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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early political involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premier_of_Alberta_(1935–1943)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premier_of_Alberta_(1935–1943)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Premier of Alberta (1935–1943)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Premier_of_Alberta_(1935–1943)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Premier of Alberta (1935–1943) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Premier_of_Alberta_(1935–1943)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electoral_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Electoral record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Lieutenant_Governor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Lieutenant_Governor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Conflict with Lieutenant Governor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Lieutenant_Governor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ideology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications_and_articles_about_Aberhart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_and_articles_about_Aberhart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications and articles about Aberhart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications_and_articles_about_Aberhart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_record_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_record_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Electoral record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_record_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading/other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading/other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading/other sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading/other_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading/other sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading/other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Aberhart" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Aberhart" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Aberhart" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Aberhart" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Aberhart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Aberhart" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="William Aberhart" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Aberhart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1311454#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Premier of Alberta (1935–1943)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Aberhart</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:W_aberhart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bald man in a suit with round spectacles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_aberhart.jpg/220px-W_aberhart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_aberhart.jpg/330px-W_aberhart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_aberhart.jpg/440px-W_aberhart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Aberhart in 1937</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier of Alberta</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 3, 1935 – May 23, 1943</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Walsh" title="William L. Walsh">William L. Walsh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Philip_Primrose" title="Philip Primrose">Philip Primrose</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bowen" title="John C. Bowen">John C. Bowen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gavin_Reid" title="Richard Gavin Reid">Richard Gavin Reid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Ernest Manning</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Alberta Minister of Education</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 3, 1935 – May 23, 1943</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Perren_Baker" title="Perren Baker">Perren Baker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solon_Earl_Low" title="Solon Earl Low">Solon Earl Low</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 21, 1940 – May 23, 1943</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Calgary (provincial electoral district)">Calgary</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 4, 1935 – March 21, 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Morrison_(Alberta_politician)" title="William Morrison (Alberta politician)">William Morrison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Broomfield" title="John Broomfield">John Broomfield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Okotoks-High_River" title="Okotoks-High River">Okotoks-High River</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1878-12-30</span>)</span>December 30, 1878<br /><a href="/wiki/Kippen,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Kippen, Ontario">Kippen, Ontario</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 23, 1943<span style="display:none">(1943-05-23)</span> (aged 64)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Memorial_Park_(Burnaby)" title="Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Burnaby)">Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Burnaby)</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit Party of Alberta">Social Credit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Jessie Flatt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, Alberta, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Educator, evangelist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Aberhart_Signature-.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Aberhart's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William_Aberhart_Signature-.svg/128px-William_Aberhart_Signature-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William_Aberhart_Signature-.svg/192px-William_Aberhart_Signature-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/William_Aberhart_Signature-.svg/256px-William_Aberhart_Signature-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="67" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Aberhart</b> (December 30, 1878 – May 23, 1943), also known as "<b>Bible Bill</b>" for his radio sermons about the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, was a Canadian politician and the seventh <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">premier of Alberta</a> from 1935 to his death in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the founder and first leader of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Alberta Social Credit Party</a>, which believed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Great Depression</a> was caused by ordinary people not having enough to spend. Therefore, Aberhart argued that the government should give each Albertan $25 per month to spend to stimulate the economy, by providing needed purchasing power to allow needy customers to buy from waiting businesses. </p><p>During his premiership, Aberhart campaigned for and instituted several anti-poverty and debt relief programs, and other governmental reforms, such as consolidation of Alberta's numerous small school districts into centralized school divisions, and natural resources conservation. His attempts at banking reform met with less success, facing strong opposition from the federal government, the courts, privately owned newspapers and a coalition of the Liberal and Conservative parties. Aberhart's government did successfully establish the Alberta Treasury Branches (now <a href="/wiki/ATB_Financial" title="ATB Financial">ATB Financial</a>), a government-owned financial institution to provide an alternative to existing banks, which continues to operate as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporation</a> of the Alberta government. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood,_education,_and_family"><span id="Childhood.2C_education.2C_and_family"></span>Childhood, education, and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood, education, and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Aberhart was born December 30, 1878, in Kippen, Ontario (now part of <a href="/wiki/Bluewater,_Ontario" title="Bluewater, Ontario">Bluewater, Ontario</a>) to William (c. 1844 – 1910)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Louisa (c. 1850–1944)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006410_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006410-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (née Pepper) Aberhart.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> William Aberhart Sr. had immigrated to Canada from Germany with his family at the age of seven, while Louisa Pepper was born in <a href="/wiki/Perth_County,_Ontario" title="Perth County, Ontario">Perth County, Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> Historian Harold Schultz describes the Aberharts as "prosperous", while biographers David Elliott and Iris Miller says they "lived better than the average family".<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth of eight children, William Aberhart Jr. delivered milk to his father's customers before school each day.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> At school, he was a hard-working but average student.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathematics was one of his strengths, though his approach involved more <a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">rote learning</a> than reasoning. Elliott and Miller suggest that this tendency stayed with him his entire life, and that he "never really acquired an appreciation for inductive intellectual analysis".<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Aberhart was not a social child.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Though he excelled at <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197437_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197437-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he generally preferred solitary pursuits such as reading or teaching himself to play musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186">: 186 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1896, Aberhart attended three months of model school in <a href="/wiki/Mitchell,_Ontario" title="Mitchell, Ontario">Mitchell</a>. Although this training qualified him to work as a schoolteacher, he instead enrolled in business college in <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham, Ontario">Chatham</a>, from which he withdrew after four months of successful study.