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href="#Under_Japanese_military_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Under Japanese military administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Japanese_military_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Laurel_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Laurel_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Under the Laurel administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Laurel_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Osmeña_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Osmeña_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Under the Osmeña administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Osmeña_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Marcos_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Marcos_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Under the Marcos administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Under_the_Marcos_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Under the Marcos administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Marcos_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_roots_and_social_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_roots_and_social_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Economic roots and social unrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_roots_and_social_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marcos'_term_limits_before_martial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marcos'_term_limits_before_martial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Marcos' term limits before martial law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marcos'_term_limits_before_martial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-communist_rhetoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-communist_rhetoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Anti-communist rhetoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-communist_rhetoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents_of_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents_of_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Incidents of unrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents_of_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marcos's_reasons_for_declaring_martial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marcos's_reasons_for_declaring_martial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Marcos's reasons for declaring martial law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marcos's_reasons_for_declaring_martial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_justifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_justifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Official justifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_justifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissenting_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissenting_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Dissenting perspectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissenting_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_mainstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_mainstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.1</span> <span>Political mainstream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_mainstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2.2</span> <span>Economic interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proclamation_of_martial_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclamation_of_martial_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Proclamation of martial law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proclamation_of_martial_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referendum_and_legal_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referendum_and_legal_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Referendum and legal challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referendum_and_legal_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_abuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_abuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Human rights abuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_abuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrests_of_the_media_and_the_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrests_of_the_media_and_the_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Arrests of the media and the opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrests_of_the_media_and_the_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proclamation_2045_and_continued_dictatorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclamation_2045_and_continued_dictatorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Proclamation 2045 and continued dictatorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proclamation_2045_and_continued_dictatorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Arroyo_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Arroyo_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Under the Arroyo administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Arroyo_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Duterte_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Duterte_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Under the Duterte administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Duterte_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Authorized military government in the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about several periods of martial law in the Philippines. For Ferdinand Marcos' declaration of martial law, see <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Proclamation No. 1081</a>. For Rodrigo Duterte's declaration of martial law in Mindanao, see <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._216" title="Proclamation No. 216">Proclamation No. 216</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Batas Militar" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Batas_Militar_(1997_film)" title="Batas Militar (1997 film)">Batas Militar (1997 film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martiallawjf9906_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Martiallawjf9906_09.JPG/220px-Martiallawjf9906_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Martiallawjf9906_09.JPG/330px-Martiallawjf9906_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Martiallawjf9906_09.JPG/440px-Martiallawjf9906_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Martial law monument in <a href="/wiki/Mehan_Garden" title="Mehan Garden">Mehan Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Martial law in the Philippines</b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Batas Militar sa Pilipinas</i>) refers to the various <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">historical instances</a> in which the Philippine <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> placed all or part of the country under <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military control</a><sup id="cite_ref-DeCastro2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeCastro2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—most prominently<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 111">: 111 </span></sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">administration of Ferdinand