would become known as Task Force Iron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque200195-160">[157]</a> Counter-reconnaissance generally includes destroying or repelling the enemy's reconnaissance elements and denying their commander any observation of friendly forces. On 15 February 1991 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment fired on a trailer and a few trucks in the Iraqi sector observing American forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque200196-161">[158]</a> On 16 February 1991 several groups of Iraqi vehicles appeared to be performing reconnaissance on the Task Force and were driven away by fire from 4–3 FA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque200198-162">[159]</a> Another enemy platoon, including six vehicles, was reported as being to the northeast of the Task Force. They were engaged with artillery fire from 4–3 FA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque200199-163">[160]</a> Later that evening another group of Iraqi vehicles was spotted moving towards the center of the Task Force. They appeared to be Iraqi Soviet-made <a href="/wiki/BTR_(vehicle)" title="BTR (vehicle)">BTRs</a> and tanks. For the next hour the Task Force fought several small battles with Iraqi reconnaissance units. TF 1–41 IN fired <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW missiles</a> at the Iraqi formation destroying one tank. The rest of the formation was destroyed or driven away by artillery fire from 4–3 FA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque200199-163">[160]</a> On 17 February 1991 the Task Force took enemy mortar fire, but the enemy forces managed to escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001102-164">[161]</a> Later that evening the Task Force received enemy artillery fire but suffered no casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001103-165">[162]</a> That same evening the Task Force identified an Iraqi mortar position and engaged it with both direct and indirect fires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001159-166">[163]</a> The Iraqis continued probing operations against the Task Force for approximately two hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001159-166">[163]</a> For the next two days the Task Force observed Iraqi wheeled vehicles and small units move in front of them. Several times Iraqi mortars fired on Task Force 1–41 Infantry positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001159-166">[163]</a> On 18 February Iraqi mortar positions continued to conduct fire missions against the Task Force. The Task Force returned fire on the Iraqi positions with artillery fire from 4–3 FA and 1st Infantry Division Artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001160-167">[164]</a> During the Iraqi mortar attacks two American soldiers were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001159–160-168">[165]</a> Iraqi reconnaissance elements continued to patrol the area between the Task Force and the 1st Cavalry Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001160-167">[164]</a> VII Corps air units and artillery conducted combat operations against Iraqi defensive positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001160-167">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breach">Breach</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C141Infantryds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/C141Infantryds.jpg/220px-C141Infantryds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/C141Infantryds.jpg/330px-C141Infantryds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/C141Infantryds.jpg/440px-C141Infantryds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of 2nd Platoon, Company C, <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_1-41_Infantry" title="Task Force 1-41 Infantry">1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment</a> pose with a captured Iraqi tank, February 1991</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norfolk" title="Battle of Norfolk">Battle of Norfolk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_1-41_Infantry" title="Task Force 1-41 Infantry">Task Force 1-41 Infantry</a></div> Task Force 1–41 Infantry was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991 and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> Prior to this action the Task Force's primary fire support battalion, 4th Battalion of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment, participated in a massive artillery preparation. Around 300 guns from multiple countries participated in the <a href="/wiki/Artillery_barrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery barrage">artillery barrage</a>. Over 14,000 rounds were fired during these missions. <a href="/wiki/M270_Multiple_Launch_Rocket_System" title="M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System">M270 Multiple Launch Rocket Systems</a> contributed an additional 4,900 rockets fired at Iraqi targets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001164-169">[166]</a> Iraq lost close to 22 artillery battalions during the initial stages of this barrage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001161-170">[167]</a> including the destruction of approximately 396 Iraqi artillery pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001161-170">[167]</a> By the end of these raids Iraqi artillery assets had all but ceased to exist. One Iraqi unit that was totally destroyed during the preparation was the Iraqi 48th Infantry Division Artillery Group.<a href="#cite_note-armyhistory.org-171">[168]</a> The group's commander stated his unit lost 83 of its 100 guns to the artillery preparation.<a href="#cite_note-armyhistory.org-171">[168]</a> The artillery bombardment was supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a> bombing raids and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_AC-130" title="Lockheed AC-130">Lockheed AC-130</a> attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001163-172">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/AH-64_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apache</a> attack helicopters from the 1st Infantry Division and B-52 bombers attacked the Iraqi 110th Infantry Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001201-173">[170]</a> Under enemy fire, the 1st and <a href="/wiki/9th_Engineer_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Engineer Battalion">9th Engineer Battalions</a> marked and proofed assault lanes to secure a foothold in enemy territory and pass the 1st Infantry Division and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">1st Armoured Division</a> forward.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001156–157-174">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyediraqitank4-3fa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Destroyediraqitank4-3fa.jpg/220px-Destroyediraqitank4-3fa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Destroyediraqitank4-3fa.jpg/330px-Destroyediraqitank4-3fa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Destroyediraqitank4-3fa.jpg/440px-Destroyediraqitank4-3fa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>An Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Iraq)" title="Republican Guard (Iraq)">Republican Guard</a> T-55 tank destroyed by Task Force 1–41 Infantry, February 1991</figcaption></figure> On 24 February 1991 the 1st Cavalry Division fired its artillery against Iraqi artillery units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001206-175">[172]</a> One artillery mission struck a series of Iraqi bunkers, reinforced by Iraqi T-55 tanks, in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001206-175">[172]</a> The same day the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division with the 1st Battalion, 5th Cavalry, 1st Battalion, 32nd Armor, and the 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry destroyed Iraqi bunkers and combat vehicles in the sector of the Iraqi 25th Infantry Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001206-175">[172]</a> On 24 February 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division rolled through the breach in the Iraqi defense west of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Batin" title="Wadi al-Batin">Wadi al-Batin</a> and also cleared the northeastern sector of the breach site of enemy resistance.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> Task Force 3–37th Armor breached the Iraqi defense clearing four passage lanes and expanding the gap under direct enemy fire.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> Also on 24 February the 1st Infantry Division along with the 1st Cavalry Division destroyed Iraqi outposts and patrols belonging to the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001207-176">[173]</a> The two divisions also began capturing prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001207-176">[173]</a> The 1st Infantry Division cleared a zone between Phase Line Vermont and Phase Line Kansas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001207-176">[173]</a> Once the 1st Infantry Division's 3rd Battalion, 37th Armor reached the Iraqi rear defensive positions it destroyed an Iraqi <a href="/wiki/122_mm_howitzer_2A18_(D-30)" title="122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)">D-30</a> artillery battery and many trucks and bunkers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001225-177">[174]</a> Task Force 1–41 Infantry was given the task of breaching Iraq's initial defensive positions along the Iraq–Saudi Arabia border.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> The 1st Squadron, 4th Armored Cavalry Regiment handled similar responsibilities in its sector of operations.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> The 1st Infantry Division's 5th Battalion, 16th Infantry also played a significant role clearing the trenches and captured 160 Iraqi soldiers in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001225-177">[174]</a> Once into Iraqi territory Task Force 1–41 Infantry encountered multiple Iraqi defensive positions and bunkers. These defensive positions were occupied by a brigade-sized element.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> Task Force 1–41 Infantry elements dismounted and prepared to engage the enemy soldiers who occupied these well-prepared and heavily fortified bunkers.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> The Task Force found itself engaged in six hours of combat in order to clear the extensive <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunker</a> complex.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> The Iraqis engaged the Task Force with <a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">small arms</a> fire, <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">RPGs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> fire, and what was left of Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> assets. A series of battles unfolded resulting in heavy Iraqi casualties and the Iraqis being removed from their defensive positions with many becoming prisoners of war. Some escaped to be killed or captured by other coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001113–133-178">[175]</a> In the process of clearing the bunkers, Task Force 1–41 captured two brigade command posts and the command post of the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001259-179">[176]</a> The Task Force also captured a brigade commander, several battalion commanders, company commanders, and staff officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001259-179">[176]</a> As combat operations progressed Task Force 1–41 Infantry engaged at short range multiple dug in enemy tanks in ambush positions.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> For a few hours, bypassed Iraqi RPG-equipped anti-tank teams, <a href="/wiki/T-54/T-55" title="T-54/T-55">T-55</a> tanks, and dismounted Iraqi infantry fired at passing American vehicles, only to be destroyed by other US tanks and fighting vehicles following the initial forces.<a href="#cite_note-usdefensewatch.com-180">[177]</a> The 1st Infantry Division's Task Force 2–16 Infantry cleared four lanes simultaneously through an enemy fortified trench system while inflicting heavy casualties on Iraqi forces.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> Task Force 2–16 continued the attack clearing over 21 km (13 mi) of entrenched enemy positions resulting in the capture and destruction of numerous enemy vehicles, equipment, personnel and command bunkers.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ground_campaign">Ground campaign</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DS1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/DS1991.jpg/220px-DS1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/DS1991.jpg/330px-DS1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/DS1991.jpg/440px-DS1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption> M109 howitzers belonging to 4th Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" title="3rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">3rd Field Artillery Regiment</a>, 2nd Armored Division (FWD) conducts artillery strikes on Iraqi positions during the <a href="/wiki/1st_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Gulf War">1st Gulf War</a>. 4-3 FA was the primary fire support battalion for Task Force 1–41 during the <a href="/wiki/1st_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Gulf War">1st Gulf War</a>, February 1991.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Busayyah" title="Battle of Al Busayyah">Battle of Al Busayyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phase_Line_Bullet" title="Battle of Phase Line Bullet">Battle of Phase Line Bullet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_73_Easting" title="Battle of 73 Easting">Battle of 73 Easting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norfolk" title="Battle of Norfolk">Battle of Norfolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_Ridge" title="Battle of Medina Ridge">Battle of Medina Ridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuwait_International_Airport" title="Battle of Kuwait International Airport">Battle of Kuwait International Airport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rumaila" title="Battle of Rumaila">Battle of Rumaila</a></div> A 90,000 round artillery preparation fire on Iraqi defensive positions preceded the major ground assault, lasting 2.5 hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001194-181">[178]</a> 1st Infantry Division Artillery, which included 4-3 FA battalion, was decisive during artillery combat operations performing multiple raids and fire missions. These combat operations resulted in the destruction of 50 enemy tanks, 139 APCs, 30 air defense systems, 152 artillery pieces, 27 missile launchers, 108 mortars, and 548 wheeled vehicles, 61 trench lines and bunker positions, 92 dug in and open infantry targets, and 34 logistical sites.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> The ground campaign consisted of three or possibly four of the largest <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> battles in American military history.<a href="#cite_note-wearethemighty.com-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chenoweth-2005-184">[181]</a> The battles at 73 Easting, Norfolk, and Medina Ridge are well noted for their historical significance.<a href="#cite_note-wearethemighty.com-183">[180]</a> Some consider the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_Ridge" title="Battle of Medina Ridge">Battle of Medina Ridge</a> the largest tank battle of the war.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-wearethemighty1-185">[182]</a> Other sources consider the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norfolk" title="Battle of Norfolk">Battle of Norfolk</a> the largest tank battle of the war and the second largest tank battle in American history.<a href="#cite_note-wearethemighty1-185">[182]</a> The U.S. Marine Corps also fought the biggest tank battle in its history at <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_International_Airport" title="Kuwait International Airport">Kuwait International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chenoweth-2005-184">[181]</a> The U.S. 3rd Armored Division also fought a significant battle at Objective Dorset not far from where the Battle of Norfolk was taking place. The U.S. 3rd Armored Division destroyed approximately 300 enemy combat vehicles during this particular encounter with Iraqi forces.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a> The U.S. VII Corps was the primary combat formation of the coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> It was a formidable fighting force consisting of 1,487 tanks, 1,384 infantry fighting vehicles, 568 artillery pieces, 132 MLRS, 8 missile launchers, and 242 attack helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque200190-187">[184]</a> It had a total troop strength of 146,321 troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001473-188">[185]</a> Its primary full strength fighting formations were the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Armored Division (United States)">1st Armored Division (United States)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Armored Division (United States)">3rd Armored Division (United States)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Infantry Division (United States)</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Armored Division (United States)">2nd Armored Division (Forward)</a> was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division as its third maneuver brigade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDinackus20004–10-189">[186]</a> Its Task Force 1-41 Infantry would be the spearhead of VII Corps.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> In addition, the corps had the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)">2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)</a> to act as a scouting and screening force, and two further heavy divisions, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">1st Cavalry Division (United States)</a> and the United Kingdom's 1st Armoured Division, as well as the U.S. <a href="/wiki/11th_Aviation_Group_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Aviation Group (United States)">11th Aviation Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VUA_Citation-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourqueBurdan2007275-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourqueBurdan2007377-192">[189]</a> VII Corps fought a number of large battles against Iraqi forces. Some of them historical in scope and size. Three of the battles at Norfolk, Medina Ridge, and 73 Easting are considered among the largest tank battles in history.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> By the end of combat operations on 28 February 1991, U.S. VII Corps had driven 260 kilometres (160 mi), captured 22,000 Iraqi soldiers, and destroyed 1,350 Iraqi tanks, 1,224 armored personnel carriers, 285 artillery pieces, 105 air defense systems, and 1,229 trucks.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_OH-58D_Kiowa_helicopter_departs_from_a_communications_site_in_the_desert_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/An_OH-58D_Kiowa_helicopter_departs_from_a_communications_site_in_the_desert_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg/220px-An_OH-58D_Kiowa_helicopter_departs_from_a_communications_site_in_the_desert_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/An_OH-58D_Kiowa_helicopter_departs_from_a_communications_site_in_the_desert_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg/330px-An_OH-58D_Kiowa_helicopter_departs_from_a_communications_site_in_the_desert_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/An_OH-58D_Kiowa_helicopter_departs_from_a_communications_site_in_the_desert_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg/440px-An_OH-58D_Kiowa_helicopter_departs_from_a_communications_site_in_the_desert_during_Operation_Desert_Shield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>An OH-58D Kiowa helicopter departs from a communications site in the desert during Operation Desert Shield</figcaption></figure> The primary combat vehicles of the American divisions were the <a href="/wiki/M1A1_MBT" class="mw-redirect" title="M1A1 MBT">M1A1 Abrams</a> tank and the <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Fighting_Vehicle" title="Bradley Fighting Vehicle">Bradley Fighting Vehicle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque200175,_92-195">[192]</a> The primary American artillery system was the self propelled <a href="/wiki/M109_howitzer" title="M109 howitzer">M109 howitzer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001107-196">[193]</a> The primary American attack helicopter was the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache" title="Boeing AH-64 Apache">Boeing AH-64 Apache</a> (Army) with the <a href="/wiki/Bell_AH-1_Cobra" title="Bell AH-1 Cobra">Bell AH-1 Cobra</a> (Army and Marines) also being in theatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001107-196">[193]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/A-10" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10">Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II</a> ground attack aircraft would distinguish itself during the Gulf War aided by the <a href="/wiki/OH-58D" class="mw-redirect" title="OH-58D">OH-58D</a> <a href="/wiki/JAATT" class="mw-redirect" title="JAATT">JAATT</a> eyes in the sky. Together they inflicted significant damage on Iraqi ground forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001244-197">[194]</a> U.S. A-10 "Warthog" crews would destroy 900 Iraqi tanks, 2,000 other military vehicles and 1,200 artillery pieces during combat operations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a> was represented by the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division" title="1st Marine Division">1st Marine Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division" title="2nd Marine Division">2nd Marine Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marinesmil-198">[195]</a> They were supported by the U.S. Army's 2nd Armored Division's Tiger Brigade to provide the Marines with additional armor support.<a href="#cite_note-marinesmil-198">[195]</a> Marine armor units mostly consisted of the older <a href="/wiki/M60_tank" title="M60 tank">M-60</a> tank.<a href="#cite_note-marinesmil-198">[195]</a> The 1st Marine Division destroyed around 60 Iraqi tanks near the Burgan oil field without suffering any losses.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Division (United States)">1st Marine Division</a> Task Force Ripper led the drive to the Kuwait International Airport on 27 February 1991. Marine Task Force Ripper destroyed about 100 Iraqi tanks and <a href="/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored personnel carrier">armored personnel carriers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/T-72_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="T-72 tank">T-72</a> tanks.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> The division commander Maj. Gen. J.M. Myatt said,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordeenIsby201066-201">[198]</a> "During the first day of combat operations 1st Platoon, D Company, 3rd Tank Battalion destroyed 15 Iraqi tanks".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordeenIsby201073-202">[199]</a> The Marines also destroyed 25 <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">APCs</a> and took 300 <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> The U.S.M.C. would often encounter the Iraqi 3rd Armored Division in their theater of operations. Once the 1st Marine Division reached Kuwait International Airport they found what remained of the Iraqi 12th Armored Brigade, 3rd Armored Division defending it. The Marines destroyed 30 to 40 Iraqi T-72 tanks which had taken up defensive positions around the airport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordeenIsby201073-202">[199]</a> The Iraqi 3rd Armored Division losses included more than 250 T-55/62s and 70 T-72 tanks by the end of combat operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordeenIsby201073-202">[199]</a> The Iraqi 3rd Armored Division would be totally destroyed. The 2nd Marine Division played a major role repelling the attempted Iraqi invasion of Saudi Arabia which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji" title="Battle of Khafji">Battle of Khafji</a>. The 2nd Marine Division also faced heavy resistance during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuwait_International_Airport" title="Battle of Kuwait International Airport">Battle of Kuwait International Airport</a>. The battle featured the "Reveille Engagement" which went on to become the largest tank battle in United States Marine Corps' entire history.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> Marine Reserve unit Bravo Company, 4th Tank Battalion, 4th Marine division was assigned to the 2nd Marine Division.<a href="#cite_note-bravocompany4thtankbattalion.org-205">[202]</a> Bravo Company destroyed a total of 119 enemy vehicles and took over 800 <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a> by the end of combat operations.<a href="#cite_note-bravocompany4thtankbattalion.org-205">[202]</a> The 1st Tank Battalion claimed 50 Iraqi T-55 and T-62 tanks and 25 APCs. The 3rd Battalion claimed 57 T-55s and T-62s along with 5 T-72s, 7 APCs, and 10 trucks. The 8th Battalion destroyed more than three dozen tanks and a number of other vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> U.S. Marine Corps armor units would destroy hundreds of Iraqi tanks by the end of combat operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordeenIsby201073-202">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> U.S. Marine Corps tank losses would be light as they suffered the loss of ten M-60 tanks during combat operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordeenIsby201074-208">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Challenger_1_tank_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A_Challenger_1_tank_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/220px-A_Challenger_1_tank_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A_Challenger_1_tank_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/330px-A_Challenger_1_tank_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A_Challenger_1_tank_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/440px-A_Challenger_1_tank_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption>British Challenger 1 tanks during the Gulf War. The British Challenger tank was the most efficient tank of the Gulf War, suffering no losses while destroying approximately 300 Iraqi tanks during combat operations.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a></figcaption></figure> The United Kingdom was represented by its 1st Armoured Division known as the Desert Rats. The British 1st Armoured Division fielded approximately 176 <a href="/wiki/Challenger_1" title="Challenger 1">Challenger 1</a> tanks.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> British infantry rode into battle on the <a href="/wiki/Warrior_tracked_armoured_vehicle" title="Warrior tracked armoured vehicle">Warrior tracked armoured vehicle</a>. It had reasonable armour protection and a 30mm gun. Modified versions of the vehicle included mortar carriers, <a href="/wiki/MILAN" title="MILAN">MILAN</a> antitank systems, and command and control vehicles; and the British possessed a variety of excellent light armoured vehicles built on their <a href="/wiki/FV101_Scorpion" title="FV101 Scorpion">FV101 Scorpion</a> chassis. British artillery was primarily American made M109 howitzers (155mm), <a href="/wiki/M110_howitzer" title="M110 howitzer">M110 howitzers</a> (203mm), and <a href="/wiki/M270_MLRS" class="mw-redirect" title="M270 MLRS">M270 MLRS</a> which were compatible with American systems. Their air support consisted of <a href="/wiki/Gazelle_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazelle helicopter">Gazelle helicopters</a>, used for reconnaissance, and the <a href="/wiki/Lynx_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynx helicopter">Lynx helicopter</a> which was comparable to the American <a href="/wiki/AH-1_Cobra" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-1 Cobra">AH-1 Cobra</a>. The British had their full contingent of engineer, logistics, and medical units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001260-211">[208]</a> The British 1st Armoured Division was responsible for protecting the right flank of VII Corps. It was assumed by the Corps' planners the Iraqi 52nd Armored Division would counterattack VII Corps once their penetration into Iraqi defenses was discovered. The British 1st Armoured Division had two brigades (the 4th and 7th) which participated in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Granby" title="Operation Granby">Operation Granby</a>, the name given to the British military operations during the 1991 Gulf War. The British 1st Armoured Division had traveled 217 miles in 97 hours. The British 1st Armored Division had captured or destroyed about 300 Iraqi tanks[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and a very large number of armored personnel carriers, trucks, reconnaissance vehicles, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001275-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001377-213">[210]</a> The Desert Rats also destroyed multiple Iraqi artillery positions.