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> In 1897–98, Aberhart attended Seaforth Collegiate Institute, where he was nicknamed "Whitey" (for his blond hair) and broadened his athletic prowess to include the <a href="/wiki/Long_jump" title="Long jump">long jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a>, <a href="/wiki/100-yard_dash" title="100-yard dash">100-yard dash</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_jump" title="High jump">high jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">football</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> </p><p>On July 29, 1902, Aberhart married Jessie Flatt, whom he had met in 1901 at a football game.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14–15">: 14–15 </span></sup> A daughter, Khona Louise Aberhart, was born in the winter of 1903, and a second, Ola Janet Aberhart, followed in August 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p><p>On July 20, 1910, William Aberhart Sr. died in an accident at a pharmacy owned by his son (William Jr.'s brother) Charles. <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">Prohibition</a> was in effect, but pharmacists were permitted to provide alcohol for "medicinal purposes". Charles kept a bottle of whiskey for William Sr. to drink whenever he was in the store. One day a clerk rearranged the bottles, and the illiterate William Sr. took a swallow of <a href="/wiki/Carbolic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbolic acid">carbolic acid</a>; he died within minutes. William Jr., by now in Calgary, did not make the trip east to his father's funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> Louisa Aberhart died February 20, 1944, outliving her son, William Aberhart Jr., by less than a year.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, he earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Kingston" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's University, Kingston">Queen's University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_career">Teaching career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Teaching career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Aberhart_Youth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William_Aberhart_Youth.jpg/170px-William_Aberhart_Youth.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William_Aberhart_Youth.jpg/255px-William_Aberhart_Youth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/William_Aberhart_Youth.jpg/340px-William_Aberhart_Youth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Aberhart as a young man</figcaption></figure> <p>In the fall of 1901 Aberhart was hired as a teacher at the Central Public School in <a href="/wiki/Brantford,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Brantford, Ontario">Brantford</a>, for which he was paid $60 per month.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–12">: 11–12 </span></sup> He fast won a reputation as a strict disciplinarian: he addressed his students by number rather than name and was liberal in his use of <a href="/wiki/Strapping_(punishment)" title="Strapping (punishment)">the strap</a>. By his own account in a 1903 essay, he viewed the classroom as a battlefield, and admired <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s military organization. While his tactics divided his students—some loved him, while others recounted that "he did everything he could to break the spirit of a child"—his supervisors gave him uniformly positive reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p><p>His school's principal died in 1905, and Aberhart was selected to replace him; his salary increased to $1,000 per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> This figure had reached $1,200 by 1910 when, in response to glowing reviews from his colleagues, the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Board_of_Education" title="Calgary Board of Education">Calgary Board of Education</a> offered him a principalship at $1,400 per year. In response to a petition from his staff and students that this offer be matched by Brantford, Aberhart was offered a raise to $1,300; he declined it, and moved to Calgary that spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> His family followed later, after he purchased a two-storey wooden house and Khona finished her academic year in Brantford.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23–24">: 23–24 </span></sup> 1910 Calgary was a frontier town that smelled of horse manure and in which public drunkenness was common; though Aberhart's sensibilities were less shocked by this than his wife's were, he also had to make some adjustments: in Brantford he had always attended church in a silk <a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top hat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">frock coat</a>, but he quickly abandoned this custom after discovering that he was the only one in Calgary to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>Aberhart was to become principal of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_University" title="Mount Royal University">Mount Royal School</a>, but it was not yet complete at the time of his arrival, so he became the principal of Alexandra Public School immediately on his arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> Mount Royal was still not completed by the fall, so he took over the principalship of Victoria School,<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> which he held until becoming principal of the new <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Heights_High_School_(Calgary)" title="Crescent Heights High School (Calgary)">Crescent Heights High School</a> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197437_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197437-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elliott and Miller write that Aberhart took a less rigid approach to discipline at Crescent Heights than he had in Ontario,<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> though Schultz says that as principal he was "authoritarian in manner and a strict disciplinarian".<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup> His love of organization persisted,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197437_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197437-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> and his penchant for it enhanced his reputation as "an able administrator".<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup> Crescent Height's students scored very well on departmental examinations, though some members of the school board believed that he achieved this at least partly by culling weaker students with a preliminary qualifying examination.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> </p><p>One way Aberhart applied his organizational prowess was in creating one of Calgary's first and largest <a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93teacher_association" title="Parent–teacher association">parent–teacher associations</a>, which had an average of two hundred parents attend each meeting; Aberhart had a generally good relationship with parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> His standing with his staff was more mixed: he had a habit of "talking down" to them, dominated the school to the point that teachers were left with little initiative, and, as Elliott and Miller put it, "never entered the staff room except to issue an order".<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> Many of his teachers, while respecting his abilities as an administrator, thought very little of him as a man, and some believed that his domineering approach stemmed from a fear of people smarter than him.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> In 1919, eight Crescent Heights teachers wrote the school board requesting an investigation into Aberhart's work; the resulting inspection led to the transfer of three male teachers—with whom Aberhart had a particularly poor rapport—to other schools, and stated that persisting problems would lead to a request for Aberhart's resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> A follow-up investigation two years later found a substantial improvement in conditions and reported favourably on Aberhart's abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47">: 47 </span></sup> Despite this uneven relationship, Aberhart was not all together closed-minded, and would entertain—and sometimes even be convinced by—arguments from his staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197438_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197438-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides his administrative duties, Aberhart taught English and math.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup> True to form, in doing so he emphasized rote memorization at the expense of independent reasoning, to the point that one of his teachers once likened him to a dog trainer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197437_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197437-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">: 44 </span></sup> He cared for his students and provided extensive extra tutoring, especially for students in whom he saw a genuine interest in learning the material.<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44–45">: 44–45 </span></sup> Outside of the classroom, he applied his talents to organizing picnics and games,<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup> and in 1922 organized an elected <a href="/wiki/Student_council" title="Student council">student council</a> years before the concept became widespread in Calgary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197438_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197438-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When some students wanted the school to purchase a <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">movie projector</a> not provided for in the school's budget, Aberhart organized a company into which students could buy for ten cents per share; the company put on movies for which it charged admission, and at the end of its first year of operation it declared a <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividend</a> of 25 cents per share. He urged his students to adopt four axioms he followed in his own life: "be enthusiastic, be ambitious, develop a distinctive personality, [and] have a hobby and ride it hard."<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup> </p><p>In the assessment of John Barr, a Social Credit staffer years after Aberhart's death who later wrote one of the first histories of the party's years in power, "Aberhart generally had the respect and admiration of a broad following of parents, teachers, and students."