Marcos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MLin1986_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLin1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StevenRood_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StevenRood-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also during the Philippines' colonial period, during the second world war, and more recently on the island of Mindanao during the administrations of <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GeneNavera_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeneNavera-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alternative term "<b>martial law era</b>" as applied to the Philippines is typically used to describe the Marcos martial law period specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-Miranda2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miranda2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martial law has historically been implemented through the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> and its predecessor bodies,<sup id="cite_ref-DeCastro2005_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeCastro2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davide_Commission_Report_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davide_Commission_Report-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving as the head of state's primary tool for implementing political power<sup id="cite_ref-DeCastro2005_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeCastro2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a reversal of the normal practice of <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control of the military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davide_Commission_Report_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davide_Commission_Report-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NDCPCruzSSR_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDCPCruzSSR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the current Constitution of the Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a>, as head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces, may declare martial law "in case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it."<sup id="cite_ref-CFMRMLMindanao_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFMRMLMindanao-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most countries use a different legal construct like "<a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Typically, its imposition accompanies <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfews</a>, the suspension of <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, and the application or extension of <a href="/wiki/Military_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Military law">military law</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military justice</a> to civilians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to <a href="/wiki/Military_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military tribunal">military tribunals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Enacted by </th> <th>Date commenced </th> <th>Date lifted </th> <th>Territorial extent </th> <th>Legal basis </th></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png/70px-Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png/105px-Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png/140px-Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="2828" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco,_1st_Marquess_of_Pe%C3%B1a_Plata" title="Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquess of Peña Plata">Ramon Blanco</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">August 30, 1896</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">December 10, 1898</a> </td> <td>Provinces of <a href="/wiki/Manila_(province)" title="Manila (province)">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a> </td> <td>Official proclamation stating that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>The civilian government and civilian judicial authorities shall continue functioning in all matters appropriately belonging to their attributes that do not refer to public order and this last matter to whatever the military allows them to do or delegates to them, requiring each one to give the other any news that will reach their knowledge</i></p></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg/70px-Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg/105px-Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg/140px-Gen_Aguinaldo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="387" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_unofficial_Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unofficial Presidents of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></div> </td> <td>May 24, 1898 </td> <td>June 23, 1898 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">nationwide</a> </td> <td>Revolutionary decree instituting a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">dictatorial government</a> under a dictatorial leadership <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>I am compelled to establish a Dictatorial Government with full authority, civil and military, to determine first the real needs of the country</i></p></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_P._Laurel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jose_P._Laurel.jpg/70px-Jose_P._Laurel.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jose_P._Laurel.jpg/105px-Jose_P._Laurel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jose_P._Laurel.jpg/140px-Jose_P._Laurel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="1010" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a></div> </td> <td>September 23, 1944 </td> <td>August 17, 1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">nationwide</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Proclamation No. 29</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>The danger of invasion being imminent and the public safety so requiring, I, Jose P. Laurel, President of the Republic of the Philippines, pursuant to the authority conferred upon me by section 9, article II, of the Constitution, do hereby place the Philippines and all parts thereof under martial law and suspend the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus therein.</i></p></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Marcos_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg/105px-Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymar_%22Mike%22_Galang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymar "Mike" Galang (page does not exist)">Raymar "Mike" Galang</a></div> </td> <td>September 23, 1972<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>January 17, 1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">nationwide</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Proclamation No. 1081</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Proclaiming the State of Martial law in the Philippines</p></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_WEF_2009-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_WEF_2009-crop.jpg/70px-Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_WEF_2009-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_WEF_2009-crop.jpg/105px-Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_WEF_2009-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_WEF_2009-crop.jpg/140px-Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo_WEF_2009-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a></div> </td> <td>December 5, 2009 </td> <td>December 13, 2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao" title="Maguindanao">Province