<a href="#cite_note-Halberstadt_P.117,_121-214">[211]</a> The division also took over 7,000 Iraqi prisoners of war including two division commanders and two other general officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001319-215">[212]</a> The British 1st Armoured Division destroyed or isolated four Iraqi infantry divisions (the 26th, 48th, 31st, and 25th) and overran the Iraqi 52nd Armored Division in several sharp engagements. The Iraqi 80th Armored Brigade would also fall victim to the British 1st Armoured Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001265-216">[213]</a> Iraq was represented mostly by its own VII Corps and its Jihad Corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001244-197">[194]</a> Its most notable participants were its elite Republican Guard Divisions Tawakalna, Medina, Hammurabi, and Adnan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque200143-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001350-218">[215]</a> The first three of these had a strength of over 660 tanks, 660 infantry fighting vehicles, and thousands of antitank weapons, self propelled artillery, and other combat systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001244-197">[194]</a> The Tawakalna Republican Guard Division was Iraq's most powerful division which included approximately 14,000 soldiers, 220 <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> tanks, 284 <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicles</a>, 126 artillery pieces, and 18 MLRS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001324-219">[216]</a> The Iraqi 52nd Armored Division was also a primary participant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001377-213">[210]</a> It was a powerful division consisting of 245 tanks and 195 <a href="/wiki/Armored_fighting_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored fighting vehicle">armored fighting vehicles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001185-220">[217]</a> The Iraqi 10th and <a href="/wiki/12th_Division_(Iraq)" title="12th Division (Iraq)">12th Armored Divisions</a> were also present. The two divisions formed the foundation of the Jihad Corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001244-197">[194]</a> The Iraqi <a href="/wiki/10th_Division_(Iraq)" title="10th Division (Iraq)">10th Armored Division</a> was considered the best regular division in the Iraqi Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001243-221">[218]</a> It had more modern equipment than the other regular Iraqi units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001243-221">[218]</a> It was equipped with T-72 and <a href="/wiki/T-62" title="T-62">T-62</a> tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001243-221">[218]</a> The T-62 tank being its primary system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001243-221">[218]</a> Overall the primary tank of the Iraqi forces was the <a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> tank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque200119-222">[219]</a> The Iraqis fielded them in great numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque200119-222">[219]</a> The Iraqis also had elements of two other independent armored brigades in theatre, those being the 50th and 29th Armored Brigades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001333–337-223">[220]</a> Iraq would also field multiple Infantry Divisions.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> The Iraqis suffered the loss of over 3,000 tanks and over 2,000 other combat vehicles during these battles against the American-led coalition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455-17">[17]</a> It is estimated that Iraqi forces suffered 20,000–50,000 troops killed during combat operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455-17">[17]</a> It is also estimated that over 75,000 Iraqi soldiers were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> Between 80,000 and 175,000 Iraqi troops were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-google1990-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-google1991-20">[20]</a> Iraqi forces inflicted very minimal damage on Coalition forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001471-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation_of_Kuwait">Liberation of Kuwait</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign" title="Liberation of Kuwait campaign">Liberation of Kuwait campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Gulf_War_ground_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Gulf War ground campaign">Order of battle of the Gulf War ground campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_AD_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/3_AD_Iraq.jpg/310px-3_AD_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/3_AD_Iraq.jpg/465px-3_AD_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/3_AD_Iraq.jpg/620px-3_AD_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="145" /></a><figcaption>US <a href="/wiki/M1A1_MBT" class="mw-redirect" title="M1A1 MBT">M1A1 Abrams</a> tanks from the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Armored Division (United States)">3rd Armored Division</a> along the Line of Departure</figcaption></figure> US decoy attacks by air attacks and naval gunfire the night before Kuwait's liberation were designed to make the Iraqis believe the main coalition ground attack would focus on central Kuwait.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For months, American units in Saudi Arabia had been under almost constant Iraqi artillery fire, as well as threats from Scud missiles and chemical attacks. On 24 February 1991, the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions and the 1st Light Armored Infantry Battalion crossed into Kuwait and headed toward Kuwait City. They encountered trenches, barbed wire, and minefields. However, these positions were poorly defended, and were overrun in the first few hours. Several tank battles took place, but otherwise coalition troops encountered minimal resistance, as most Iraqi troops surrendered. The general pattern was that the Iraqis would put up a short fight before surrendering. However, Iraqi air defenses shot down nine US aircraft. Meanwhile, forces from Arab states advanced into Kuwait from the east, encountering little resistance and suffering few casualties.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Despite the successes of coalition forces, it was feared that the Iraqi Republican Guard would escape into Iraq before it could be destroyed. It was decided to send British armored forces into Kuwait 15 hours ahead of schedule, and to send US forces after the Republican Guard. The coalition advance was preceded by a heavy artillery and rocket barrage, after which 150,000 troops and 1,500 tanks began their advance. Iraqi forces in Kuwait counterattacked against US troops, acting on a direct order from Saddam Hussein himself. Despite the intense combat, the Americans repulsed the Iraqis and continued to advance towards Kuwait City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001375-229">[226]</a> Kuwaiti forces were tasked with liberating the city. Iraqi troops offered only light resistance. The Kuwaitis quickly liberated the city despite losing one soldier and having one plane shot down.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 27 February, Saddam ordered a retreat from Kuwait,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and President Bush declared it liberated.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> However, an Iraqi unit at Kuwait International Airport appeared not to have received the message and fiercely resisted. US Marines had to fight for hours before securing the airport, after which Kuwait was declared secure. After four days of fighting, Iraqi forces were expelled from Kuwait.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As part of a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy, they <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">set fire to nearly 700 oil wells</a> and placed land mines around the wells to make extinguishing the fires more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_moves_into_Iraq">Initial moves into Iraq</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DesertStormMap_v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DesertStormMap_v2.svg/220px-DesertStormMap_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DesertStormMap_v2.svg/330px-DesertStormMap_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/DesertStormMap_v2.svg/440px-DesertStormMap_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Ground troop movements 24–28 February 1991 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a></figcaption></figure> The war's ground phase was officially designated Operation Desert Saber.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first units to move into Iraq were three patrols of the British Special Air Service's B squadron, call signs Bravo One Zero, Bravo Two Zero, and Bravo Three Zero, in late January. These eight-man patrols landed behind Iraqi lines to gather intelligence on the movements of Scud mobile missile launchers, which could not be detected from the air, as they were hidden under bridges and camouflage netting during the day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2010207-232">[229]</a> Other objectives included the destruction of the launchers and their fiber-optic communications arrays that lay in pipelines and relayed coordinates to the <a href="/wiki/Transporter_erector_launcher" title="Transporter erector launcher">TEL</a> operators launching attacks against Israel. The operations were designed to prevent any possible Israeli intervention. Due to lack of sufficient ground cover to carry out their assignment, One Zero and Three Zero abandoned their operations, while Two Zero remained, and was later compromised, with only Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Chris_Ryan" title="Chris Ryan">Chris Ryan</a> escaping to Syria.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Elements of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Battalion <a href="/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">5th Cavalry</a> of the 1st Cavalry Division of the US Army performed a direct attack into Iraq on 15 February 1991, followed by one in force on 20 February that led directly through seven Iraqi divisions which were caught off guard.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 17 January 1991 the 101st Airborne Division Aviation Regiment fired the first shots of the war when eight <a href="/wiki/AH-64" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64">AH-64</a> helicopters successfully destroyed two Iraqi early warning radar sites.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-233">[230]</a> From 15 to 20 February, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Batin" title="Battle of Wadi al-Batin">Battle of Wadi al-Batin</a> took place inside Iraq; this was the first of two attacks by 1 Battalion 5th Cavalry of the 1st Cavalry Division. It was a feint attack, designed to make the Iraqis think that a coalition invasion would take place from the south. The Iraqis fiercely resisted, and the Americans eventually withdrew as planned back into the Wadi al-Batin. Three US soldiers were killed and nine wounded, with one M2 Bradley IFV turret destroyed, but they had taken 40 prisoners and destroyed five tanks, and successfully deceived the Iraqis. This attack led the way for the XVIII Airborne Corps to sweep around behind the 1st Cav and attack Iraqi forces to the west. On 22 February 1991, Iraq agreed to a Soviet-proposed ceasefire agreement. The agreement called for Iraq to withdraw troops to pre-invasion positions within six weeks following a total ceasefire, and called for monitoring of the ceasefire and withdrawal to be overseen by the UN Security Council.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The coalition rejected the proposal, but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and gave 24 hours for Iraq to withdraw its forces. On 23 February, fighting resulted in the capture of 500 Iraqi soldiers. On 24 February, British and American armored forces crossed the Iraq–Kuwait border and entered Iraq in large numbers, taking hundreds of prisoners. Iraqi resistance was light, and four Americans were killed.<a href="#cite_note-leyden.com-234">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalition_forces_enter_Iraq">Coalition forces enter Iraq</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IrakDesertStorm1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IrakDesertStorm1991.jpg/220px-IrakDesertStorm1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IrakDesertStorm1991.jpg/330px-IrakDesertStorm1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/IrakDesertStorm1991.jpg/440px-IrakDesertStorm1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of destroyed Iraqi <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72</a> tank, <a href="/wiki/BMP-1" title="BMP-1">BMP-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_63_(armoured_personnel_carrier)" title="Type 63 (armoured personnel carrier)">Type 63</a> armored personnel carriers and trucks on Highway 8 in March 1991</figcaption></figure> Shortly afterwards, the US VII Corps, in full strength and spearheaded by the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment, launched an armored attack into Iraq early on 24 February, just to the west of Kuwait, surprising Iraqi forces. Simultaneously, the <a href="/wiki/XVIII_Airborne_Corps" title="XVIII Airborne Corps">US XVIII Airborne Corps</a> launched a sweeping "left-hook" attack across southern Iraq's largely undefended desert, led by the US <a href="/wiki/3d_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3d Armored Cavalry Regiment">3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/24th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="24th Infantry Division (United States)">24th Infantry Division (Mechanized)</a>. This movement's left flank was protected by the French <a href="/wiki/Division_Daguet" title="Division Daguet">Division Daguet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a> conducted a combat air assault into enemy territory.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-233">[230]</a> The 101st Airborne Division had struck 249 km (155 mi) behind enemy lines.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-233">[230]</a> It was the deepest air assault operation in history.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-233">[230]</a> Approximately 400 helicopters transported 2,000 soldiers into Iraq where they destroyed Iraqi columns trying to flee westward and prevented the escape of Iraqi forces.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> The 101st Airborne Division travelled a further 80 to 100 km (50 to 60 mi) into Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-233">[230]</a> By nightfall, the 101st cut off Highway 8 which was a vital supply line running between Basra and the Iraqi forces.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-233">[230]</a> The 101st had lost 16 soldiers in action during the 100-hour war and captured thousands of enemy prisoners of war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The French force quickly overcame Iraq's 45th Infantry Division, suffering light casualties and taking a large number of prisoners, and took up blocking positions to prevent an Iraqi counterattack on the coalition's flank. The movement's right flank was protected by the United Kingdom's 1st Armoured Division. Once the allies had penetrated deep into Iraqi territory, they turned eastward, launching a flank attack against the elite Republican Guard before it could escape. The Iraqis resisted fiercely from dug-in positions and stationary vehicles, and even mounted armored charges.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unlike many previous engagements, the destruction of the first Iraqi tanks did not result in a mass surrender. The Iraqis suffered massive losses and lost dozens of tanks and vehicles, while US casualties were comparatively low, with a single Bradley knocked out. Coalition forces pressed another 10 km (6.2 mi) into Iraqi territory, and captured their objective within three hours. They took 500 prisoners and inflicted heavy losses, defeating Iraq's 26th Infantry Division. A US soldier was killed by an Iraqi land mine, another five by friendly fire, and 30 wounded during the battle. Meanwhile, British forces attacked Iraq's Medina Division and a major Republican Guard logistics base. In nearly two days of some of the war's most intense fighting, the British destroyed 40 enemy tanks and captured a division commander.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Meanwhile, US forces attacked the village of <a href="/wiki/Muthanna_Governorate" title="Muthanna Governorate">Al Busayyah</a>, meeting fierce resistance. The US force destroyed military hardware and took prisoners, while suffering no casualties.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 25 February 1991, Iraqi forces fired a Scud missile at an American barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The missile attack killed 28 US military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> The coalition's advance was much swifter than US generals had expected. On 26 February, Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait, after they had set 737 of its oil wells on fire. A long convoy of retreating Iraqi troops formed along the main Iraq–Kuwait highway. Although they were retreating, this convoy was bombed so extensively by coalition air forces that it came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Highway_of_Death" title="Highway of Death">Highway of Death</a>. Thousands of Iraqi troops were killed. American, British, and French forces continued to pursue retreating Iraqi forces over the border and back into Iraq, eventually moving to within 240 km (150 mi) of Baghdad, before withdrawing back to Iraq's border with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-Holsti2011-237">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_active_hostilities">End of active hostilities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">Kuwaiti oil fires</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG/170px-Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG/255px-Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG/340px-Gulf_War_Saudi_Flag.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>Civilians and coalition military forces wave Kuwaiti and Saudi Arabian flags as they celebrate the retreat of Iraqi forces from Kuwait.</figcaption></figure> In coalition-occupied Iraqi territory, a peace conference was held where a ceasefire agreement was negotiated and signed by both sides. At the conference, Iraq was authorized to fly armed helicopters on their side of the temporary border, ostensibly for government transit due to the damage done to civilian infrastructure. Soon after, these helicopters and much of Iraq's military were used to fight an <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">uprising in the south</a>. On March 1, 1991, one day after the Gulf War ceasefire, a revolt broke out in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> against the Iraqi government. The uprising spread within days to all of the largest Shia cities in southern Iraq: <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amarah" title="Amarah">Amarah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwaniya">Diwaniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilla">Hilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kut" title="Kut">Kut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasiriyah" title="Nasiriyah">Nasiriyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samawah" title="Samawah">Samawah</a>. The rebellions were encouraged by an airing of "The Voice of Free Iraq" on 24 February 1991, which was broadcast from a CIA-run radio station out of Saudi Arabia. The Arabic service of the Voice of America supported the uprising by stating that the rebellion was well supported, and that they would soon be liberated from Saddam.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> In the North, Kurdish leaders took American statements that they would support an uprising to heart, and began fighting, hoping to trigger a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. However, when no US support came, Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising and the uprising in the south.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran. On April 5, the Iraqi government announced "the complete crushing of acts of sedition, sabotage and rioting in all towns of Iraq." An estimated 25,000 to 100,000 Iraqis were killed in the uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-ENDLESS-240">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> These events later resulted in <a href="/wiki/No-fly_zone" title="No-fly zone">no-fly zones</a> being established in northern and southern Iraq.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Kuwait, the Emir was restored, and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed. Eventually, over 400,000 people were expelled from the country, including a large number of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinians</a>, because of PLO support of Saddam. Yasser Arafat did not apologize for his support of Iraq, but after his death <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> formally apologized in 2004 on behalf of the PLO. This came after the Kuwaiti government formally forgave the group.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> There was some criticism of the Bush administration, as they chose to allow Saddam to remain in power instead of pushing on to capture Baghdad and overthrowing his government. In their co-written 1998 book, <a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed">A World Transformed</a>, Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance, and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1992, the US Defense Secretary during the war, Dick Cheney, made the same point: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I would guess if we had gone in there, we would still have forces in Baghdad today. We'd be running the country. We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home. And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of casualties. I don't think you could have done all of that without significant additional US casualties, and while everybody was tremendously impressed with the low cost of the (1991) conflict, for the 146 Americans who were killed in action and for their families, it wasn't a cheap war. And the question in my mind is, how many additional American casualties is Saddam [Hussein] worth? And the answer is, not that damned many. So, I think we got it right, both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait, but also when the President made the decision that we'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a></blockquote> On 10 March 1991, 540,000 US troops began moving out of the Persian Gulf.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 15 March 1991, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaber_al-Ahmad_al-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah">Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah</a> returned to Kuwait, staying at the private home of a wealthy Kuwaiti as his own palace had been destroyed. He was met with a symbolic arrival with several dozens cars filled with people honking their horns and waving Kuwaiti flags who tried to follow the Emir's convoy. According to The New York Times, he faced a population divided between those who stayed and those who fled, a government straining to reassert control and a rejuvenated opposition that is pressing for greater democracy and other postwar changes, including voting rights for women. Democracy advocates had been calling for restoration of Parliament that the Emir had suspended in 1986.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coalition_involvement">Coalition involvement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">Coalition of the Gulf War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_organization_of_the_U.S.-led_coalition_during_the_Gulf_War" title="Naval organization of the U.S.-led coalition during the Gulf War">Naval organization of the U.S.-led coalition during the Gulf War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg/220px-Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg/330px-Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg/440px-Various_Arabic_Troops_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>Coalition troops from Egypt, Syria, Oman, France, and Kuwait during Operation Desert Storm</figcaption></figure> Coalition members included Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark,<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Tread-247">[244]</a> The United States had 700,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> Germany and Japan provided financial assistance<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> and donated military hardware, although they did not send direct military assistance. This later became known as <a href="/wiki/Checkbook_diplomacy" title="Checkbook diplomacy">checkbook diplomacy</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_1991_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War">Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War</a></div> Australia contributed a Naval Task Group, which formed part of the multi-national fleet in the Persian Gulf and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a>, under Operation Damask. In addition, medical teams were deployed aboard a US <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">hospital ship</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Team_(RAN)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearance Diving Team (RAN)">naval clearance diving team</a> took part in de-mining Kuwait's port facilities following the end of combat operations. Australian forces experienced a number of incidents in the first number of weeks of the Desert Storm Campaign including the detection of significant air threats from Iraq as a part of the outer perimeter of Battle Force Zulu; the detection of free sea floating mines and assistance to the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Midway" title="USS Midway">USS Midway</a>. The Australian Task Force was also placed at great risk with regard to the sea mine threat, with <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Brisbane" title="HMAS Brisbane">HMAS Brisbane</a> narrowly avoiding a mine. The Australians played a significant role in enforcing the sanctions put in place against Iraq following Kuwait's invasion. Following the war's end, Australia deployed a medical unit on <a href="/wiki/Operation_Habitat" title="Operation Habitat">Operation Habitat</a> to northern Iraq as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">Operation Provide Comfort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operativo_Alfil" title="Operativo Alfil">Operativo Alfil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Alouette_III_helicopter_of_the_Argentine_navy_onboard_USNS_Comfort_(T-AH-20)_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/An_Alouette_III_helicopter_of_the_Argentine_navy_onboard_USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH-20%29_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.JPEG/220px-An_Alouette_III_helicopter_of_the_Argentine_navy_onboard_USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH-20%29_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/An_Alouette_III_helicopter_of_the_Argentine_navy_onboard_USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH-20%29_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.JPEG/330px-An_Alouette_III_helicopter_of_the_Argentine_navy_onboard_USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH-20%29_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/An_Alouette_III_helicopter_of_the_Argentine_navy_onboard_USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH-20%29_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.JPEG/440px-An_Alouette_III_helicopter_of_the_Argentine_navy_onboard_USNS_Comfort_%28T-AH-20%29_during_Operation_Desert_Storm.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Argentine Navy <a href="/wiki/Alouette_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Alouette III">Alouette III</a> helicopter on board <a href="/wiki/USNS_Comfort" title="USNS Comfort">USNS Comfort</a>, February 1991</figcaption></figure> Argentina was the only South American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War. It sent a destroyer, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Almirante_Brown_(D-10)" title="ARA Almirante Brown (D-10)">ARA Almirante Brown (D-10)</a>, a corvette, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Spiro_(P-43)" title="ARA Spiro (P-43)">ARA Spiro (P-43)</a> (later replaced by another corvette, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Rosales_(P-42)" title="ARA Rosales (P-42)">ARA Rosales (P-42)</a>) and a supply ship, <a href="/wiki/ARA_Bah%C3%ADa_San_Blas_(B-4)" class="mw-redirect" title="ARA Bahía San Blas (B-4)">ARA Bahía San Blas (B-4)</a> to participate on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> blockade and sea control effort of the Persian Gulf. The success of "Operación Alfil" (English: "Operation Bishop") with more than 700 interceptions and 25,000 nautical miles (46,000 km) sailed in the theatre of operations helped to overcome the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Malvinas_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvinas syndrome">Malvinas syndrome</a>".