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr197438_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr197438-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schultz states that the only area in which all 61 people he interviewed in researching Aberhart's career agreed was that he was an excellent high school teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ministry">Ministry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_religious_views_and_adoption_of_Dispensationalism">Early religious views and adoption of Dispensationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early religious views and adoption of Dispensationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though his parents were not churchgoers, as a child Aberhart attended <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> church.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> Under circumstances that are not clear to history, in high school he became a devout Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> He initially adopted <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a>, though while at <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal school</a> he was exposed to more liberal versions of Christianity that taught the existence of internal inconsistencies in the Bible; for several years he adopted the approach of a Bible teacher who counselled him to "treat [the] Bible as ... a nice plate of fish" and "eat the meat and leave the bones for the dogs".<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> Though at first he subscribed to the notion of <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">unconditional election</a>, and worried about whether he was destined for <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>, he later adopted the <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">conditional election</a>, and became confident that, through his faith, he would be saved.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>While in Brantford, Aberhart studied at Zion Presbyterian church,<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186">: 186 </span></sup> where he became interested in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_prophecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical prophecy">Biblical prophecy</a>, which in turn led him to <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a>. Dispensationalism held that history was divided into seven dispensations, during each of which God made a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> with man, and during each of which man broke the covenant.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> That the terms of the covenant were different in each dispensation resolved Aberhart's earlier concerns about the Bible's internal inconsistencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> His views were heavily influenced by a correspondence course he took offered by American Dispensationalist <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Scofield" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Scofield">Cyrus Scofield</a>; Elliott and Miller speculate that such a course would have appealed to Aberhart by reducing "difficult theological problems to a matter of memorizing questions and answers".<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>Aberhart had aspired to take ministerial training at the Presbyterian Knox College Divinity School, but the church in Brantford was reluctant to take on the support of both him and his family in the four-year training period. He became fascinated with prophetical teaching in the Bible and studied a correspondence course by Cyrus Scofield. He had been introduced to this system while attending a men's Bible Class at Zion Presbyterian, taught by William Nichol, an elderly physician.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, Aberhart accepted a position as principal of Alexandra School in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, Alberta. His initial Bible Study Teaching in Calgary commenced at the Grace Presbyterian Church at the Young Men's Bible Class. Within a few weeks attendance was over 100 and he attracted the attendance of the senior minister Dr. Esler, but his views on prophecy did not jibe with senior minister's reformed beliefs and his teaching privileges were cancelled. He then moved on to teach successively at the Wesley and Trinity Methodist Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonMcNutt197050–51_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonMcNutt197050–51-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915, he became an unpaid pastor of Westbourne Baptist Church in Calgary.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, he founded a Bible study group in the church, which grew in attendance over the years. In 1920 he was baptized by immersion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1925, he broadcast his Sunday sermons on the <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio station</a> CFCN, which allowed him to broadcast his prophetic preaching to listeners throughout the Canadian prairies and part of the northern United States. In 1927 he made the decision to terminate the church's affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Western_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Western Canada">Baptist Union of Western Canada</a> due to theological differences with the teachings given at the union college.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Gordon_Stackhouse_1998,_p._41_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Gordon_Stackhouse_1998,_p._41-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, he founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary_Prophetic_Bible_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calgary Prophetic Bible Institute (page does not exist)">Calgary Prophetic Bible Institute</a> in a new building.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institute building also housed the Westbourne Baptist Church. In 1929, a section of church members who disagreed with his beliefs about the need for a <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Holy_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Holy Spirit">baptism of the Holy Spirit</a> separate from conversion, decided to return to the old building, prompting Aberhart to found Bible Institute Baptist Church.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Gordon_Stackhouse_1998,_p._41_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Gordon_Stackhouse_1998,_p._41-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of his life <a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British Israelism</a> became increasingly central to his theology.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British Israelism had been an element of his theology from an early stage, but assumed further importance following the <a href="/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="1939 royal tour of Canada">1939 royal tour of Canada</a> where he spoke with King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> on the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 284">: 284 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_involvement">Early political involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early political involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aberhart became interested in politics during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Great Depression in Canada</a>, a time which was especially harsh on Albertan and Saskatchewan farmers. Particularly, he was drawn to the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit">Social Credit</a> theories of Major <a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">C. H. Douglas</a>, a British engineer. From 1932 to 1935, Aberhart lobbied for the governing political party, the <a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a>, to adopt these theories, but it never did. </p><p>It is doubtful that Aberhart fully understood the theories himself.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis of Douglas's A+B theorem is that prices rise faster than incomes when regarded as a flow, and individuals' purchasing power should be supplemented through issuance of new credits that have not derived from the productive system. After Aberhart's lobbying of the United Farmers to adopt Social Credit principles was unsuccessful, he helped found the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit Party of Alberta">Social Credit Party of Alberta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premier_of_Alberta_(1935–1943)"><span id="Premier_of_Alberta_.281935.E2.80.931943.29"></span>Premier of Alberta (1935–1943)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Premier of Alberta (1935–1943)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Aberhart_and_his_Cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/William_Aberhart_and_his_Cabinet.jpg/220px-William_Aberhart_and_his_Cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/William_Aberhart_and_his_Cabinet.jpg/330px-William_Aberhart_and_his_Cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/William_Aberhart_and_his_Cabinet.jpg/440px-William_Aberhart_and_his_Cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3254" /></a><figcaption>Aberhart and his cabinet in 1935</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electoral record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Social Credit Party won the <a href="/wiki/1935_Alberta_general_election" title="1935 Alberta general election">1935 provincial election</a> by a landslide with over 54% of the popular vote and all but seven of the 63 seats in the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not even the <a href="/wiki/Socreds" class="mw-redirect" title="Socreds">Socreds</a> had expected to win the election. Indeed, its expectations were so low that it had not named a formal leader during the campaign. The party was now tasked with selecting a leader who would become the province's new premier. Aberhart was the obvious choice, as he had been the party's founder and guiding force. He initially said he did not want the job, but was finally prevailed to accept it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He was sworn in as premier on September 3 (11 days after his August 22 victory). However, he was not yet a member of the legislature. The Social Credit MLA for <a href="/wiki/Okotoks-High_River" title="Okotoks-High River">Okotoks-High River</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Morrison_(Alberta_politician)" title="William Morrison (Alberta politician)">William Morrison</a>, resigned to give Aberhart a chance to get a seat, per standard practice in the Westminster system when a leader or cabinet minister does not have a seat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aberhart