of Maguindanao</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Proclamation No. 1959</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Proclaiming a State of Martial law and suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Province of Maguindanao, except for certain areas</p></blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td nowrap="nowrap"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Rodrigo_Roa_Duterte_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/President_Rodrigo_Roa_Duterte_2017.jpg/70px-President_Rodrigo_Roa_Duterte_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/President_Rodrigo_Roa_Duterte_2017.jpg/105px-President_Rodrigo_Roa_Duterte_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/President_Rodrigo_Roa_Duterte_2017.jpg/140px-President_Rodrigo_Roa_Duterte_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a></div> </td> <td>May 23, 2017 </td> <td>December 31, 2019 </td> <td>Entire <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._216" title="Proclamation No. 216">Proclamation No. 216</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Declaring a State of Martial law and suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Whole of Mindanao</p></blockquote> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_Spanish_colonial_rule">Under Spanish colonial rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Under Spanish colonial rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1871, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Izquierdo_y_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez">Rafael de Izquierdo</a> declared martial law in the provinces of Cavite and Pampanga as a measure against banditry. </p><p>Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> in August 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-salazar_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salazar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=173_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=173-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Blanco,_1st_Marquis_of_Pe%C3%B1a_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquis of Peña Plata">Ramon Blanco</a> declared on August 30 the imposition of martial law in eight provinces: <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Ecija" title="Nueva Ecija">Nueva Ecija</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agoncillo_1990_p=173_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agoncillo_1990_p=173-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manila,_my_Manila_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manila,_my_Manila-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These eight provinces, the first provinces to join the revolution, would later be represented in the eight rays of the sun in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Philippine flag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite such declaration, which provided a 48-hour period in giving amnesty to rebels except their leaders, Blanco adopted a cool, conciliatory stance, seeking to improve Spain's image in the face of world opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-ucm.es_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucm.es-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_the_Aguinaldo_administration">Under the Aguinaldo administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under the Aguinaldo administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, the exiled leader of the revolution, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>, returned to the Philippines from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> with American support on May 19, 1898, to resume the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 23, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Filipino military forces and established a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">dictatorial government</a> with himself styled as "Dictator" instead of "President" as in his previous "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of the Philippines</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 12, at Aguinaldo's ancestral home in Cavite, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Philippines)" title="Independence Day (Philippines)">Philippine independence</a> was proclaimed and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Act of the Declaration of Independence of the Filipino People</a>, which refers to him as "Dictator", was read.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 18, issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 23 another decree signed by Aguinaldo was issued, replacing the Dictatorial Government with a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898-1899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898-1899)">Revolutionary Government</a>, with himself styled as "President" again. Eventually this government would be replaced in turn by the proper <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalaw1927appC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalaw1927appC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_American_colonial_rule">Under American colonial rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under American colonial rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#United_States_Military_Government_(1898–1902)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Military governor</a> Gen. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Jr." title="Arthur MacArthur Jr.">Arthur MacArthur Jr.</a> placed the country under martial law on December 20, 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martial law was proclaimed in Leyte in January 1907.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_Japanese_military_administration">Under Japanese military administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under Japanese military administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 2, 1942, after Manila was captured, the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Forces Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Homma" title="Masaharu Homma">Masaharu Homma</a> proclaimed martial law in all occupied areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_the_Laurel_administration">Under the Laurel administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Under the Laurel administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a> of the wartime <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> placed the Philippines under martial law in 1944 through Proclamation No. 29, dated September 21. Martial law came into effect on September 22, 1944. Proclamation No. 30 was issued the next day, declaring the existence of a state of war between the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. This took effect on September 23, 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_the_Osmeña_administration"><span id="Under_the_Osme.C3.B1a_administration"></span>Under the Osmeña administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Under the Osmeña administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 1986 edition of <i>RR Philippine Almanac: Book of Facts</i>, there was martial law in Nueva Ecija on January 7, 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_the_Marcos_administration">Under the Marcos administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Under the Marcos administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%9386)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1965–86)">History of the Philippines (1965–86)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_%E2%84%96_1081" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation № 1081">Proclamation № 1081</a></div> <p>At 7:17 pm on September 23, 1972, President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> announced that he had placed the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> under martial law, through <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Presidential Proclamation No. 1081</a>, which was dated September 21, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-KaiFrancisco20160922_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaiFrancisco20160922-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked the beginning of a 14-year period of one man rule which would effectively last until Marcos was exiled from the country on February 25, 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos&Pinlac20070901_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos&Pinlac20070901-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KaiFrancisco20160922_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaiFrancisco20160922-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the formal proclamation was lifted on January 17, 1981, Marcos retained virtually all of his powers as dictator until he was ousted by the EDSA Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-OfficialGazetteDeclaration_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfficialGazetteDeclaration-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OfficialGazetteFall_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfficialGazetteFall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he declared martial law in 1972, Marcos claimed that he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> (CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the <a href="/wiki/Mindanao_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindanao Independence Movement">Mindanao Independence Movement</a> (MIM). Opposition figures of the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ta%C3%B1ada" title="Lorenzo Tañada">Lorenzo Tañada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_W._Diokno" class="mw-redirect" title="José W. Diokno">José W. Diokno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jovito_R._Salonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovito R. Salonga">Jovito R. Salonga</a>, accused Marcos of exaggerating these threats, using them as a convenient excuse to consolidate power and extend his reign beyond the two presidential terms allowed by the 1935 constitution. </p><p>After Marcos was ousted, government investigators discovered that the declaration of martial law had also allowed the Marcoses to hide secret stashes of unexplained wealth which various courts<sup id="cite_ref-KaiFrancisco20160922_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KaiFrancisco20160922-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later determined to be "of criminal origin."<sup id="cite_ref-NikdeYnchausti20160924_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NikdeYnchausti20160924-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This 14-year period in Philippine history is remembered for the administration's record of human rights abuses,<sup id="cite_ref-McCoy199909202_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoy199909202-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abinales&Amoroso20052_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abinales&Amoroso20052-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly targeting political opponents, student activists,<sup id="cite_ref-Rappler_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rappler-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. Based on the documentation of Amnesty International, Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, and similar human rights monitoring entities,<sup id="cite_ref-RachelAGReyes201604122_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RachelAGReyes201604122-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historians believe that the Marcos dictatorship was marked by 3,257 known <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killings_and_forced_disappearances_in_the_Philippines" title="Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines">extrajudicial killings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RachelAGReyes201604122_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RachelAGReyes201604122-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 35,000 documented tortures, 737 '<a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">disappeared</a>',<sup id="cite_ref-RachelAGReyes201604122_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RachelAGReyes201604122-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 70,000 incarcerations.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robles2016_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robles2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RachelAGReyes201604122_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RachelAGReyes201604122-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_roots_and_social_unrest">Economic roots and social unrest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic roots and social unrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos_presidential_campaign,_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign, 1969">Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign, 1969</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%9386)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Philippines (1965–86)">Economic history of the Philippines (1965–86)</a></div> <p>Through a very bad combination of loan-funded deficit spending and <a href="/wiki/Edifice_complex" title="Edifice complex">large-scale infrastructure projects</a>, the administration of Ferdinand Marcos became very popular during his first term as president—enough so that <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos_1969_presidential_campaign" title="Ferdinand Marcos 1969 presidential campaign">Marcos ran for reelection in 1969</a> and succeeded in becoming the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Philippine_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Philippine Republic">Third Philippine Republic</a> to be re-elected. To assure this win, Marcos launched US$50 million worth in infrastructure projects in 1969 to create an impression of progress for the electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, this ramp-up on loan-funded government spending led the Marcos administration to its first major economic crisis<sup id="cite_ref-Balbosas1992_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balbosas1992-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cororaton1997_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cororaton1997-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign spending spree was so massive that it caused a <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">balance of payments</a> crisis, so the government was compelled to seek a debt rescheduling plan with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balbosas1992_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balbosas1992-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CamilleDiola_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamilleDiola-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IMF mandated stabilization plan which accompanied the agreement included numerous macroeconomic interventions, including a shift away from the Philippines' historical economic strategy of <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">import substitution industrialization</a> and towards <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">export-oriented industrialization</a>; and the allowing the Philippine Peso to float and devalue.