<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> Argentina was later classified by the US as a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> due to its contributions during the war.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">Operation Friction</a></div> Canada was one of the first countries to condemn Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, and it quickly agreed to join the US-led coalition. In August 1990, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> committed the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> to deploy a Naval Task Group. The destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Terra_Nova" title="HMCS Terra Nova">HMCS Terra Nova</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Athabaskan_(DDG_282)" title="HMCS Athabaskan (DDG 282)">HMCS Athabaskan</a> joined the maritime interdiction force supported by the supply ship <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Protecteur_(AOR_509)" title="HMCS Protecteur (AOR 509)">HMCS Protecteur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">Operation Friction</a>. The Canadian Task Group led the coalition's maritime logistics forces in the Persian Gulf. A fourth ship, <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Huron_(DDG_281)" title="HMCS Huron (DDG 281)">HMCS Huron</a>, arrived in-theater after hostilities had ceased and was the first allied ship to visit Kuwait.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the UN-authorized use of force against Iraq, the Canadian Forces deployed a <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_CF-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet">CF-18 Hornet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_CH-124_Sea_King" title="Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King">CH-124 Sea King</a> squadron with support personnel, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">field hospital</a> to deal with casualties from the ground war. When the air war began, the CF-18s were integrated into the coalition force and provided air cover and attacked ground targets. This was the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> had participated in an offensive. The only CF-18 Hornet to record an official victory during the conflict was an aircraft involved in the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bubiyan" title="Battle of Bubiyan">Battle of Bubiyan</a> against the Iraqi Navy.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Daguet" title="Opération Daguet">Opération Daguet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraqi_Type_69_destroyed_by_the_French_6th_Light_Armored_Division_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iraqi_Type_69_destroyed_by_the_French_6th_Light_Armored_Division_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/220px-Iraqi_Type_69_destroyed_by_the_French_6th_Light_Armored_Division_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iraqi_Type_69_destroyed_by_the_French_6th_Light_Armored_Division_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/330px-Iraqi_Type_69_destroyed_by_the_French_6th_Light_Armored_Division_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Iraqi_Type_69_destroyed_by_the_French_6th_Light_Armored_Division_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/440px-Iraqi_Type_69_destroyed_by_the_French_6th_Light_Armored_Division_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption>French and American soldiers inspecting an Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Type_69/79" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 69/79">Type 69</a> tank destroyed by the French <a href="/wiki/Division_Daguet" title="Division Daguet">Division Daguet</a> during Operation Desert Storm</figcaption></figure> The second largest European contingent was from France, which committed 18,000 troops.<a href="#cite_note-Tread-247">[244]</a> Operating on the left flank of the US XVIII Airborne Corps, the French Army force was the Division Daguet, including troops from the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a>. Initially, the French operated independently under national command and control, but coordinated closely with the Americans (via CENTCOM) and Saudis. In January, the Division was placed under the tactical control of the XVIII Airborne Corps. France also deployed several combat aircraft and naval units. The French called their contribution <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Daguet" title="Opération Daguet">Opération Daguet</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operazione_Locusta" title="Operazione Locusta">Operazione Locusta</a></div> Following the invasion and annexation of <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> by <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, on September 25, 1990, the Italian Government sent eight multirole fighter bombers <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado#Tornado_IDS" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado IDS</a> (plus two spare) in the Persian Gulf, belonging to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Stormo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Stormo (page does not exist)">6º</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=36%C2%BA_Stormo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="36º Stormo (page does not exist)">36º</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=50%C2%BA_Stormo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="50º Stormo (page does not exist)">50º Stormo</a>, which were deployed at the <a href="/wiki/Al_Dhafra_Air_Base" title="Al Dhafra Air Base">Al Dhafra Air Base</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, in the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-difesaonline.it-255">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-difesa.it-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> During the 42 days of war, Italian fighters made 226 sorties for a total of 589 flight hours. The Italian Air Force recorded the loss of a single aircraft in the Gulf War. The use of Italian aircraft as part of the Desert Storm operation represented the first operational employment in combat missions of Italian Air Force aircraft since the end of World War II.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Granby" title="Operation Granby">Operation Granby</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_convoy_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/British_Army_convoy_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/220px-British_Army_convoy_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/British_Army_convoy_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/330px-British_Army_convoy_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/British_Army_convoy_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG/440px-British_Army_convoy_during_the_Gulf_War.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>British Army convoy during the Gulf War</figcaption></figure> The United Kingdom committed the largest contingent of any European state that participated in the war's combat operations. Operation Granby was the code name for the operations in the Persian Gulf. <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> regiments (mainly with the 1st Armoured Division), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Naval Air Squadrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> vessels were mobilized in the Persian Gulf. Both Royal Air Force and Naval Air Squadrons, using various aircraft, operated from <a href="/wiki/Military_airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Military airbase">airbases</a> in Saudi Arabia and Naval Air Squadrons from various vessels in the Persian Gulf. The United Kingdom played a major role in the Battle of Norfolk, where its forces destroyed over 200 Iraqi tanks and a large quantity of other vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001275-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001377-213">[210]</a> After 48 hours of combat the British 1st Armoured Division destroyed or isolated four Iraqi infantry divisions (the 26th, 48th, 31st, and 25th) and overran the Iraqi 52nd Armored Division in several sharp engagements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001377-213">[210]</a> Chief Royal Navy vessels deployed to the Persian Gulf included <a href="/wiki/Type_22_frigate" title="Type 22 frigate">Broadsword-class frigates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Type_42_destroyer" title="Type 42 destroyer">Sheffield-class destroyers</a>; other R.N. and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Fleet_Auxiliary" title="Royal Fleet Auxiliary">RFA</a> ships were also deployed. The light aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R07)" title="HMS Ark Royal (R07)">HMS Ark Royal</a> was deployed to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Several SAS squadrons were deployed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A British Challenger 1 achieved the longest range confirmed tank kill of the war, destroying an Iraqi tank with an <a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing_fin-stabilized_discarding-sabot" class="mw-redirect" title="Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot">armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding-sabot</a> (APFSDS) round fired over 4,700 metres (2.9 mi)—the longest tank-on-tank kill shot recorded.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian">Civilian</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck,_Turkey,_1991.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg/220px-Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg/330px-Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg/440px-Kurdish_refugees_travel_by_truck%2C_Turkey%2C_1991.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurds">Iraqi Kurds</a> fleeing to Turkey shortly after the war</figcaption></figure> Over 1,000 Kuwaiti civilians were killed by Iraqis.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> More than 600 Kuwaitis went <a href="/wiki/Missing_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing people">missing</a> during Iraq's occupation,<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> and approximately 375 remains were found in mass graves in Iraq. The increased importance of air attacks from both coalition <a href="/wiki/Warplanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Warplanes">warplanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missiles">cruise missiles</a> led to controversy over the number of civilian deaths caused during Desert Storm's initial stages. Within Desert Storm's first 24 hours, more than 1,000 sorties were flown, many against targets in Baghdad. The city was the target of heavy bombing, as it was the seat of power for Saddam and the Iraqi forces' <a href="/wiki/Command_and_Control_(Military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and Control (Military)">command and control</a>. This ultimately led to <a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian casualties">civilian casualties</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In one noted incident, two <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> stealth planes bombed <a href="/wiki/Amiriyah_shelter_bombing" title="Amiriyah shelter bombing">a bunker in Amiriyah</a>, causing the deaths of 408 Iraqi civilians in the shelter.<a href="#cite_note-CSM2002-262">[259]</a> Scenes of burned and mutilated bodies were subsequently broadcast, and controversy arose over the bunker's status, with some stating that it was a civilian shelter, while others contended that it was a center of Iraqi military operations, and that the civilians had been deliberately moved there to act as <a href="/wiki/Human_shield" title="Human shield">human shields</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Saddam's government gave high civilian casualty to draw support from Islamic countries. The Iraqi government claimed that 2,300 civilians died during the air campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010265-263">[260]</a> According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study, 3,664 Iraqi civilians were killed in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-POL-264">[261]</a> During the nationwide <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">uprisings</a> against the Ba'athist Iraqi government that directly followed the end of the Gulf War in March and April, an estimated 25,000 to 100,000 Iraqis were killed, overwhelmingly civilians.<a href="#cite_note-ENDLESS-240">[237]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> study released in June 1991 predicted that there would be tens of thousands of additional Iraqi civilian deaths by the end of 1991 due to the "public health catastrophe" caused by the destruction of the country's electrical generating capacity. "Without electricity, hospitals cannot function, perishable medicines spoil, water cannot be purified and raw sewage cannot be processed,". The US government refused to release its own study of the effects of the Iraqi public health crisis.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> An investigation in 1992 by Beth Osborne Daponte estimated about 13,000 civilians were directly killed in the war, while another 70,000 died indirectly from the war's other effects.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Fisk-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> According to a 1992 study published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a> by researchers known as the International Study Team (IST), child mortality increased threefold as a result of the war, with 46,900 children under the age of 5 dying between January and August 1991.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> However, these figures have been challenged by a 2017 study published in <a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">The BMJ</a>, which stated that the "IST survey probably understated the level of child mortality that prevailed during 1985–1990 and overstated the level during 1991." According to this study, "there was no major rise in child mortality in Iraq after 1990".<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> A report published in 2002 by <a href="/wiki/Medact" title="Medact">Medact</a> estimated the total number of Iraqi deaths caused directly and indirectly by the Gulf War to be between 142,500 and 206,000, including 100,000–120,000 military deaths, and 20,000–35,000 civilian deaths in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">civil war</a> and 15,000–30,000 refugee deaths after the end of the Gulf war.<a href="#cite_note-Collateral_damage-27">[26]</a> Iraq also launched numerous attacks on civilian targets in Israel and Saudi Arabia. A 1991 report by <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle East Watch">Middle East Watch</a> said that at least one Saudi civilian was killed after they were hit by Iraqi shelling in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> A disputed number of people were also killed during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel">Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraqi">Iraqi</h3></div> A United Nations report in March 1991 described the effect on Iraq of the US-led bombing campaign as "near apocalyptic", bringing back Iraq to the "pre-industrial age."<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> The exact number of Iraqi combat casualties is unknown, but is believed to have been heavy. Some estimate that Iraq sustained between 20,000 and 35,000 fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Fisk-266">[263]</a> A report commissioned by the US Air Force estimated 10,000–12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign, and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study, between 20,000 and 26,000 Iraqi military personnel were killed in the conflict while 75,000 others were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-POL-264">[261]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Kanan_Makiya" title="Kanan Makiya">Kanan Makiya</a>, "For the Iraqi people, the cost of enforcing the will of the United Nations has been grotesque."<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> General Schwarzkopf talked about "a very, very large number of dead in these units, a very, very large number indeed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Khalil1991-275">[272]</a> The chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, <a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Les Aspin</a>, estimated that "at least 65,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Khalil1991-275">[272]</a> A figure was supported by Israeli sources who speak of "one to two hundred thousand Iraqi casualties." Most of the killing "took place during the ground war. Fleeing soldiers were bombed with a device known as a 'fuel-air explosive.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Khalil1991-275">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalition">Coalition</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Coalition troops killed by country </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Enemy action </th> <th>Accident </th> <th>Friendly fire </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States</td> <td>148</td> <td>113</td> <td>35</td> <td>35</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cnn-276">[273]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Senegal</td> <td>92</td> <td></td> <td>92</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom</td> <td>47</td> <td>38</td> <td>1</td> <td>9</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Saudi Arabia</td> <td>24</td> <td>18</td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-92-senegalese-soldiers-die-280">[277]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Egypt</td> <td>11</td> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-92-senegalese-soldiers-die-280">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> France</td> <td>9</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cnn-276">[273]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Arab Emirates</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> Qatar</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-cnn-276">[273]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Syria</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-nyt-syria-double-283">[280]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> Spain</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Kuwait</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italy</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Czechoslovakia</td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_090813-N-1522S-007_Members_of_a_Navy_honor_guard_carry_the_remains_of_Capt._Michael_Scott_Speicher_to_All_Saints_Chapel_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville_in_Jacksonville,_Fla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_Navy_090813-N-1522S-007_Members_of_a_Navy_honor_guard_carry_the_remains_of_Capt._Michael_Scott_Speicher_to_All_Saints_Chapel_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville_in_Jacksonville%2C_Fla.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_Navy_090813-N-1522S-007_Members_of_a_Navy_honor_guard_carry_the_remains_of_Capt._Michael_Scott_Speicher_to_All_Saints_Chapel_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville_in_Jacksonville%2C_Fla.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_Navy_090813-N-1522S-007_Members_of_a_Navy_honor_guard_carry_the_remains_of_Capt._Michael_Scott_Speicher_to_All_Saints_Chapel_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville_in_Jacksonville%2C_Fla.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Sailors from a US Navy honor guard carry Navy pilot <a href="/wiki/Scott_Speicher" title="Scott Speicher">Scott Speicher</a>'s remains.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">US Department of Defense</a> reports that US forces suffered 148 battle-related deaths (35 to friendly fire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010470-289">[286]</a>), with <a href="/wiki/Scott_Speicher" title="Scott Speicher">one pilot</a> listed as <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">MIA</a> (his remains were found and identified in August 2009). A further 145 Americans died in non-combat accidents.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-276">[273]</a> The UK suffered 47 deaths (nine to friendly fire, all by US forces), France nine,<a href="#cite_note-cnn-276">[273]</a> and the other countries, not including Kuwait, suffered 37 deaths (18 Saudis, one Egyptian, six UAE and three Qataris).<a href="#cite_note-cnn-276">[273]</a> At least 605 Kuwaiti soldiers were still missing 10 years after their capture.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> The largest single loss of life among coalition forces happened on 25 February 1991, when an Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Al_Hussein_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hussein (missile)">Al Hussein missile</a> hit a US military barrack in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 28 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">US Army Reservists</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. In all, 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi fire during the war, 113 of whom were American, out of 358 coalition deaths. Another 44 soldiers were killed and 57 wounded by friendly fire. 145 soldiers died of exploding munitions or non-combat accidents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010264-291">[288]</a> The largest accident among coalition forces happened on 21 March 1991, when a Royal Saudi Air Force C-130H crashed in heavy smoke on approach to Ras Al-Mishab Airport, Saudi Arabia. 92 Senegalese soldiers and six Saudi crew members were killed.<a href="#cite_note-92-senegalese-soldiers-die-280">[277]</a> The number of coalition wounded in combat was 776, including 458 Americans.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> 190 coalition troops were killed by Iraqi combatants, the rest of the 379 coalition deaths were from friendly fire or accidents. This number was much lower than expected. Among the American combat dead were four female soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Friendly_fire">Friendly fire</h4></div> While the death toll among coalition forces engaging Iraqi combatants was very low, a substantial number of deaths were caused by accidental attacks from other Allied units. Of the 148 US troops who died in battle, 24% were killed by friendly fire, a total of 35 service personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010207-294">[291]</a> A further 11 died in detonations of coalition munitions. Nine British military personnel were killed in a friendly fire incident when a USAF <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Republic_A-10_Thunderbolt_II" title="Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10 Thunderbolt II</a> destroyed a group of two Warrior IFVs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Aftermath of the Gulf War">Aftermath of the Gulf War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War_illness">Gulf War illness</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a></div> Many returning coalition soldiers reported illnesses following their action in the war, a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a> (GWS) or Gulf War illness (GWI). Common symptoms reported are chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, and gastrointestinal disorder.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> There has been widespread speculation and disagreement about the causes of the illness and the possibly related birth defects. Researchers found that infants born to male veterans of the 1991 war had higher rates of two types of heart valve defects. Some children born after the war to Gulf War veterans had a certain kidney defect that was not found in Gulf War veterans' children born before the war. Researchers have said that they did not have enough information to link birth defects with exposure to toxic substances.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> In 1994, the US Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs with Respect to Export Administration published a report entitled, "U.S. Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual Use Exports to Iraq and their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Gulf War". This publication, called the <a href="/wiki/Riegle_Report" title="Riegle Report">Riegle Report</a>, summarized testimony this committee had received establishing that the U.S. had in the 1980s supplied Saddam Hussein with chemical and biological warfare technology, that Saddam had used such chemical weapons against Iran and his own native Kurds, and possibly against U.S. soldiers as well, plausibly contributing to the GWS.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A 2022 study by Dr. Robert W. Haley of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center</a>, et al., of 1,016 U.S. Gulf War veterans found evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causal</a> link between GWS and exposure to low levels of the nerve agent sarin, which was released into the air by coalition bombing of Iraqi chemical weapons facilities. Significantly, the study found an increased incidence of GWS not only among veterans who recounted hearing nerve agent alarms, but also among veterans with the RR or QR (as opposed to the QQ) forms of the <a href="/wiki/PON1" title="PON1">PON1</a> gene, which produces an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that deactivates <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphates</a> (including sarin) through <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a>. By contrast, GWS was inversely associated with higher levels of the type Q <a href="/wiki/Isozyme" title="Isozyme">isozyme</a>, which is more efficient at breaking down sarin than its type R counterpart. The authors "found that the PON1 <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a> and hearing nerve agent alarms were independent and the findings robust to both measured and unmeasured <a href="/wiki/Confounding" title="Confounding">confounding</a>, supporting a mechanistic [gene–environment] interaction. ... Moreover, the change in the combined effect from one category to the next was significantly greater than the sum of the independent effects of the environmental exposure and the genotype".<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_depleted_uranium">Effects of depleted uranium</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium#Health_considerations" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium § Health considerations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GWI_DU_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/GWI_DU_map.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>Approximate area and major clashes in which DU rounds were used</figcaption></figure> The US military used <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> in tank kinetic energy penetrators and 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) cannon <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ordnance</a>. Significant controversy regarding the long term safety of depleted uranium exists, including claims of <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genotoxicity" title="Genotoxicity">genotoxic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teratogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenicity">teratogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metal</a> effects. Many have cited its use during the war as a contributing factor to a number of major health issues in veterans and in surrounding civilian populations, including in birth defects and child cancer rates. Scientific opinion on the risk is mixed.<a href="#cite_note-bostonglobe-298">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> In 2004, Iraq had the highest mortality rate due to <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> of any country.<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doctor's_Gulf_War_Studies_Link_Cancer_to_Depleted_Uranium-302">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> Depleted uranium has 40% less radioactivity than natural uranium, but the negative effects should not be overlooked.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> Depleted uranium is not a significant health hazard unless it is taken into the body. External exposure to radiation from depleted uranium is generally not a major concern because the alpha particles emitted by its isotopes travel only a few centimeters in air or can be stopped by a sheet of paper. Also, the uranium-235 that remains in depleted uranium emits only a small amount of low-energy gamma radiation. However, if allowed to enter the body, depleted uranium, like natural uranium, has the potential for both chemical and radiological toxicity with the two important target organs being the kidneys and the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highway_of_Death">Highway of Death</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Highway_of_Death" title="Highway of Death">Highway of Death</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg/220px-Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg/330px-Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg/440px-Demolished_vehicles_line_Highway_80_on_18_Apr_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2837" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed Iraqi civilian and military vehicles on the <a href="/wiki/Highway_of_Death" title="Highway of Death">Highway of Death</a></figcaption></figure> In the night of 26–27 February 1991, some Iraqi forces began leaving Kuwait on the main highway north of Al Jahra in a column of some 1,400 vehicles. A patrolling <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_E-8_Joint_STARS" title="Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS">E-8 Joint STARS</a> aircraft observed the retreating forces and relayed the information to the DDM-8 air operations center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These vehicles and the retreating soldiers were subsequently attacked by two A-10 aircraft, resulting in a 60 kilometres (37 mi) stretch of highway strewn with debris—the Highway of Death. New York Times reporter Maureen Dowd wrote, "With the Iraqi leader facing military defeat, Mr. Bush decided that he would rather gamble on a violent and potentially unpopular ground war than risk the alternative: an imperfect settlement hammered out by the Soviets and Iraqis that world opinion might accept as tolerable."