won the November 4 by-election, held prior to the first sitting of the new legislature after the general election. Aberhart was elected by acclamation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aberhart served as premier and as his own <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alberta" title="Education in Alberta">minister of education</a> and, starting in 1937, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General">Attorney General</a>. Aberhart's government was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/1940_Alberta_general_election" title="1940 Alberta general election">1940 election</a> with a somewhat reduced mandate, with Aberhart being elected to a Calgary seat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy">Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Aberhart2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/William_Aberhart2.jpg/170px-William_Aberhart2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/William_Aberhart2.jpg/255px-William_Aberhart2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/William_Aberhart2.jpg/340px-William_Aberhart2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Aberhart as premier</figcaption></figure> <p>Aberhart's government did not implement much of the Social Credit policies promised in the party's election platform, because of the province's very poor financial position in the depths of the Depression. The federal government's opposition to Social Credit was a significant block to Aberhart's policy goals. The federal government has jurisdiction over Canadian currency and banks, under the <i><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a></i>. However, there was no constitutional barrier to Alberta producing its own currency, which Aberhart's government did to a limited degree with its <a href="/wiki/Prosperity_certificates" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosperity certificates">prosperity certificates</a>. Aberhart did threaten the power of private banks with his government's extension of the UFA government's foreclosure moratorium and mandatory debt adjustment. But a law to tax banks was overturned on constitutional grounds. Later, the government started its own banks, which carry on as the Alberta Treasury Branch (<a href="/wiki/ATB_Financial" title="ATB Financial">ATB Financial</a>). </p><p>Aberhart instituted a variety of relief programs to help people out of poverty, as well as public works programs and a debt relief program that froze some debt collections and mortgage foreclosures. This, like <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a>' similar program in Saskatchewan, was later overturned in the mid-1940s by the Supreme Court, although it aided people for a number of years during and (for a short time) after the Great Depression. </p><p>Alberta's Social Credit government brought in legislation under which an MLA could be recalled by a portion of their constituents. Aberhart's own constituents, including out-of-power UFA farmers and many oilworkers working for U.S. oil companies threatened by Aberhart's Natural Resources Conservation legislation, gathered signatures for Aberhart's own recall. He thus became the first Canadian politician to be threatened with recall from office. Aberhart's government retroactively repealed the recall legislation rather than have Aberhart forced to give up his seat.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In keeping with his evangelical views, Aberhart added a heavy dose of <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> to Major Douglas's ideas. Most notably, he enacted very tight restrictions on the sale of alcohol. Indeed, the only stricter law in Canada at the time was in <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, where the sale of alcohol remained completely banned until 1948. Well into the 1960s, commercial airlines could not serve alcohol while flying over Alberta. </p><p>Although Aberhart was unable to gain control of Alberta's banks, his government gained a foothold in the province's financial industry by creating the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Treasury_Branches" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Treasury Branches">Alberta Treasury Branches</a> in 1938. Its operations included special credit given for those who bought made-in-Alberta goods. ATB has become Aberhart's legacy, operating as an orthodox <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporation" title="Crown corporation">Crown corporation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Lieutenant_Governor">Conflict with Lieutenant Governor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conflict with Lieutenant Governor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberhart,_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Edmonton_1939._A6557.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aberhart%2C_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Edmonton_1939._A6557.jpg/220px-Aberhart%2C_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Edmonton_1939._A6557.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aberhart%2C_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Edmonton_1939._A6557.jpg/330px-Aberhart%2C_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Edmonton_1939._A6557.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Aberhart%2C_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Edmonton_1939._A6557.jpg/440px-Aberhart%2C_George_VI_and_Queen_Elizabeth_in_Edmonton_1939._A6557.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>Aberhart (speaking) welcoming King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">Elizabeth</a> to Alberta in May 1939</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Governor of Alberta">Lieutenant Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Bowen" title="John C. Bowen">John C. Bowen</a> refused to give <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to three government bills in 1937. Two of the bills would have put the province's banks under the control of the provincial government, while a third, the <i><a href="/wiki/Accurate_News_and_Information_Act" title="Accurate News and Information Act">Accurate News and Information Act</a></i>, would have forced newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories the provincial <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> deemed "inaccurate". All three bills were later declared unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>. For its leadership in the fight against the latter act, in 1938 the <i><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a></i> was awarded a <a href="/wiki/1938_Pulitzer_Prize#Journalism_awards" title="1938 Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize special citation and bronze plaque</a>, the first time a special citation was awarded outside the United States, while 95 other newspapers including the <i><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a></i>, the <i>Red Deer News</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge_Herald" title="Lethbridge Herald">Lethbridge Herald</a></i> and the province's weekly newspapers were recognized with engraved certificates. </p><p>By late 1937, relations with the lieutenant governor became so strained that Bowen even threatened to dismiss Aberhart's government, which would have been an extraordinary use of his <a href="/wiki/Reserve_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve powers">reserve powers</a>. An analogous situation occurred in 1932 in Australia between <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lang_(Australian_politician)" title="Jack Lang (Australian politician)">Jack Lang</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Game" title="Philip Game">Philip Game</a>, the premier and governor, respectively, of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. However, Bowen did not follow through on his threat due in part to Social Credit's immense popularity with the people. Had he dismissed Aberhart, it would have triggered a fresh election that Social Credit would have almost certainly won. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aberhart died unexpectedly on May 23, 1943, during a visit to his adult daughters in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>, and was interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in <a href="/wiki/Burnaby" title="Burnaby">Burnaby</a> as his widow intended to move to Vancouver to be close to her children.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded as the Premier of Alberta by his lifelong disciple, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_C._Manning" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest C. Manning">Ernest C. Manning</a>, who gradually moved away from Douglas' monetary theories. Social Credit would remain in office until its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1971_Alberta_general_election" title="1971 Alberta general election">1971 election</a>—one of the longest-serving provincial governments in Canadian history, and one of the longest-serving in the Commonwealth. </p><p>The Aberhart Centre, a long-term medical care centre at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Hospital" title="University of Alberta Hospital">University of Alberta Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, is named in his honour, as is <a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart_High_School" title="William Aberhart High School">William Aberhart High School</a> in Calgary. </p><p>In 1974, he was named a <a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Person of National Historic Significance</a> by the Government of Canada. A plaque commemorating this sits inside Crescent Heights High School at 1019 1st NW, Calgary, Alberta.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elliott (1978) argues that the Aberhart's Social Credit ideology was clearly antithetical to his previous theology, which was highly sectarian, separatist, apolitical, other-worldly, and eschatologically oriented. Elliott challenges the arguments of Mann (1955) and Irving (1959) that there was a definite connection between Aberhart's theology and political program. Elliott reports that Aberhart's political support did not come from the sectarian groups as Mann and Irving suggest, but rather it came from the members of established churches and those with marginal religious commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Elliott_1978_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Elliott_1978-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_and_articles_about_Aberhart">Publications and articles about Aberhart</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Publications and articles about Aberhart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian Harold J. Schultz's 1964 "Portrait of a Premier: William Aberhart" was published in the <i>Canadian Historical Review</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1977 book edited by Lewis Herbert Thomas, traced Aberhart's role in the development of Alberta's Social Credit movement.