<sup id="cite_ref-Cororaton1997_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cororaton1997-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CamilleDiola_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamilleDiola-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inflationary effect these interventions had on the local economy brought about the social unrest which was the rationalization for the proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Balisacan&Hill2003_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balisacan&Hill2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dohner&IntalInSachs1989_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dohner&IntalInSachs1989-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Marcos won his campaign and was ready for his second inauguration, the Philippines was already being described as a "social volcano ready to explode."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marcos'_term_limits_before_martial_law"><span id="Marcos.27_term_limits_before_martial_law"></span>Marcos' term limits before martial law</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marcos' term limits before martial law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political and economic unrest of the early 1970s continued throughout the three and a half years of Marcos' second term, just as rumors proliferated that he would try to remain in power beyond the two terms allowed him by the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasaysayan9ch10_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasaysayan9ch10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeQuiros1997_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeQuiros1997-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Celoza1997_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celoza1997-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: "32"">: "32" </span></sup> Marcos' move to create a new Philippine constitution by pushing for the creation of the 1971 Philippine Constitutional Convention lent credence to the belief that Marcos wanted to stay in power, especially when delegate <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Quintero_(Filipino_diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Quintero (Filipino diplomat)">Eduardo Quintero</a> implicated <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a> in a payoff scheme for delegates who voted against the "Block Marcos" amendments which would disallow Marcos from running again.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasaysayan9ch10_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasaysayan9ch10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeQuiros1997_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeQuiros1997-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Celoza1997_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celoza1997-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-communist_rhetoric">Anti-communist rhetoric</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anti-communist rhetoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Marcos became president in 1965, the old Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas was a weakened organization, and the Hukbalahap reduced to "what amounted to banditry." The new Communist Party of the Philippines was established in 1968, and was able to form an armed wing in 1969 by allying with Hukbalahap commander <a href="/wiki/Bernabe_Buscayno" title="Bernabe Buscayno">Bernabe Buscayno</a> to create <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RebellionRepressionPh_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RebellionRepressionPh-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: "43"">: "43" </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robles2016_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robles2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the CPP-NPA was only a small force<sup id="cite_ref-RebellionRepressionPh_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RebellionRepressionPh-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: "43"">: "43" </span></sup> and could not present a sizeable threat to the AFP at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-Celoza1997_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celoza1997-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcos painted an image of a huge "communist threat," both to court the Johnson administration's political support in light of its cold war policies, and drumming up local support .as the Philippines was caught up in the same <a href="/wiki/Red_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Red scare">red scare</a> which affected the US.<sup id="cite_ref-RebellionRepressionPh_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RebellionRepressionPh-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: "43"">: "43" </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robles2016_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robles2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richburg&Branigin19890929_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richburg&Branigin19890929-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had the effect of mythologizing the group, with noted security specialist Richard J. Kessler observing that it invested the CPP with "a revolutionary aura that ony attracted more supporters."<sup id="cite_ref-RebellionRepressionPh_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RebellionRepressionPh-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incidents_of_unrest">Incidents of unrest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Incidents of unrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis" title="1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis">1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm" title="First Quarter Storm">First Quarter Storm</a>, <a href="/wiki/MV_Karagatan_incident" title="MV Karagatan incident">MV Karagatan incident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/1972_Manila_bombings" title="1972 Manila bombings">1972 Manila bombings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1972_Enrile_Ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Enrile Ambush">1972 Enrile Ambush</a></div> <p>The effects of the Balance of Payments of Crisis started making themselves felt almost immediately after Marcos second inauguration, setting the stage for several events which Marcos eventually cited as justifications for martial law. This included the First Quarter Storm protests of January to March 1970;<sup id="cite_ref-:8_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-signposts_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signposts-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the MV <i>Karagatan</i> and PMA armoury incidents which were alleged to be efforts of the NPA to acquire arms;<sup id="cite_ref-karagataniwitness_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karagataniwitness-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Plaza Miranda bombing in August 1971;<sup id="cite_ref-doronila_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doronila-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salongastory_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salongastory-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcos' resulting suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, which led to the radicalization