<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> Chuck Horner, Commander of US and allied air operations, has written: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[By February 26], the Iraqis totally lost heart and started to evacuate occupied Kuwait, but airpower halted the caravan of Iraqi Army and plunderers fleeing toward Basra. This event was later called by the media "The Highway of Death." There were certainly a lot of dead vehicles, but not so many dead Iraqis. They'd already learned to scamper off into the desert when our aircraft started to attack. Nevertheless, some people back home wrongly chose to believe we were cruelly and unusually punishing our already whipped foes. ... By February 27, talk had turned toward terminating the hostilities. Kuwait was free. We were not interested in governing Iraq. So the question became "How do we stop the killing."<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulldozer_assault"> Bulldozer assault</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D7_armoured_bulldozer_on_flatbed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/D7_armoured_bulldozer_on_flatbed.jpg/220px-D7_armoured_bulldozer_on_flatbed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/D7_armoured_bulldozer_on_flatbed.jpg/330px-D7_armoured_bulldozer_on_flatbed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/D7_armoured_bulldozer_on_flatbed.jpg/440px-D7_armoured_bulldozer_on_flatbed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Armored_bulldozer" title="Armored bulldozer">armored bulldozer</a> similar to the ones used in the attack</figcaption></figure> Another incident during the war highlighted the question of large-scale Iraqi combat deaths. This was the "<a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">bulldozer</a> assault", wherein two brigades from the US 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) were faced with a large and complex trench network, as part of the heavily fortified "Saddam Hussein Line". After some deliberation, they opted to use anti-mine <a href="/wiki/Plow" class="mw-redirect" title="Plow">plows</a> mounted on tanks and combat earthmovers to simply plow over and bury alive the defending Iraqi soldiers. Not a single American was killed during the attack. Reporters were banned from witnessing the attack, near the neutral zone that touches the border between Saudi Arabia and Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-Sloyan-309">[306]</a> Every American in the assault was inside an armored vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-Sloyan-309">[306]</a> Patrick Day Sloyan of <a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a> reported, "Bradley Fighting Vehicles and Vulcan armored carriers straddled the trench lines and fired into the Iraqi soldiers as the tanks covered them with mounds of sand. 'I came through right after the lead company,' [Col. Anthony] Moreno said. 'What you saw was a bunch of buried trenches with peoples' arms and things sticking out of them.'"<a href="#cite_note-Sloyan_1991-9-12-310">[307]</a> However, after the war, the Iraqi government said that only 44 bodies were found.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> In his book The Wars Against Saddam, <a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(journalist)" title="John Simpson (journalist)">John Simpson</a> alleges that US forces attempted to cover up the incident.<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> After the incident, the commander of the 1st Brigade said: "I know burying people like that sounds pretty nasty, but it would be even nastier if we had to put our troops in the trenches and clean them out with bayonets."<a href="#cite_note-Sloyan_1991-9-12-310">[307]</a> Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney did not mention the First Division's tactics in an interim report to Congress on Operation Desert Storm.<a href="#cite_note-Sloyan-309">[306]</a> In the report, Cheney acknowledged that 457 enemy soldiers were buried during the ground war.<a href="#cite_note-Sloyan-309">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_exodus_from_Kuwait">Palestinian exodus from Kuwait</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_exodus_from_Kuwait_(1990%E2%80%9391)" title="Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (1990–91)">Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (1990–91)</a></div> A <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_exodus_from_Kuwait_(1990%E2%80%9391)" title="Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (1990–91)">Palestinian exodus from Kuwait</a> took place during and after the Gulf War. During the Gulf War, more than 200,000 Palestinians fled Kuwait during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraqi occupation of Kuwait</a> due to harassment and intimidation by Iraqi security forces,<a href="#cite_note-ir-313">[310]</a> in addition to getting fired from work by Iraqi authority figures in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-ir-313">[310]</a> After the Gulf War, the Kuwaiti authorities forcibly pressured nearly 200,000 Palestinians to leave Kuwait in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-ir-313">[310]</a> Kuwait's policy, which led to this exodus, was a response to alignment of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and the PLO with Saddam Hussein. The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian people">Jordanian citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jor-314">[311]</a> In 2013, 280,000 Jordanian citizens of Palestinian origin lived in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-mon-315">[312]</a> In 2012, 80,000 Palestinians (without Jordanian <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>) lived in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-monitor-316">[313]</a> Saudi Arabia expelled <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> workers after Yemen supported Saddam during the Gulf War.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalition_bombing_of_Iraq's_civilian_infrastructure">Coalition bombing of Iraq's civilian infrastructure</h3></div> In the 23 June 1991 edition of The Washington Post, reporter Bart Gellman wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Many of the targets were chosen only secondarily to contribute to the military defeat of Iraq ... Military planners hoped the bombing would amplify the economic and psychological impact of international sanctions on Iraqi society ... They deliberately did great harm to Iraq's ability to support itself as an industrial society ...<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a></blockquote> In the Jan/Feb 1995 edition of Foreign Affairs, French diplomat Eric Rouleau wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[T]he Iraqi people, who were not consulted about the invasion, have paid the price for their government's madness ... Iraqis understood the legitimacy of a military action to drive their army from Kuwait, but they have had difficulty comprehending the Allied rationale for using air power to systematically destroy or cripple Iraqi infrastructure and industry: electric power stations (92 percent of installed capacity destroyed), refineries (80 percent of production capacity), petrochemical complexes, telecommunications centers (including 135 telephone networks), bridges (more than 100), roads, highways, railroads, hundreds of locomotives and boxcars full of goods, radio and television broadcasting stations, cement plants, and factories producing aluminum, textiles, electric cables, and medical supplies.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a></blockquote> However, the UN subsequently spent billions rebuilding hospitals, schools, and <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> facilities throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_Coalition_POWs">Abuse of Coalition POWs</h3></div> During the conflict, coalition aircrew shot down over Iraq were displayed as prisoners of war on TV, most with visible signs of abuse. Amongst several testimonies to poor treatment,<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> USAF Captain Richard Storr was allegedly tortured by Iraqis during the Persian Gulf War. Iraqi secret police broke his nose, dislocated his shoulder and punctured his eardrum.<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> Royal Air Force <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Tornado</a> crew <a href="/wiki/John_Nichol_(RAF_officer)" title="John Nichol (RAF officer)">John Nichol</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Peters_(RAF)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Peters (RAF)">John Peters</a> have both alleged that they were tortured during this time.<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> Nichol and Peters were forced to make statements against the war on television. Members of British Special Air Service Bravo Two Zero were captured while providing information about an Iraqi supply line of Scud missiles to coalition forces. Only one, Chris Ryan, evaded capture while the group's other surviving members were violently tortured.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> Flight surgeon (later General) <a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Cornum" title="Rhonda Cornum">Rhonda Cornum</a> was sexually assaulted by one of her captors<a href="#cite_note-Time-326">[323]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">Black Hawk helicopter</a> in which she was riding was shot down while searching for a downed <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16</a> pilot.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Southern_Watch">Operation Southern Watch</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch">Operation Southern Watch</a></div> Since the war, the US has had a continued presence of 5,000 troops stationed in Saudi Arabia – a figure that rose to 10,000 during the 2003 conflict in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-327">[324]</a> Operation Southern Watch enforced the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">no-fly zones</a> over southern Iraq set up after 1991; oil exports through the Persian Gulf's shipping lanes were protected by the Bahrain-based <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">US Fifth Fleet</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since Saudi Arabia houses Mecca and Medina, Islam's holiest sites, many Muslims were upset at the permanent military presence. The continued presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia after the war was one of the stated motivations behind the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">11 September terrorist attacks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bbc-327">[324]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a>, and the date chosen for the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 US embassy bombings</a> (7 August), which was eight years to the day that US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> interpreted the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> as banning the "permanent presence of infidels in Arabia".<a href="#cite_note-holywar-p3-329">[326]</a> In 1996, bin Laden issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a>, calling for US troops to leave Saudi Arabia. In a December 1999 interview with <a href="/wiki/Rahimullah_Yusufzai" title="Rahimullah Yusufzai">Rahimullah Yusufzai</a>, bin Laden said he felt that Americans were "too near to Mecca" and considered this a provocation to the entire Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-20010926-330">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions">Sanctions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_661" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 661">United Nations Security Council Resolution 661</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions against Iraq</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_661" class="extiw" title="wikisource:United Nations Security Council Resolution 661">United Nations Security Council Resolution 661</a></div></div></div> </div> On 6 August 1990, after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 661 which imposed economic sanctions on Iraq, providing for a full trade <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a>, excluding medical supplies, food and other items of humanitarian necessity, these to be determined by the council's sanctions committee. From 1991 until 2003, the effects of government policy and sanctions regime led to <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>, widespread poverty and malnutrition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the late 1990s, the UN considered relaxing the sanctions imposed because of the hardships suffered by ordinary Iraqis. Studies dispute the number of people who died in south and central Iraq during the years of the sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spagat-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dyson_&_Cetorelli_2017-334">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draining_of_the_Qurna_Marshes">Draining of the Qurna Marshes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes</a></div> The draining of the <a href="/wiki/Qurna_Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurna Marshes">Qurna Marshes</a> was an irrigation project in Iraq during and immediately after the war, to drain a large area of <a href="/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">marshes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a>. Formerly covering an area of around 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi), the large complex of <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> were nearly emptied of water, and the local Shi'ite population relocated, following the war and 1991 uprisings. By 2000, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> estimated that 90% of the marshlands had disappeared, causing <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of over 7,500 square miles (19,000 km2).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The draining occurred in Iraq and to a smaller degree in Iran between the 1950s and 1990s to clear large areas of the marshes. Formerly covering an area of around 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi), the large complex of wetlands was 90% drained before the <a href="/wiki/2003_Invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Invasion of Iraq">2003 Invasion of Iraq</a>. The marshes are typically divided into three main sub-marshes, the <a href="/wiki/Hawizeh_Marshes" title="Hawizeh Marshes">Hawizeh</a>, Central, and <a href="/wiki/Hammar_Marshes" title="Hammar Marshes">Hammar Marshes</a> and all three were drained at different times for different reasons. Initial draining of the Central Marshes was intended to reclaim land for agriculture but later all three marshes would become a tool of war and revenge.<a href="#cite_note-American_University_School_of_International_Service-335">[332]</a> Many international organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">UN Human Rights Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Supreme_Council_of_Iraq" title="Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq">Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a>, and Middle East Watch have described the project as a political attempt to force the <a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a> out of the area through water diversion tactics.<a href="#cite_note-American_University_School_of_International_Service-335">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_spill">Oil spill</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spill" title="Gulf War oil spill">Gulf War oil spill</a></div> On 23 January, Iraq dumped 400 million US gallons (1,500,000 m3) of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> into the Persian Gulf,<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> causing the largest offshore <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a> in history at that time.<a href="#cite_note-dukemag030403-336">[333]</a> It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep US Marines from coming ashore (Missouri and Wisconsin had shelled <a href="/wiki/Failaka_Island" title="Failaka Island">Failaka Island</a> during the war to reinforce the idea that there would be an amphibious assault attempt).<a href="#cite_note-Desert_Storm-338">[335]</a> About 30–40% of this came from allied raids on Iraqi coastal targets.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuwaiti_oil_fires">Kuwaiti oil fires</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">Kuwaiti oil fires</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">Environmental impact of war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Desert_Storm_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Desert_Storm_22.jpg/220px-Operation_Desert_Storm_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Desert_Storm_22.jpg/330px-Operation_Desert_Storm_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Operation_Desert_Storm_22.jpg/440px-Operation_Desert_Storm_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Oil well fires rage outside Kuwait City in 1991.</figcaption></figure> The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iraq">Iraqi military</a> setting fire to 700 oil wells as part of a scorched earth policy while retreating from Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the country but being driven out by coalition forces. The fires started in January and February 1991, and the last one was extinguished by November.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> The resulting fires burned uncontrollably because of the dangers of sending in firefighting crews. <a href="/wiki/Land_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Land mines">Land mines</a> had been placed in areas around the oil wells, and a military cleaning of the areas was necessary before the fires could be put out. Somewhere around 6 million barrels (950,000 m3) of oil were lost each day. Eventually, privately contracted crews extinguished the fires, at a total cost of US$1.5 billion to Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> By that time, however, the fires had burned for approximately 10 months, causing widespread pollution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost">Cost</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/United_States_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF980.jpg/220px-United_States_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/United_States_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF980.jpg/330px-United_States_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/United_States_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF980.jpg/440px-United_States_Forces_in_the_Gulf_War_1991_GLF980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>A sentry patrols along a line-up of OH-58 Kiowa helicopters</figcaption></figure> The cost of the war to the United States was calculated by the US Congress in April 1992 to be $61.1 billion<a href="#cite_note-People.psych.cornell.edu-1997-342">[339]</a> (equivalent to $119 billion in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-343">[340]</a> About $52 billion of that amount was paid by other countries: $36 billion by Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf; $16 billion by Germany and Japan (which sent no combat forces due to their constitutions). About 25% of Saudi Arabia's contribution was paid with in-kind services to the troops, such as food and transportation.<a href="#cite_note-People.psych.cornell.edu-1997-342">[339]</a> US troops represented about 74% of the combined force, and the global cost was therefore higher.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_developing_countries">Effect on developing countries</h3></div> Apart from the impact on <a href="/wiki/Arab_States_of_the_Persian_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab States of the Persian Gulf">Arab States of the Persian Gulf</a>, the resulting economic disruptions after the crisis affected many states. The <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a> (ODI) undertook a study in 1991 to assess the effects on developing states and the international community's response. A briefing paper finalized on the day that the conflict ended draws on their findings which had two main conclusions: Many developing states were severely affected and while there has been a considerable response to the crisis, the distribution of assistance was highly selective.<a href="#cite_note-odi.org.uk-344">[341]</a> The ODI factored in elements of "cost" which included oil imports, remittance flows, re-settlement costs, loss of export earnings and tourism. For Egypt, the cost totaled $1 billion, 3% of GDP. Yemen had a cost of $830 million, 10% of GDP, while it cost Jordan $1.8 billion, 32% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] International response to the crisis on developing states came with the channeling of aid through The Gulf Crisis Financial Co-ordination Group. They were 24 states, comprising most of the OECD countries plus some Gulf states: Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Kuwait. The members of this group agreed to disperse $14 billion in development assistance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The World Bank responded by speeding up the disbursement of existing project and adjustment loans. The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> adopted two lending facilities – the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) and the Compensatory & Contingency Financing Facility (CCFF). The <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a> offered $2 billion[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] in assistance.<a href="#cite_note-odi.org.uk-344">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Media coverage of the Gulf War">Media coverage of the Gulf War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_War&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gulf_War" title="Talk:Gulf War">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (January 2010) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> US policy regarding media freedom was much more restrictive than in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a> The policy had been spelled out in a Pentagon document entitled <a href="/wiki/Annex_Foxtrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Annex Foxtrot">Annex Foxtrot</a>. Most of the press information came from briefings organized by the military. Only selected journalists were allowed to visit the front lines or conduct interviews with soldiers. Those visits were always conducted in the presence of officers, and were subject to both prior approval by the military and censorship afterward. This was ostensibly to protect sensitive information from being revealed to Iraq. This policy was heavily influenced by the military's experience with the Vietnam War, in which public opposition within the US grew throughout the war's course. It was not only the limitation of information in the Middle East; media were also restricting what was shown about the war with more graphic depictions like <a href="/wiki/Ken_Jarecke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ken Jarecke">Ken Jarecke</a>'s image of a burnt Iraqi soldier being pulled from the American AP wire whereas in Europe it was given extensive coverage.<a href="#cite_note-AJR-347">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC.4528745-348">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-FamousPictures-349">[346]</a> Two BBC journalists, John Simpson and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Simpson_(journalist)" title="Bob Simpson (journalist)">Bob Simpson</a> (no relation), defied their editors and remained in Baghdad to report on the war's progress. They were responsible for a report which included an "infamous cruise missile that travelled down a street and turned left at a traffic light."<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a> Alternative media outlets provided views opposing the war.<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> Deep Dish Television compiled segments from independent producers in the US and abroad, and produced a 10-hour series that was distributed internationally, called The Gulf Crisis TV Project.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> The series' first program War, Oil and Power<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> was compiled and released in 1990, before the war broke out. News World Order was the title of another program in the series; it focused on the media's complicity in promoting the war, as well as Americans' reactions to the media coverage.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_watchdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Media watchdog">Media watchdog</a> group <a href="/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a> (FAIR) critically analyzed media coverage during the war in various articles and books, such as the 1991 Gulf War Coverage: The Worst Censorship was at Home.<a href="#cite_note-fair.org.1518-357">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology_and_equipments">Technology and equipments</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulf_War_military_equipment" title="List of Gulf War military equipment">List of Gulf War military equipment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG/220px-Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG/330px-Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG/440px-Missouri_missile_BGM-109_Tomahawk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a> launching a <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk missile</a>. The Gulf War was the last conflict in which <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> were deployed in a combat role.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_munition" title="Precision-guided munition">Precision-guided munitions</a> were heralded as key in allowing military strikes to be made with a minimum of civilian casualties compared to previous wars, although they were not used as often as more traditional, less accurate bombs. Specific buildings in downtown Baghdad could be bombed while journalists in their hotels watched cruise missiles fly by.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Precision-guided munitions amounted to approximately 7.4% of all bombs dropped by the coalition. Other bombs included <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a>, which disperse numerous submunitions,<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> and <a href="/wiki/BLU-82" title="BLU-82">daisy cutters</a>, 15,000-pound bombs which can disintegrate everything within hundreds of yards.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) units were relatively new at the time and were important in enabling coalition units to easily navigate across the desert. Since military GPS receivers were not available for most troops, many used commercially available units. To permit these to be used to best effect, the "selective availability" feature of the GPS system was turned off for the duration of Desert Storm, allowing these commercial receivers to provide the same precision as the military equipment.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Airborne Warning and Control System</a> (AWACS) and satellite communication systems were also important. Two examples of this are the US Navy's <a href="/wiki/Grumman_E-2_Hawkeye" title="Grumman E-2 Hawkeye">Grumman E-2 Hawkeye</a> and the US Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry" title="Boeing E-3 Sentry">Boeing E-3 Sentry</a>. Both were used in command and control area of operations. These systems provided essential communications links between air, ground, and naval forces. It is one of several reasons coalition forces dominated the air war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] American-made color photocopiers were used to produce some of Iraq's battle plans. Some of the copiers contained concealed high-tech transmitters that revealed their positions to American <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic warfare aircraft">electronic warfare aircraft</a>, leading to more precise bombings.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scud_and_Patriot_missiles">Scud and Patriot missiles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scud_downed_by_Patriot_missiles.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Scud_downed_by_Patriot_missiles.JPEG/220px-Scud_downed_by_Patriot_missiles.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Scud_downed_by_Patriot_missiles.JPEG/330px-Scud_downed_by_Patriot_missiles.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Scud_downed_by_Patriot_missiles.JPEG/440px-Scud_downed_by_Patriot_missiles.