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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formosa_vs._Philippines_as_invasion_target-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decision_to_invade_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decision_to_invade_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Decision to invade the Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decision_to_invade_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setup_for_the_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setup_for_the_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Setup for the battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Setup_for_the_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Setup for the battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Setup_for_the_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lack_of_unified_command_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_unified_command_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Lack of unified command structures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_unified_command_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Japanese plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarine_action_in_Palawan_Passage_(23_October_1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine_action_in_Palawan_Passage_(23_October_1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Submarine action in Palawan Passage (23 October 1944) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine_action_in_Palawan_Passage_(23_October_1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea_(24_October_1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea_(24_October_1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Battle of the Sibuyan Sea (24 October 1944) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea_(24_October_1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Task_Force_34_/_San_Bernardino_Strait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Task_Force_34_/_San_Bernardino_Strait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Task Force 34 / San Bernardino Strait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Task_Force_34_/_San_Bernardino_Strait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halsey's_decision_(24_October_1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halsey's_decision_(24_October_1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Halsey's decision (24 October 1944) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Halsey's_decision_(24_October_1944)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Halsey's decision (24 October 1944) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Halsey's_decision_(24_October_1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warning_signs_ignored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warning_signs_ignored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Warning signs ignored </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warning_signs_ignored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_(25_October_1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_(25_October_1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Battle of Surigao Strait (25 October 1944) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_(25_October_1944)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle of Surigao Strait (25 October 1944) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_(25_October_1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japanese_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Japanese forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Engagement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sinking_of_Fusō" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinking_of_Fusō"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sinking of Fusō </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinking_of_Fusō-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_continues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_continues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Battle continues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_continues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History's_last_salvo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History's_last_salvo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 History's last salvo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History's_last_salvo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_kamikaze_attacks_of_the_Pacific_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_kamikaze_attacks_of_the_Pacific_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 First kamikaze attacks of the Pacific War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_kamikaze_attacks_of_the_Pacific_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_off_Samar_(25_October_1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_off_Samar_(25_October_1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Battle off Samar (25 October 1944) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle_off_Samar_(25_October_1944)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle off Samar (25 October 1944) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle_off_Samar_(25_October_1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Prelude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admiral_Kurita_withdraws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admiral_Kurita_withdraws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Admiral Kurita withdraws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admiral_Kurita_withdraws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_off_Cape_Engaño_(25–26_October_1944)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_off_Cape_Engaño_(25–26_October_1944)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Battle off Cape Engaño (25–26 October 1944) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle_off_Cape_Engaño_(25–26_October_1944)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle off Cape Engaño (25–26 October 1944) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle_off_Cape_Engaño_(25–26_October_1944)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crisis_–_U.S._Seventh_Fleet's_calls_for_help" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_–_U.S._Seventh_Fleet's_calls_for_help"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Crisis – U.S. Seventh Fleet's calls for help </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_–_U.S._Seventh_Fleet's_calls_for_help-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Final actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weighing_the_decisions_of_Halsey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weighing_the_decisions_of_Halsey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Weighing the decisions of Halsey </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Weighing_the_decisions_of_Halsey-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Weighing the decisions of Halsey subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Weighing_the_decisions_of_Halsey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halsey's_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halsey's_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Halsey's defense </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halsey's_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_mitigating_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_mitigating_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Potential mitigating factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_mitigating_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Losses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Losses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Losses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Allied losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Japanese losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of Leyte Gulf</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Leytegolf" title="Slag van Leytegolf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van Leytegolf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="معركة خليج ليتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة خليج ليتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Битка в залива Лейте – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка в залива Лейте" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_golf_de_Leyte" title="Batalla del golf de Leyte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla del golf de Leyte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%B3%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%C4%83%C3%A7%D1%83" title="Лейте кӳлмекĕнчи çапăçу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лейте кӳлмекĕнчи çапăçу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Leyte" title="Bitva u Leyte – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Leyte" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Leyte_Gulf" title="Slaget om Leyte Gulf – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget om Leyte Gulf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/See-_und_Luftschlacht_im_Golf_von_Leyte" title="See- und Luftschlacht im Golf von Leyte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="See- und Luftschlacht im Golf von Leyte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5" title="Ναυμαχία του Κόλπου Λέιτε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναυμαχία του Κόλπου Λέιτε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_golfo_de_Leyte" title="Batalla del golfo de Leyte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla del golfo de Leyte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Lejtea_Golfo" title="Batalo de Lejtea Golfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Lejtea Golfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87" title="نبرد خلیج لیته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد خلیج لیته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_golfe_de_Leyte" title="Bataille du golfe de Leyte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille du golfe de Leyte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_do_golfo_de_Leyte" title="Batalla do golfo de Leyte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla do golfo de Leyte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%85%8C%EB%A7%8C_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="레이테만 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레이테만 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_u_zaljevu_Leyte" title="Bitka u zaljevu Leyte – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka u zaljevu Leyte" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Teluk_Leyte" title="Pertempuran Teluk Leyte – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Teluk Leyte" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_del_Golfo_di_Leyte" title="Battaglia del Golfo di Leyte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia del Golfo di Leyte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94" title="קרב מפרץ לייטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב מפרץ לייטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengeri_csata_a_Leyte-%C3%B6b%C3%B6lben" title="Tengeri csata a Leyte-öbölben – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tengeri csata a Leyte-öbölben" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="लेयटे आखाताची लढाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेयटे आखाताची लढाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Teluk_Leyte" title="Pertempuran Teluk Leyte – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Teluk Leyte" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_in_de_Golf_van_Leyte" title="Slag in de Golf van Leyte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag in de Golf van Leyte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E6%B2%96%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6" title="レイテ沖海戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レイテ沖海戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Leyte_Gulf" title="Slaget ved Leyte Gulf – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Leyte Gulf" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyteslaget" title="Leyteslaget – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leyteslaget" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_dau_Golf_de_Leyte" title="Batalha dau Golf de Leyte – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha dau Golf de Leyte" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_w_zatoce_Leyte" title="Bitwa w zatoce Leyte – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa w zatoce Leyte" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_do_Golfo_de_Leyte" title="Batalha do Golfo de Leyte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha do Golfo de Leyte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_din_Golful_Leyte" title="Bătălia din Golful Leyte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia din Golful Leyte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Сражение в заливе Лейте – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сражение в заливе Лейте" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Leyte Gulf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Leyte" title="Bitka pri Leyte – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Leyte" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_v_zalivu_Leyte" title="Bitka v zalivu Leyte – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka v zalivu Leyte" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Битка у заливу Лејте – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка у заливу Лејте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_u_zalivu_Leyte" title="Bitka u zalivu Leyte – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka u zalivu Leyte" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leytenlahden_taistelu" title="Leytenlahden taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leytenlahden taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Leytebukten" title="Slaget vid Leytebukten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Leytebukten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labanan_sa_Golpo_ng_Leyte" title="Labanan sa Golpo ng Leyte – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Labanan sa Golpo ng Leyte" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95" title="ยุทธนาวีที่อ่าวเลย์เต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธนาวีที่อ่าวเลย์เต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_K%C3%B6rfezi_Muharebesi" title="Leyte Körfezi Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leyte Körfezi Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Битва в затоці Лейте – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва в затоці Лейте" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_chi%E1%BA%BFn_v%E1%BB%8Bnh_Leyte" title="Trận chiến vịnh Leyte – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận chiến vịnh Leyte" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%B3%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="雷伊泰灣海戰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雷伊泰灣海戰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&params=10.370_N_125.355_E_type:event">10°22′12″N 125°21′18″E / 10.370°N 125.355°E / 10.370; 125.355</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest naval battle of World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the naval battle. For the invasion of the island, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Battle of Leyte</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Leyte Gulf</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign (1944–1945)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Princeton_(CVL-23)_burning_on_24_October_1944_(80-G-287970).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_burning_on_24_October_1944_%2880-G-287970%29.jpg/220px-USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_burning_on_24_October_1944_%2880-G-287970%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_burning_on_24_October_1944_%2880-G-287970%29.jpg/330px-USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_burning_on_24_October_1944_%2880-G-287970%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_burning_on_24_October_1944_%2880-G-287970%29.jpg/440px-USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_burning_on_24_October_1944_%2880-G-287970%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="585" /></a> The <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">light aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_(CVL-23)" title="USS Princeton (CVL-23)">Princeton</a> on fire, east of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, on 24 October 1944</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>23–26 October 1944</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf" title="Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a>, Philippines</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&params=10.370_N_125.355_E_type:event">10°22′12″N 125°21′18″E / 10.370°N 125.355°E / 10.370; 125.355</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">William Halsey</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">3rd Fleet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Kinkaid" title="Thomas C. Kinkaid">Thomas Kinkaid</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">7th Fleet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Sprague" title="Clifton Sprague">Clifton Sprague</a> (Taffy 3 / Task Unit 77.4.3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_B._Oldendorf" title="Jesse B. Oldendorf">Jesse Oldendorf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Task_Group_77.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Group 77.2">Task Group 77.2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Collins" title="John Augustine Collins">John Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Task_Force_74" title="Task Force 74">Task Force 74</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kurita" title="Takeo Kurita">Takeo Kurita</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf_order_of_battle#Japanese_Forces_2" title="Leyte Gulf order of battle">Center Force</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji_Nishimura" title="Shōji Nishimura">Shōji Nishimura</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf_order_of_battle#Japanese_Forces" title="Leyte Gulf order of battle">Southern Force</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kiyohide_Shima" title="Kiyohide Shima">Kiyohide Shima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf_order_of_battle#Japanese_Forces" title="Leyte Gulf order of battle">Southern Force</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa" title="Jisaburō Ozawa">Jisaburō Ozawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf_order_of_battle#Japanese_Forces_3" title="Leyte Gulf order of battle">Northern Force</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Seki" title="Yukio Seki">Yukio Seki</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamikazes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamikazes">Kamikazes</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">3rd Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_38" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Force 38">Task Force 38</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">7th Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_77_(United_States_Navy)" title="Task Force 77 (United States Navy)">Task Force 77</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="2nd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">2nd Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="Third Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">3rd Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="5th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">5th Fleet</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Navy Air Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Air Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">1st Air Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Air_Fleets_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy#2nd_Air_Fleet" title="List of Air Fleets of the Imperial Japanese Navy">2nd Air Fleet</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>~300 ships in total<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958415–429-1">[1]</a></li> <li>8 <a href="/wiki/Fleet_carrier" title="Fleet carrier">fleet carriers</a></li> <li>9 <a href="/wiki/Light_aircraft_carrier" title="Light aircraft carrier">light carriers</a></li> <li>18 <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a></li> <li>12 <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a></li> <li>24 <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a></li> <li>116 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escorts</a></li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, and fleet auxiliaries</li> <li>About 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">planes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>67+ ships in total</li> <li>1 fleet carrier</li> <li>3 light carriers</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Ise-class_battleship" title="Ise-class battleship">hybrid-carriers/battleships</a></li> <li>7 battleships</li> <li>13 <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a></li> <li>6 <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a></li> <li>35+ destroyers</li> <li>300+ planes (including land-based aircraft)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006209–210-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>~3,000 killed;</li> <li>11 ships including:</li> <li>1 light carrier,</li> <li>2 escort carriers,</li> <li>2 destroyers,</li> <li>1 destroyer escort sunk</li> <li>1 PT boat damaged</li> <li>255 planes<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>~12,000 killed;</li> <li>26 ships including:</li> <li>1 fleet carrier,</li> <li>3 light carriers,</li> <li>3 battleships,</li> <li>6 heavy cruisers,</li> <li>4 light cruisers,</li> <li>9 destroyers sunk</li> <li>~300 planes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006322-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)"> Philippines campaign (1944–45) </a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Visayas" title="Battle of