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1978 article published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Historical_Review" title="Canadian Historical Review">Canadian Historical Review</a></i>, David R. Elliot examined Aberhart's theological and political beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Elliott_1978_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Elliott_1978-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elliot and Iris Miller published <i>Bible Bill: A Biography of William Aberhart</i> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2004 edited book —<i>Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century</i>, devoted a chapter to Aberhart.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A June 2020 in-depth article in <i><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Views" title="Alberta Views">Alberta Views</a></i> magazine, compared <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Jason_Kenney" title="Premiership of Jason Kenney">Alberta Premier Jason Kenney</a> to Aberhart.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruce Allen Powe in 1983 published a novel entitled <i>The Aberhart Summer</i> based on the events of 1935 when Aberhart swept into power. The novel was adapted as a stage play in 1999 by Conni Massing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_record_2">Electoral record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electoral record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>November 4, 1935, provincial by-election Okotoks—High River </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" align="center"><b>1935 by-election results (<a href="/wiki/Okotoks-High_River" title="Okotoks-High River">Okotoks-High River</a>)</b><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 90%;"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="left" valign="top"><b>Affiliation</b> </td> <td valign="top"><b>Candidate</b> </td> <td valign="top"><b>Votes N.A.</b> </td> <td valign="top" align="right"><b>%</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #90EE90; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Social Credit</a></td> <td><b>William Aberhart</b></td> <td style="text-align:right;">Acclaimed </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/1940_Alberta_general_election" title="1940 Alberta general election">1940 Alberta general election</a> results (<a href="/wiki/Calgary_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Calgary (provincial electoral district)">Calgary</a>)</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon199333_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon199333-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size: 90%;"><b>First count vote totals*</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Davison" title="Andrew Davison">Andrew Davison</a><sup id="cite_ref-STV_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STV-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">12,465 </td> <td align="right">27.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #90EE90; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Social Credit</a></td> <td><b>William Aberhart</b><sup id="cite_ref-STV_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STV-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,122</td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mahaffey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mahaffey (page does not exist)">James Mahaffey</a><sup id="cite_ref-STV_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STV-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">3,645 </td> <td align="right">7.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_J._Bowlen" title="John J. Bowlen">John J. Bowlen</a><sup id="cite_ref-STV_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STV-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">3,447 </td> <td align="right">7.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EEDDAA; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party" title="Alberta New Democratic Party">CCF</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_J._White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick J. White (page does not exist)">Frederick J. White</a> </td> <td align="right">2,846 </td> <td align="right">6.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tweed_Shaw" title="Joseph Tweed Shaw">Joseph Tweed Shaw</a> </td> <td align="right">2,685 </td> <td align="right">5.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #90EE90; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Social Credit</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fred_Anderson_(Alberta_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fred Anderson (Alberta politician) (page does not exist)">Frederic Anderson</a><sup id="cite_ref-STV_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STV-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,939</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #90EE90; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Social Credit</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edith_Gostick" title="Edith Gostick">Edith Gostick</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,605</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td>Norman D. Dingle </td> <td align="right">1,480 </td> <td align="right">3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #90EE90; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Social Credit</a></td> <td>Mrs. Howitt D. Tarves</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,386</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EEDDAA; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party" title="Alberta New Democratic Party">CCF</a> </td> <td>Robert T. Alderman </td> <td align="right">1,298 </td> <td align="right">2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td>Harry Pryde </td> <td align="right">576 </td> <td align="right">1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td>Douglas V. Mitchell </td> <td align="right">251 </td> <td align="right">0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independent</a> </td> <td>James M. Moodie </td> <td align="right">169 </td> <td align="right">0.4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>* The first count vote totals were altered through STV vote transfers, to produce the five successful candidates, one of which was not in a leading position in the first count. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alberta" title="History of Alberta">History of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Social_Credit_backbenchers%27_revolt" title="1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt">1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hildebrand" title="Henry Hildebrand">Henry Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Alexander_Whittaker" title="Sinclair Alexander Whittaker">Sinclair Alexander Whittaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briercrest_College_and_Seminary" title="Briercrest College and Seminary">Briercrest College and Seminary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schultz reports this date as 1927, saying that Aberhart was principal of "Balmoral Heights" from 1915 until then.<sup id="cite_ref-CHR_Schultz_1964_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHR_Schultz_1964-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup> This confusion may be because when Crescent Heights opened in 1915, it occupied part of Balmoral School, an elementary school. Crescent Heights received its own building in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STV-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STV_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STV_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STV_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STV_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STV_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Calgary was a multi-member constituency that elected five MLAs using the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> electoral method. These candidates were elected.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElliot2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Elliot, David R. (February 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/william-aberhart">"William Aberhart"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Encyclopedia">Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Aberhart&rft.btitle=Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2008-02-14&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fwilliam-aberhart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryCraig2006" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Sandra E.; Craig, Jessica J. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centennialseries03perr"><i>The Mantle of Leadership: Premiers of the Northwest Territories and Alberta</i></a></span>. Edmonton, Alberta: Legislative Assembly of Alberta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9689217-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9689217-2-8"><bdi>0-9689217-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mantle+of+Leadership%3A+Premiers+of+the+Northwest+Territories+and+Alberta&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=Legislative+Assembly+of+Alberta&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9689217-2-8&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Sandra+E.&rft.au=Craig%2C+Jessica+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentennialseries03perr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006410-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006410_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerryCraig2006">Perry & Craig 2006</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_Miller_Biography_1987_4-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliottMiller1987" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, David R.; Miller, Iris (1987). <i>Bible Bill: A Biography of William Aberhart</i>. 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(1964). "Portrait of a Premier: William Aberhart". <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Historical_Review" title="Canadian Historical Review">Canadian Historical Review</a></i>. <b>45</b> (3). 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Marsh, <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>, McClelland & Stewart, Canada, 1999, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm280501.