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>Military personnel examine the remains of a Scud.</figcaption></figure> The role of Iraq's Scud missiles featured prominently in the war. Scud is a tactical <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a> that the Soviet Union developed and deployed among the forward deployed <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> <a href="/wiki/GSFG" class="mw-redirect" title="GSFG">divisions</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Scud missiles utilize inertial guidance which operates for the duration that the engines operate. Iraq used Scud missiles, launching them into both Saudi Arabia and Israel. Some missiles caused extensive casualties, while others caused little damage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The US Patriot missile was used in combat for the first time. The US military claimed a high effectiveness against Scuds at the time, but later analysis gives figures as low as 9%, with 45% of the 158 Patriot launches being against debris or false targets.<a href="#cite_note-Cirincione-361">[358]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Netherlands)" title="Ministry of Defence (Netherlands)">Dutch Ministry of Defense</a>, which also sent Patriot missiles to protect civilians in Israel and Turkey, later disputed the higher claim.<a href="#cite_note-nederland2009-148">[145]</a> Further, there is at least one incident of a software error causing a Patriot missile's failure to engage an incoming Scud, resulting in deaths.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> Both the US Army and the missile manufacturers maintained the Patriot delivered a "miracle performance" in the Gulf War.<a href="#cite_note-Cirincione-361">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> The Gulf War has been the subject of several video games including <a href="/wiki/Conflict:_Desert_Storm" title="Conflict: Desert Storm">Conflict: Desert Storm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conflict:_Desert_Storm_II" title="Conflict: Desert Storm II">Conflict: Desert Storm II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War:_Operation_Desert_Hammer" title="Gulf War: Operation Desert Hammer">Gulf War: Operation Desert Hammer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_6" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops 6">Call of Duty: Black Ops 6</a>. There have also been numerous depictions in film including <a href="/wiki/Jarhead_(film)" title="Jarhead (film)">Jarhead</a> (2005), which is based on US Marine <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Swofford" title="Anthony Swofford">Anthony Swofford</a>'s 2003 <a href="/wiki/Jarhead_(book)" title="Jarhead (book)">memoir of the same name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> movie <a href="/wiki/Airlift_(film)" title="Airlift (film)">Airlift</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/1990_airlift_of_Indians_from_Kuwait" title="1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait">1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait</a>, the evacuation of Indian citizens stranded in Kuwait during the Gulf War.<a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Granby" title="Operation Granby">Operation Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Samita_border_skirmish" title="1973 Samita border skirmish">1973 Samita border skirmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_Observation_Mission" title="United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission">United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iraq–Russia relations">Iraq–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIPRI_Arms_Transfers_Database,_Iraq_1973%E2%80%931990" title="SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, Iraq 1973–1990">SIPRI Arms Transfers Database, Iraq 1973–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_Strength_Gradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of Strength Gradient">Loss of Strength Gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_air-to-air_combat_losses" title="Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses">Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_United_States_Air_Force_Units_in_the_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of United States Air Force Units in the Gulf War">Organization of United States Air Force Units in the Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_organization_of_the_U.S.-led_coalition_during_the_Gulf_War" title="Naval organization of the U.S.-led coalition during the Gulf War">Naval organization of the U.S.-led coalition during the Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gulf_War_Did_Not_Take_Place" title="The Gulf War Did Not Take Place">The Gulf War Did Not Take Place</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Including 100–120,000 military deaths, 3–15,000 civilian deaths during the war, 4–6,000 civilian deaths up to April 1991, and 35–65,000 civilian deaths from the <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">Iraqi uprisings</a> after the end of the Gulf War. </li> <li id="cite_note-numbering-32"><a href="#cite_ref-numbering_32-0">^</a> The numbering of Persian Gulf conflicts depends on whether the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (1980–1988) is referred to as the First (Persian) Gulf War (English language sources prior to the start of the Kuwait war in 1990 usually called it the Gulf War), which would make the 1990 war the Second (Persian) Gulf War. Different sources may call the conflicts by different names. The name '<a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>' is itself a subject of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_naming_dispute" title="Persian Gulf naming dispute">dispute</a>. The start date of the Kuwait War can also be seen as either August 1990 (when Iraq's <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>) or as January 1991 (the start of Operation Desert Storm, when the US-led coalition forced Iraq out of Kuwait), so that the war is also often called the 1991 Gulf War, the 1990–1991 Gulf War, the 1990s Gulf War, etc ... This dating is also used to distinguish it from the other two 'Gulf Wars'. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Since 1988 the PLO had assumed, for Arab League purposes, the seat for the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-apps.dtic.mil-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apps.dtic.mil_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apps.dtic.mil_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-apps.dtic.mil_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a234743.pdf">"Desert Shield And Desert Storm: A Chronology And Troop List for the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf Crisis"</a> (PDF). apps.dtic.mil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412060905/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a234743.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.dtic.mil&rft.atitle=Desert+Shield+And+Desert+Storm%3A+A+Chronology+And+Troop+List+for+the+1990%E2%80%931991+Persian+Gulf+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa234743.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Persian Gulf War, the Sandhurst-trained Prince Khaled bin Sultan al-Saud was co-commander with General Norman Schwarzkopf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casi.org.uk/discuss/2002/msg01184.html">www.casi.org.uk/discuss</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195039/http://www.casi.org.uk/discuss/2002/msg01184.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> General Khaled was Co-Commander, with US General Norman Schwarzkopf, of the allied coalition that liberated Kuwait <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/FEATURE+Gulf+War+commander+signs+publishing+agreement+with...-a016226901">www.thefreelibrary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430043714/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/FEATURE+Gulf+War+commander+signs+publishing+agreement+with...-a016226901">Archived</a> 30 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knights-2005-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knights-2005_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knights-2005_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnights,_Michael2005" class="citation book cs1">Knights, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cradleofconflict00knig/page/20">Cradle of Conflict: Iraq and the Birth of Modern U.S. Military Power</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDJmjUUR9CUC&pg=PA20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-444-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-444-1"><bdi>978-1-59114-444-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cradle+of+Conflict%3A+Iraq+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+U.S.+Military+Power&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-444-1&rft.au=Knights%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcradleofconflict00knig%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ca.encarta.msn.com-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ca.encarta.msn.com_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ca.encarta.msn.com_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5kwqMXGNZ?url=http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761551555_2/Persian_Gulf_War.html">"Persian Gulf War"</a>. MSN Encarta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761551555_2/Arabian_Gulf_War.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+Gulf+War&rft.pub=MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.encarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761551555_2%2FArabian_Gulf_War.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> 18 M1 Abrams, 11 M60, 2 AMX-30 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheckPoint" class="citation web cs1">CheckPoint, Ludovic Monnerat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.checkpoint-online.ch/CheckPoint/Histoire/His0010-CombatTawakalna.html">"Guerre du Golfe: le dernier combat de la division Tawakalna"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guerre+du+Golfe%3A+le+dernier+combat+de+la+division+Tawakalna&rft.aulast=CheckPoint&rft.aufirst=Ludovic+Monnerat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.checkpoint-online.ch%2FCheckPoint%2FHistoire%2FHis0010-CombatTawakalna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Scales, Brig. Gen. Robert H.: Certain Victory. Brassey's, 1994, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Halberstadt 1991. p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Atkinson, Rick. Crusade, The untold story of the Persian Gulf War. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1993. pp. 332–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Captain Todd A. Buchs, B. Co. Commander, Knights in the Desert. Publisher/Editor Unknown. p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalory" class="citation web cs1">Malory, Marcia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220002/http://www.tanks.net/tank-history/tanks-during-the-first-gulf-war.html">"Tanks During the First Gulf War – Tank History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tanks.net/tank-history/tanks-during-the-first-gulf-war.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tanks+During+the+First+Gulf+War+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BTank+History&rft.aulast=Malory&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tanks.net%2Ftank-history%2Ftanks-during-the-first-gulf-war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> M60 vs T-62 Cold War Combatants 1956–92 by Lon Nordeen & David Isby </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601053948/http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm">"TAB H – Friendly-fire Incidents"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm">the original</a> on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TAB+H+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BFriendly-fire+Incidents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulflink.osd.mil%2Fdu_ii%2Fdu_ii_tabh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/products/NSIAD-92-94">NSIAD-92-94, "Operation Desert Storm: Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225558/http://www.gao.gov/products/NSIAD-92-94">Archived</a> 21 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> US General Accounting Office, 10 January 1992. Quote: "According to information provided by the Army's Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans, 20 Bradleys were destroyed during the Gulf war. Another 12 Bradleys were damaged, but four of these were quickly repaired. Friendly fire accounted for 17 of the destroyed Bradleys and three of the damaged ones </li> <li id="cite_note-airCombatInformationGroup-16"><a href="#cite_ref-airCombatInformationGroup_16-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006231817/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_213.shtml">Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait; 1990 (Air War)</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>. Acig.org. Retrieved on 12 June 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourque2001455_17-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourque2001">Bourque (2001)</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/appendix/death.html">"Appendix – Iraqi Death Toll | The Gulf War | FRONTLINE | PBS"</a>. www.pbs.org. 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Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-3730-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-3730-0"><bdi>978-1-4738-3730-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205102940/https://books.google.it/books?id=oNSwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT204&lpg=PT204&dq=gulf+war+175,000+pows&source=bl&ots=b459KDbkKn&sig=ACfU3U3WjDztYFB8TFHeon0hnUwpxAkJIA&hl=it&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1nP7Myqj3AhXeR_EDHSOHA00Q6AF6BAgFEAM#v=onepage&q=gulf%20war%20175%2C000%20pows&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022. 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Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP): 11–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3012998">10.2307/3012998</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-2851">0899-2851</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012998">3012998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Report&rft.atitle=Background+to+the+Crisis%3A+Why+War%3F&rft.issue=167%2C+November%E2%80%93December+1990&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0899-2851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3012998%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3012998&rft.aulast=Stork&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Lesch%2C+Ann+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciolino1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Sciolino" title="Elaine Sciolino">Sciolino, Elaine</a> (1991). 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Borer (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061011195656/http://www.army.mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume1/july_2003/7_03_2v2.html">"Inverse Engagement: Lessons from U.S.-Iraq Relations, 1982–1990"</a>. U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection. US Army. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/professionalWriting/volumes/volume1/july_2003/7_03_2v2.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Army+Professional+Writing+Collection&rft.atitle=Inverse+Engagement%3A+Lessons+from+U.S.-Iraq+Relations%2C+1982%E2%80%931990&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Douglas+A.+Borer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2FprofessionalWriting%2Fvolumes%2Fvolume1%2Fjuly_2003%2F7_03_2v2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciolino1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Sciolino" title="Elaine Sciolino">Sciolino, Elaine</a> (1991). The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein's Quest for Power and the Gulf Crisis. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outlawstate00elai/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-54299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-54299-5"><bdi>978-0-471-54299-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outlaw+State%3A+Saddam+Hussein%27s+Quest+for+Power+and+the+Gulf+Crisis&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-471-54299-5&rft.aulast=Sciolino&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004333-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004333_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004341–342-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004341–342_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004341–342_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, pp. 341–342. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/30/day-world-decided-stop-saddam-husseins-forces-marauding-around/">"On this day in 1990: The world decides to stop Saddam Hussein's forces marauding around Kuwait"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 30 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/30/day-world-decided-stop-saddam-husseins-forces-marauding-around/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=On+this+day+in+1990%3A+The+world+decides+to+stop+Saddam+Hussein%27s+forces+marauding+around+Kuwait&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F11%2F30%2Fday-world-decided-stop-saddam-husseins-forces-marauding-around%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-airCombatInformationGroup2-49"><a href="#cite_ref-airCombatInformationGroup2_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperSadik2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Cooper_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Cooper (author) (page does not exist)">Cooper, Tom</a>; Sadik, Ahmad (6 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=68&Itemid=1">"Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait; 1990"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Combat+Information+Group+Journal&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Invasion+of+Kuwait%3B+1990&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Sadik%2C+Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acig.info%2FCMS%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D68%26Itemid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004343–344-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004343–344_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004343–344_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, pp. 343–344. </li> <li id="cite_note-OPEC2-51"><a href="#cite_ref-OPEC2_51-0">^</a> "OPEC pressures Kuwait to moderate quota demand", New Straits Times, 7 June 1989 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004339–340-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004339–340_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, pp. 339–340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004341-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004341_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004341_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. 2nd Ed pg. 464 </li> <li id="cite_note-hayes-55"><a href="#cite_ref-hayes_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1990" class="citation news cs1">Hayes, Thomas C. (3 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/03/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-the-oilfield-lying-below-the-iraq-kuwait-dispute.html">"Confrontation in the Gulf; The Oilfield Lying Below the Iraq-Kuwait Dispute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <q>Oil formations frequently run beneath political boundaries, whether they involve unfriendly leaseholders in West Texas or neighboring Arab states, and procedures have existed for years to settle disputes that arise. Typically, participants in the same field share both production costs and revenues, using a formula that sets percentages of ownership. But Iraq refused to negotiate with Kuwait on such an agreement. So Kuwait produced oil from Rumaila without any agreement, and then adopted a policy of producing far more oil than it was allowed under the quota system of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. ... But during the [Iran–Iraq War] Iraq mined its giant share of the Rumaila field to keep it from falling into Iranian hands, Western political experts say. Kuwait stepped up its total oil production, capturing some of Iraq's customers and pumping millions of barrels from the Rumaila field. ... Some Iraqi officials have accused Kuwait in the past of using advanced drilling techniques developed by American oilfield specialists to siphon oil from the Rumaila field, a charge that American drillers deny, noting that the oil flows easily from the Rumaila field without any need for these techniques. ... W. C. Goins, senior vice president of OGE Drilling Inc., a Houston company that provided oilfield supervisors and workers for Kuwait in the same area, said he was 'positive' all of the wells his employees drilled and operated ran vertically down to the Rumaila pay zone. 'That field crosses the border in north Kuwait,' he added. 'Iraqis were drilling on one side, and Kuwaitis on the other side.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Confrontation+in+the+Gulf%3B+The+Oilfield+Lying+Below+the+Iraq-Kuwait+Dispute&rft.date=1990-09-03&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F09%2F03%2Fworld%2Fconfrontation-in-the-gulf-the-oilfield-lying-below-the-iraq-kuwait-dispute.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004334-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004334_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004334_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004335-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004335_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004336-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004336_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004337–338-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004337–338_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, pp. 337–338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004338-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004338_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons2004343-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004343_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons2004343_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimons2004">Simons (2004)</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Yousseff M. Ibrahim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/18/business/iraq-threatens-emirates-and-kuwait-on-oil-glut.html">"Iraq Threatens Emirates And Kuwait on Oil Glut"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630060909/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/18/business/iraq-threatens-emirates-and-kuwait-on-oil-glut.html">Archived</a> 30 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New York Times, 18 July 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Michael R. Gordon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/25/world/us-deploys-air-and-sea-forces-after-iraq-threatens-2-neighbors.html">"U.S. Deploys Air and Sea Forces After Iraq Threatens 2 Neighbors"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630054533/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/25/world/us-deploys-air-and-sea-forces-after-iraq-threatens-2-neighbors.html">Archived</a> 30 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New York Times, 25 July 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan200325–26-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlan200325–26_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlan200325–26_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinlan2003">Finlan (2003)</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/interrogator-shares-saddams-confessions/4/">"Interrogator Shares Saddam's Confessions"</a>. cbsnews.com. 24 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Interrogator+Shares+Saddam%27s+Confessions&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Finterrogator-shares-saddams-confessions%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_66-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/23/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-excerpts-from-iraqi-document-on-meeting-with-us-envoy.html">"CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; Excerpts From Iraqi Document on Meeting With U.S. Envoy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111062914/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/23/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-excerpts-from-iraqi-document-on-meeting-with-us-envoy.html">Archived</a> 11 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New York Times, 23 September 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-NY-67"><a href="#cite_ref-NY_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim1990" class="citation news cs1">Ibrahim, Youssef M. (26 July 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/26/world/iraq-said-to-prevail-in-oil-dispute-with-kuwait-and-arab-emirates.html?pagewanted=1">"Iraq Said to Prevail in Oil Dispute With Kuwait and Arab Emirates"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Iraq+Said+to+Prevail+in+Oil+Dispute+With+Kuwait+and+Arab+Emirates&rft.date=1990-07-26&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Youssef+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F07%2F26%2Fworld%2Firaq-said-to-prevail-in-oil-dispute-with-kuwait-and-arab-emirates.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFPS_Timeline-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFPS_Timeline_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPS_Timeline_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFPS_Timeline_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526135240/http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=45404">"The Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm Timeline"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+661+%281990%29&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fnews%2Fun%2Firaq%2Fsres%2Fsres0661.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN3-92"><a href="#cite_ref-UN3_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Report of the Security Council: 16 June 1990 – 15 June 1991". Report of the Security Council. 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Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Confrontation+in+the+Gulf%3A+Behind+Bush%27s+Hard+Line%3B+Washington+Considers+a+Clear+Iraqi+Defeat+To+Be+Necessary+to+Bolster+Its+Arab+Allies&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1990-08-22&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F08%2F22%2Fworld%2Fconfrontation-gulf-behind-bush-s-hard-line-washington-considers-clear-iraqi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/13/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-proposals-by-iraqi-president-excerpts-from-his-address.html">"Confrontation in the Gulf; Proposals by Iraqi President: Excerpts From His Address"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York. 13 August 1990. pp. A8. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Confrontation+in+the+Gulf%3B+Proposals+by+Iraqi+President%3A+Excerpts+From+His+Address&rft.pages=A8&rft.date=1990-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F08%2F13%2Fworld%2Fconfrontation-in-the-gulf-proposals-by-iraqi-president-excerpts-from-his-address.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sam-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sam_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sam_97-1">b</a> Waldman, Shmuel (2005). Beyond a Reasonable Doubt. Feldheim Publishers, p. 179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58330-806-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58330-806-6">978-1-58330-806-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCOTD-98"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCOTD_98-0">^</a> BBC News. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/23/newsid_2512000/2512289.stm">1990: Outrage at Iraqi TV hostage show</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201022736/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/23/newsid_2512000/2512289.stm">Archived</a> 1 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Retrieved 2 September 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-Secret_Offer-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Secret_Offer_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyce1990" class="citation news cs1">Royce, Knut (29 August 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/38969813/MIDDLE-EAST-CRISIS-Secret-Offer-Iraq-Sent-Pullout-Deal-to-U-S-ALL-EDITIONS">"MIDDLE EAST CRISIS Secret Offer Iraq Sent Pullout Deal to U.S"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a>. New York. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=MIDDLE+EAST+CRISIS+Secret+Offer+Iraq+Sent+Pullout+Deal+to+U.S&rft.date=1990-08-29&rft.aulast=Royce&rft.aufirst=Knut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F38969813%2FMIDDLE-EAST-CRISIS-Secret-Offer-Iraq-Sent-Pullout-Deal-to-U-S-ALL-EDITIONS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyce1991" class="citation news cs1">Royce, Knut (3 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/38969954/Iraq-Offers-Deal-to-Quit-Kuwait-U-S-rejects-it-but-stays-interested-NASSAU-AND-SUFFOLK-Edition">"Iraq Offers Deal to Quit Kuwait U.S. rejects it, but stays 'interested'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a> Washington Bureau. Long Island, N.Y. p. 5. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday+Washington+Bureau&rft.atitle=Iraq+Offers+Deal+to+Quit+Kuwait+U.S.+rejects+it%2C+but+stays+%27interested%27&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1991-01-03&rft.aulast=Royce&rft.aufirst=Knut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F38969954%2FIraq-Offers-Deal-to-Quit-Kuwait-U-S-rejects-it-but-stays-interested-NASSAU-AND-SUFFOLK-Edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler1991" class="citation news cs1">Tyler, Patrick E. (3 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/03/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-arafat-eases-stand-on-kuwait-palestine-link.html">"CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; Arafat Eases Stand on Kuwait-Palestine Link"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CONFRONTATION+IN+THE+GULF%3B+Arafat+Eases+Stand+on+Kuwait-Palestine+Link&rft.date=1991-01-03&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Patrick+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F01%2F03%2Fworld%2Fconfrontation-in-the-gulf-arafat-eases-stand-on-kuwait-palestine-link.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1991" class="citation news cs1">Friedman, Thomas L. (11 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/11/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-as-us-officials-see-it-hands-of-aziz-were-tied.html">"CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF; As U.S. Officials See It, Hands of Aziz Were Tied"</a>. The New York Times. pp. A10. Retrieved 30 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CONFRONTATION+IN+THE+GULF%3B+As+U.S.+Officials+See+It%2C+Hands+of+Aziz+Were+Tied&rft.pages=A10&rft.date=1991-01-11&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F01%2F11%2Fworld%2Fconfrontation-in-the-gulf-as-us-officials-see-it-hands-of-aziz-were-tied.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> See Paul Lewis, "Confrontation in the Gulf: The U.N.; France and 3 Arab States Issue an Appeal to Hussein," New York Times, 15 January 1991, p. A12 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Michael Kranish et al., "World waits on brink of war: Late effort at diplomacy in gulf fails," Boston Globe, 16 January 1991, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Ellen Nimmons, A.P., "Last-ditch pitches for peace; But U.S. claims Iraqis hold key," Houston Chronicle, 15 January 1991, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Alan Riding, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/16/world/confrontation-gulf-france-paris-says-its-last-ditch-peace-effort-has-failed.html">"CONFRONTATION IN THE GULF: France; Paris Says Its Last-Ditch Peace Effort Has Failed"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026174110/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/16/world/confrontation-gulf-france-paris-says-its-last-ditch-peace-effort-has-failed.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New York Times 16 January 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Gilles Kepel</a> Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. </li> <li id="cite_note-AFPS15years-108"><a href="#cite_ref-AFPS15years_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608084842/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=14792">"15 Years After Desert Storm, U.S. Commitment to Region Continues"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Den+1.+Golfkrig&rft.pub=Forsvaret.dk&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forsvaret.dk%2FSOK%2FInternationalt%2FTidligere%2FGolf1%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandrescuBăhnăreanu2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alexandrescu, Grigore; Băhnăreanu, Cristian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cssas.unap.ro/ro/pdf_studii/operatii_militare_expeditionare.pdf">Operații militare expediționare</a> (PDF) (in Romanian). <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>: Editura Universității Naționale de Apărare "Carol I". p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-663-499-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-663-499-4"><bdi>978-973-663-499-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera%C8%9Bii+militare+expedi%C8%9Bionare&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Editura+Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii+Na%C8%9Bionale+de+Ap%C4%83rare+%22Carol+I%22&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-973-663-499-4&rft.aulast=Alexandrescu&rft.aufirst=Grigore&rft.au=B%C4%83hn%C4%83reanu%2C+Cristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcssas.unap.ro%2Fro%2Fpdf_studii%2Foperatii_militare_expeditionare.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tread-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tread_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tread_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker_III2006" class="citation book cs1">Crocker III, H. 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New York: Crown Forum. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/donttreadonme40000croc/page/384">384</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5363-6"><bdi>978-1-4000-5363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Tread+on+Me&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Crown+Forum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5363-6&rft.aulast=Crocker+III&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdonttreadonme40000croc%2Fpage%2F384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Gulf War coalition forces (latest available) by country <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mil_gul_war_coa_for-military-gulf-war-coalition-forces">"www.nationmaster.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105011128/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mil_gul_war_coa_for-military-gulf-war-coalition-forces">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2013. 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Penguin Books. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chain+of+Command&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/splitting-check-when-allies-helped-pay-middle-east-war-n203756">"Splitting the Check: When Allies Helped Pay for Middle East War"</a>. NBC News. 16 September 2014. 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Dundurn Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operationfrictio0000mori/page/170">170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-257-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-257-5"><bdi>978-1-55002-257-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Friction%2C+1990%E2%80%931991%3A+The+Canadian+Forces+in+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-257-5&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Jean+H.&rft.au=Gimblett%2C+Richard+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperationfrictio0000mori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> The Canadian Commander in the Middle East was Commodore <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Summers" title="Kenneth J. Summers">Kenneth J. 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Medical Letter on the CDC & FDA: 14. 29 June 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/211397084">211397084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Letter+on+the+CDC+%26+FDA&rft.atitle=Gulf+war+syndrome%3B+higher+rates+of+specific+birth+defects+in+gulf+war+veterans%27+children&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2003-06-29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleyKramerXiaoDever2022" class="citation journal cs1">Haley, Robert W.; Kramer, Gerald; Xiao, Junhui; Dever, Jill A.; Teiber, John F. (11 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9093163">"Evaluation of a Gene–Environment Interaction of PON1 and Low-Level Nerve Agent Exposure with Gulf War Illness: A Prevalence Case–Control Study Drawn from the U.S. Military Health Survey's National Population Sample"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Health_Perspectives" title="Environmental Health Perspectives">Environmental Health Perspectives</a>. 130 (5). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Environmental_Health_Sciences" title="National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a>: 57001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnvHP.130e7001H">2022EnvHP.130e7001H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2FEHP9009">10.1289/EHP9009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9093163">9093163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35543525">35543525</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248694742">248694742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+a+Gene%E2%80%93Environment+Interaction+of+PON1+and+Low-Level+Nerve+Agent+Exposure+with+Gulf+War+Illness%3A+A+Prevalence+Case%E2%80%93Control+Study+Drawn+from+the+U.S.+Military+Health+Survey%27s+National+Population+Sample&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=57001&rft.date=2022-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9093163%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248694742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EnvHP.130e7001H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35543525&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2FEHP9009&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Gerald&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Junhui&rft.au=Dever%2C+Jill+A.&rft.au=Teiber%2C+John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9093163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utsouthwestern.edu/newsroom/articles/year-2022/sarin-nerve-gas-gulf-war-illness.html">"UTSW genetic study confirms sarin nerve gas as cause of Gulf War illness"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center</a>. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2022. <q>For Gulf War veterans with the QQ genotype, hearing nerve agent alarms—a proxy for chemical exposure—raised their chance of developing GWI by 3.75 times. For those with the QR genotype, the alarms raised their chance of GWI by 4.43 times. And for those with two copies of the R gene, inefficient at breaking down sarin, the chance of GWI increased by 8.91 times. Those soldiers with both the RR genotype and low-level sarin exposure were over seven times more likely to get GWI due to the interaction per se, over and above the increase in risk from both risk factors acting alone. For genetic epidemiologists, this number leads to a high degree of confidence that sarin is a causative agent of GWI.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UTSW+genetic+study+confirms+sarin+nerve+gas+as+cause+of+Gulf+War+illness&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Southwestern+Medical+Center&rft.date=2022-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utsouthwestern.edu%2Fnewsroom%2Farticles%2Fyear-2022%2Fsarin-nerve-gas-gulf-war-illness.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bostonglobe-298"><a href="#cite_ref-bostonglobe_298-0">^</a> Elizabeth Neuffer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0126-03.htm">Iraqis Trace Surge in Cancer to US Bombings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902013328/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0126-03.htm">Archived</a> 2 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Boston Globe 26 January 2003, Page: A11 Section: National/Foreign </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Larry Johnson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/national/95178_du12.shtml">Iraqi cancers, birth defects blamed on U.S. depleted uranium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120013734/http://www.seattlepi.com/national/95178_du12.shtml">Archived</a> 20 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Seattle Post-Intelligencer 12 November 2002. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personal.rhul.ac.uk/uhte/014/Truth%20and%20Death.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 July 2018. 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Retrieved 13 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Observer+review%3A+Jarhead+by+Anthony+Swofford&rft.date=2003-03-23&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2003%2Fmar%2F23%2Fbiography.writersoniraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/photos/pics-from-kuwait-airlift-in-1990-to-operation-ganga-in-2022-here-are-a-few-evacuation-missions-by-india-457085#:~:text=Kuwait%20airlift%201990,the%20course%20of%20two%20months">"Pics: From Kuwait airlift in 1990 to operation Ganga in 2022, here are a few evacuation missions by India"</a>. 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pics%3A+From+Kuwait+airlift+in+1990+to+operation+Ganga+in+2022%2C+here+are+a+few+evacuation+missions+by+India&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fphotos%2Fpics-from-kuwait-airlift-in-1990-to-operation-ganga-in-2022-here-are-a-few-evacuation-missions-by-india-457085%23%3A~%3Atext%3DKuwait%2520airlift%25201990%2Cthe%2520course%2520of%2520two%2520months&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourque2001" class="citation book cs1">Bourque, Stephen A. (2001). Jayhawk! The 7th Corps in the Persian Gulf War. Center of Military History, United States Army. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001028533">2001028533</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51313637">51313637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jayhawk%21+The+7th+Corps+in+the+Persian+Gulf+War&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51313637&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001028533&rft.aulast=Bourque&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourqueBurdan2007" class="citation book cs1">Bourque, Stephen A.; Burdan, John (2007). The road to Safwan the 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57441-232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57441-232-1"><bdi>978-1-57441-232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+road+to+Safwan+the+1st+Squadron%2C+4th+Cavalry+in+the+1991+Persian+Gulf+War&rft.place=Denton%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57441-232-1&rft.aulast=Bourque&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=Burdan%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillman1993" class="citation web cs1">Hillman, James L. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a264134.pdf">"Task Force 1-41 Infantry: The Fratricide Experience in Southwest Asia"</a> (PDF). Carlisle Barracks, PA: US Army War College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28169776">28169776</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226024546/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a264134.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Task+Force+1-41+Infantry%3A+The+Fratricide+Experience+in+Southwest+Asia&rft.place=Carlisle+Barracks%2C+PA&rft.pub=US+Army+War+College&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28169776&rft.aulast=Hillman&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa264134.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Desert Storm: Ground War by Hans Halberstadt</li> <li>Challenger Squadron by Simon Dunstan</li> <li>Desert Rats:The British 4 and 7 Armoured Brigades, WW2 to Today by Hans Halberstadt</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinackus2000" class="citation book cs1">Dinackus, Thomas D. (2000). Order of Battle: Allied Ground Forces of Operation Desert Storm. <a href="/wiki/Central_Point,_Oregon" title="Central Point, Oregon">Central Point</a>, Oregon: Hellgate Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55571-493-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55571-493-2"><bdi>978-1-55571-493-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Order+of+Battle%3A+Allied+Ground+Forces+of+Operation+Desert+Storm&rft.place=Central+Point%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Hellgate+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55571-493-2&rft.aulast=Dinackus&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Burton, James G. The Pentagon Wars: Reformers Challenge the Old Guard, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-081-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-081-6">978-1-55750-081-6</a>.</li> <li>Blitzkrieg in the Gulf: Armor of the 100 Hour war by Yves Debay</li> <li>Desert Redleg: Artillery Warfare in the First Gulf War by Col. L. Scott Lingamfelter</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordeenIsby2010" class="citation book cs1">Nordeen, Lon; Isby, David (2010). M60 vs T-62: Cold War Combatants 1956–92. Dual. Illustrated by Richard Chasemore. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-694-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-694-1"><bdi>978-1-84603-694-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010525413">2010525413</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495780787">495780787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M60+vs+T-62%3A+Cold+War+Combatants+1956%E2%80%9392&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.series=Dual&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495780787&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010525413&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-694-1&rft.aulast=Nordeen&rft.aufirst=Lon&rft.au=Isby%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbuthnot2000" class="citation news cs1">Arbuthnot, Felicity (17 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051205094328/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/091700-01.htm">"Allies Deliberately Poisoned Iraq Public Water Supply in Gulf War"</a>. Sunday Herald. Scotland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/headlines/091700-01.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Herald&rft.atitle=Allies+Deliberately+Poisoned+Iraq+Public+Water+Supply+in+Gulf+War&rft.date=2000-09-17&rft.aulast=Arbuthnot&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fheadlines%2F091700-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonDevroy,_Ann1991" class="citation news cs1">Atkinson, Rick; Devroy, Ann (12 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/fogofwar/archive/post012091.htm">"U.S. Claims Iraqi Nuclear Reactors Hit Hard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+Claims+Iraqi+Nuclear+Reactors+Hit+Hard&rft.date=1991-01-12&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft.au=Devroy%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Finatl%2Flongterm%2Ffogofwar%2Farchive%2Fpost012091.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustvik1993" class="citation web cs1">Austvik, Ole Gunnar (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaldor.no/energy/glob9205.htm">"The War Over the Price of Oil"</a>. International Journal of Global Energy Issues.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+War+Over+the+Price+of+Oil&rft.pub=International+Journal+of+Global+Energy+Issues&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Austvik&rft.aufirst=Ole+Gunnar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaldor.no%2Fenergy%2Fglob9205.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBard" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bard, Mitchell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Gulf_War.html">"The Gulf War"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 25 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gulf+War&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHistory%2FGulf_War.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarzilai1993" class="citation book cs1">Barzilai, Gad (1993). <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klieman" title="Aaron Klieman">Klieman, Aharon</a>; Shidlo, Gil (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gulfcrisisitsglo0000unse">The Gulf Crisis and Its Global Aftermath</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08002-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08002-6"><bdi>978-0-415-08002-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+Crisis+and+Its+Global+Aftermath&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08002-6&rft.aulast=Barzilai&rft.aufirst=Gad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgulfcrisisitsglo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum1995" class="citation book cs1">Blum, William (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killinghopeusmil00blum_0">Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II</a>. Common Courage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56751-052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56751-052-2"><bdi>978-1-56751-052-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Hope%3A+U.S.+Military+and+CIA+Interventions+Since+World+War+II&rft.pub=Common+Courage+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-56751-052-2&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkillinghopeusmil00blum_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolkomPike,_Jonathan" class="citation web cs1">Bolkom, Christopher; Pike, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051227093110/http://www.fas.org/spp/aircraft/part08.htm">"Attack Aircraft Proliferation: Areas for Concern"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/aircraft/part08.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attack+Aircraft+Proliferation%3A+Areas+for+Concern&rft.aulast=Bolkom&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Pike%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fspp%2Faircraft%2Fpart08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brands, H. W. (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552567">"George Bush and the Gulf War of 1991"</a>. Presidential Studies Quarterly. 34 (1): 113–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2004.00038.x">10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00038.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-4918">0360-4918</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552567">27552567</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429203358/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552567">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=George+Bush+and+the+Gulf+War+of+1991&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=2004-03&rft.issn=0360-4918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27552567%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-5705.2004.00038.x&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27552567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2005" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Miland (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070121233845/http://www.libraryreference.org/gulfwar.html">"First Persian Gulf War"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryreference.org/gulfwar.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Persian+Gulf+War&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Miland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryreference.org%2Fgulfwar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmering2005" class="citation book cs1">Emering, Edward John (2005). The Decorations and Medals of the Persian Gulf War (1990 to 1991). Claymont, DE: Orders and Medals Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890974-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890974-18-3"><bdi>978-1-890974-18-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62859116">62859116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decorations+and+Medals+of+the+Persian+Gulf+War+%281990+to+1991%29&rft.place=Claymont%2C+DE&rft.pub=Orders+and+Medals+Society+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62859116&rft.isbn=978-1-890974-18-3&rft.aulast=Emering&rft.aufirst=Edward+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlan2003" class="citation book cs1">Finlan, Alastair (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gulfwar199100finl">The Gulf War 1991</a>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-574-7"><bdi>978-1-84176-574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+War+1991&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-574-7&rft.aulast=Finlan&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgulfwar199100finl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2000" class="citation web cs1">Forbes, Daniel (15 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806072152/http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2000/05/15/hersh">"Gulf War crimes?"</a>. Salon Magazine. 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New York u.a.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-103969-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-103969-2"><bdi>978-0-15-103969-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Fires+of+Hell%3A+The+Environmental+Disaster+of+the+Gulf+War&rft.place=New+York+u.a.&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-15-103969-2&rft.aulast=Hawley.&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fagainstfiresofhe00hawl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiro1992" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desertshieldtode00hiro">Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90657-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-90657-9"><bdi>978-0-415-90657-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Shield+to+Desert+Storm%3A+The+Second+Gulf+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-90657-9&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdesertshieldtode00hiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancyHorner1999" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Tom; Horner, Chuck (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everymantiger00clan">Every Man a Tiger: The Gulf War Air Campaign</a>. Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-14493-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-14493-6"><bdi>978-0-399-14493-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Every+Man+a+Tiger%3A+The+Gulf+War+Air+Campaign&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-399-14493-6&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Horner%2C+Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverymantiger00clan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoskinsonJarvis,_Norman1994" class="citation web cs1">Hoskinson, Ronald Andrew; Jarvis, Norman (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoskinson.net/gulfwar/">"Gulf War Photo Gallery"</a>. 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Cambridge, Mass: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01090-1"><bdi>978-0-674-01090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Gulf+War+to+the+Taliban+Jihad&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+the+trail+of+political+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01090-1&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtttzgNKFAI8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatimer2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Latimer" title="Jon Latimer">Latimer, Jon</a> (2001). Deception in War. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5605-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5605-0"><bdi>978-0-7195-5605-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deception+in+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5605-0&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle1997" class="citation news cs1">Little, Allan (1 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/from_our_own_correspondent/newsid_34000/34588.stm">"Iraq coming in from the cold?"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 4 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Iraq+coming+in+from+the+cold%3F&rft.date=1997-12-01&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fworld%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2Fnewsid_34000%2F34588.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry" class="citation web cs1">Lowry, Richard S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415211818/http://www.gwchronicles.com/">"The Gulf War Chronicles"</a>. iUniverse (2003 and 2008). 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Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03108-9"><bdi>978-0-393-03108-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruelty+and+Silence%3A+War%2C+Tyranny%2C+Uprising%2C+and+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03108-9&rft.aulast=Makiya&rft.aufirst=Kanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrueltysilencewa00maki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoise" class="citation web cs1">Moise, Edwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/iraqbib.html#first">"Bibliography: The First U.S. – Iraq War: Desert Shield and Desert Storm (1990–1991)"</a>. 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Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-128-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-128-1"><bdi>978-1-84511-128-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Storm%3A+Politics+and+Diplomacy+Behind+the+Gulf+War&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-128-1&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaval_Historical_Center1991" class="citation web cs1">Naval Historical Center (15 May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051202183506/http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/dstorm/">"The United States Navy in Desert Shield/Desert Storm"</a>. 