Visayas">Visayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panay_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Panay (1945)">Panay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Simara_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Simara (1945)">Simara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Negros_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Negros (1945)">Negros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Cebu_City" title="Battle for Cebu City">Cebu City</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">Luzon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindoro" title="Battle of Mindoro">Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion 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Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bessang_Pass" title="Battle of Bessang Pass">Bessang Pass</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao" title="Battle of Mindanao">Mindanao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bukidnon_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bukidnon (1945)">Bukidnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_and_Maguindanao_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotabato and Maguindanao Campaign">Cotabato and Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Davao" title="Battle of Davao">Davao</a></li></ul> Naval operations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_Hi-71" title="Convoy Hi-71">Convoy Hi-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin%27y%C5%8D_Maru_incident" title="Shin'yō Maru incident">Shin'yō Maru incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Air_Battle" title="Formosa Air Battle">Formosa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ormoc_Bay" title="Battle of Ormoc Bay">Ormoc Bay</a></li> <li><a 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id="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific theatre of World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lamon_Bay" title="Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay">Lamon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">1st Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">1st Corregidor</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">1st Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1942)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1942)">1st Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1942)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1942)">1st Balikpapan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manado" title="Battle of Manado">Manado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sumatra" title="Invasion of Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badung_Strait" title="Battle of Badung Strait">Badung Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">2nd Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">2nd Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">2nd Balikpapan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_campaign" title="New Georgia campaign">New Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Treasury_Islands" title="Battle of the Treasury Islands">Treasury Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">Buna–Gona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bismarck_Sea" title="Battle of the Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Nassau_Bay" title="Landing at Nassau Bay">Nassau Bay Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamaua%E2%80%93Lae_campaign" title="Salamaua–Lae campaign">Salamaua-Lae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula_campaign" title="Huon Peninsula campaign">Huon Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_campaign" title="Admiralty Islands campaign">Admiralty Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitape%E2%80%93Wewak_campaign" title="Aitape–Wewak campaign">Aitape-Wewak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollandia" title="Battle of Hollandia">Recklesss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Aitape" title="Landing at Aitape">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biak" title="Battle of Biak">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noemfoor" title="Battle of Noemfoor">Noemfoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morotai" title="Battle of Morotai">Morotai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arawe" title="Battle of Arawe">Arawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Gloucester" title="Battle of Cape Gloucester">Cape Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralisation_of_Rabaul" title="Neutralisation of Rabaul">Neutralisation of Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talasea" title="Battle of Talasea">Talasea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Jacquinot_Bay" title="Landing at Jacquinot Bay">Jacquinot Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wide_Bay%E2%80%93Open_Bay" title="Battle of Wide Bay–Open Bay">Wide Bay–Open Bay</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign (1944–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Leyte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor_(1945)" title="Battle of Corregidor (1945)">2nd Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Visayas" title="Battle of Visayas">Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao" title="Battle of Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agas" title="Operation Agas">Agas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Semut" title="Operation Semut">Semut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaufort_(1945)" title="Battle of Beaufort (1945)">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">Balikpapan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Battle of Leyte Gulf<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: レイテ沖海戦, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: Reite oki Kaisen, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Leyte Open Sea Naval Battle', <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: Labanan sa Golpo ng Leyte) 23–26 October 1944, was the largest naval battle of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and by some criteria the <a href="/wiki/Largest_naval_battle_in_history" title="Largest naval battle in history">largest naval battle in history</a>, with over 200,000 naval personnel involved.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8-9C1kccLKICpgPA1_1-3]-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:294-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-9">[9]</a> By the time of the battle, Japan had fewer <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a> (aircraft carriers and battleships) left than the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces had total aircraft carriers in the Pacific, which underscored the disparity in force strength at that point in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006123-10">[10]</a> Regardless, the IJN mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to defeat the Allied invasion of the Philippines, but it was repulsed by the <a href="/wiki/US_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="US Navy">US Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">Seventh Fleets</a>. The battle consisted of four main separate engagements (the <a href="#Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea">Battle of the Sibuyan Sea</a>, the <a href="#Battle_of_Surigao_Strait">Battle of Surigao Strait</a>, the <a href="#Battle_off_Cape_Engaño">Battle off Cape Engaño</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Samar" title="Battle off Samar">Battle off Samar</a>), as well as lesser actions.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Allied forces announced the end of organized Japanese resistance on the island of Leyte at the end of December. It was the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> attacks, and it was the last naval battle between <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> in history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958101,_240–241,_300–303-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956a234-13">[13]</a> The Japanese Navy suffered heavy losses and never sailed in comparable force thereafter since it was stranded for lack of fuel in its bases for the rest of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b600-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958360,_397-15">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> The Allied campaigns of August 1942 to early 1944 had driven Japanese forces from many of their island bases in the south and central Pacific Ocean, while isolating many of their other bases (most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>), and in June 1944, a series of American amphibious landings supported by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">Fifth Fleet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force" title="Fast Carrier Task Force">Fast Carrier Task Force</a> captured most of the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> (bypassing <a href="/wiki/Rota_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rota (island)">Rota</a>). This offensive breached Japan's strategic inner defense ring and gave the Americans a base from which long-range <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> bombers could attack the Japanese home islands. The Japanese counterattacked in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a>. The U.S. Navy destroyed three Japanese aircraft carriers, damaged other ships, and shot down approximately 600 Japanese aircraft, leaving the Japanese Navy with very little carrier-borne air power and few experienced pilots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b599,_600-16">[16]</a> However, the considerable land-based air power the Japanese had amassed in the Philippines was thought too dangerous to bypass by many high-ranking officers outside the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Chester_Nimitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Nimitz">Chester Nimitz</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formosa_vs._Philippines_as_invasion_target">Formosa vs. Philippines as invasion target</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formosa vs. Philippines as invasion target">edit</a>]</div> The next logical step was to cut Japan's supply lines to Southeast Asia, depriving them of fuel and other necessities of war, but there were two different plans for doing so. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ernest_J._King" title="Ernest J. King">Ernest J. King</a>, other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Admiral Nimitz favored blockading Japanese forces in the Philippines and invading <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Formosa (Taiwan)</a>, while <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, wanting to fulfill the 1942 promise <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur%27s_escape_from_the_Philippines" title="Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines">"I shall return"</a>, championed an invasion of the Philippines. While Formosa could also serve as a base for an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, which MacArthur felt was unnecessary, it was also estimated that it would require about 12 divisions from the Army and <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States Marine Corps">Marines</a>. Meanwhile, the Australian Army, spread thin by engagements in the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> and various other Pacific islands, would not have been able to spare any troops for such an operation. As a result, an invasion of Formosa, or any operation requiring much larger ground forces than were available in the Pacific in late 1944, would be delayed until the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> freed the necessary manpower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison19584–6-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decision_to_invade_the_Philippines">Decision to invade the Philippines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decision to invade the Philippines">edit</a>]</div> A meeting between MacArthur, Nimitz, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">President Roosevelt</a> helped confirm the Philippines as a strategic target but did not reach a decision, and the debate continued for two months.<a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> Eventually Nimitz changed his mind and agreed to MacArthur's plan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison195814–16-20">[19]</a> and it was eventually decided that MacArthur's forces would invade the island of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> in the central Philippines. Amphibious forces and close naval support would be provided by Seventh Fleet, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)" title="Vice admiral (United States)">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Kinkaid" title="Thomas C. Kinkaid">Thomas C. Kinkaid</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setup_for_the_battle">Setup for the battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Setup for the battle">edit</a>]</div> The U.S. Seventh Fleet at this time contained units of the U.S. Navy and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>. Before the major naval actions in Leyte Gulf had begun, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Australia_(D84)" title="HMAS Australia (D84)">HMAS Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Honolulu_(CL-48)" title="USS Honolulu (CL-48)">USS Honolulu</a> were severely damaged by air attacks; during the battle proper these two cruisers were retiring, escorted by <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Warramunga_(I44)" title="HMAS Warramunga (I44)">HMAS Warramunga</a>, for repairs at the major Allied base at <a href="/wiki/Manus_Island" title="Manus Island">Manus Island</a>, 1,700 mi (2,700 km) away. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_unified_command_structures">Lack of unified command structures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lack of unified command structures">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">U.S. Third Fleet</a>, commanded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_F._Halsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Halsey Jr.">William F. Halsey Jr.</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_38" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Force 38">Task Force 38</a> (TF 38, the Fast Carrier Task Force, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Mitscher" title="Marc Mitscher">Marc Mitscher</a>), as its main component, would provide more distant cover and support for the invasion. A fundamental defect in this plan was there would be no single American naval admiral in overall command. Kinkaid fell under MacArthur as Supreme Allied Commander Southwest Pacific, whereas Halsey's Third Fleet reported to Nimitz as C-in-C Pacific Ocean Areas. This lack of <a href="/wiki/Unity_of_command" title="Unity of command">unity of command</a>, along with failures in communication, was to produce a crisis and very nearly a strategic disaster for the American forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison195855–61-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006iii-22">[21]</a> Coincidentally the Japanese plan, using three separate fleets, also lacked an overall commander. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_plans">Japanese plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japanese plans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleship_Musashi_underway_in_1944_(NH_63473).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Japanese_battleship_Musashi_underway_in_1944_%28NH_63473%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleship_Musashi_underway_in_1944_%28NH_63473%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Japanese_battleship_Musashi_underway_in_1944_%28NH_63473%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleship_Musashi_underway_in_1944_%28NH_63473%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Japanese_battleship_Musashi_underway_in_1944_%28NH_63473%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleship_Musashi_underway_in_1944_%28NH_63473%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6259" data-file-height="4098" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">Musashi</a> departing Brunei in October 1944 for the Battle of Leyte Gulf</figcaption></figure> The American options were apparent to the IJN. <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a> Chief <a href="/wiki/Soemu_Toyoda" title="Soemu Toyoda">Soemu Toyoda</a> prepared four "victory" plans: Shō-Gō 1 (捷１号作戦, Shō ichigō sakusen) was a major naval operation in the Philippines, while Shō-Gō 2, Shō-Gō 3 and Shō-Gō 4 were responses to attacks on Formosa, the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kurile_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurile Islands">Kurile Islands</a>, respectively. The plans were for complex offensive operations committing nearly all available forces to a decisive battle, despite substantially depleting Japan's slender reserves of fuel oil. On 12 October 1944, Halsey began <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Battle_of_Taiwan-Okinawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa">a series of carrier raids against Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands</a> with a view to ensuring that the aircraft based there could not intervene in the Leyte landings. The Japanese command, therefore, put Shō-Gō 2 into action, launching waves of air attacks against Third Fleet's carriers. In what Admiral Halsey refers to as a "knock-down, drag-out fight between carrier-based and land-based air",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison195895-23">[22]</a> the Japanese were routed, losing 600 aircraft in three days – almost their entire air strength in the region. Following the American invasion of the Philippines, the Japanese Navy made the transition to Shō-Gō 1.<a href="#cite_note-25">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[c]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leyte_map_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Leyte_map_annotated.jpg/310px-Leyte_map_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Leyte_map_annotated.jpg/465px-Leyte_map_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Leyte_map_annotated.jpg/620px-Leyte_map_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>The four main actions in the Battle of Leyte Gulf: 1, <a href="#Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea">Battle of the Sibuyan Sea</a>; 2, <a href="#Battle_of_Surigao_Strait">Battle of Surigao Strait</a>; 3, <a href="#Battle_of_Cape_Engaño">Battle off Cape Engaño</a>; 4, <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Samar" title="Battle off Samar">Battle off Samar</a>. Leyte Gulf is north of 2 and west of 4. The island of Leyte is west of the gulf.</figcaption></figure> Shō-Gō 1 called for Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa" title="Jisaburō Ozawa">Jisaburō Ozawa</a>'s ships—known as the "Northern Force"—to lure the main American covering forces away from Leyte. Northern Force would be built around several aircraft carriers, but these would have very few aircraft or trained aircrew. The carriers would serve as the main bait. As the U.S. covering forces were lured away, two other surface forces would advance on Leyte from the west. The "Southern Force" under Vice Admirals <a href="/wiki/Shoji_Nishimura" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoji Nishimura">Shoji Nishimura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiyohide_Shima" title="Kiyohide Shima">Kiyohide Shima</a> would strike at the landing area via the Surigao Strait. The "<a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf_order_of_battle#Japanese_Forces_2" title="Leyte Gulf order of battle">Center Force</a>" under Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kurita" title="Takeo Kurita">Takeo Kurita</a>—by far the most powerful of the attacking forces—would pass through the San Bernardino Strait into the Philippine Sea, turn southwards, and then also attack the landing area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b602–604-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958160–162-29">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Should we lose in the Philippines operations, even though the fleet should be left, the shipping lane to the south would be completely cut off so that the fleet, if it should come back to Japanese waters, could not obtain its fuel supply. If it should remain in southern waters, it could not receive supplies of ammunition and arms. There would be no sense in saving the fleet at the expense of the loss of the Philippines.