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p280501coll7&CISOPTR=635&CISOBOX=1&REC=4">"Balmoral School, 16th Avenue N.W., taken in snowstorm"</a>. <i>Community Heritage and Family History Digital Library</i>. Calgary Public Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1978). "Antithetical Elements In William Aberhart's Theology and Political Ideology". <i>Canadian Historical Review</i>. <b>59</b> (1). University of Toronto Press: 38–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2FCHR-059-01-03">10.3138/CHR-059-01-03</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145374314">145374314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Antithetical+Elements+In+William+Aberhart%27s+Theology+and+Political+Ideology&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-58&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2FCHR-059-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145374314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1977" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Lewis Herbert, ed. (1977). <i>William Aberhart and Social Credit in Alberta</i>. Toronto, Ontario: Copp Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7730-3128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7730-3128-9"><bdi>978-0-7730-3128-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Aberhart+and+Social+Credit+in+Alberta&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Copp+Clark&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7730-3128-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2004" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, David R. (2004). "William Aberhart, 1935-1943". In Rennie, Bradford J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=naghmtnXQoYC&pg=PA125"><i>Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Regina, Saskatchewan: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. pp. 126–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88977-151-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88977-151-0"><bdi>0-88977-151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Aberhart%2C+1935-1943&rft.btitle=Alberta+Premiers+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Regina%2C+Saskatchewan&rft.pages=126-145&rft.pub=Canadian+Plains+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Regina&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88977-151-0&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnaghmtnXQoYC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albertaviews.ca/uncanny-resemblance/">"Uncanny Resemblance"</a>. <i>Alberta Views - The Magazine for Engaged Citizens</i>. June 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alberta+Views+-+The+Magazine+for+Engaged+Citizens&rft.atitle=Uncanny+Resemblance&rft.date=2020-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbertaviews.ca%2Funcanny-resemblance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMardonMardon1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mardon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Mardon">Mardon, Ernest</a>; Mardon, Austin (1993). <i>Alberta Election Results 1882–1992</i>. Edmonton, A;berta: Documentary Heritage Society of Alberta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alberta+Election+Results+1882%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+A%3Bberta&rft.pub=Documentary+Heritage+Society+of+Alberta&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Mardon&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft.au=Mardon%2C+Austin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon199333-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon199333_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMardonMardon1993">Mardon & Mardon 1993</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading/other_sources"><span id="Further_reading.2Fother_sources"></span>Further reading/other sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading/other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1993" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Edward (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialclassessoc0000bell"><i>Social Classes & Social Credit in Alberta</i></a></span>. Montreal and Kingston: <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1168-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1168-7"><bdi>0-7735-1168-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Classes+%26+Social+Credit+in+Alberta&rft.place=Montreal+and+Kingston&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7735-1168-7&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialclassessoc0000bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2004" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Edward (2004). "Ernest Manning, 1943-1968". In Rennie, Bradford J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertapremierso0000unse"><i>Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. Regina, Saskatchewan: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. pp. 148–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88977-151-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88977-151-0"><bdi>0-88977-151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ernest+Manning%2C+1943-1968&rft.btitle=Alberta+Premiers+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Regina%2C+Saskatchewan&rft.pages=148-178&rft.pub=Canadian+Plains+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Regina&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88977-151-0&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertapremierso0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2008" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, Brian (2008). <i>The Good Steward: The Ernest C. Manning Story</i>. Calgary, Alberta: Fifth House Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897252-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897252-16-1"><bdi>978-1-897252-16-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Steward%3A+The+Ernest+C.+Manning+Story&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=Fifth+House+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-897252-16-1&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Byrne" title="Tim Byrne">Byrne, T. C.</a> (1991). <i>Alberta's Revolutionary Leaders</i>. Calgary, Alberta: Detselig Enterprises. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55059-024-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55059-024-3"><bdi>1-55059-024-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alberta%27s+Revolutionary+Leaders&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=Detselig+Enterprises&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-55059-024-3&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalderola1979" class="citation book cs1">Calderola, Carlo (1979). Calderola, C. (ed.). <i>The Social Credit in Alberta, 1935-1971</i>. Methuen. pp. 33–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780458939107" title="Special:BookSources/9780458939107"><bdi>9780458939107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Credit+in+Alberta%2C+1935-1971&rft.pages=33-48&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780458939107&rft.aulast=Calderola&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1945" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, S. D. (November 1945). "The Religious Sect in Canadian Politics". <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>51</b> (3). University of Chicago Press: 207–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F219788">10.1086/219788</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2770421">2770421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145557571">145557571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Sect+in+Canadian+Politics&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-216&rft.date=1945-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145557571%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2770421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F219788&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=S.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1967" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Ramsay, ed. (1967). <i>Politics of Discontent: Essays by H. J. Schultz, M. A. Ormsby, J. R. H. Wilbur, B. J. Young</i>. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+of+Discontent%3A+Essays+by+H.+J.+Schultz%2C+M.+A.+Ormsby%2C+J.+R.+H.+Wilbur%2C+B.+J.+Young&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2004" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, David R. (2004). "William Aberhart, 1935-1943". In Rennie, Bradford J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertapremierso0000unse"><i>Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. Regina, Saskatchewan: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. pp. 126–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88977-151-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88977-151-0"><bdi>0-88977-151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Aberhart%2C+1935-1943&rft.btitle=Alberta+Premiers+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Regina%2C+Saskatchewan&rft.pages=126-145&rft.pub=Canadian+Plains+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Regina&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88977-151-0&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertapremierso0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel1989" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Alvin (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialcreditphen0000fink"><i>The Social Credit Phenomenon in Alberta</i></a></span>. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6731-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6731-X"><bdi>0-8020-6731-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Credit+Phenomenon+in+Alberta&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8020-6731-X&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialcreditphen0000fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan1972" class="citation journal cs1">Flanagan, Thomas (1972). "Social Credit in Alberta: A Canadian 'Cargo Cult'?". <i>Archives de Sociologie des Religions</i>. <b>34</b> (34). Paris, France: École des hautes études en sciences sociales: 39–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fassr.1972.1889">10.3406/assr.1972.1889</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30115621">30115621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+de+Sociologie+des+Religions&rft.atitle=Social+Credit+in+Alberta%3A+A+Canadian+%27Cargo+Cult%27%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=39-48&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fassr.1972.1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30115621%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanaganLee1991" class="citation journal cs1">Flanagan, Thomas; Lee, Martha F. (Fall 1991). "From Social Credit to Social Conservatism: The Evolution of an Ideology". <i>Prairie Forum</i>. <b>16</b> (2). Regina, Saskatchewan: Canadian Plains Research Center: 205–223. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10294%2F256">10294/256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prairie+Forum&rft.atitle=From+Social+Credit+to+Social+Conservatism%3A+The+Evolution+of+an+Ideology&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-223&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10294%2F256&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Lee%2C+Martha+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1981" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Franklin L. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWhO25oG7FEC"><i>John E. Brownlee: A Biography</i></a>. Lloydminster, Alberta: Foster Learning Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55220-004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55220-004-9"><bdi>978-1-55220-004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+E.+Brownlee%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Lloydminster%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=Foster+Learning+Inc&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-1-55220-004-9&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Franklin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWhO25oG7FEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1959" class="citation book cs1">Irving, John A. (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialcreditmove0000irvi"><i>The Social Credit Movement in Alberta</i></a></span>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802060846" title="Special:BookSources/9780802060846"><bdi>9780802060846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Credit+Movement+in+Alberta&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780802060846&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialcreditmove0000irvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey1997" class="citation book cs1">Mackey, Lloyd (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/likefatherlikeso0000mack"><i>Like father, like son: Ernest Manning & Preston Manning</i></a></span>. Toronto, Ontario: ECW Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55022-299-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55022-299-6"><bdi>1-55022-299-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+father%2C+like+son%3A+Ernest+Manning+%26+Preston+Manning&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=ECW+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55022-299-6&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flikefatherlikeso0000mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacPherson2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._B._Macpherson" title="C. B. Macpherson">MacPherson, C. B.</a> (2013) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qWMCAQAAQBAJ"><i>Democracy in Alberta: Social Credit and the Party System</i></a> (3rd ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1575-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1575-5"><bdi>978-1-4426-1575-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+in+Alberta%3A+Social+Credit+and+the+Party+System&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1575-5&rft.aulast=MacPherson&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqWMCAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1976" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. R. (1976) [1954]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-rbsc_social-credit-fed-power-canada_JL27M251976-17181"><i>Social Credit and the Federal Power in Canada</i></a> (reprint ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6301-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6301-2"><bdi>0-8020-6301-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Credit+and+the+Federal+Power+in+Canada&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8020-6301-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMcGillLibrary-rbsc_social-credit-fed-power-canada_JL27M251976-17181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeatby2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Blair_Neatby" title="H. Blair Neatby">Neatby, H. Blair</a> (2003) [1972]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofchaosc0000neat_y2s6"><i>The Politics of Chaos: Canada in the Thirties</i></a></span> (reprint ed.). Kemptville, Ontario: Haymax. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894908-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-894908-01-5"><bdi>1-894908-01-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Chaos%3A+Canada+in+the+Thirties&rft.place=Kemptville%2C+Ontario&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Haymax&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-894908-01-5&rft.aulast=Neatby&rft.aufirst=H.+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofchaosc0000neat_y2s6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1977" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Lewis Herbert, ed. (1977). <i>William Aberhart and Social Credit in Alberta</i>. Toronto, Ontario: Copp Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7730-3128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7730-3128-9"><bdi>978-0-7730-3128-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Aberhart+and+Social+Credit+in+Alberta&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Copp+Clark&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7730-3128-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardhaugh2000" class="citation book cs1">Wardhaugh, Robert Alexander (2000). <i>MacKenzie King and the Prairie West</i>. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4733-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4733-5"><bdi>0-8020-4733-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacKenzie+King+and+the+Prairie+West&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8020-4733-5&rft.aulast=Wardhaugh&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAberhart2005" class="citation journal cs1">Aberhart, William (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Aberhart+on+Social+Credit%3a+a+radio+broadcast.-a0141167148">"Aberhart On Social Credit: A Radio Broadcast"</a>. <i>Alberta History</i> (transcript of a 1935 radio broadcast). <b>53</b> (4). Historical Society of Alberta: 24–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alberta+History&rft.atitle=Aberhart+On+Social+Credit%3A+A+Radio+Broadcast&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=24-30&rft.date=2005-10&rft.aulast=Aberhart&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FAberhart%2Bon%2BSocial%2BCredit%253a%2Ba%2Bradio%2Bbroadcast.-a0141167148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAberhart1991" class="citation book cs1">Aberhart, William (1991). Elliott, David R. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aberhartoutpouri0000aber"><i>Aberhart: Outpourings and Replies</i></a></span>. Historical Society of Alberta. pp. 1–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781895379082" title="Special:BookSources/9781895379082"><bdi>9781895379082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aberhart%3A+Outpourings+and+Replies&rft.pages=1-41&rft.pub=Historical+Society+of+Alberta&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781895379082&rft.aulast=Aberhart&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faberhartoutpouri0000aber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning1967" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Ernest C. (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalrealign0000mann"><i>Political Realignment: A Challenge to Thoughtful Canadians</i></a></span>. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland and Stewart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Realignment%3A+A+Challenge+to+Thoughtful+Canadians&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Ernest+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalrealign0000mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Aberhart" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertasource.ca/aoe/template/abpolitical.aspx?site_search=Social+Credit&websiteid=15">Encyclopedia of Alberta Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albertasource.ca/aoe/ui/indexx.aspx?callpage=43&search=Aberhart">Alberta Source</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714165217/https://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/premiers/aberhart.htm">Alberta legislative assembly</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1upinfo.com/encyclopedia/A/Aberhart.html">AllRefer.com Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aberhartfoundation.ca">William Aberhart Historical Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-2226-13358-11/on_this_day/politics_economy/william_aberhart">CBC 1943 archival video clip on Aberhart's legacy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalpapers.ucalgary.ca/politicians_search">William Aberhart's papers digitized at the University of Calgary Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_Rutherford" title="Alexander Cameron Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton" title="Arthur Sifton">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Greenfield" title="Herbert Greenfield">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Brownlee" title="John Edward Brownlee">Brownlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gavin_Reid" title="Richard Gavin Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Strom" title="Harry Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Getty" title="Don Getty">Getty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Stelmach" title="Ed Stelmach">Stelmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Redford" title="Alison Redford">Redford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Hancock" title="Dave Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prentice" title="Jim Prentice">Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Notley" title="Rachel Notley">Notley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Smith" title="Danielle Smith">Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Premiers_of_Alberta" title="Category:Premiers of Alberta">Category:Premiers of Alberta</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_credit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#196619; color:White;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_Credit" title="Template:Social Credit"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:White">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_Credit" title="Template talk:Social