of many students; a series of bombings in Metro Manila throughout the first nine months of 1972; and an alleged assassination attempt against Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofileña2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofileña2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic difficulties experienced by Filipinos in the immediate aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis" title="1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis">1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis</a> led to the first major incident of unrest associated with Marcos' proclamation of martial law—the <a href="/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm" title="First Quarter Storm">First Quarter Storm</a>. This was a period of civil unrest from January to March 1970 organized by students and labor groups to protest authoritarianism, alleged election cheating, and corruption under Marcos. Protests were attended by an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-ndfp.org_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ndfp.org-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of this period, at least two activists were confirmed dead and several were injured by the police. </p><p>Another justification the Marcos government cited as a justification for martial law was the acquisition of arms by the <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a>. the 1970 PMA armory raid saw the capture rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers, a bazooka and thousands of rounds of ammunition by NPA forces when <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Military_Academy" title="Philippine Military Academy">Philippine Military Academy</a> instructor Lt. Victor Corpuz defected from the Armed Forces of the Philippines and joined the NPA.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corpuz was involved in yet another attempt to acquire arms for the NPA when he led an unsuccessful attempt to smuggle armaments from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> via the ship MV <i>Karagatan</i> in July 1972, although Marcos' opponents, including <i><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_dictatorship#The_Conjugal_Dictatorship_of_Ferdinand_Marcos_and_Imelda_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugal dictatorship">The Conjugal Dictatorship</a></i> author Primitivo Mijares, the Liberal Party, as well as the Lópezes' <i>Manila Chronicle</i>, called the MV <i>Karagatan</i> incident a "show" or "a hoax".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A specific incident brought up by Marcos as a rationalization for martial law was the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a> of August 21, 1971. Unidentified suspects throwing two fragmentation grenades<sup id="cite_ref-Ilarde_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilarde-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> onto the stage while the opposition (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a>) was having their <i>miting de avance</i> in <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda" title="Plaza Miranda">Plaza Miranda</a>. It took nine lives and left more than 100 people seriously wounded,<sup id="cite_ref-Ilarde_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilarde-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> including <a href="/wiki/Jovito_Salonga" title="Jovito Salonga">Jovito Salonga</a>, who nearly died and was visually impaired ever since. </p><p>Suspicion of responsibility for the blast fell upon Marcos, leading to a landslide win for the Liberal Party's candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasaysayan9ch10_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasaysayan9ch10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later years, Salonga stated in his autobiography that he suspected that the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Sison" class="mw-redirect" title="José María Sison">José María Sison</a> was responsible for the blast<sup id="cite_ref-doronila_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doronila-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salongastory_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salongastory-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—an interpretation later corroborated by unnamed former Communist Party of the Philippines officials interviewed with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> in 1989, which alleged that "Sison had calculated that Marcos could be provoked into cracking down on his opponents, thereby driving thousands of political activists into the underground."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In any case, Marcos responded by suspending the writ of habeas corpus, an act which radicalized many of the Philippines activists, convincing both moderates and radicals that the Marcos administration could only be fought by joining the NPA.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasaysayan9ch10_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasaysayan9ch10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MiclatinArguillas2002_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiclatinArguillas2002-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was then followed by the <a href="/wiki/1972_Manila_bombings" title="1972 Manila bombings">1972 Manila bombings</a>, "about twenty explosions which took place in various locations in Metro Manila in the months after the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a> and immediately preceding <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27_proclamation_of_Martial_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Marcos' proclamation of Martial Law">Ferdinand Marcos' proclamation of Martial Law</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-KatePedroso160921_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KatePedroso160921-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these bombings took place on March 15, 1972, and the last took place on September 11, 1972—twelve days before martial law was announced on September 23 of that year. </p><p>One final incident associated with the proclamation of martial law took place just a handful of hours before Marcos' forces began arresting opposition members—the alleged September 22, 1972 assassination attempt on Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.ph1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.ph1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was some controversy whether the ambush was staged, with Enrile denying that it was staged in his 2012 memoir. However, multiple other accounts including those of former president Fidel V. Ramos,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former Marcos PR strategist Primitivo Mijares,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> businessman Oscar Lopez who lived near the site of the alleged ambush at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-PhoenixLopez_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhoenixLopez-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Enrile's own wife Cristina Enrile, have all stated that the ambush had been faked.<sup id="cite_ref-BonnerWaltzing_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BonnerWaltzing-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enrile himself had publicly stated on February 22, 1986 that the ambush had been faked.