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Admiral Soemu Toyoda<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Strategic_Bombing_Survey_(Pacific)1945317-30">[27]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Submarine_action_in_Palawan_Passage_(23_October_1944)">Submarine action in Palawan Passage (23 October 1944)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Submarine action in Palawan Passage (23 October 1944)">edit</a>]</div> (Note: This action is referred to by Morison as 'The Fight in Palawan Passage',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958169-31">[28]</a> and elsewhere, occasionally, as the 'Battle of Palawan Passage'.) As it sortied from its base in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, Kurita's powerful "Center Force" consisted of five battleships (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">Musashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Nagato" title="Japanese battleship Nagato">Nagato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kong%C5%8D" title="Japanese battleship Kongō">Kongō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna" title="Japanese battleship Haruna">Haruna</a>)<a href="#cite_note-32">[d]</a>, ten heavy cruisers (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Atago" title="Japanese cruiser Atago">Atago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Maya" title="Japanese cruiser Maya">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Takao_(1930)" title="Japanese cruiser Takao (1930)">Takao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ch%C5%8Dkai" title="Japanese cruiser Chōkai">Chōkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_My%C5%8Dk%C5%8D" title="Japanese cruiser Myōkō">Myōkō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Haguro" title="Japanese cruiser Haguro">Haguro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Kumano" title="Japanese cruiser Kumano">Kumano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Suzuya_(1934)" title="Japanese cruiser Suzuya (1934)">Suzuya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tone_(1937)" title="Japanese cruiser Tone (1937)">Tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chikuma_(1938)" title="Japanese cruiser Chikuma (1938)">Chikuma</a>), two light cruisers (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Noshiro" title="Japanese cruiser Noshiro">Noshiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yahagi_(1942)" title="Japanese cruiser Yahagi (1942)">Yahagi</a>) and 15 destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958160,_171-33">[29]</a> Kurita's ships passed <a href="/wiki/Palawan_(island)" title="Palawan (island)">Palawan Island</a> around midnight on 22–23 October. The American submarines <a href="/wiki/USS_Darter_(SS-227)" title="USS Darter (SS-227)">Darter</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Dace_(SS-247)" title="USS Dace (SS-247)">Dace</a> were positioned together on the surface close by. At 01:16 on 23 October, Darter's radar detected the Japanese formation in the <a href="/wiki/Palawan_Passage" title="Palawan Passage">Palawan Passage</a> at a range of 30,000 yd (27,000 m). Her captain promptly made visual contact. The two submarines quickly moved off in pursuit of the ships, while Darter made the first of three contact reports. At least one of these was picked up by a radio operator on Yamato, but Kurita failed to take appropriate antisubmarine precautions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958170Hornfischer2004119–120-34">[30]</a> Darter and Dace traveled on the surface at full power for several hours and gained a position ahead of Kurita's formation, with the intention of making a submerged attack at first light. This attack was unusually successful. At 05:24, Darter fired a salvo of six torpedoes, at least four of which hit Kurita's <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a>, the heavy cruiser Atago. Ten minutes later, Darter made two hits on Atago's <a href="/wiki/Sister_ship" title="Sister ship">sister ship</a>, Takao, with another spread of torpedoes. At 05:56, Dace made four torpedo hits on the heavy cruiser Maya (sister to Atago and Takao).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958170–172-35">[31]</a> Atago and Maya quickly sank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENishida2002-36">[32]</a> Atago sank so rapidly that Kurita was forced to swim to survive. He was rescued by the Japanese destroyer <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kishinami" title="Japanese destroyer Kishinami">Kishinami</a>, and then later transferred to the battleship Yamato.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958172Cutler1994100Hornfischer2004120-37">[33]</a> Takao turned back to Brunei, escorted by two destroyers, and was followed by the two submarines. On 24 October, as the submarines continued to shadow the damaged cruiser, Darter ran aground on the Bombay Shoal. All efforts to get her off failed; she was abandoned; and her entire crew was rescued by Dace. Efforts to scuttle Darter over the course of the next week all failed, including torpedoes from Dace and <a href="/wiki/USS_Rock" title="USS Rock">Rock</a> that hit the reef (and not Darter) and deck-gun shelling from Dace and later <a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SS-168)" title="USS Nautilus (SS-168)">Nautilus</a>. After multiple hits from his <a href="/wiki/6%22/53_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="6"/53 caliber gun">6-inch deck guns</a>, the Nautilus commander determined on 31 October that the equipment on Darter was only good for scrap and left her there. The Japanese did not bother with the wreck. Takao retired to <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, being joined in January 1945 by Myōkō, as the Japanese deemed both crippled cruisers irreparable and left them moored in the harbor as floating anti-aircraft batteries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea_(24_October_1944)">Battle of the Sibuyan Sea (24 October 1944)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of the Sibuyan Sea (24 October 1944)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleship_Yamato_is_hit_by_a_bomb_during_the_Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea,_24_October_1944_(80-G-325952).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Japanese_battleship_Yamato_is_hit_by_a_bomb_during_the_Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-325952%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleship_Yamato_is_hit_by_a_bomb_during_the_Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-325952%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Japanese_battleship_Yamato_is_hit_by_a_bomb_during_the_Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-325952%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleship_Yamato_is_hit_by_a_bomb_during_the_Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-325952%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Japanese_battleship_Yamato_is_hit_by_a_bomb_during_the_Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-325952%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleship_Yamato_is_hit_by_a_bomb_during_the_Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-325952%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5718" data-file-height="4543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamato" title="Japanese battleship Yamato">Yamato</a> hit by a bomb near her forward gun turret in the Sibuyan Sea, 24 October 1944</figcaption></figure> Despite its great strength, Third Fleet was not well-placed to deal with the threat. On 22 October, Halsey had detached two of his carrier groups to the fleet base at <a href="/wiki/Ulithi" title="Ulithi">Ulithi</a> to take on provisions and rearm. When Darter's contact report came in, Halsey recalled <a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Davison" title="Ralph E. Davison">Davison's</a> group, but allowed Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_S._McCain_Sr." title="John S. McCain Sr.">John S. McCain</a>, with the strongest of TF 38's <a href="/wiki/Carrier_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier group">carrier groups</a>, to continue towards Ulithi. Halsey finally recalled McCain on 24 October—but the delay meant the most powerful American carrier group played little part in the coming battle and Third Fleet was therefore effectively deprived of nearly 40% of its air strength for most of the engagement. On the morning of 24 October, only three groups were available to strike Kurita's force, and the one best positioned to do so—<a href="/wiki/Gerald_F._Bogan" title="Gerald F. Bogan">Gerald F. Bogan</a>'s Task Group 38.2 (TG 38.2)—was by mischance the weakest of the groups, containing only one large carrier—<a href="/wiki/USS_Intrepid_(CV-11)" title="USS Intrepid (CV-11)">USS Intrepid</a>—and the <a href="/wiki/Independence-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Independence-class aircraft carrier">Independence-class</a> light carriers <a href="/wiki/USS_Independence_(CVL-22)" title="USS Independence (CVL-22)">Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Cabot_(CVL-28)" title="USS Cabot (CVL-28)">Cabot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958175,_184-38">[34]</a> Meanwhile, Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Takijir%C5%8D_%C5%8Cnishi" title="Takijirō Ōnishi">Takijirō Ōnishi</a> directed three waves of aircraft from his <a href="/wiki/First_Air_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="First Air Fleet">First Air Fleet</a> based on Luzon against the carriers of Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Sherman">Frederick Sherman</a>'s TG 38.3 (whose aircraft were also being used to strike airfields in Luzon to prevent Japanese land-based air attacks on Allied shipping in Leyte Gulf). Each of Ōnishi's strike waves consisted of some 50 to 60 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958177-39">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_light_cruiser_under_attack_during_the_Battle_of_Sibuyan_Sea,_24_October_1944_(80-G-272551).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Japanese_light_cruiser_under_attack_during_the_Battle_of_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-272551%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_light_cruiser_under_attack_during_the_Battle_of_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-272551%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Japanese_light_cruiser_under_attack_during_the_Battle_of_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-272551%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_light_cruiser_under_attack_during_the_Battle_of_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-272551%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Japanese_light_cruiser_under_attack_during_the_Battle_of_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-272551%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_light_cruiser_under_attack_during_the_Battle_of_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%2880-G-272551%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5752" data-file-height="4496" /></a><figcaption>Japanese cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Noshiro" title="Japanese cruiser Noshiro">Noshiro</a> under attack.</figcaption></figure> Most of the attacking Japanese planes were intercepted and shot down or driven off by Hellcats of Sherman's combat air patrol, most notably by two fighter sections from <a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(CV-9)" title="USS Essex (CV-9)">USS Essex</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/David_McCampbell" title="David McCampbell">David McCampbell</a> (who shot down a record nine of the attacking planes in this one action, after which he managed to return and land in extremis on <a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CVL-27)" title="USS Langley (CVL-27)">USS Langley</a> because the Essex's deck was too busy to accommodate him although he had run short of fuel). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Princeton_(CVL-23)_1944_10_24_1523explosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_1944_10_24_1523explosion.jpg/220px-USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_1944_10_24_1523explosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_1944_10_24_1523explosion.jpg/330px-USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_1944_10_24_1523explosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_1944_10_24_1523explosion.jpg/440px-USS_Princeton_%28CVL-23%29_1944_10_24_1523explosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_(CVL-23)" title="USS Princeton (CVL-23)">USS Princeton</a> explodes at 15:23</figcaption></figure> However, one Japanese aircraft (a <a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">Yokosuka D4Y</a>3 Judy) slipped through the defences, and at 09:38 hit the light carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_(CVL-23)" title="USS Princeton (CVL-23)">USS Princeton</a> with a 551 lb (250 kg) armor-piercing bomb. Just prior to the bomb hitting the carrier ten fighter planes had landed on the flight deck from a previous mission and in the hangar deck six fully loaded and fueled <a href="/wiki/Grumman_TBF_Avenger" title="Grumman TBF Avenger">Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers</a> were waiting for the next mission. One of the torpedo bombers was directly hit by this bomb as it pierced the ship and exploded, triggering the other five torpedo bombers to also explode. The bomb hit the area of the ship where not only most of the torpedoes were stored but also bombs that were not stored securely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaval_Historical_Center2003-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuShips1947-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaval_History_and_Heritage_Command,_"USS_''Princeton''"-42">[38]</a> The resulting explosion caused a severe fire in Princeton's hangar and her emergency sprinkler system failed to operate. As the fire spread rapidly, a series of secondary explosions followed. The fire was gradually brought under control, but at 15:23 there was an enormous explosion (probably in the carrier's bomb stowage aft), causing more casualties aboard Princeton, and even heavier casualties—241 dead and 412 wounded—aboard the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Birmingham_(CL-62)" title="USS Birmingham (CL-62)">Birmingham</a> which was coming back alongside to assist with the firefighting.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> Birmingham and the three destroyers <a href="/wiki/USS_Morrison" title="USS Morrison">Morrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Gatling" title="USS Gatling">Gatling</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Irwin" title="USS Irwin">Irwin</a> remained with the stricken carrier after she fell out of formation. The destroyers initially attempted to come alongside and spray the burning carrier to help the ship's crew suppress the fires, but they repeatedly collided with Princeton in the heavy seas. Birmingham then came alongside instead, as her larger hull could better absorb collisions. Birmingham was so badly damaged, she was forced to retire. The light cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Reno_(CL-96)" title="USS Reno (CL-96)">Reno</a> and destroyers Morrison and Irwin were also damaged. All efforts to save Princeton failed, and after the remaining crew members were evacuated, she was finally <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a>—torpedoed by Reno—at 17:50.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958178–183-44">[40]</a> Of Princeton's crew, 108 men were killed, while 1,361 survivors were rescued by nearby ships. USS Princeton was the largest American ship lost during the battles around Leyte Gulf, and the only <a href="/wiki/Independence-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Independence-class aircraft carrier">Independence-class</a> fast carrier sunk in combat during the war. 17 <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat" title="Grumman F6F Hellcat">Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters</a> and 12 Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers went down with Princeton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS_''Princeton''-45">[41]</a> Planes from the carriers Intrepid and <a href="/wiki/USS_Cabot_(CVL-28)" title="USS Cabot (CVL-28)">Cabot</a> of Bogan's group attacked at about 10:30, scoring hits on the battleships Nagato, Yamato, and Musashi, and badly damaging the heavy cruiser Myōkō which retired to Borneo via <a href="/wiki/Coron_Bay" title="Coron Bay">Coron Bay</a>. A second wave from Intrepid, Essex and <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-16)" title="USS Lexington (CV-16)">Lexington</a> later attacked, with VB-15 Helldivers and VF-15 Hellcats from Essex, scoring another 10 hits on Musashi. As she withdrew, listing to port, a third wave from Enterprise and <a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_(CV-13)" title="USS Franklin (CV-13)">Franklin</a> hit her with an additional 11 bombs and eight torpedoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958184–186-46">[42]</a> After being struck by at least 17 bombs and 19 torpedoes, Musashi finally capsized and sank at about 19:35.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958186-47">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_battleship_Musashi_and_a_destroyer_under_attack_in_the_Sibuyan_Sea,_24_October_1944_(NH_63432).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Japanese_battleship_Musashi_and_a_destroyer_under_attack_in_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%28NH_63432%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_battleship_Musashi_and_a_destroyer_under_attack_in_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%28NH_63432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Japanese_battleship_Musashi_and_a_destroyer_under_attack_in_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%28NH_63432%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_battleship_Musashi_and_a_destroyer_under_attack_in_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%28NH_63432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Japanese_battleship_Musashi_and_a_destroyer_under_attack_in_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%28NH_63432%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_battleship_Musashi_and_a_destroyer_under_attack_in_the_Sibuyan_Sea%2C_24_October_1944_%28NH_63432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>Musashi under aerial bombardment</figcaption></figure> In all, five fleet carriers and one light carrier of Third Fleet flew 259 sorties with bombs carried by Helldivers and torpedoes launched by TBF Avengers against Center Force on 24 October, but this weight of attack was not nearly sufficient to neutralize the threat from Kurita. The largest effort of the Sibuyan Sea attack was directed against just one battleship, Musashi, which was sunk, and the cruiser Myōkō was also crippled by an aerial torpedo. Nevertheless, every other ship in Kurita's force remained battleworthy and able to advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958186-47">[43]</a> It would be the desperate action and great sacrifice of the much weaker force of six slow escort carriers, three destroyers, four destroyer escorts, and 400 aircraft at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Samar" title="Battle off Samar">Battle off Samar</a>, utterly lacking in credible weapons to sink armored ships, to stop Kurita. It also contrasts with the 527 sorties flown by Third Fleet against Ozawa's much weaker carrier decoy Northern Force on the following day. Kurita turned his fleet around to get out of range of the aircraft, passing the crippled Musashi as his force retreated. Halsey assumed that this retreat signified that his threat was dealt with for the time being. Kurita, however, waited until 17:15 before turning around again to head for the San Bernardino Strait. As a result of a momentous decision taken by Admiral Halsey and some unclear communication of his plans, Kurita was able to proceed through the San Bernardino Strait during the night to make an unexpected and dramatic appearance off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Samar_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samar (island)">Samar</a> the following morning, directly threatening the Leyte landings.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Task_Force_34_/_San_Bernardino_Strait">Task Force 34 / San Bernardino Strait</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Task Force 34 / San Bernardino Strait">edit</a>]</div> After the Japanese Southern and Center forces had been detected, but before it had been engaged or Ozawa's carriers had been located, Halsey and the staff of Third Fleet, aboard the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_(BB-62)" title="USS New Jersey (BB-62)">New Jersey</a>, prepared a contingency plan to deal with the threat from Kurita's Center Force. Their intention was to cover <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Strait" title="San Bernardino Strait">San Bernardino Strait</a> with a powerful task force of fast battleships supported by two of Third Fleet's equally swift carrier groups. The battleship force was to be designated Task Force 34 (TF 34) and to consist of four battleships, five cruisers, and 14 destroyers under the command of Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Willis_A._Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis A. Lee">Willis A. Lee</a>. Rear Admiral Ralph E. Davison of TG 38.4 was to be in overall command of the supporting carrier groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1944-49">[45]</a> At 15:12 on 24 October, Halsey sent an ambiguously worded <a href="/wiki/Radioteletype" title="Radioteletype">telegraphic</a> radio message to his subordinate task group commanders giving details of this contingency plan: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">BATDIV 7 BILOXI, VINCENNES, MIAMI, DESRON 52 LESS STEVEN POTTER, FROM TG 38.2 AND WASHINGTON, ALABAMA, WICHITA, NEW ORLEANS, DESDIV 100, PATTERSON, BAGLEY FROM TG 38.4 WILL BE FORMED AS TASK FORCE 34 UNDER VICE ADMIRAL LEE, COMMANDER BATTLE LINE. TF 34 TO ENGAGE DECISIVELY AT LONG RANGES. CTG 38.4 CONDUCT CARRIERS OF TG 38.2 AND TG 38.4 CLEAR OF SURFACE FIGHTING. INSTRUCTIONS FOR TG 38.3 AND TG 38.1 LATER. HALSEY, OTC IN NEW JERSEY.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958-50">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</blockquote> Halsey sent information copies of this message to Admiral Nimitz at Pacific Fleet headquarters and Admiral King in Washington, but he did not include Admiral Kinkaid (Seventh Fleet) as an information addressee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler1994110-51">[47]</a> The message was picked up by Seventh Fleet anyway as it was common for admirals to direct radio operators to copy all message traffic they detected whether intended for them or not. Because Halsey intended TF 34 as a contingency to be formed and detached when he ordered it, by writing "will be formed," he meant the future tense, but he neglected to say when TF 34 would be formed or under what circumstances. This omission led Admiral Kinkaid of Seventh Fleet to believe Halsey was speaking in the present tense, so he concluded TF 34 had been formed and would take station off the San Bernardino Strait. Kinkaid's light escort carrier group, lacking battleships for naval action and set up to attack ground troops and submarines, not capital ships, positioned itself south of the strait to support the invasion force. Admiral Nimitz, in Pearl Harbor, reached exactly the same conclusion. Halsey did send out a second message at 17:10 clarifying his intentions in regard to TF 34: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">IF THE ENEMY SORTIES [through San Bernardino Strait] TF 34 WILL BE FORMED WHEN DIRECTED BY ME.