Credit"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:White">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_Credit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social Credit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:White">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_credit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Social credit</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#196619; color:White;;width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightGreen;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement" title="Canadian social credit movement">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_Party_of_Canada" title="Abolitionist Party of Canada">Abolitionist Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">British Columbia Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Party" title="Canada Party">Canada Party</a></li> <li>Christian Credit Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Monetary_and_Economic_Reform" title="Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform">Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_D%C3%A9mocrates" title="Les Démocrates">Les Démocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Social_Credit_Party" title="Manitoba Social Credit Party">Manitoba Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Canada)" title="New Democracy (Canada)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauper_Party_of_Ontario" title="Pauper Party of Ontario">Pauper Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_cr%C3%A9dit_social_uni" title="Parti crédit social uni">Parti crédit social uni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Saint_Michael" title="Pilgrims of Saint Michael">Pilgrims of Saint Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste" title="Ralliement créditiste">Ralliement créditiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Ralliement créditiste du Québec">Ralliement créditiste du Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Board" title="Social Credit Board">Social Credit Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Alberta Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit Party of New Brunswick">Social Credit Party of New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Ontario" title="Social Credit Party of Ontario">Social Credit Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Saskatchewan" title="Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan">Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightGreen;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_League_of_Rights" title="Australian League of Rights">Australian League of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Country Party (New Zealand)">Country Party (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)">Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Credit_Party" title="Douglas Credit Party">Douglas Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Social Credit Party (New Zealand)">Social Credit Party (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit-NZ" title="Social Credit-NZ">Social Credit-NZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_Social_Credit_Party" title="Solomon Islands Social Credit Party">Solomon Islands Social Credit Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightGreen;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Monetary_Reform_Association" title="Irish Monetary Reform Association">Irish Monetary Reform Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" title="Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_(Ireland)" title="Social Credit Party (Ireland)">Social Credit Party of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#196619; color:White;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavern_Ahlstrom" title="Lavern Ahlstrom">Lavern Ahlstrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beetham" title="Bruce Beetham">Bruce Beetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._C._Bennett" title="W. A. C. Bennett">W. A. C. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horne_Blackmore" title="John Horne Blackmore">John Horne Blackmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Butler" title="Eric Butler">Eric Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Caouette" title="Réal Caouette">Réal Caouette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Cracknell" title="Vernon Cracknell">Vernon Cracknell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">C. H. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Even" title="Louis Even">Louis Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._N._Field" title="A. N. Field">A. N. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Gostick" title="Ron Gostick">Ron Gostick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hargrave" title="John Hargrave">John Hargrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jaques" title="Norman Jaques">Norman Jaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Earl_Low" title="Solon Earl Low">Solon Earl Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Ernest Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roly_Marks" title="Roly Marks">Roly Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Morrison" title="Neil Morrison">Neil Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Overfield" title="Al Overfield">Al Overfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Sogavare" title="Manasseh Sogavare">Manasseh Sogavare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Sweigard" title="Ken Sweigard">Ken Sweigard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turmel" title="John Turmel">John Turmel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#196619; color:White;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1937_Social_Credit_backbenchers%27_revolt" title="1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt">1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_certificate" title="Prosperity certificate">Prosperity certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada_split,_1963" title="Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963">Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#196619; color:White;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_credit" title="Category:Social credit"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Template:Alberta Social Credit Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Template talk:Alberta Social Credit Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alberta Social Credit Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Alberta Social Credit Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Strom" title="Harry Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Schmidt" title="Werner Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curtis_Clark" title="Robert Curtis Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Sykes" title="Rod Sykes">Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hattersley" title="Martin Hattersley">Hattersley</a></li> <li>Yuill</li> <li>Neilson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alford_(politician)" title="Robert Alford (politician)">Alford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Thorsteinson" title="Randy Thorsteinson">Thorsteinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Albers" title="James Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavern_Ahlstrom" title="Lavern Ahlstrom">Ahlstrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_Skowronski" title="Len Skowronski">Skowronski</a></li> <li>Fraser</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Premier_of_Alberta_William_Aberhart_(1935–1943)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aberhart_Ministry" title="Template:Aberhart Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aberhart_Ministry" title="Template talk:Aberhart Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aberhart_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aberhart Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Premier_of_Alberta_William_Aberhart_(1935–1943)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aberhart_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberhart Ministry">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier of Alberta</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Aberhart</a> (1935–1943)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Aberhart</a></b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Chant" title="William Chant">William Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cockroft" title="Charles Cockroft">Charles Cockroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Warren_Cross" title="Wallace Warren Cross">Wallace Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fallow" title="William Fallow">William Fallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hugill" title="John Hugill">John Hugill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Earl_Low" title="Solon Earl Low">Solon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Ernest Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_MacMillan_(Alberta_politician)" title="Duncan MacMillan (Alberta politician)">Duncan MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Maynard" title="Lucien Maynard">Lucien Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Mullen" title="David B. Mullen">David Mullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cathmer_Ross" title="Charles Cathmer Ross">Charles Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Eldon_Tanner" title="Nathan Eldon Tanner">Nathan Tanner</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:W_aberhart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aberhart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_aberhart.jpg/75px-W_aberhart.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_aberhart.jpg/113px-W_aberhart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/W_aberhart.jpg/150px-W_aberhart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1311454#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1311454#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1311454#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000073730689">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/20554324">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/106486/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXhD6fKCQ7bFhRC6Dcyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122084837">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82248542">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q56frk">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&oldid=1252772751">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Aberhart&oldid=1252772751</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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