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Ithaca Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86372-321-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86372-321-6"><bdi>978-0-86372-321-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Persian+Gulf+Security%3A+The+Foundations+of+the+War+on+Terror&rft.pub=Ithaca+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-86372-321-6&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikschSutter1991" class="citation web cs1">Niksch, Larry A.; Sutter, Robert G. (23 May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8/">"Japan's Response to the Persian Gulf Crisis: Implications for U.S. -Japan Relations"</a>. UNT Digital Library. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Retrieved 4 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNT+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Response+to+the+Persian+Gulf+Crisis%3A+Implications+for+U.S.+-Japan+Relations&rft.date=1991-05-23&rft.aulast=Niksch&rft.aufirst=Larry+A.&rft.au=Sutter%2C+Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetacrs8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdgers1999" class="citation book cs1">Odgers, George (1999). 100 Years of Australians at War. Sydney: Lansdowne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86302-669-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86302-669-7"><bdi>978-1-86302-669-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Years+of+Australians+at+War&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Lansdowne&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86302-669-7&rft.aulast=Odgers&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2010" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Jonathon (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisivebattlesf0000rile">Decisive Battles: From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm</a>. Continuum. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisivebattlesf0000rile/page/207">207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-250-0"><bdi>978-1-84725-250-0</bdi></a>. <q>SAS first units ground January into iraq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisive+Battles%3A+From+Yorktown+to+Operation+Desert+Storm&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-250-0&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisivebattlesf0000rile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_William_Roberts" title="Paul William Roberts">Roberts, Paul William</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/demoniccomedysom00robe">The Demonic Comedy: Some Detours in the Baghdad of Saddam Hussein</a>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-13823-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-13823-3"><bdi>978-0-374-13823-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demonic+Comedy%3A+Some+Detours+in+the+Baghdad+of+Saddam+Hussein&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-374-13823-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Paul+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemoniccomedysom00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSifryCerf1991" class="citation book cs1">Sifry, Micah; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cerf_(musician_and_television_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Cerf (musician and television producer)">Cerf, Christopher</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gulfwarreaderhis00mica">The Gulf War Reader</a>. New York, NY: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-1947-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-1947-9"><bdi>978-0-8129-1947-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+War+Reader&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-1947-9&rft.aulast=Sifry&rft.aufirst=Micah&rft.au=Cerf%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgulfwarreaderhis00mica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2004" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Geoff (2004). Iraq: from Sumer to post-Saddam (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1770-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1770-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-1770-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+from+Sumer+to+post-Saddam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1770-6&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgebushswar00smit">George Bush's War</a>. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1388-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1388-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-1388-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Bush%27s+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-1388-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgebushswar00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisivebattlesf0000rile">The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts</a>. ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-250-0"><bdi>978-1-84725-250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Middle+East+Wars%3A+The+United+States+in+the+Persian+Gulf%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Iraq+Conflicts&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-250-0&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisivebattlesf0000rile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnley2002" class="citation web cs1">Turnley, Peter (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0212/pt_intro.html">"The Unseen Gulf War (photo essay)"</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unseen+Gulf+War+%28photo+essay%29&rft.date=2002-12&rft.aulast=Turnley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaljournalist.org%2Fissue0212%2Fpt_intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerStambler1991" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Paul F.; Stambler, Eric (May 1991). "…And the Dirty Little Weapons". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 47 (4): 20–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991BuAtS..47d..20W">1991BuAtS..47d..20W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00963402.1991.11459971">10.1080/00963402.1991.11459971</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=%E2%80%A6And+the+Dirty+Little+Weapons&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1991-05&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00963402.1991.11459971&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991BuAtS..47d..20W&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft.au=Stambler%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria2013" class="citation book cs1">Victoria, William L. Cleveland, late of Simon Fraser University, Martin Bunton, University of (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East (5th ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4833-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4833-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-4833-9</bdi></a>. <q>Last paragraph: "On 16 January 1991 the air war against Iraq began</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=450&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4833-9&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=William+L.+Cleveland%2C+late+of+Simon+Fraser+University%2C+Martin+Bunton%2C+University+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1991" class="citation web cs1">Frank, Andre Gunder (20 May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rrojasdatabank.info/agfrank/gulf_war.html">"Third World War in the Gulf: A New World Order"</a>. Political Economy Notebooks for Study and Research, No. 14, pp. 5–34. Retrieved 4 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Political+Economy+Notebooks+for+Study+and+Research%2C+No.+14%2C+pp.+5%E2%80%9334&rft.atitle=Third+World+War+in+the+Gulf%3A+A+New+World+Order&rft.date=1991-05-20&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Andre+Gunder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frrojasdatabank.info%2Fagfrank%2Fgulf_war.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrontline" class="citation web cs1">Frontline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/script_b.html">"The Gulf War: an in-depth examination of the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=The+Gulf+War%3A+an+in-depth+examination+of+the+1990%E2%80%931991+Persian+Gulf+crisis&rft.au=Frontline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fgulf%2Fscript_b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831094256/http://es.rice.edu/projects/Poli378/Gulf/gwtxt_ch6.html">"Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Chapter 6"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://es.rice.edu/projects/Poli378/Gulf/gwtxt_ch6.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+to+Congress+on+the+Conduct+of+the+Persian+Gulf+War%2C+Chapter+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.rice.edu%2Fprojects%2FPoli378%2FGulf%2Fgwtxt_ch6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.difesaonline.it/news-forze-armate/cielo/25-anni-dalloperazione-locusta">"25 years since the "Locusta" Operation"</a>. 25 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=25+years+since+the+%22Locusta%22+Operation&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.difesaonline.it%2Fnews-forze-armate%2Fcielo%2F25-anni-dalloperazione-locusta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/missione/attivitaoperative/operazioni_concluse/opr_internazionali_concluse/Pagine/Iraq(1990).aspx">"Iraq (1990)"</a>. Ministero Della Difesa (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministero+Della+Difesa&rft.atitle=Iraq+%281990%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeronautica.difesa.it%2Fmissione%2Fattivitaoperative%2Foperazioni_concluse%2Fopr_internazionali_concluse%2FPagine%2FIraq%281990%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_the_World" title="Dawn of the World">Dawn of the World</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bravo_Two_Zero_(film)" title="Bravo Two Zero (film)">Bravo Two Zero</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage_Under_Fire" title="Courage Under Fire">Courage Under Fire</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Finest_Hour_(1991_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Finest Hour (1991 film)">The Finest Hour</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heroes_of_Desert_Storm" title="The Heroes of Desert Storm">The Heroes of Desert Storm</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_Darkness" title="Lessons of Darkness">Lessons of Darkness</a> (1992) (a documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_from_Baghdad_(film)" title="Live from Baghdad (film)">Live from Baghdad</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towelhead_(film)" title="Towelhead (film)">Towelhead</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kings_(1999_film)" title="Three Kings (1999 film)">Three Kings</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate_(2004_film)" title="The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)">The Manchurian Candidate</a> (2004)</li> <li>Used as a back drop for the film <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Lebowski" title="The Big Lebowski">The Big Lebowski</a> (1998). It is frequently discussed as well.</li> <li>Used in <a href="/wiki/Retconned" class="mw-redirect" title="Retconned">retconned</a> backstory for <a href="/wiki/The_Punisher_(2004_film)" title="The Punisher (2004 film)">The Punisher</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(film)" title="Airlift (film)">Airlift</a> (2016) – A <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film based on the true story of <a href="/wiki/1990_airlift_of_Indians_from_Kuwait" title="1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait">the evacuation of 170,000 Indians stranded in the war zone</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Braving the Fear – The True Story of Rowdy US Marines in the Gulf War (by Douglas Foster) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4137-9902-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4137-9902-6">978-1-4137-9902-6</a></li> <li>Bravo Two Zero (by <a href="/wiki/Andy_McNab" title="Andy McNab">Andy McNab</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-21880-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-21880-7">978-0-440-21880-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fist_of_God" title="The Fist of God">The Fist of God</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Frederick Forsyth</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-09126-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-09126-7">978-0-553-09126-7</a></li> <li>Glass (Pray the Electrons Back to Sand) (by James Chapman)</li> <li>Gulf in the War Story: A US Navy Personnel Manager Confides in You (diary from inside the real Top Gun, VF-1 "Wolfpack" by Bob Graham) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4751-4705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4751-4705-6">978-1-4751-4705-6</a></li> <li>Hogs <a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">dime novel</a> series by James Ferro</li> <li>Jarhead (by Anthony Swofford) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3535-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-3535-8">978-0-7432-3535-8</a></li> <li>Savant (by <a href="/wiki/James_Follett" title="James Follett">James Follett</a>)</li> <li>Summer 1990 (by Firyal AlShalabi)</li> <li>Third Graders at War (by Felix G)</li> <li>To Die in Babylon by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Livingston" title="Harold Livingston">Harold Livingston</a></li> <li> M60 vs T-62 Cold War Combatants 1956–92 (by Lon Nordeen & David Isby)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Gulf War at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gulf_War" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Gulf War">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gulf_War" class="extiw" title="q:Gulf War">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37643" class="extiw" title="d:Q37643">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUAY4hwufkI">Barbara Walters Interview with General Schwarzkopf, Coalition commander in the Persian Gulf War</a> (Video: ABC, 1991)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552642">Gulf War Discussion</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552703">Historical Context</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-71-593/conflict_war/gulf_war/">CBC Digital Archives – The 1991 Gulf War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/reference/Finding%20Aids/DSMI.htm">Master Index of Desert Storm Oral History Interviews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231231437/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/Finding%20Aids/DSMI.htm">Archived</a> 31 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212214924/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/gulfbib.htm">Bibliography of the Desert Shield and Desert Storm</a> compiled by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a> (via Wayback Machine)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p16635coll2!p16635coll25!p16635coll13!p16635coll18!p16635coll20!p16635coll15!p16635coll27!p16635coll3!p16635coll11!p16635coll8!p16635coll28!p16635coll23!p16635coll29!p16635coll10!p16635coll12!p16635coll5!p16635coll4!p16635coll14!p16635coll9!p16635coll21!p16635coll1!p16635coll22/searchterm/XVIII%20Airborne%20Corps%20History%20Office/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/order/nosort/ad/asc,">Desert Shield/Desert Storm Photographs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017021409/http://cdm16635.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p16635coll2!p16635coll25!p16635coll13!p16635coll18!p16635coll20!p16635coll15!p16635coll27!p16635coll3!p16635coll11!p16635coll8!p16635coll28!p16635coll23!p16635coll29!p16635coll10!p16635coll12!p16635coll5!p16635coll4!p16635coll14!p16635coll9!p16635coll21!p16635coll1!p16635coll22/searchterm/XVIII%20Airborne%20Corps%20History%20Office/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/order/nosort/ad/asc,">Archived</a> 17 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> US Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505181504/http://www.history.com-archive.info/topics/persian-gulf-war">Persian Gulf War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/20th-anniversary-of-desert-storm-in-photos/">20th Anniversary of Desert Storm in Photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714171711/http://waronline.org/mideast/iraq_airforce.htm">Air Force and Air Defense of Iraq before the war (not translated) exact list of the technical details</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo52758">Liberating Kuwait</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm">Friendly-fire Incidents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130601053948/http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/du_ii/du_ii_tabh.htm">Archived</a> 1 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – www.gulflink.osd.mil</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/vua_citations.html">Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm: Valorous Unit Award Citations</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulf_War2450" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gulf_War" title="Template:Gulf War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gulf_War" title="Template talk:Gulf War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulf_War2450" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Gulf_War_(1990%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Gulf War (1990–1991)">Conflict timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_timeline_1990%E2%80%932003" title="Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003">Disarmament timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_1991_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Gulf_War" title="Women in the Gulf War">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Simoom" title="Operation Simoom">Operation Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Petroleum industry in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dasman_Palace" title="Battle of Dasman Palace">Battle of Dasman Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bridges" title="Battle of the Bridges">Battle of the Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Failaka" title="Battle of Failaka">Battle of Failaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_660" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 660">U.N. Resolution 660</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition intervention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_661" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 661">U.N. Resolution 661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Coalition of the Gulf War">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulf_War_military_equipment" title="List of Gulf War military equipment">Military equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khafji" title="Battle of Khafji">Khafji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Batin" title="Battle of Wadi al-Batin">Wadi al-Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Busayyah" title="Battle of Al Busayyah">Al Busayyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_73_Easting" title="Battle of 73 Easting">67 Easting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_73_Easting" title="Battle of 73 Easting">73 Easting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phase_Line_Bullet" title="Battle of Phase Line Bullet">Phase Line Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_Ridge" title="Battle of Medina Ridge">Medina Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kuwait_campaign" title="Liberation of Kuwait campaign">2nd Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_of_Death" title="Highway of Death">Highway of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jalibah_Airfield" title="Battle for Jalibah Airfield">Jalibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norfolk" title="Battle of Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rumaila" title="Battle of Rumaila">Rumaila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwan_Airfield_standoff" title="Safwan Airfield standoff">Safwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_air_campaign" title="Gulf War air campaign">Air campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_engagements_of_the_Gulf_War" title="Air engagements of the Gulf War">Air engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_Q_Strike" title="Package Q Strike">"Package Q" air strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Instant_Thunder" title="Operation Instant Thunder">Operation Instant Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Senior_Surprise" title="Operation Senior Surprise">Operation Senior Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiriyah_shelter_bombing" title="Amiriyah shelter bombing">Amiriyah shelter bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurra_Air_Battle" title="Samurra Air Battle">Samurra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Impact on Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iraq–Israel relations">Iraq–Israel relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel">Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch">Operation Southern Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Iraq sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">Kuwaiti oil fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Draining of the marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spill" title="Gulf War oil spill">Gulf War oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_the_Gulf_War" title="List of military awards and decorations of the Gulf War">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Provide_Comfort" title="Operation Provide Comfort">Operation Provide Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq–Kuwait barrier">Iraq–Kuwait barrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_Afghanistan_Memorial" title="Iraq and Afghanistan Memorial">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_M1_Abrams" title="History of the M1 Abrams">History of the M1 Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-72_tanks_in_Iraqi_service" title="T-72 tanks in Iraqi service">Lion of Babylon (tank)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East359" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Template talk:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East359" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">List of modern conflicts in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon starvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Jazeera_Front_(Anglo-Turkish_War,_1918%E2%80%931923)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Jazeera Front (Anglo-Turkish War, 1918–1923) (page does not exist)">Al-Jazeera Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolts_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence">Revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United States during the Turkish War of Independence">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Barzanji_revolts" title="Mahmud Barzanji revolts">Mahmud Barzanji revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adwan_Rebellion" title="Adwan Rebellion">Adwan Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Barzani_revolt" title="Ahmed Barzani revolt">Ahmed Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goharshad_Mosque_rebellion" title="Goharshad Mosque rebellion">Goharshad Mosque rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935%E2%80%931936_Iraqi_Shia_revolts" title="1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts">1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Yazidi_revolt" title="1935 Yazidi revolt">1935 Yazidi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Italian bombing of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied invasion of Iraq">Allied invasion of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Barzani_revolt" title="1943 Barzani revolt">1943 Barzani revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waziri_coup" title="Al-Waziri coup">Al-Waziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973 Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">1982 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Adenese_clan_violence" title="Yemeni–Adenese clan violence">Yemeni–Adenese clan violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">1958 Iraqi revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">Mar. 1963 Syrian coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1963_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état">Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Hama_riot" title="1964 Hama riot">1964 Hama riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Saudi_Arabian_coup_attempt" title="1969 Saudi Arabian coup attempt">1969 Saudi Arabian coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" title="1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1972 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">Yemenite War of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Yemenite War of 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution">Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Turkey–PKK conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Egyptian_conscripts_riot" title="1986 Egyptian conscripts riot">1986 Egyptian conscripts riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Sharjawi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt">1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">Mecca massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization_internal_executions" title="Abu Nidal Organization internal executions">Abu Nidal's executions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War (1990–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 Iraqi uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_bombing_of_Iraq" title="1998 bombing of Iraq">Operation Desert Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1999 Shia uprising in Iraq">1999 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Balochi insurgency in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Qamishli riots">2004 Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Syrian War spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Beirut_clashes" title="2021 Beirut clashes">2021 Beirut clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>This list includes <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States4137" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States4137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Listed chronologically</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Colfax Riot">Colfax Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicksburg riot">Vicksburg riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Springs Riot">Rock Springs Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Ole Miss riot of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">1960s ghetto rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2023 United States racial unrest">2020 racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">2021 U.S. Capitol attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1785%E2%80%931795)" title="American–Algerian War (1785–1795)">American–Algerian War (1785–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition" title="Second Sumatran expedition">Second Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Ivory Coast expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fiji_expedition" title="First Fiji expedition">First Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fiji_expedition" title="Second Fiji expedition">Second Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Korean Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Intervention in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency#American_military_support" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_(2015%E2%80%932019)" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars involving the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline of U.S. military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars" title="List of the lengths of United States participation in wars">Length of U.S. participation in major wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">Casualties of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_H._W._Bush1202" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_H._W._Bush" title="Template talk:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_H._W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George H. W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_H._W._Bush1202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">41st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a> (1976–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">UN Ambassador</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 7th congressional district">TX–7</a> (1967–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Inauguration of George H. W. Bush">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1989)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1989)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1990)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1990)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1991)" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1991)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency_(1992%E2%80%93January_1993)#January_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency (1992–January 1993)">January 1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_United_States#The_George_H._W._Bush_Administration_(1989–1993)" title="Environmental policy of the United States">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Chemical_Weapons_Accord" title="1990 Chemical Weapons Accord">Chemical Weapons Accord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">1991 