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marcos's_reasons_for_declaring_martial_law"><span id="Marcos.27s_reasons_for_declaring_martial_law"></span>Marcos's reasons for declaring martial law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marcos's reasons for declaring martial law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous reasons have been put forward for why Marcos declared martial law in September 1972, some of which were presented by the Marcos administration as official justifications, and some of which were perspectives proposed by the opposition figures, and some of which were later put forward by historians and analysts studying the political economy of the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brillantes1987-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_justifications">Official justifications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Official justifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1987 treatise, <i>Dictatorship & Martial Law: Philippine Authoritarianism in 1972</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> public administration professor Alex Brillantes Jr. identifies three reasons expressed by the Marcos administration, saying that martial law:<sup id="cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brillantes1987-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>was a response to various leftist and rightist plots against the Marcos administration;</li> <li>was just the consequence of political decay after American-style democracy failed to take root in Philippine society; and</li> <li>was a reflection of Filipino society's history of authoritarianism and supposed need for iron-fisted leadership.</li></ul> <p>The first two justifications were explicitly stated in Proclamation 1081, which cited two explicit justifications: "to save the republic" (from various plots); and "to reform society" (after the failure of American-style democracy).<sup id="cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brillantes1987-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third rationalization arose from the administration's propaganda, which portrayed Marcos as a hypermasculine or ultranationalist figure able to compel the obedience of supposedly "spoiled" Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brillantes1987-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissenting_perspectives">Dissenting perspectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dissenting perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Political_mainstream">Political mainstream</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political mainstream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opposition to Marcos' declaration of martial law ran the whole gamut of Philippine society—ranging from impoverished peasants whom the administration tried to chase out of their homes; to the Philippines' political old-guard, whom Marcos had tried to displace from power; to academics and economists who disagreed with the specifics of Marcos' martial law policies. All of these, regardless of their social position or policy beliefs, subscribed to the interpretation that Marcos declared martial law:<sup id="cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brillantes1987-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>as a strategy to enable Ferdinand Marcos to stay in power past the two presidential terms allowed him under Philippine Constitution of 1935; and</li> <li>as a technique for covering up the ill-gotten wealth of Marcos, his family, and his cronies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Economic_interpretations">Economic interpretations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economic interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, some critics who ascribe an economic component to Marcos' motivations,<sup id="cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brillantes1987-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that martial law: </p> <ul><li>was an acquiescence to the global market system, which required tight control of sociopolitical systems so that the country's resources could be exploited efficiently;</li> <li>was a product of the infighting among the families that formed the upper socioeconomic class of Philippine society; and</li> <li>was a connivance between the state powers and the upper-class families to keep the members of the country's lower classes from becoming too powerful.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proclamation_of_martial_law">Proclamation of martial law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Proclamation of martial law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly before midnight on September 22, 1972, Marcos' soldiers began arresting leading figures of the political opposition, beginning with Senator <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_W._Diokno" class="mw-redirect" title="José W. Diokno">José W. Diokno</a>. They continued into the early morning hours, closing down media outlets and arresting outspoken journalists and academics.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those arrested were gathered in <a href="/wiki/Camp_Crame" title="Camp Crame">Camp Crame</a> were Philippine Constabulary chief asked them to cooperate, saying he had received "orders to neutralize [them]," and that he would try to "make things easier" for them.<sup id="cite_ref-MLMPressML_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLMPressML-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By morning on September 23, about a quarter of those whom Marcos had prioritized for arrest were already locked up in Crame, and Manila had gone into a media lockdown. At 7:30 that evening, Marcos announced that he had placed the country under martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.ph1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.ph1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In declaring martial law, Marcos dissolved <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a>, padlocked the doors to the Batasang Pambansa, suspended the writ of habeas corpus and assumed both legislative and executive powers for himself as president, and defrayed the end of his last allowed presidential term under the <a href="/wiki/1935_Constitution_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Constitution of the Philippines">1935 Constitution of the Philippines</a>, which was due to end in fifteen months.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the incidents of social unrest which Marcos eventually claimed led to his decision to declare martial law was the alleged <a href="/wiki/1972_ambush_of_Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="1972 ambush of Juan Ponce Enrile">1972 Enrile ambush</a>, which took place just a few hours before Marcos began making arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-Kasaysayan9ch10_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasaysayan9ch10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Marcos announced that he had signed the formal declaration of martial law on September 21, the day before the ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-OfficialGazetteDeclaration_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfficialGazetteDeclaration-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The implementation of martial law closely reflected Oplan Sagittarius, a military plans leaked to the Philippine Senate by general <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Soliman" title="Marcos Soliman">Marcos Soliman</a> the week before.<sup id="cite_ref-Celoza1997_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celoza1997-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And Marcos aide-turned whistleblower Primitivo Mijares later claimed that "The beginning infrastructure for martial law was actually laid down as early as the first day of his assumption of the Philippine presidency on December 30, 1965."