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler1994111-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958291-53">[49]</a></blockquote> Unfortunately, Halsey sent this second message by <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">voice</a> <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">radio</a>, so Seventh Fleet did not intercept it (due to the range <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">limitations</a> of the ship-to-ship voice radio networks in use at the time) and Halsey did not follow up with a telegraphic message to Nimitz or King, or vitally, Kinkaid. The serious misunderstanding caused by Halsey's imperfect wording of his first message and his failure to notify Nimitz, King, or Kinkaid of his second clarifying message had a profound influence on the subsequent course of the battle as Kurita's major force almost overwhelmed Kinkaid's unprepared lighter force on the doorstep of the Leyte landings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958290–291-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler1994111-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Halsey's_decision_(24_October_1944)">Halsey's decision (24 October 1944)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Halsey's decision (24 October 1944)">edit</a>]</div> Third Fleet's aircraft failed to locate Ozawa's Northern Force until 16:40 on 24 October. This was largely because Third Fleet had been preoccupied with attacking Kurita's sizable Center Force and defending itself against the Japanese air strikes from Luzon. Thus the one Japanese force that remained to be discovered – Ozawa's tempting decoy of a large carrier group, which actually had only 108 aircraft – was the only force the Americans had not been able to find. On the evening of 24 October, Ozawa intercepted a (mistaken) American communication describing Kurita's withdrawal; he therefore began to withdraw, too. However, at 20:00, Toyoda ordered all his forces to attack "counting on divine assistance." Trying to draw Third Fleet's attention to his decoy force, Ozawa reversed course again and headed southward towards Leyte. Halsey fell for the Japanese decoy, convinced the Northern Force constituted the main Japanese threat, and he was determined to seize what he saw as a golden opportunity to destroy Japan's last remaining carrier strength. Believing Center Force had been neutralized by Third Fleet's air strikes earlier in the day in the Sibuyan Sea, and its remnants were retiring, Halsey radioed (to Nimitz and Kinkaid): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">CENTRAL FORCE HEAVILY DAMAGED ACCORDING TO STRIKE REPORTS. AM PROCEEDING NORTH WITH THREE GROUPS TO ATTACK CARRIER FORCES AT DAWN<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsey1952490-55">[51]</a></blockquote> The words "with three groups" proved dangerously misleading. In the light of the intercepted 15:12 24 October "…will be formed as Task Force 34" message from Halsey, Admiral Kinkaid and his staff assumed, as did Admiral Nimitz at Pacific Fleet headquarters, that TF 34—commanded by Vice Admiral Lee—had now been formed as a separate entity. They assumed that Halsey was leaving this powerful surface force guarding the San Bernardino Strait (and covering Seventh Fleet's northern flank), while he took his three available carrier groups northwards in pursuit of the Japanese carriers. But Task Force 34 had not been detached from his other forces, and Lee's battleships were on their way northwards with Third Fleet's carriers. As Woodward wrote: "Everything was pulled out from San Bernardino Strait. Not so much as a picket destroyer was left".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8-9C1kccLKICpgPA76_76]-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warning_signs_ignored">Warning signs ignored</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Warning signs ignored">edit</a>]</div> Halsey and his staff officers ignored information from a night reconnaissance aircraft operating from the light carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Independence_(CVL-22)" title="USS Independence (CVL-22)">Independence</a> that Kurita's powerful surface force had turned back towards the San Bernardino Strait and that, after a long blackout, the navigation lights in the strait had been turned on. When Rear Admiral Gerald F. Bogan—commanding TG 38.2—radioed this information to Halsey's flagship, he was rebuffed by a staff officer, who tersely replied "Yes, yes, we have that information." Vice Admiral Lee, who had correctly deduced that Ozawa's force was on a decoy mission and indicated this in a blinker message to Halsey's flagship, was similarly rebuffed. <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)">Commodore</a> <a href="/wiki/Arleigh_Burke" title="Arleigh Burke">Arleigh Burke</a> and Commander <a href="/wiki/James_H._Flatley" title="James H. Flatley">James H. Flatley</a> of Mitscher's staff had come to the same conclusion. They were sufficiently worried about the situation to wake Mitscher, who asked, "Does Admiral Halsey have that report?" On being told that Halsey did, Mitscher—knowing Halsey's temperament—commented, "If he wants my advice he'll ask for it" and went back to sleep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958196-57">[53]</a> The entire available strength of Third Fleet continued to steam northwards towards Ozawa's decoy force, leaving the San Bernardino Strait completely unguarded. Nothing lay between the battleships of Kurita's Center Force and the American landing vessels, except for Kinkaid's vulnerable escort carrier group off the <a href="#Battle_off_Samar">coast of Samar</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_(25_October_1944)">Battle of Surigao Strait (25 October 1944)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Battle of Surigao Strait (25 October 1944)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf_order_of_battle#24-25_Oct_–_Battle_of_Surigao_Strait" title="Leyte Gulf order of battle">Leyte Gulf order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surigao_Strait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Surigao_Strait.jpg/240px-Surigao_Strait.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Surigao_Strait.jpg/360px-Surigao_Strait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Surigao_Strait.jpg/480px-Surigao_Strait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1493" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Surigao Strait</figcaption></figure> As of 2024, the Battle of Surigao Strait was the last battleship-to-battleship action in history, one of only two battleship-versus-battleship naval battles in the Pacific campaign of World War II. (The other was the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal#Second_Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal,_14–15_November" title="Naval Battle of Guadalcanal">naval battle</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">Guadalcanal Campaign</a>, where <a href="/wiki/USS_Washington_(BB-56)" title="USS Washington (BB-56)">Washington</a> sank the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kirishima" title="Japanese battleship Kirishima">Japanese battleship Kirishima</a>). It is also the most recent battle in which one force (in this case, the U.S. Navy) was able to "<a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_T" title="Crossing the T">cross the T</a>" of its opponent. However, by the time that the battleship action was joined, the Japanese line was very ragged and consisted of only one battleship (Yamashiro), one heavy cruiser, and one destroyer, so that the "crossing of the T" was notional and had little effect on the outcome of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958240–241-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer1999155-59">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_forces">Japanese forces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japanese forces">edit</a>]</div> Nishimura's "Southern Force" consisted of the old battleships <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamashiro" title="Japanese battleship Yamashiro">Yamashiro</a> (flag) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Fus%C5%8D" title="Japanese battleship Fusō">Fusō</a>, the heavy cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mogami_(1934)" title="Japanese cruiser Mogami (1934)">Mogami</a>, and four destroyers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958431-60">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Shigure_(1935)" title="Japanese destroyer Shigure (1935)">Shigure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Michishio" title="Japanese destroyer Michishio">Michishio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Asagumo_(1937)" title="Japanese destroyer Asagumo (1937)">Asagumo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Yamagumo_(1937)" title="Japanese destroyer Yamagumo (1937)">Yamagumo</a>. This task force left Brunei after Kurita at 15:00 on 22 October, turning eastward into the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a> and then northeasterly past the southern tip of <a href="/wiki/Negros_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros Island">Negros Island</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Mindanao_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindanao Sea">Mindanao Sea</a>. Nishimura then proceeded northeastward with <a href="/wiki/Mindanao_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindanao Island">Mindanao Island</a> to <a href="/wiki/Starboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Starboard">starboard</a> and into the south entrance to the Surigao Strait, intending to exit the north entrance of the Strait into <a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf" title="Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a>, where he would add his firepower to that of Kurita's force. The Japanese Second Striking Force was commanded by Vice Admiral Kiyohide Shima and comprised heavy cruisers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Nachi" title="Japanese cruiser Nachi">Nachi</a> (flag) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ashigara" title="Japanese cruiser Ashigara">Ashigara</a>, the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Abukuma" title="Japanese cruiser Abukuma">Abukuma</a>, and the destroyers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Akebono_(1930)" title="Japanese destroyer Akebono (1930)">Akebono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Ushio_(1930)" title="Japanese destroyer Ushio (1930)">Ushio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Kasumi_(1937)" title="Japanese destroyer Kasumi (1937)">Kasumi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Shiranui_(1938)" title="Japanese destroyer Shiranui (1938)">Shiranui</a>. The Japanese Southern Force was attacked by U.S. Navy bombers on 24 October but sustained only minor damage. Nishimura was unable to synchronize his movements with Shima and Kurita because of the strict radio silence imposed on the Center and Southern Forces. When he entered the Surigao Strait at 02:00, Shima was 25 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (29 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>; 46 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>) behind him, and Kurita was still in the Sibuyan Sea, several hours from the beaches at Leyte. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engagement">Engagement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Engagement">edit</a>]</div> As the Japanese Southern Force approached the Surigao Strait, it ran into a deadly trap set by Seventh Fleet. Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Oldendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Oldendorf">Jesse Oldendorf</a> had a substantial force comprising <ul><li>six battleships: <a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">West Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(BB-41)" title="USS Mississippi (BB-41)">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)">California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)">Pennsylvania</a>, which carried 48 14-inch (356 mm) and 16 16-inch (406 mm) guns;</li> <li>four <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Louisville_(CA-28)" title="USS Louisville (CA-28)">USS Louisville</a> (flagship), <a href="/wiki/USS_Portland_(CA-33)" title="USS Portland (CA-33)">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Minneapolis_(CA-36)" title="USS Minneapolis (CA-36)">Minneapolis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shropshire_(83)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Shropshire (83)">HMAS Shropshire</a>, which carried 35 8-inch (203 mm) guns;</li> <li>four <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Denver_(CL-58)" title="USS Denver (CL-58)">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Columbia_(CL-56)" title="USS Columbia (CL-56)">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Phoenix_(CL-46)" title="USS Phoenix (CL-46)">Phoenix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Boise_(CL-47)" title="USS Boise (CL-47)">Boise</a>, which carried 54 6-inch (152 mm) guns; and</li> <li>28 destroyers and 39 motor torpedo boats (<a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">Patrol/Torpedo (PT) boats</a>) with smaller guns and torpedoes.</li></ul> Five of the six battleships had been sunk or damaged in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and subsequently repaired or, in the cases of California and West Virginia, rebuilt. The sole exception was Mississippi, which had been in Iceland on convoy-escort duty at that time. To pass through the narrows and reach the invasion shipping, Nishimura would have to run the gauntlet of torpedoes from the PT boats and destroyers before advancing into the concentrated fire of 14 battleships and cruisers deployed across the far mouth of the strait.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958223–224-61">[57]</a> At 22:36, PT-131 (Ensign Peter Gadd) was operating off <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a> when it made contact with the approaching Japanese ships. The PT boats made repeated attacks for more than three and a half hours as Nishimura's force streamed northward. No torpedo hits were scored, but the PT boats did send contact reports which were of use to Oldendorf and his force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958207–208,_212-62">[58]</a> Nishimura's ships passed unscathed through the gauntlet of PT boats. However, their luck ran out a short time later, as they were subjected to devastating torpedo attacks from the American destroyers deployed on both sides of their axis of advance. At about 03:00, both Japanese battleships were hit by torpedoes. Yamashiro was able to steam on, but Fusō was torpedoed by <a href="/wiki/USS_Melvin_(DD-680)" title="USS Melvin (DD-680)">USS Melvin</a> and fell out of formation, sinking forty minutes later. Two of Nishimura's four destroyers were sunk; the destroyer Asagumo was hit and forced to retire, but later sank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958215–217-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinking_of_Fusō">Sinking of Fusō</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sinking of Fusō">edit</a>]</div> The traditional account of the sinking of Fusō was that she exploded into two halves that remained floating for some time. Samuel Morison states that the bow half of Fusō was sunk by gunfire from <a href="/wiki/USS_Louisville_(CA-28)" title="USS Louisville (CA-28)">Louisville</a>, and the stern half sank off Kanihaan Island; this version took into account that battleships were known sometimes to be cut into two or even three sections which could remain afloat independently. However, Fusō survivor Hideo Ogawa, interrogated in 1945, in an article on the battleship's last voyage, stated: "Shortly after 0400 the ship capsized slowly to starboard and Ogawa and others were washed away,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETully2009275-64">[60]</a> without specifically mentioning the bisection. Fusō was hit on the starboard side by two or possibly three torpedoes. One of these started an oil fire, and as the fuel used by IJN ships was poorly refined and easily ignited, burning patches of fuel could have led to the description from Allied observers of Fusō "blowing up". Ten sailors survived the ship’s sinking and were repatriated to Japan after the war. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)_firing_during_the_Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_in_October_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/USS_West_Virginia_%28BB-48%29_firing_during_the_Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_in_October_1944.jpg/220px-USS_West_Virginia_%28BB-48%29_firing_during_the_Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_in_October_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/USS_West_Virginia_%28BB-48%29_firing_during_the_Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_in_October_1944.jpg/330px-USS_West_Virginia_%28BB-48%29_firing_during_the_Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_in_October_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/USS_West_Virginia_%28BB-48%29_firing_during_the_Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_in_October_1944.jpg/440px-USS_West_Virginia_%28BB-48%29_firing_during_the_Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_in_October_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5714" data-file-height="4261" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">USS West Virginia</a> firing on the Japanese fleet</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_continues">Battle continues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Battle continues">edit</a>]</div> At 03:16, West Virginia's radar picked up the surviving ships of Nishimura's force at a range of 42,000 yd (24 mi; 21 nmi; 38 km). West Virginia tracked them as they approached in the pitch black night. At 03:53, she fired the eight 16 in (406 mm) guns of her main battery at a range of 22,800 yd (13.0 mi; 11.3 nmi; 20.8 km), striking Yamashiro with her first salvo. She went on to fire a total of 93 shells. At 03:55, California and Tennessee joined in, firing 63 and 69 shells, respectively, from their 14 in (356 mm) guns. <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Radar fire control</a> allowed these American battleships to hit targets from a distance at which the Japanese battleships, with their inferior fire control systems, could not return fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958223–224-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer1999-65">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History's_last_salvo">History's last salvo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History's last salvo">edit</a>]</div> The other three U.S. battleships also had difficulty as they were equipped with less advanced gunnery radar. Pennsylvania was unable to find a target and her guns remained silent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958224-66">[62]</a> Maryland eventually succeeded in visually ranging on the splashes of the other battleships' shells, and then fired a total of 48 16 in (406 mm) projectiles. <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(BB-41)" title="USS Mississippi (BB-41)">Mississippi</a> only fired once in the battle-line action, a full salvo of twelve 14-inch shells. This was the last salvo ever fired by a battleship against another battleship in history, closing a significant chapter in naval warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958224,_226,_241-67">[63]</a> Yamashiro and Mogami were crippled by a combination of 16-inch and 14-inch armor-piercing shells, as well as the fire of Oldendorf's flanking cruisers. The cruisers that had the latest radar equipment fired well over 2,000 rounds of armor-piercing 6-inch and 8-inch shells. Louisville (Oldendorf's flagship) fired 37 salvos—333 rounds of 8-inch shells. The Japanese command had apparently lost grasp of the tactical picture, with all ships firing all batteries in several directions, "frantically showering steel through 360°."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2007100-68">[64]</a> Shigure turned and fled but lost steering and stopped dead. At 04:05 Yamashiro was struck by a torpedo fired by the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Bennion" title="USS Bennion">Bennion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolloway2010-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates1958103-70">[66]</a> and suddenly sank at about 04:20, with Nishimura on board. Mogami and Shigure retreated southwards down the Strait. The destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Albert_W._Grant" title="USS Albert W. Grant">Albert W. Grant</a> was hit by friendly fire during the night battle, but did not sink. The rear of the Japanese Southern Force—the "Second Striking Force" commanded by Vice Admiral Shima—had departed from <a href="/wiki/Mako_Guard_District" title="Mako Guard District">Mako</a> and approached Surigao Strait about 40 mi (35 nmi; 64 km) astern of Nishimura. Shima's run was initially thrown into confusion by his force nearly running aground on <a href="/wiki/Panaon_Island" title="Panaon Island">Panaon Island</a> after failing to factor the outgoing tide into their approach. Japanese radar was almost useless due to excessive reflections from the many islands. The American radar was equally unable to detect ships in these conditions, especially PT boats, but PT-137 hit the light cruiser Abukuma with a torpedo that crippled her and caused her to fall out of formation. Shima's two heavy cruisers, Nachi and Ashigara, and four destroyers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958230–233-71">[67]</a> next encountered remnants of Nishimura's force. Shima saw what he thought were the wrecks of both Nishimura's battleships and ordered a retreat. His flagship Nachi collided with Mogami, flooding Mogami's steering room and causing her to fall behind in the retreat; she was further damaged by American carrier aircraft the next morning, abandoned and scuttled by a torpedo from Akebono. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_kamikaze_attacks_of_the_Pacific_War">First kamikaze attacks of the Pacific War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: First kamikaze attacks of the Pacific War">edit</a>]</div> While the Battle off Samar was raging between the Japanese surface fleet and Taffy 3, Taffy 1's escort carriers were supporting the American surface ships after the Battle of Surigao Strait when daylight broke (the nighttime Surigao Strait action meant no carrier aircraft could participate until after dawn, during which the defeated Japanese southern fleet was in full retreat). As a result of Taffy 1 being so far south of Samar, not many Taffy 1 airplanes participated in the Battle off Samar. While in the air southwest of Leyte Gulf, the aircraft and ships of Taffy 1 were immediately ordered to assist Taffy 3 off of Samar but they had to return to the escort carriers to refuel and rearm. After the carrier aircraft returned from aerial attacks on the retreating Japanese naval forces from Surigao Strait, the Japanese launched the first pre-planned kamikaze (suicide "special attack" planes) attacks of World War II against Taffy 1 from <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a>. The escort carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Santee_(CVE-29)" title="USS Santee (CVE-29)">Santee</a> was hit by a kamikaze first, killing 16 crewmen. A Japanese submarine also successfully launched a torpedo at Santee, striking her starboard side. Four Avenger torpedo bombers and two Wildcat fighters on Santee were destroyed in this attack. Emergency repairs saved Santee from sinking. The escort carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Suwannee_(CVE-27)" title="USS Suwannee (CVE-27)">Suwannee</a> was shortly afterwards hit by a kamikaze, killing 71 sailors. Suwannee was hit by another kamikaze around noon on 26 October that caused even more damage and killed 36 more crewmen. This second kamikaze strike caused a large fire that was not extinguished until nine hours later. A total of 107 sailors were killed and over 150 were wounded on Suwannee in the kamikaze attacks on 25–26 October. Five Avenger torpedo bombers and nine Hellcat fighters on Suwannee were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results">Results</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Results">edit</a>]</div> Of Nishimura's seven ships, only Shigure survived long enough to escape the debacle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958302–303,_366-75">[71]</a> It was sunk by American submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Blackfin" title="USS Blackfin">Blackfin</a> on 24 January 1945 off <a href="/wiki/Kota_Bharu" title="Kota Bharu">Kota Bharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, with 37 dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer1999-65">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Shima's ships survived the Battle of Surigao Strait, but they were sunk in further engagements around Leyte. The Southern Force provided no further threat to the Leyte landings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_off_Samar_(25_October_1944)">Battle off Samar (25 October 1944)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Battle off Samar (25 October 1944)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Samar" title="Battle off Samar">Battle off Samar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf_order_of_battle#25_Oct_–_Battle_off_Samar" title="Leyte Gulf order of battle">Leyte Gulf order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Samar.jpg/310px-Samar.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="441" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Samar.jpg/465px-Samar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Samar.jpg/620px-Samar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="2013" /></a><figcaption>The Battle off Samar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude">Prelude</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> Halsey's decision to take all the available strength of Third Fleet northwards to attack the carriers of the Japanese Northern Force had left San Bernardino Strait completely unguarded. Senior officers in Seventh Fleet (including Kinkaid and his staff) generally assumed Halsey was taking his three available carrier groups northwards (McCain's group, the strongest in Third Fleet, was still returning from the direction of Ulithi), but leaving the battleships of TF 34 covering the San Bernardino Strait against the Japanese Center Force. In fact, Halsey had not yet formed TF 34, and all six of Willis Lee's battleships were on their way northwards with the carriers, as well as every available cruiser and destroyer of Third Fleet. Kurita's Center Force therefore emerged unopposed from San Bernardino Strait at 03:00 on 25 October and steamed southward along the coast of the island of Samar. In its path stood only Seventh Fleet's three escort carrier units (call signs 'Taffy' 1, 2, and 3), with a total of sixteen small, very slow, and unarmored <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a>, which carried up to 28 airplanes each, protected by a screen of lightly armed and unarmored destroyers and smaller <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escorts</a> (DEs). Despite the losses in the Palawan Passage and Sibuyan Sea actions, the Japanese Center Force was still very powerful, consisting of four battleships (including the giant Yamato), six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and eleven destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornfischer2004-76">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle">Battle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> Kurita's force caught Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Sprague" title="Clifton Sprague">Clifton Sprague</a>'s Task Unit 77.4.3 ('Taffy 3') by surprise. Sprague directed his carriers to launch their planes, then ran for the cover of a rain squall to the east. He ordered the destroyers and DEs to make a smoke screen to conceal the retreating carriers. Kurita, unaware that Ozawa's decoy plan had succeeded, assumed he had found a carrier group from Halsey's Third Fleet. Having just redeployed his ships into anti-aircraft formation, he further complicated matters by ordering a "General Attack", which called for his fleet to split into divisions and attack independently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006-77">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Johnston_(DD-557)" title="USS Johnston (DD-557)">USS Johnston</a> was the closest to the enemy. On his own initiative, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">Lieutenant Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_E._Evans" title="Ernest E. Evans">Ernest E. Evans</a> steered his hopelessly outclassed ship into the Japanese fleet at <a href="/wiki/Flank_speed" title="Flank speed">flank speed</a>. Johnston fired its torpedoes at the heavy cruiser Kumano, damaging her and forcing her out of line. Seeing this, Sprague gave the order "small boys attack", sending the rest of Taffy 3's screening ships into the fray. Taffy 3's two other destroyers, <a href="/wiki/USS_Hoel_(DD-533)" title="USS Hoel (DD-533)">Hoel</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Heermann" title="USS Heermann">Heermann</a>, and the destroyer escort <a href="/wiki/USS_Samuel_B._Roberts_(DE-413)" title="USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413)">Samuel B. Roberts</a>, attacked with suicidal determination, drawing fire and disrupting the Japanese formation as ships turned to avoid their torpedoes. As the ships approached the enemy columns, Lt. Cdr. Robert Copeland of Samuel B. Roberts told all hands via bullhorn that this would be "a fight against overwhelming odds from which survival could not be expected."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2007164-78">[74]</a> As the Japanese fleet continued to approach, Hoel and Roberts were hit multiple times, and quickly sank. After expending all of its torpedoes, Johnston continued to fight with its 5-inch guns, until it was sunk by a group of Japanese destroyers. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Gambier_Bay_at_the_Battle_off_Samar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/USS_Gambier_Bay_at_the_Battle_off_Samar.jpg/300px-USS_Gambier_Bay_at_the_Battle_off_Samar.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/USS_Gambier_Bay_at_the_Battle_off_Samar.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Gambier Bay under Japanese fire, probably from heavy cruiser Chikuma, faintly visible in the background</figcaption></figure> As they were preparing their aircraft for attack, the escort carriers returned the Japanese fire with all the firepower they had: one 5-inch gun per carrier. The officer in tactical command had instructed the carriers to "open with pea shooters," and each ship took an enemy vessel under fire as soon as it came within range. <a href="/wiki/USS_Fanshaw_Bay" title="USS Fanshaw Bay">Fanshaw Bay</a> fired on a cruiser, and is believed to have registered five hits, one amid the superstructure that caused smoke. <a href="/wiki/USS_Kalinin_Bay" title="USS Kalinin Bay">Kalinin Bay</a> targeted a <a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dk%C5%8D-class_cruiser" title="Myōkō-class cruiser">Myōkō-class</a> heavy cruiser, claiming a hit on the cruiser's No. 2 turret, with a second just below the first. <a href="/wiki/USS_Gambier_Bay" title="USS Gambier Bay">Gambier Bay</a> sighted a cruiser, and claimed at least three hits. <a href="/wiki/USS_White_Plains_(CVE-66)" title="USS White Plains (CVE-66)">White Plains</a> reported hits on multiple targets, two between the superstructure and forward stack and another on the No. 1 turret of a heavy cruiser.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2007173–174-79">[75]</a> Meanwhile, Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Sprague" title="Thomas L. Sprague">Thomas Sprague</a> (no relation to Clifton) ordered the sixteen escort carriers in his three task units to immediately launch all their aircraft – totaling 450 planes – equipped with whatever weapons they had available, even if these were only machine guns or depth charges. The escort carriers had planes more suited for patrol and anti-submarine duties, including older models such as the FM-2 Wildcat, although they also had the TBM Avenger torpedo bombers, in contrast to Halsey's fleet carriers which had the newest aircraft with ample anti-shipping ordnance. However, the fact that the Japanese force had no air cover meant that Sprague's planes could attack unopposed by Japanese fighter aircraft. Consequently, the air counterattacks were almost unceasing, and some, especially several of the strikes launched from <a href="/wiki/Felix_Stump" title="Felix Stump">Felix Stump</a>'s Task Unit 77.4.2 (Taffy 2), were heavy. The carriers of Taffy 3 turned south and retreated through the shellfire. Gambier Bay, at the rear of the American formation, became the focus of the battleship Yamato and sustained multiple hits before capsizing at 09:07. Four Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers went down with Gambier Bay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAIR2007-80">[76]</a> Several other carriers were damaged but were able to escape. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admiral_Kurita_withdraws">Admiral Kurita withdraws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Admiral Kurita withdraws">edit</a>]</div> The ferocity of the American defense seemingly confirmed the Japanese assumption that they were engaging major fleet units rather than merely escort carriers and destroyers. The confusion of the "General Attack" order was compounded by the air and torpedo attacks, when Kurita's flagship Yamato turned north to evade torpedoes and lost contact with the battle. Kurita abruptly broke off the fight and gave the order "all ships, my course north, speed 20", apparently to regroup his disorganized fleet. Kurita's battle report stated he had received a message indicating a group of American carriers was steaming north of him. Preferring to expend his fleet against capital ships rather than transports, Kurita set out in pursuit and thereby lost his opportunity to destroy the shipping fleet in Leyte Gulf, and disrupt the vital landings at Leyte. After failing to intercept the carriers, which were much farther north, Kurita finally retreated towards San Bernardino Strait. Three of his heavy cruisers had been sunk, and the determined resistance had convinced him that persisting with his attack would only cause further Japanese losses. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Lo_First_Kamikaze_attack_sl1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/St._Lo_First_Kamikaze_attack_sl1a.jpg/220px-St._Lo_First_Kamikaze_attack_sl1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/St._Lo_First_Kamikaze_attack_sl1a.jpg/330px-St._Lo_First_Kamikaze_attack_sl1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/St._Lo_First_Kamikaze_attack_sl1a.jpg/440px-St._Lo_First_Kamikaze_attack_sl1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_St._Lo" title="USS St. Lo">St. Lo</a> exploding after a <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> strike.</figcaption></figure> Poor communication between the separate Japanese forces and a lack of air reconnaissance meant that Kurita was never informed that the deception had been successful, and that only a small and outgunned force stood between his battleships and the vulnerable transports of the invasion fleet. Thus, Kurita remained convinced that he had been engaging elements of Third Fleet, and it would only be a matter of time before Halsey surrounded and annihilated him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006-77">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague wrote to his colleague <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Fitch" title="Aubrey Fitch">Aubrey Fitch</a> after the war, "I...stated [to Admiral Nimitz] that the main reason they turned north was that they were receiving too much damage to continue and I am still of that opinion and cold analysis will eventually confirm it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornfischer2004421-81">[77]</a> Almost all of Kurita's surviving force escaped. Halsey and Third Fleet's battleships returned too late to cut him off. Nagato and Kongō had been moderately damaged by air attack from Taffy 3's escort carriers. Kurita had begun the battle with five battleships. On their return to their bases, only Yamato and Haruna remained battleworthy. As the desperate surface action was coming to an end, Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi put his <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Special_Attack_Units" title="Japanese Special Attack Units">Japanese Special Attack Units</a> into operation from bases on Luzon, launching kamikaze attacks against the Allied ships in Leyte Gulf and the escort carrier units off Samar. This was the second ever organized kamikaze attack by the Japanese in World War II after the kamikaze attack on Taffy 1 a few hours earlier off of Surigao Strait. The escort carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_St._Lo" title="USS St. Lo">St. Lo</a> of Taffy 3 was hit by a kamikaze aircraft and sank after a series of internal explosions. Six Grumman FM-2 Wildcat fighters and five Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers went down with St. Lo. Three other Taffy 3 escort carriers, <a href="/wiki/USS_Kalinin_Bay" title="USS Kalinin Bay">USS Kalinin Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Kitkun_Bay" title="USS Kitkun Bay">USS Kitkun Bay</a> and White Plains, were also damaged in the same kamikaze attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958302Hornfischer2004352–354AAIR2007-82">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_off_Cape_Engaño_(25–26_October_1944)">Battle off Cape Engaño (25–26 October 1944)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Battle off Cape Engaño (25–26 October 1944)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf_order_of_battle#25_-_26_Oct_–_Battle_off_Cape_Engaño" title="Leyte Gulf order of battle">Leyte Gulf order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuikaku_at_Cape_Engano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Zuikaku_at_Cape_Engano.jpg/220px-Zuikaku_at_Cape_Engano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Zuikaku_at_Cape_Engano.jpg/330px-Zuikaku_at_Cape_Engano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Zuikaku_at_Cape_Engano.jpg/440px-Zuikaku_at_Cape_Engano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5647" data-file-height="4549" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese aircraft carriers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a>, left, and (probably) <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuih%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuihō">Zuihō</a> come under attack by dive bombers early in the Battle off Cape Engaño.</figcaption></figure> Vice-Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's "Northern Force", built around the four aircraft carriers of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Carrier_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carrier Division">3rd Carrier Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a>—the last survivor of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy#Kido_Butai" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy">six carriers</a> that had attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941—and the light carriers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuih%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuihō">Zuihō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Chitose" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Chitose">Chitose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Chiyoda" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Chiyoda">Chiyoda</a>), included two <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> battleships partially converted to carriers (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Hy%C5%ABga" title="Japanese battleship Hyūga">Hyūga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Ise" title="Japanese battleship Ise">Ise</a>—the two aft turrets had been replaced by a hangar, aircraft handling deck and catapult, but neither ship carried any aircraft in this battle), three light cruisers (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_%C5%8Cyodo" title="Japanese cruiser Ōyodo">Ōyodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tama" title="Japanese cruiser Tama">Tama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Isuzu" title="Japanese cruiser Isuzu">Isuzu</a>), and nine destroyers. Ozawa's carrier group was a decoy force, divested of all but 108 aircraft, intended to lure the American fleet away from protecting the transports at the landing beaches on Leyte island. Coincidentally, the name of the cape for which the battle is named, "Engaño", is Spanish for "deception". Ozawa's force was not located until 16:40 on 24 October, largely because Sherman's TG 38.3—the northernmost of Halsey's groups and responsible for searches in this sector—had been preoccupied with the action in the Sibuyan Sea, and in defending itself against the Japanese air strikes from Luzon. Thus Ozawa's group—the one Japanese force that wanted to be discovered—was the only force the Americans had not been able to find. The force that Halsey was taking north with him—three groups of Mitscher's TF 38—was overwhelmingly stronger than the Japanese Northern Force. Between them, these groups had five large <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">fleet carriers</a> (Intrepid, Franklin, Lexington, <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">Enterprise</a> and Essex), five light carriers (Independence, <a href="/wiki/USS_Belleau_Wood_(CVL-24)" title="USS Belleau Wood (CVL-24)">Belleau Wood</a>, Langley, Cabot and <a href="/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(CVL-30)" title="USS San Jacinto (CVL-30)">San Jacinto</a>), six modern <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> (<a href="/wiki/USS_Alabama_(BB-60)" title="USS Alabama (BB-60)">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)" title="USS Iowa (BB-61)">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Massachusetts_(BB-59)" title="USS Massachusetts (BB-59)">Massachusetts</a>, New Jersey, <a href="/wiki/USS_South_Dakota_(BB-57)" title="USS South Dakota (BB-57)">South Dakota</a> and Washington), eight cruisers (two heavy and six light), and 41 destroyers. The air groups of the ten U.S. carriers present contained 600–1,000 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958424–428-83">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lowering_the_flag_on_Zuikaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lowering_the_flag_on_Zuikaku.jpg/220px-Lowering_the_flag_on_Zuikaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lowering_the_flag_on_Zuikaku.jpg/330px-Lowering_the_flag_on_Zuikaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Lowering_the_flag_on_Zuikaku.jpg/440px-Lowering_the_flag_on_Zuikaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5702" data-file-height="3995" /></a><figcaption>The crew of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a> salute as the flag is lowered on the listing carrier after an airstrike. She was the last carrier participating in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> to be sunk.