Madrid Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)#The_Gulf_War_and_Bush's_formulation" title="New world order (politics)">New world order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Unified Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement#Negotiation_and_U.S._ratification" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the George H. W. Bush administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_vomiting_incident" title="George H. W. Bush vomiting incident">Vomiting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_broccoli_comments" title="George H. W. Bush broccoli comments">Broccoli comments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_horseshoe_pit" title="White House horseshoe pit">White House horseshoe pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George H. W. Bush">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George H. W. Bush">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%26O_desk" title="C&O desk">Oval Office desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush#Administration" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_H._W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George H. W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George H. W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Herbert_Walker_Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George Herbert Walker Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-George_H._W._Bush_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2100" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government and Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Post-presidency of George H. W. Bush">Post-presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_George_H._W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="1989 George H. W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1990 State of the Union Address">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1991 State of the Union Address">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1992 State of the Union Address">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Kiev_speech" title="Chicken Kiev speech">Chicken Kiev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George H. W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1964 United States Senate election in Texas">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas" title="1970 United States Senate election in Texas">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1980 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidential transition of Ronald Reagan">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1984 presidential campaign">1984 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#1980_presidential_election" title="George H. W. Bush">1980 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1988 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_points_of_light" title="Thousand points of light">"a thousand points of light"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Read_my_lips:_no_new_taxes" title="Read my lips: no new taxes">"Read my lips: no new taxes"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1988 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Clinton transition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush#Public_image" title="George H. W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of George H. W. Bush">Saturday Night Live parodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a> (2010 short film)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear" title="The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear">The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_It_Takes:_The_Way_to_the_White_House" title="What It Takes: The Way to the White House">What It Takes: The Way to the White House</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush:_The_Life_of_a_Lone_Star_Yankee" title="George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee">George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family:_The_Real_Story_of_the_Bush_Dynasty" title="The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty">The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_(film)" title="George H.W. Bush (film)">George H.W. Bush</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_for_Democracy" title="Bad for Democracy">Bad for Democracy</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Secrets" title="Family of Secrets">Family of Secrets</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a> (2014 book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_and_Power" title="Destiny and Power">Destiny and Power</a> (2015 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_World_Transformed" title="A World Transformed">A World Transformed</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Best_(book)" title="All the Best (book)">All the Best</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials,_honors,_and_awards_of_George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials, honors, and awards of George H. W. Bush">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George H. W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_Monument" title="George H. W. Bush Monument">George H. W. Bush Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_School_of_Government_and_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush School of Government and Public Service">Bush School of Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Freedom_Award" title="Ronald Reagan Freedom Award">Reagan Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_George_H.W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="USS George H.W. Bush">USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Pauline Robinson Bush</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Bush Coyne</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Bush" title="George P. Bush">George P. Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bush" title="Lauren Bush">Lauren Bush</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Bush">Pierce Bush</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Walker Bush">Dorothy Walker Bush</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Walker_Bush_Ellis" title="Nancy Walker Bush Ellis">Nancy Walker Bush Ellis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bush" title="Jonathan Bush">Jonathan Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._T._Bush" title="William H. T. Bush">William H. T. Bush</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Bush" title="Samuel P. Bush">Samuel P. Bush</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker" title="George Herbert Walker">George Herbert Walker</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_Bush" title="James Smith Bush">James Smith Bush</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Bush" title="Obadiah Bush">Obadiah Bush</a> (great-great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millie_(dog)" title="Millie (dog)">Millie</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sully_(dog)" title="Sully (dog)">Sully (service dog)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">← Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">← Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_H._W._Bush" title="Category:George H. W. Bush">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saddam_Hussein213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saddam_Hussein" title="Template:Saddam Hussein"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saddam_Hussein" title="Template talk:Saddam Hussein"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saddam_Hussein" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saddam Hussein"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saddam_Hussein213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Ba%27ath_Party_Purge" title="1979 Ba'ath Party Purge">1979 Ba'ath Party Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">U.S. support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal campaign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Human rights record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy allegations">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Capture of Saddam Hussein">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Interrogation of Saddam Hussein">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Trial of Saddam Hussein">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Execution of Saddam Hussein">Execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_execution_of_Saddam_Hussein" title="Reactions to the execution of Saddam Hussein">reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_novels" title="Saddam Hussein's novels">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zabibah_and_the_King" title="Zabibah and the King">Zabibah and the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fortified_Castle" title="The Fortified Castle">The Fortified Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_and_the_City" title="Men and the City">Men and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begone,_Demons" title="Begone, Demons">Begone, Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Quran" title="Blood Quran">Blood Quran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nayirah_testimony" title="Nayirah testimony">Killing babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein%27s_alleged_shredder" title="Saddam Hussein's alleged shredder">Alleged shredder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumana_Hanna" title="Jumana Hanna">Jumana Hanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saddam%27s_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam's family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Father: Hussein 'Abid al-Majid</li> <li>Mother: Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat</li> <li>Half-brothers: <a href="/wiki/Watban_Ibrahim" title="Watban Ibrahim">Watban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabawi_Ibrahim_al-Tikriti" title="Sabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti">Sabawi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barzan_Ibrahim_al-Tikriti" title="Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti">Barzan</a></li> <li>Wives: <a href="/wiki/Sajida_Talfah" title="Sajida Talfah">Sajida Talfah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samira_Shahbandar" title="Samira Shahbandar">Samira Shahbandar</a></li> <li>Uncle and Father-in-Law: <a href="/wiki/Khairallah_Talfah" title="Khairallah Talfah">Khairallah Talfah</a></li> <li>Sons: <a href="/wiki/Uday_Hussein" title="Uday Hussein">Uday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qusay_Hussein" title="Qusay Hussein">Qusay</a></li> <li>Daughters: <a href="/wiki/Rana_Hussein" title="Rana Hussein">Rana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raghad_Hussein" title="Raghad Hussein">Raghad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hala_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala Hussein">Hala</a></li> <li>Grandchildren: <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustapha Hussein">Mustapha Hussein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-ayyam_al-tawila" title="Al-ayyam al-tawila">Al-ayyam al-tawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saddam" title="House of Saddam">House of Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Double" title="The Devil's Double">The Devil's Double</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Saddam_Hussein" title="Category:Saddam Hussein">Category:Saddam Hussein</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics" title="Template talk:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">2011–present</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives (legislative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society583" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States495" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Template:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Template talk:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of United States history">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">Native American epidemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jamestown,_Virginia_(1607%E2%80%931699)" title="History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)">Settlement of Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution#Origin" title="American Revolution">Prelude to Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">and Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of the Constitution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Prelude to War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">Election of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Acts" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution#United_States" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">The Gospel of Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">Assassination of William McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)#American_approach" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan#Second_Klan:_1915–1944" title="Ku Klux Klan">Second Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_School_disaster" title="Bath School disaster">Bath School disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_crash_of_1929" title="Wall Street crash of 1929">Wall Street crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_strike_wave_of_1945%E2%80%931946" title="United States strike wave of 1945–1946">Strike wave of 1945–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1947%E2%80%931948)" title="Cold War (1947–1948)">Start of Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1948%E2%80%931953)" title="Cold War (1948–1953)">Early Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Ivy Mike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post-war boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1953%E2%80%931962)" title="Cold War (1953–1962)">Early–mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Project Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Mid Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Crack epidemic in the United States">Crack epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1979%E2%80%931985)" title="Cold War (1979–1985)">Late Cold War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1985%E2%80%931991)" title="Cold War (1985–1991)">End of the Cold War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots"> Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Trade_Center_bombing" title="1993 World Trade Center bombing">WTC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Killing of Osama bin Laden">Killing of Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="List of mass shootings in the United States">Rise in mass shootings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tucson_shooting" title="2011 Tucson shooting">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aurora_theater_shooting" title="2012 Aurora theater shooting">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting">Sandy Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Las_Vegas_shooting" title="2017 Las Vegas shooting">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkland_high_school_shooting" title="Parkland high school shooting">Parkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvalde_school_shooting" title="Uvalde school shooting">Uvalde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">recession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_US_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Support of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump#Investigations,_criminal_charges,_civil_lawsuits" title="Donald Trump">Indictments of Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="History of the United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian-American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-American history">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Places495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal District</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlying islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16183" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulf_Cooperation_Council195" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template talk:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulf_Cooperation_Council195" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf"><img alt="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 1.5x, 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Conformity mark">Gulf Conformity mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Organization_for_Industrial_Consulting" title="Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting">Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Railway" title="Gulf Railway">Gulf Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleeji_(currency)" title="Khaleeji (currency)">Khaleeji currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements#Gulf_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilateral free-trade agreements">Bilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">Migrant workers in the GCC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_homosexuality_test" title="GCC homosexuality test">homosexuality test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workforce_nationalization" title="Workforce nationalization">Workforce nationalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geopolitical history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_North_Thunder" title="Exercise North Thunder">Exercise North Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riyadh_meetings_on_Syria_(2025)" title="Riyadh meetings on Syria (2025)">Riyadh meetings on Syria (2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="Arabian Gulf Cup">Arabian Gulf Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Futsal_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup">Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_rugby_union_team" title="Arabian Gulf rugby union team">Arabian Gulf rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGCFF_Gulf_Club_Champions_League" title="AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League">AGCFF Gulf Club Champions League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Games" title="GCC Games">GCC Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_GCC_Games" title="2011 GCC Games">2011 Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships">GCC Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Ice_Hockey_Championship" title="Gulf Ice Hockey Championship">Gulf Ice Hockey Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-17_Championship" title="GCC U-17 Championship">GCC U-17 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-19_Championship" title="GCC U-19 Championship">GCC U-19 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-23_Championship" title="GCC U-23 Championship">GCC U-23 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Volleyball_Club_Championship" title="GCC Volleyball Club Championship">GCC Volleyball Club Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Youth_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Youth Athletics Championships">GCC Youth Athletics Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Kuwait" title="Portal:Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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<ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6c94b64d64-n4wqw","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.165","walltime":"5.861","ppvisitednodes":{"value":51749,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1461277,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":291938,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":78,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1257089,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":4,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4710.586 1 -total"," 32.22% 1517.585 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.07% 709.834 134 Template:Cite_web"," 12.58% 592.695 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 12.53% 590.453 68 Template:Citation_needed"," 10.43% 491.125 70 Template:Fix"," 9.40% 442.663 115 Template:Sfnp"," 6.16% 290.221 44 Template:Cite_book"," 5.09% 239.985 48 Template:Cite_news"," 3.92% 184.889 73 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.998","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25574405,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Bulldozer_assault\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbulhasan1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Marashi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexandrescuBăhnăreanu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Leydon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArbuthnot2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAscherioChaseCotéDehaes1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinsonBalz1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinsonDevroy,_Ann1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAustvik1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarzilai1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergen,_Peter_L.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanford2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlum1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolkomPike,_Jonathan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourque2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBourqueBurdan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrands2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBush1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChardell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheckPoint\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChediac\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenoweth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilds,_JohnCorvisier,_André1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCirincione1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClancyHorner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConetta2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperSadik2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperSadik2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrocker_III2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDan_Vaught\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeese\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDefence2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinackus2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas_A._Borer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDysonCetorelli2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdwin_E._Moïse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmering2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFetterLewisGronlund1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFinlan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrontline\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaleyKramerXiaoDever2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHersh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindin_R.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiro1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolsti2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoskinsonJarvis,_Norman1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_Pollack2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeaneyEliot_A._Cohen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKen_Jarecke\u0026#039;s_account_to_the_BBC_World_Service_programme2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_Estes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKepel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKifner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnights,_Michael2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatimer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeckie,_Robert1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee,_Robin_J.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevins1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittle1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan_Nye2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogan_Nye2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLori_Robertson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucas,_Dean2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacArthur1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakiya1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalory\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManuel1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNamara2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoise\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorinGimblett1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaureckas1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaval_Historical_Center1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikschSutter1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordeenIsby2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdgers1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttaway1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_W._Westermeyer1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Ruff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersDeshong1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRon_McKay2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthal1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRostker2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyce1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyce1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSciolino1991\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFShafeeq_Ghabra1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSifryCerf1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloyan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSornas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpagat2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStorkLesch1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker-Jones2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFU._S._Government_Accountability_Office\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs,_Veterans_Health_Administration\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictoria2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerStambler1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYann_Le_TroquerRozenn_Hommery_al-Oudat1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYusufzai2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiad_SwaidanMihai_Nica2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Khalil1991\"] = 1,\n [\"Operation_Desert_Shield\"] = 1,\n [\"Stuart_Lockwood\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"American conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ba'athism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Campaignbox Gulf War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 68,\n [\"Citation needed span\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 48,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 133,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 2,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 18,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 39,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 39,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 12,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Format price\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"George H. W. Bush series\"] = 1,\n [\"Globalize\"] = 1,\n [\"Gulf Cooperation Council\"] = 1,\n [\"Gulf War\"] = 1,\n [\"HMAS\"] = 1,\n [\"HMCS\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-fn\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Iraq topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Link note\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 25,\n [\"Middle East conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidency of George H. W. Bush\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Saddam Hussein\"] = 1,\n [\"Saddam Hussein series\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 115,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 29,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"US history\"] = 1,\n [\"USNS\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 28,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Arthur E. (Ted) Rowse\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","740","20.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","13.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","300","8.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","300","8.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","180","5.1"],["type","100","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","2.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","2.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","2.2"],["[others]","1040","29.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-744fd9d7f6-vm5kf","timestamp":"20250225171252","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gulf War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37643","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37643","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-18T22:40:07Z","dateModified":"2025-02-22T22:01:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/04\/USAF_F-16A_F-15C_F-15E_Desert_Storm_edit2.jpg","headline":"1990\u20131991 conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition"}</script> </body> </html>