</figcaption></figure> At 02:40 on 25 October, Halsey detached TF 34, built around Third Fleet's six battleships and commanded by Vice Admiral Lee. As dawn approached, the ships of Task Force 34 drew ahead of the carrier groups. Halsey intended Mitscher to make air strikes followed by the heavy gunfire of Lee's battleships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958318–330-84">[80]</a> Around dawn on 25 October, Ozawa launched 75 aircraft, the bulk of his few aircraft, to attack Third Fleet. Most were shot down by American combat air patrols, and no damage was done to the U.S. ships. A few Japanese planes survived and made their way to land bases on Luzon. During the night, Halsey had passed tactical command of TF 38 to Admiral Mitscher, who ordered the American carrier groups to launch their first strike wave, of 180 aircraft, at dawn—before the Northern Force had been located. When the search aircraft made contact at 07:10, this strike wave was orbiting ahead of the task force. At 08:00, as the attack went in, its escorting fighters destroyed Ozawa's combat air patrol of about 30 planes. The U.S. air strikes continued until the evening, by which time TF 38 had flown 527 sorties against the Northern Force, sinking Zuikaku, the light carriers Chitose and Zuihō, and the destroyer Akizuki, all with heavy loss of life. The light carrier Chiyoda and the cruiser Tama were crippled. Ozawa transferred his flag to the light cruiser Ōyodo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_–_U.S._Seventh_Fleet's_calls_for_help">Crisis – U.S. Seventh Fleet's calls for help</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Crisis – U.S. Seventh Fleet's calls for help">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after 08:00 on 25 October, desperate messages calling for assistance began to come in from Seventh Fleet, which had been engaging Nishimura's "Southern Force" in <a href="#Battle_of_Surigao_Strait">battle in Surigao Strait</a> since 02:00. One message from Kinkaid, sent in plain language, read: "My situation is critical. Fast battleships and support by air strikes may be able to keep enemy from destroying CVEs and entering Leyte." Halsey recalled in his memoirs that he was shocked at this message, recounting that the radio signals from Seventh Fleet had come in at random and out of order because of a backlog in the signals office. It seems that he did not receive this vital message from Kinkaid until around 10:00. Halsey later claimed he knew Kinkaid was in trouble, but he had not dreamed of the seriousness of this crisis. One of the most alarming signals from Kinkaid reported, after their action in Surigao Strait, Seventh Fleet's own battleships were critically low on ammunition. Even this failed to persuade Halsey to send any immediate assistance to Seventh Fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b614-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958293–294-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2007-87">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In fact, Seventh Fleet's battleships were not as short of ammunition as Kinkaid's signal implied,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958295-88">[84]</a> but Halsey did not know that. From 3,000 mi (2,600 nmi; 4,800 km) away in Pearl Harbor, Admiral Nimitz had been monitoring the desperate calls from Taffy 3, and sent Halsey a terse message: "TURKEY TROTS TO WATER GG FROM CINCPAC ACTION COM THIRD FLEET INFO COMINCH CTF SEVENTY-SEVEN X WHERE IS RPT WHERE IS TASK FORCE THIRTY FOUR RR <a href="/wiki/The_world_wonders" title="The world wonders">THE WORLD WONDERS</a>." The first four words and the last three were "padding" used to confuse enemy <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a> (the beginning and end of the true message were marked by double consonants). The communications staff on Halsey's flagship correctly deleted the first section of padding but mistakenly retained the last three words in the message finally handed to Halsey. The last three words—probably selected by a communications officer at Nimitz's headquarters—may have been meant as a loose quote from <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Tennyson's</a> poem on "<a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">The Charge of the Light Brigade</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958292-89">[85]</a> suggested by the coincidence that this day, 25 October, was the 90th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava" title="Battle of Balaclava">Battle of Balaclava</a>—and was not intended as a commentary on the current crisis off Leyte. Halsey, however, when reading the message, thought that the last words—"THE WORLD WONDERS"—were a biting piece of criticism from Nimitz, threw his cap to the deck and broke into "sobs of rage". Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carney" title="Robert Carney">Robert Carney</a>, his chief of staff, confronted him, telling Halsey "Stop it! What the hell's the matter with you? Pull yourself together." Eventually, at 11:15, more than three hours after the first distress messages from Seventh Fleet had been received by his flagship, Halsey ordered TF 34 to turn around and head southwards towards Samar. At this point, Lee's battleships were almost within gun range of Ozawa's force. Two and a half hours were then spent refuelling TF 34's accompanying destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958329–330-90">[86]</a> After this succession of delays, it was too late for TF 34 to give any practical help to Seventh Fleet, other than to assist in picking up survivors from Taffy 3, and too late even to intercept Kurita's force before it made its escape through San Bernardino Strait. Nevertheless, at 16:22, in a desperate and even more belated attempt to intervene in the events off Samar, Halsey formed a new task group—TG 34.5—under Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Oscar_C._Badger_II" title="Oscar C. Badger II">Oscar C. Badger II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVego2006284-91">[87]</a> built around Third Fleet's two fastest battleships—Iowa and New Jersey, both capable of a speed of more than 32 kn (59 km/h; 37 mph)—and TF 34's three cruisers and eight destroyers, and sped southwards, leaving Lee and the other four battleships to follow. As Morison observes, if Badger's group had succeeded in intercepting the Japanese Center Force, it may have been outgunned by Kurita's battleships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958330-92">[88]</a> Cruisers and destroyers of TG 34.5, however, caught the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Nowaki_(1940)" title="Japanese destroyer Nowaki (1940)">Japanese destroyer Nowaki</a>—the last straggler from Center Force—off San Bernardino Strait, and sank her with all hands, including the survivors from Chikuma. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_actions">Final actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Final actions">edit</a>]</div> When Halsey turned TF 34 southwards at 11:15, he detached a task group of four of its cruisers and nine of its destroyers under Rear Admiral DuBose, and reassigned this group to TF 38. At 14:15, Mitscher ordered DuBose to pursue the remnants of the Japanese Northern Force. His cruisers finished off the light carrier Chiyoda at around 17:00, and at 20:59 his ships sank the destroyer Hatsuzuki after a very stubborn fight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958331–332-93">[89]</a> When Ozawa learned of the deployment of DuBose's relatively weak task group, he ordered battleships Ise and Hyūga to turn southwards and attack it, but they failed to locate DuBose's group, which they heavily outgunned. Halsey's withdrawal of all six of Lee's battleships in his attempt to assist Seventh Fleet had now rendered TF 38 vulnerable to a surface counterattack by the decoy Northern Force. At about 23:10, the American submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Jallao" title="USS Jallao">Jallao</a> torpedoed and sank the light cruiser Tama of Ozawa's force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958334-94">[90]</a> This was the last act of the Battle off Cape Engaño, and—apart from some final air strikes on the retreating Japanese forces on 26 October—the conclusion of the Battle for Leyte Gulf. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weighing_the_decisions_of_Halsey">Weighing the decisions of Halsey</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Weighing the decisions of Halsey">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Leyte Gulf">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf%22">"Battle of Leyte Gulf"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_William_F._Halsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Admiral_William_F._Halsey.jpg/220px-Admiral_William_F._Halsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Admiral_William_F._Halsey.jpg/330px-Admiral_William_F._Halsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Admiral_William_F._Halsey.jpg/440px-Admiral_William_F._Halsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_F._Halsey" class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Halsey">Admiral William F. "Bull" Halsey</a> – Commander U.S. Third Fleet at Leyte Gulf</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Halsey was questioned for his decision to take TF 34 north in pursuit of Ozawa, and for failing to detach it when Kinkaid first appealed for help. A piece of U.S. Navy slang for Halsey's actions is Bull's Run, a phrase combining Halsey's newspaper nickname "Bull" (he was known as "Bill" Halsey) with an allusion to the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">Battle of Bull Run</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, which Union troops lost due to poor organization and lack of decisive action. Clifton Sprague—commander of Task Unit 77.4.3 in the Battle off Samar—was later bitterly critical of Halsey's decision, and of his failure to clearly inform Kinkaid and Seventh Fleet that their northern flank was no longer protected: "In the absence of any information ... it was logical to assume that our northern flank could not be exposed without ample warning." Regarding Halsey's failure to turn TF 34 southwards when Seventh Fleet's first calls for assistance off Samar were received, Morison writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If TF 34 had been detached a few hours earlier, after Kinkaid's first urgent request for help, and had left the destroyers behind, since their fueling caused a delay of over two and a half hours, a powerful battle line of six modern battleships under the command of Admiral Lee, the most experienced battle squadron commander in the Navy, would have arrived off the San Bernardino Strait in time to have clashed with Kurita's Center Force ... Apart from the accidents common in naval warfare, there is every reason to suppose that Lee would have "crossed the T" and completed the destruction of Center Force. ... The mighty gunfire of Third Fleet's Battle Line, greater than that of the whole Japanese Navy, was never brought into action except to finish off one or two crippled light ships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958330,_336-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[e]</a></blockquote> Vice Admiral Lee said in his action report as Commander of TF 34: "No battle damage was incurred nor inflicted on the enemy by vessels while operating as Task Force Thirty-Four."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1944-49">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halsey's_defense">Halsey's defense</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Halsey's defense">edit</a>]</div> In his dispatch after the battle, Halsey justified the decision to go North as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Searches by my carrier planes revealed the presence of the Northern carrier force on the afternoon of 24 October, which completed the picture of all enemy naval forces. As it seemed childish to me to guard statically San Bernardino Strait, I concentrated TF 38 during the night and steamed north to attack the Northern Force at dawn. I believed that the Center Force had been so heavily damaged in the Sibuyan Sea that it could no longer be considered a serious menace to Seventh Fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958193-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERems2017-100">[95]</a></blockquote> Halsey also argued that he had feared leaving TF 34 to defend the strait without carrier support as that would have left it vulnerable to attack from land-based aircraft, while leaving one of the fast carrier groups behind to cover the battleships would have significantly reduced the concentration of air power going north to strike Ozawa. However, Morison states that Admiral Lee said after the battle that he would have been fully prepared for the battleships to cover the San Bernardino Strait without air cover,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958194-101">[96]</a> as each of the escort carriers of TF 77 had up to 28 planes on them, but little surface ship protection, from Kurita's traditional naval force, which lacked air support. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_mitigating_factors">Potential mitigating factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Potential mitigating factors">edit</a>]</div> The fact that Halsey was aboard one of the two fast battleships (New Jersey), and "would have had to remain behind" with TF 34 while the bulk of his fleet charged northwards, may have influenced his decision, but it would have been perfectly feasible to have taken one or both of Third Fleet's two fastest battleships with some or all of the large carriers in the pursuit of Ozawa, while leaving the rest of the battle line off the San Bernardino Strait. Halsey's original plan for TF 34 was for four, not all six, of Third Fleet's battleships. Halsey was certainly philosophically against dividing his forces. He believed strongly in the current naval doctrine of force concentration, as indicated by his writings both before World War II and in his subsequent articles and interviews defending his actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler1994162-163,_307-102">[97]</a> In addition, Halsey may well have been influenced by the recent criticisms of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Spruance" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Spruance">Raymond Spruance</a>, who was criticized for excessive caution in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, allowing the bulk of the Japanese fleet to escape. Halsey's chief of staff, Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carney" title="Robert Carney">Robert "Mick" Carney</a>, was also wholeheartedly in favor of taking all of Third Fleet's available forces northwards to attack the Japanese carriers. Halsey also did not believe reports of just how badly compromised Japan's naval air power was, and had no idea that Ozawa's decoy force only had 100 aircraft. Although in a letter to Nimitz just three days before the Battle off Samar, Halsey wrote that Mitscher believed "Jap naval air was wiped out",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006170-103">[98]</a> which Spruance and Mitscher concluded from shooting down over 433 carrier based planes at the <a href="/wiki/Marianas_Turkey_Shoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas Turkey Shoot">Marianas Turkey Shoot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006170-103">[98]</a> Halsey ignored Mitscher's insights, and later stated that he did not want to be "<a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bombing" title="Shuttle bombing">shuttle bombed</a>" (whereby attacking planes from Ozawa's force could refuel and rearm at bases on land, allowing them to attack again on the return flight), or to give them a "free shot" at the U.S. forces in Leyte Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler1994-104">[99]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Halsey may have considered Kurita's damaged battleships and cruisers, lacking carrier support, as little threat, but ironically, through his own failures to adequately communicate his intentions, he managed to demonstrate that unsupported battleships could still be dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinkaid1944-105">[100]</a> In his master's thesis submitted at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Command and General Staff College">U.S. Army Command and General Staff College</a>, Lieutenant Commander Kent Coleman argues that the division of command hierarchies of Third Fleet, under Halsey reporting to Nimitz, and Seventh Fleet, under Kinkaid reporting to General MacArthur, was the primary contributor to the near-success of Kurita's attack. Coleman concludes that "the divided U.S. naval chain of command amplified problems in communication and coordination between Halsey and Kinkaid. This divided command was more important in determining the course of the battle than the tactical decision made by Halsey and led to an American disunity of effort that nearly allowed Kurita's mission to succeed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006iii-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Losses">Losses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Losses">edit</a>]</div> Due to the long duration and size of the battle, accounts vary as to the losses that occurred as a part of the Battle of Leyte Gulf and losses that occurred shortly before and shortly after. One account of the losses, by Samuel E. Morison, lists the following vessels: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_losses">Allied losses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Allied losses">edit</a>]</div> The United States lost at least 11 warships during the Battle of Leyte Gulf: <ul><li>One light aircraft carrier: <a href="/wiki/USS_Princeton_(CVL-23)" title="USS Princeton (CVL-23)">USS Princeton</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958426-106">[101]</a></li> <li>Two escort carriers: <a href="/wiki/USS_Gambier_Bay" title="USS Gambier Bay">USS Gambier Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_St._Lo" title="USS St. Lo">USS St. Lo</a> (the first major warship sunk by a <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> attack)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958421-107">[102]</a></li> <li>Two destroyers: <a href="/wiki/USS_Hoel_(DD-533)" title="USS Hoel (DD-533)">USS Hoel</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Johnston_(DD-557)" title="USS Johnston (DD-557)">USS Johnston</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958421-107">[102]</a></li> <li>One destroyer escort: <a href="/wiki/USS_Samuel_B._Roberts_(DE-413)" title="USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413)">USS Samuel B. Roberts</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958420,_421-108">[103]</a></li> <li>One PT boat: USS PT-493</li> <li>Four other ships (including submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Darter_(SS-227)" title="USS Darter (SS-227)">USS Darter</a>), along with <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Australia_(D84)" title="HMAS Australia (D84)">HMAS Australia</a>, were damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958421,_422,_429-109">[104]</a></li></ul> More than 1,600 sailors and aircrewmen of the Allied escort carrier units were killed. The losses in the Battle of Leyte Gulf were not evenly distributed throughout all forces. Very minimal Allied casualties occurred at the overwhelming Allied victories at the Battle of Surigao Strait and the Battle off Cape Engaño. At the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea the Japanese attack on the light aircraft carrier Princeton led to the loss of 108 killed on Princeton and 241 killed and 412 wounded on the light cruiser Birmingham due to secondary explosions on Princeton that caused severe damage on Birmingham. 123 troops were killed and over 150 were wounded in the first pre-planned kamikaze attacks of World War II on Taffy 1's aircraft carriers near Surigao Strait. At the mismatched Battle off Samar alone 5 of the 7 ships of the combined actions were lost along with 23 aircraft lost and 1,161 killed and missing and 913 wounded, comparable to the combined losses at the Battle of Midway and Battle of Coral Sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox2019a-110">[105]</a> The destroyer Heermann, despite her unequal fight with the enemy, finished the battle with only six of her crew dead. As a result of communication errors and other failures, a large number of survivors from Taffy 3 were unable to be rescued for several days, and died unnecessarily as a consequence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958-50">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHornfischer2004407-408-111">[106]</a> HMAS Australia suffered 30 officers and sailors dead, and another 62 servicemen wounded in a kamikaze-like attack on 21 October 1944, at the start of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassells200024-112">[107]</a> At the Battle of Surigao Strait 39 U.S. troops were killed, 114 were wounded and one PT boat (USS PT-493) was sunk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2001St._John200424-113">[108]</a> On 24–25 October, in two American submarine battles that were related to Japanese naval convoys involved in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, two U.S. submarines were lost in actions that led to the deaths of 1,938 U.S. troops. <a href="/wiki/USS_Tang_(SS-306)" title="USS Tang (SS-306)">USS Tang</a> sank numerous ships in a large Japanese convoy that was on the way to reinforce Japanese troops in Leyte and Leyte Gulf. Tang then accidentally sank herself in a <a href="/wiki/Mark_14_torpedo#Circular_runs" title="Mark 14 torpedo">circular run</a> on the very last torpedo that she had in her arsenal. 78 men were killed while 9 survived and were captured by the Japanese. <a href="/wiki/USS_Shark_(SS-314)" title="USS Shark (SS-314)">USS Shark</a> sank the unmarked <a href="/wiki/Hell_ship" title="Hell ship">hell ship</a> <a href="/wiki/Arisan_Maru" title="Arisan Maru">Arisan Maru</a>, which was transporting American <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs) from the Philippines to Formosa as a response to the Formosa Air Battle and the imminent invasion of the Philippines. 1,773 POWs died due to the rest of the Japanese convoy refusing to rescue them. This was the largest loss of life of U.S. troops at sea in history. Shark was sunk immediately by Japanese escort ships. All 87 crewmen on Shark died.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_losses">Japanese losses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Japanese losses">edit</a>]</div> The Japanese lost 26 warships during the Battle of Leyte Gulf:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958430–432-115">[110]</a> <ul><li>One fleet aircraft carrier: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a> (flagship of the decoy Northern Forces and last of the original attacking Pearl Harbor carriers still afloat).</li> <li>Three light aircraft carriers: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuih%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuihō">Zuihō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Chiyoda" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Chiyoda">Chiyoda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Chitose" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Chitose">Chitose</a>.</li> <li>Three battleships: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi" title="Japanese battleship Musashi">Musashi</a> (former flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet#World_War_II" title="Combined Fleet">Japanese Combined Fleet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Yamashiro" title="Japanese battleship Yamashiro">Yamashiro</a> (flagship of the Southern Force) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Fus%C5%8D" title="Japanese battleship Fusō">Fusō</a>.</li> <li>Six heavy cruisers: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Atago" title="Japanese cruiser Atago">Atago</a> (flagship of the Center Force), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Maya" title="Japanese cruiser Maya">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Suzuya_(1934)" title="Japanese cruiser Suzuya (1934)">Suzuya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ch%C5%8Dkai" title="Japanese cruiser Chōkai">Chokai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chikuma_(1938)" title="Japanese cruiser Chikuma (1938)">Chikuma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Mogami_(1934)" title="Japanese cruiser Mogami (1934)">Mogami</a>.</li> <li>Four light cruisers: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Noshiro" title="Japanese cruiser Noshiro">Noshiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Abukuma" title="Japanese cruiser Abukuma">Abukuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tama" title="Japanese cruiser Tama">Tama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Kinu" title="Japanese cruiser Kinu">Kinu</a>.</li> <li>Nine destroyers: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Nowaki_(1940)" title="Japanese destroyer Nowaki (1940)">Nowaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hayashimo" title="Japanese destroyer Hayashimo">Hayashimo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Yamagumo_(1937)" title="Japanese destroyer Yamagumo (1937)">Yamagumo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Asagumo_(1937)" title="Japanese destroyer Asagumo (1937)">Asagumo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Michishio" title="Japanese destroyer Michishio">Michishio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Akizuki_(1941)" title="Japanese destroyer Akizuki (1941)">Akizuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Hatsuzuki" title="Japanese destroyer Hatsuzuki">Hatsuzuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Wakaba_(1934)" title="Japanese destroyer Wakaba (1934)">Wakaba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Uranami_(1928)" title="Japanese destroyer Uranami (1928)">Uranami</a>.</li></ul> Listed Japanese losses include only those ships sunk in the battle. After the nominal end of the battle, several damaged ships were faced with the option of either making their way to Singapore, close to Japan's oil supplies but where comprehensive repairs could not be undertaken, or making their way back to Japan, where there were better repair facilities but scant oil. The Nachi was lost to aerial attack while under repair at <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>. The cruiser Kumano and battleship Kongō were sunk retreating to Japan. Cruisers Takao and Myōkō were stranded, unrepairable, in Singapore. Many of the other survivors of the battle were bombed and sunk at anchor in Japan, unable to move without fuel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_041020-N-0493B-003_Backed_by_a_monument_marking_the_location_of_Gen._Douglas_MacArthur%27s_return_to_the_Philippines_60_years_ago,_a_Philippine_Marine_Corps_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_playing_of_Taps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_Navy_041020-N-0493B-003_Backed_by_a_monument_marking_the_location_of_Gen._Douglas_MacArthur%27s_return_to_the_Philippines_60_years_ago%2C_a_Philippine_Marine_Corps_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_playing_of_Taps.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_Navy_041020-N-0493B-003_Backed_by_a_monument_marking_the_location_of_Gen._Douglas_MacArthur%27s_return_to_the_Philippines_60_years_ago%2C_a_Philippine_Marine_Corps_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_playing_of_Taps.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/US_Navy_041020-N-0493B-003_Backed_by_a_monument_marking_the_location_of_Gen._Douglas_MacArthur%27s_return_to_the_Philippines_60_years_ago%2C_a_Philippine_Marine_Corps_honor_guard_stands_at_attention_during_the_playing_of_Taps.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>A 60th-anniversary memorial ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Palo,_Leyte" title="Palo, Leyte">Palo, Leyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, on 20 October 2004</figcaption></figure> The Battle of Leyte Gulf secured the <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachheads</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Sixth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Sixth Army">U.S. Sixth Army</a> on Leyte against attack from the sea. However, much hard fighting would be required before the island was completely in Allied hands at the end of December 1944: the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Battle of Leyte</a> on land was fought in parallel with an air and sea campaign in which the Japanese reinforced and resupplied their troops on Leyte while the Allies attempted to interdict them and establish air-sea superiority for a series of amphibious landings in <a href="/wiki/Ormoc_Bay" title="Ormoc Bay">Ormoc Bay</a>—engagements collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ormoc_Bay" title="Battle of Ormoc Bay">Battle of Ormoc Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958361–385-116">[111]</a> The Imperial Japanese Navy had suffered its greatest loss of ships and crew ever. Its failure to dislodge the Allied invaders from Leyte meant the inevitable loss of the Philippines, which in turn meant Japan would be all but cut off from its occupied territories in Southeast Asia. These territories provided resources that were vital to Japan, in particular the oil needed for her ships and aircraft. This problem was compounded because the shipyards and sources of manufactured goods, such as ammunition, were in Japan itself. Finally, the loss of Leyte opened the way for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">invasion</a> of the Ryukyu Islands in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956aP._346.-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958397,_414-118">[113]</a> The major IJN surface ships returned to their bases to languish, entirely or almost entirely inactive, for the remainder of the war. The only major operation by these surface ships between the Battle for Leyte Gulf and the Japanese surrender was the suicidal sortie in April 1945 (part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ten-Go" title="Operation Ten-Go">Operation Ten-Go</a>), in which the battleship Yamato and her escorts were destroyed by American carrier aircraft. The first use of kamikaze aircraft took place following the Leyte landings. A kamikaze hit the Australian <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruiser</a> HMAS Australia on 21 October. Organized suicide attacks by the "Special Attack Force" (Japanese Special Attack Units) began on 25 October during the closing phase of the Battle off Samar, causing the destruction of the escort carrier St. Lo. <a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">J. F. C. Fuller</a> writes of the outcome of Leyte Gulf:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b618-119">[114]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Japanese fleet had ceased to exist, and, except by land-based aircraft, their opponents had won undisputed command of the sea. When Admiral Ozawa was questioned on the battle after the war he replied: "After this battle the surface forces became strictly auxiliary, so that we relied on land forces, special [Kamikaze] attack, and air power ... There was no further use assigned to surface vessels, with the exception of some special ships." And "Admiral Mitsumasa Yoni, Navy Minister of the Koiso Cabinet, said he realized that the defeat at Leyte 'was tantamount to the loss of the Philippines.' As for the larger significance of the battle, he said, 'I felt that it was the end.'"</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_Plaque.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_Plaque.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_Plaque.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Surigao_Strait_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Surigao Strait Memorial in Surigao City, Philippines.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>At the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">U.S. Naval Academy</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Alumni_Hall_(Navy)#Building_features" title="Alumni Hall (Navy)">Alumni Hall</a>, a concourse is dedicated to Lt. Lloyd Garnett and his shipmates on <a href="/wiki/USS_Samuel_B._Roberts_(DE-413)" title="USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413)">USS Samuel B. Roberts (DE-413)</a>, who earned their ship the reputation as the "destroyer escort that fought like a battleship" in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.</li> <li>The Essex-class aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Leyte_(CV-32)" title="USS Leyte (CV-32)">USS Leyte (CV-32)</a> was named for the battle.</li> <li>The Ticonderoga-class cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Leyte_Gulf" title="USS Leyte Gulf">USS Leyte Gulf (CG-55)</a> is named for the battle.</li> <li>The Dealey-class destroyer escort <a href="/wiki/USS_Evans_(DE-1023)" title="USS Evans (DE-1023)">USS Evans (DE-1023)</a> was named in honor of Lt. Cmdr. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_E._Evans" title="Ernest E. Evans">Ernest E. Evans</a>, commanding officer of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Johnston_(DD-557)" title="USS Johnston (DD-557)">USS Johnston (DD-557)</a>.</li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rosecrans_National_Cemetery#Battle_off_Samar" title="Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery">Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery</a> in San Diego, California, several monuments are dedicated to Taffy 3 and the sailors lost during and after the Battle off Samar</li> <li>The Battle of Surigao Strait Memorial, in Surigao City overlooking the strait, was opened by city government and private partners on the 75th anniversary of the battle, October 25, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_in_World_War_II" title="United States Navy in World War II">United States Navy in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Navy of World War II">Imperial Japanese Navy of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyte-Samar_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Leyte-Samar Naval Base">Leyte-Samar Naval Base</a></li> <li>WWII carrier-versus-carrier engagements between Allied and Japanese naval forces: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons" title="Battle of the Eastern Solomons">Battle of the Eastern Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands">Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> According to Army historian Robert Ross Smith, "Meeting with President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a conference at Pearl Harbor in late July 1944, ... MacArthur then argued persuasively that it was both necessary and proper to take Luzon before going on to Formosa, while Nimitz expounded a plan for striking straight across the western Pacific to Formosa bypassing Luzon. Apparently, no decisions on strategy were reached at the Pearl Harbor conferences. The Formosa versus Luzon debate continued without let-up at the highest planning levels for over two months, and even the question of bypassing the Philippines entirely in favor of a direct move on Formosa again came up for serious discussion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000467-18">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> CTF 38 claimed 655, including those shot down near the task force; the Japanese admitted 492, including an estimated '100 Army aircraft of all types.' ... the probability is that total enemy losses were somewhere between 550 and 600.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison195894–95-24">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Fuller: "In the battle which ensued, the greatest up to then between ship- and shore-based aircraft, 650 Japanese aircraft were destroyed. As this meant the loss of most of Ozawa's half-trained aircrews, more than anything else it wrecked the Sho plan."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b601-26">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Kongō and Haruna were World War I-era battlecruisers that had received improved armour and boilers. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Task Group 34.5 in fact only finished off the straggling destroyer Nowaki, and this was not achieved by the battleships, but rather by their accompanying cruisers and destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox2019b-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavy_and_Marine_Corps_Award_Manual1954-97">[93]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958415–429-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958415–429_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 415–429. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006209–210-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2006209–210_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2006">Thomas 2006</a>, pp. 209–210. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTillman2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Tillman, Barrett (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2019/october/navys-aerial-arsenal-leyte-gulf">"The Navy's Aerial Arsenal at Leyte Gulf"</a>. Naval History Magazine. Vol. 33, no. 5. United States Naval Institute. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Navy%27s+Aerial+Arsenal+at+Leyte+Gulf&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2019-10&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F2019%2Foctober%2Fnavys-aerial-arsenal-leyte-gulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006322-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2006322_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2006">Thomas 2006</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: Labanan sa golpo ng Leyte, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Battle of Leyte gulf' </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Cutler" title="Thomas J. Cutler">Cutler, Thomas J.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1994/october/greatest-all-sea-battles">"Greatest of All Sea Battles"</a>. U.S. Naval Institute. Retrieved 8 April 2024. <q>The Battle of Leyte Gulf was the biggest and most multifaceted naval battle in history. It involved hundreds of ships, nearly 200,000 participants, and spanned more than 100,000 square miles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Naval+Institute&rft.atitle=Greatest+of+All+Sea+Battles&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F1994%2Foctober%2Fgreatest-all-sea-battles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8-9C1kccLKICpgPA1_1-3]-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8-9C1kccLKICpgPA1_1-3]_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodward2007">Woodward 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-9C1kccLKIC&pg=PA1">1-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:294-8"><a href="#cite_ref-:294_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2012). The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War. HarperCollins. p. 565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5"><bdi>978-0-06-122860-5</bdi></a>. <q>The counter-attack at Leyte Gulf in late October 1944, with a carrier force from Japan and strike forces from Brunei, turned into the largest naval engagement in world history, with 216 United States Navy (and two Royal Australian Navy) vessels comprising 146,668 men doing battle with sixty-four Japanese vessels totalling 42,800 sailors and airmen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Storm+of+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=565&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-122860-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-9"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor Davis</a> (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541674103" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541674103"><bdi>978-1541674103</bdi></a>. <q>Later at the Battle of Leyte Gulf (October 24–25, 1944), which was likely the largest sea battle in naval history in terms of the combined tonnage of the some 370 ships,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=194&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541674103&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2006123-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2006123_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2006">Thomas 2006</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar2facts.org/battle-of-leyte-gulf.html">"Battle of Leyte Gulf"</a>. World War 2 Facts. Retrieved 17 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+2+Facts&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwar2facts.org%2Fbattle-of-leyte-gulf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958101,_240–241,_300–303-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958101,_240–241,_300–303_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 101, 240–241, 300–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956a234-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1956a234_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuller1956a">Fuller 1956a</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b600-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b600_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuller1956b">Fuller 1956b</a>, p. 600. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958360,_397-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958360,_397_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 360, 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b599,_600-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b599,_600_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuller1956b">Fuller 1956b</a>, p. 599, 600. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison19584–6-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison19584–6_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 4–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2000467-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2000467_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2000">Smith 2000</a>, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison195814–16-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison195814–16_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 14–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison195855–61-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison195855–61_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 55–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman2006iii-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006iii_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman2006iii_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFColeman2006">Coleman 2006</a>, p. iii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison195895-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison195895_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison195894–95-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison195894–95_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b601-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b601_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuller1956b">Fuller 1956b</a>, p. 601. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b602–604-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller1956b602–604_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuller1956b">Fuller 1956b</a>, pp. 602–604. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958160–162-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958160–162_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 160–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Strategic_Bombing_Survey_(Pacific)1945317-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Strategic_Bombing_Survey_(Pacific)1945317_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFU.S._Strategic_Bombing_Survey_(Pacific)1945">U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) 1945</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958169-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958169_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958160,_171-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958160,_171_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 160, 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958170Hornfischer2004119–120-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958170Hornfischer2004119–120_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, p. 170; <a href="#CITEREFHornfischer2004">Hornfischer 2004</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958170–172-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958170–172_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 170–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENishida2002-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENishida2002_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNishida2002">Nishida 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958172Cutler1994100Hornfischer2004120-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958172Cutler1994100Hornfischer2004120_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, p. 172; <a href="#CITEREFCutler1994">Cutler 1994</a>, p. 100; <a href="#CITEREFHornfischer2004">Hornfischer 2004</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958175,_184-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958175,_184_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 175, 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958177-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958177_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaval_Historical_Center2003-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaval_Historical_Center2003_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaval_Historical_Center2003">Naval Historical Center 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuShips1947-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuShips1947_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuShips1947">BuShips 1947</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaval_History_and_Heritage_Command,_"USS_''Princeton''"-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaval_History_and_Heritage_Command,_"USS_''Princeton''"_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaval_History_and_Heritage_Command,_"USS_Princeton"">Naval History and Heritage Command, "USS Princeton"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Bernstein, Marc D. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2009/october/hell-broke-loose-leyte-gulf">"'Hell Broke Loose' at Leyte Gulf"</a>. Naval History. Vol. 25, no. 3. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History&rft.atitle=%27Hell+Broke+Loose%27+at+Leyte+Gulf&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Marc+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F2009%2Foctober%2Fhell-broke-loose-leyte-gulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958178–183-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958178–183_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 178–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS_''Princeton''-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS_''Princeton''_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDANFS_Princeton">DANFS Princeton</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958184–186-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958184–186_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 184–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958186-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958186_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958186_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">L, Klemen (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/kurita.html">"Rear-Admiral Takeo Kurita"</a>. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.atitle=Rear-Admiral+Takeo+Kurita&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.aulast=L&rft.aufirst=Klemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Fkurita.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1944-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1944_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1944_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1944">Lee 1944</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECutler1994110-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECutler1994110_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCutler1994">Cutler 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href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 224, 226, 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodward2007100-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodward2007100_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodward2007">Woodward 2007</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolloway2010-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolloway2010_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolloway2010">Holloway 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBates1958103-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBates1958103_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBates1958">Bates 1958</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison1958230–233-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison1958230–233_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorison1958">Morison 1958</a>, pp. 230–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Samuel J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-038/h-038-2.html">"H-038-2: The Battle of Leyte Gulf in Detail"</a>. Naval History and Heritage Command. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304051933/https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-038/h-038-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2020. 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Naval History and Heritage Command. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124061244/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/oral-histories/wwii/battle-of-leyte-gulf-lt-burwell.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2015. 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Vol. 31, no. 5. Annapolis, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Institute">U.S. Naval Institute</a>. Retrieved 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History&rft.atitle=Seven+Decades+of+Debate&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2017-10&rft.aulast=Rems&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F2017%2Foctober%2Fseven-decades-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer1999" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Howard (1999). The Last Big-Gun Naval Battle: The Battle of Surigao Strait. Glencannon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889901-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-889901-08-3"><bdi>1-889901-08-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Big-Gun+Naval+Battle%3A+The+Battle+of+Surigao+Strait&rft.pub=Glencannon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-889901-08-3&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert Ross (2000) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_21.htm">"Chapter 21: Luzon Versus Formosa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm">Command Decisions</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. CMH Pub 70-7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21%3A+Luzon+Versus+Formosa&rft.btitle=Command+Decisions&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2F70-7_21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John2004" class="citation book cs1">St. John, Philip A. (2004) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4xhE39FOwwC&pg=PA24">USS Hancock CV/CVA-19: Fighting Hannah</a> (2nd ed.). Turner Publishing Co. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USS+Hancock+CV%2FCVA-19%3A+Fighting+Hannah&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4xhE39FOwwC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seaofthunderfour00thom">Sea of Thunder: Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941–1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5221-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5221-8"><bdi>978-0-7432-5221-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+of+Thunder%3A+Four+Commanders+and+the+Last+Great+Naval+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5221-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseaofthunderfour00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTully2009" class="citation book cs1">Tully, Anthony P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlesurigaostr00libg">Battle of Surigao Strait</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35242-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35242-2"><bdi>978-0-253-35242-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Surigao+Strait&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35242-2&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=Anthony+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlesurigaostr00libg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAAIR2007" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820052745/http://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLOct44.htm">"USN Overseas Aircraft Loss List October 1944"</a>. Aviation Archaeological Investigation and Research. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aviationarchaeology.com/src/USN/LLOct44.htm">the original</a> on 20 August 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USN+Overseas+Aircraft+Loss+List+October+1944&rft.pub=Aviation+Archaeological+Investigation+and+Research&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviationarchaeology.com%2Fsrc%2FUSN%2FLLOct44.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Strategic_Bombing_Survey_(Pacific)1945" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey" title="United States Strategic Bombing Survey">U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific)</a> (13–14 November 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/IJO/IJO-75.html">"Interrogation Nav No. 75 (USSBS NO. 378): Japanese War Plans and Peace Moves"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/IJO/index.html">Interrogations of Japanese Officials</a> (Report). Naval Analysis Division. OPNAV-P-03-100. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Interrogations+of+Japanese+Officials&rft.pub=Naval+Analysis+Division&rft.date=1945-11-13%2F1945-11-14&rft.au=U.S.+Strategic+Bombing+Survey+%28Pacific%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FAAF%2FUSSBS%2FIJO%2FIJO-75.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVego2006" class="citation book cs1">Vego, Milan N. (2006). Battle for Leyte, 1944: Allied And Japanese Plans, Preparations, And Execution. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-885-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-885-2"><bdi>1-55750-885-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+for+Leyte%2C+1944%3A+Allied+And+Japanese+Plans%2C+Preparations%2C+And+Execution&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-55750-885-2&rft.aulast=Vego&rft.aufirst=Milan+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward, C. Vann</a> (2007) [1947]. The Battle for Leyte Gulf: The Incredible Story of World War II's Largest Naval Battle. <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse_Publishing" title="Skyhorse Publishing">Skyhorse Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-194-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-194-9"><bdi>978-1-60239-194-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Leyte+Gulf%3A+The+Incredible+Story+of+World+War+II%27s+Largest+Naval+Battle&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-194-9&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=C.+Vann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h98DAAAAMBAJ&q=The+Second+Battle+of+the+Philippine+Sea">"The Battle That Won the Pacific"</a>. Popular Mechanics. Vol. 83, no. 2. Hearst Magazines. February 1945. pp. 17–25, 150. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">0032-4558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=The+Battle+That+Won+the+Pacific&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=17-25%2C+150&rft.date=1945-02&rft.issn=0032-4558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh98DAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BSecond%2BBattle%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPhilippine%2BSea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">D'Albas, Andrieu (1965). Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. Devin-Adair Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8159-5302-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8159-5302-X"><bdi>0-8159-5302-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+of+a+Navy%3A+Japanese+Naval+Action+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Devin-Adair+Pub&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-8159-5302-X&rft.aulast=D%27Albas&rft.aufirst=Andrieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Drea, Edward J. (1998). "Leyte: Unanswered Questions". In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0"><bdi>0-8032-1708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leyte%3A+Unanswered+Questions&rft.btitle=In+the+Service+of+the+Emperor%3A+Essays+on+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.place=Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8032-1708-0&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dull, Paul S. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlehistoryofi0000dull">A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945</a>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-097-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-097-1"><bdi>0-87021-097-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Battle+History+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-87021-097-1&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattlehistoryofi0000dull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Field, James A. (1947). The Japanese at Leyte Gulf: The Sho Operation. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+at+Leyte+Gulf%3A+The+Sho+Operation&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Kenneth (2001). Afternoon of the Rising Sun: The Battle of Leyte Gulf. Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-756-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-756-7"><bdi>0-89141-756-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afternoon+of+the+Rising+Sun%3A+The+Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89141-756-7&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hoyt, Edwin P. (2003). The Men of the Gambier Bay: The Amazing True Story of the Battle of Leyte Gulf. The Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-643-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58574-643-6"><bdi>1-58574-643-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+of+the+Gambier+Bay%3A+The+Amazing+True+Story+of+the+Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58574-643-6&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lacroix, Eric; Linton Wells (1997). Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-311-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-311-3"><bdi>0-87021-311-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Cruisers+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87021-311-3&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Linton+Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Huggins, Mark (May–June 1999). "Setting Sun: Japanese Air Defence of the Philippines 1944–1945". Air Enthusiast (81): 28–35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Setting+Sun%3A+Japanese+Air+Defence+of+the+Philippines+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.issue=81&rft.pages=28-35&rft.date=1999-05%2F1999-06&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Huggins&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/76874BroughtToAction">Brought to Action!</a>. U.S. Navy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brought+to+Action%21&rft.pub=U.S.+Navy&rft.date=1944&rft.au=Office+of+Strategic+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F76874BroughtToAction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Potter, E. B. (2005). Admiral Arleigh Burke. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-692-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-692-5"><bdi>1-59114-692-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+Arleigh+Burke&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59114-692-5&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Potter, E. B. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bullhalsey00pott">Bull Halsey</a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-691-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-691-7"><bdi>1-59114-691-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bull+Halsey&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59114-691-7&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=E.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbullhalsey00pott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Reynolds, Quentin; Jones, George E.; Teatsorth, Ralph; Morris, Frank D. (13 January 1945). "America's Greatest Naval Battle: Report on the Second Battle of the Philippines (First of three parts)". Collier's. pp. 11–13, 64–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collier%27s&rft.atitle=America%27s+Greatest+Naval+Battle%3A+Report+on+the+Second+Battle+of+the+Philippines+%28First+of+three+parts%29&rft.pages=11-13%2C+64-65&rft.date=1945-01-13&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft.au=Jones%2C+George+E.&rft.au=Teatsorth%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Morris%2C+Frank+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Reynolds, Quentin; Jones, George E.; Teatsorth, Ralph; Morris, Frank D. (20 January 1945). "America's Greatest Naval Battle: Report on the Second Battle of the Philippines (Second of three parts)". Collier's. pp. 18–19, 67–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collier%27s&rft.atitle=America%27s+Greatest+Naval+Battle%3A+Report+on+the+Second+Battle+of+the+Philippines+%28Second+of+three+parts%29&rft.pages=18-19%2C+67-69&rft.date=1945-01-20&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft.au=Jones%2C+George+E.&rft.au=Teatsorth%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Morris%2C+Frank+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">Reynolds, Quentin; Jones, George E.; Teatsorth, Ralph; Morris, Frank D. (27 January 1945). "America's Greatest Naval Battle: Report on the Second Battle of the Philippines (Third of three parts)". Collier's. pp. 18, 69–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collier%27s&rft.atitle=America%27s+Greatest+Naval+Battle%3A+Report+on+the+Second+Battle+of+the+Philippines+%28Third+of+three+parts%29&rft.pages=18%2C+69-72&rft.date=1945-01-27&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft.au=Jones%2C+George+E.&rft.au=Teatsorth%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Morris%2C+Frank+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation serial cs1">Salomon, Henry (writer, producer) (1952). "19". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VAS_19_The_Battle_For_Leyte_Gulf">The Battle for Leyte Gulf</a>. Victory at Sea. NBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Leyte+Gulf&rft.series=%27%27Victory+at+Sea%27%27&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Henry+%28writer%2C+producer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FVAS_19_The_Battle_For_Leyte_Gulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">cite serial</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Adrian (1979). The Battle of Leyte Gulf. Hale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-7544-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-7544-2"><bdi>0-7091-7544-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf&rft.pub=Hale&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-7091-7544-2&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_W._Toll" title="Ian W. Toll">Toll, Ian W.</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/Twilight_of_the_Gods:_War_in_the_Western_Pacific,_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945">Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945</a>. New York: W. W. Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Gods%3A+War+in+the+Western+Pacific%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (2005). The Battle of Leyte Gulf: The Last Fleet Action. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34528-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34528-6"><bdi>0-253-34528-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Leyte+Gulf%3A+The+Last+Fleet+Action&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-253-34528-6&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" class="extiw" title="commons:Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/IJO/IJO-75.html">United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific) – Interrogations of Japanese Officials</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/rep/Leyte/BatExp/index.html">Battle Experience: Battle for Leyte Gulf</a> [Cominch Secret Information Bulletin No. 22]</li> <li>Orders of battle at NavWeaps.com: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Sibuyan_Sea.htm">Battle of the Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Surigao-Strait.htm">Battle of Surigao Strait</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Cape_Engano.htm">Battle off Cape Engaño</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Samar.htm">Battle off Samar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microworks.net/pacific/battles/leyte_gulf.htm">'Glorious Death: The Battle of Leyte Gulf'</a> by Tim Lanzendörfer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Philippines/index.html">Return to the Philippines</a>: public domain documents from HyperWar Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/leytegulfrevisited.aspx">The Battle for Leyte Gulf Revisited</a> by Irwin J. Kappes</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/japanstaoperation.aspx">Japan's TA-Operation: A Blueprint for Disaster</a> by Irwin J. Kappes</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://combinedfleet.com/battles/Layte_Campaign">"Pacific War Maps | Nihon Kaigun"</a>. combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 11 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+War+Maps+%26%23124%3B+Nihon+Kaigun&rft.pub=combinedfleet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcombinedfleet.com%2Fbattles%2FLayte_Campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Leyte+Gulf" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://combinedfleet.com/atully07.htm">"USS Bergall vs IJN Myōkō: A Tale of Two Cripples"</a> by A. P. Tully</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.library.ccsu.edu/u?/VHP,5427">Oral history interview with Edward Gilbert, a member of the Army Boat Regiment during the Battle of Leyte Gulf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210064343/http://content.library.ccsu.edu/u?/VHP,5427">Archived</a> 10 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308999#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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[\"Ship\"] = 76,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 80,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","17.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","17.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","10.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","180","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","7.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","140","7.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","5.2"],["type","80","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.1"],["[others]","320","16.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ksxdk","timestamp":"20241124160944","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Battle of Leyte Gulf","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q308999","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q308999","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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