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referendum_and_legal_challenges">Referendum and legal challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Referendum and legal challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Martial_law_in_the_Philippines" title="Talk:Martial law in the Philippines">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While Marcos and Enrile claimed that martial law was designed to "emasculate all the leaders [of the opposition] in order to control the situation" from the beginning,<sup id="cite_ref-PaoloRomero20181026_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaoloRomero20181026-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcos still needed to contend with international criticism and needed the political support of countries like the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To create a mandate for continuing to keep the Philippines under Military rule, Marcos ordered the conduct of several referendums over the next few years, the first of which took place in July 1973. (This should not be confused with the plebiscite that ratified the new constitution, which had been held in January earlier in that year.)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martial law was ratified by 90.77% of the voters in the <a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_martial_law_referendum" title="1973 Philippine martial law referendum">1973 Philippine martial law referendum</a>, although the referendum was marred with controversy. Primitivo Mijares, a Marcos detractor and author of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_Dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugal Dictatorship">Conjugal Dictatorship</a></i>, alleged that there could not have been any valid referendum held from January 10 to 15, 1973 claiming the 35,000 citizen's assemblies never met and that voting was by show of hands.<sup id="cite_ref-philippinesReadr_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philippinesReadr-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-politicalEconomyOfAuthoritarianism_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-politicalEconomyOfAuthoritarianism-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1935 Constitution was replaced with the 1972 Constitution after the new constitution was ratified by 95% of the voters in the <a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite</a>. The Supreme Court affirmed the ratification of the 1972 Constitution in the case of <a href="/wiki/Ratification_Cases" title="Ratification Cases">Javellana vs. Executive Secretary</a>, where the majority of the justices noted that while the 1972 Constitution was improperly ratified because it did not follow the procedure in the 1935 Constitution, there was no stopping the reality that the 1972 Constitution was already in effect.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision became the cornerstone of subsequent decisions whenever the validity of the 1973 Constitution was questioned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_abuses">Human rights abuses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Human rights abuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship</a></div> <p>Under martial law there were widespread excesses and human rights abuses, even while the regime reduced violent urban crime, collected unregistered firearms, and suppressed communist insurgency in some areas;<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liliosa_Hilao" title="Liliosa Hilao">Liliosa Hilao</a> was the first murder victim under Marcos' martial law.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were over 70,000 filed cases of human rights abuses today from this period. Torture methods employed by the army on their victims were extremely inhumane, which included beating, rape, electrocution, animal treatment, and mutilation among others. Many private establishments particularly media companies critical of the government were closed, and the arrest of activists were made through the Philippine Constabulary; many of the abuses were attributed to the latter, which was then headed by future president <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were at least 3,257 extrajudicial killings, 35,000 individual tortures, and 70,000 that were incarcerated. Of the 3,257 killed, some 2,520, or 77 percent of all victims, were salvaged—that is, tortured, mutilated, and dumped on a roadside for public display. It is also reported that 737 Filipinos disappeared between 1975 and 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Civilian_Home_Defense_Forces" title="Integrated Civilian Home Defense Forces">Civilian Home Defense Force</a>, a precursor of Civilian Armed Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU), was organized by President Marcos to battle with the communist and Islamic insurgency problem, has particularly been accused of notoriously inflicting human right violations on leftists, the NPA, Muslim insurgents, and rebels against the Marcos government.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Marcos declared an official end to martial law on January 17, 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the human rights abuses persisted and continued until the end of Marcos' tenure as president following the 1986 EDSA Revolution. In a report<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a> (ICJ) on its mission to the Philippines from 31 December 1983 to 14 January 1984, various human rights abuses such as killing or "salvaging", arbitrary arrests and widespread detention for political crimes, and torture were documented.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These abuses had been given some form of legal color because many of the offenses for which political detainees had been incarcerated were made legal by Marcos in the form of presidential decrees, after he assumed the power of the legislature to enact laws. </p><p>Apart from the continued increase in militarization despite the supposed end of martial law,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mission reported extensive extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances of various individual arrested by or taken by military or state security forces. This practice had been called "salvaging" to mean <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> and extrajudicial killings of individuals last seen with state agents, and found dead days later. In the first nine months of 1983 alone, the Task Force Detainees of the Philippines had reported at least 191 cases of salvaging, a number that may have been grossly underestimated and underreported because of the lack of trained and willing documenters during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrests and detention were also widespread, often in relation to dissent from government policies that was taken as evidence of rebellion, subversion, and connection with the New People's Army.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those arrested and detained were church workers, human rights activists, legal aid lawyers, labor leaders, and journalists. These detainees were often held for long periods of time without trial and released later on for insufficiency of evidence. Marcos' direct involvement with these arrests and detention cannot be denied as any person may be arrested on the basis of a personal order under a <i>presidential commitment order</i> (PCO), and later on, <i>preventive detention action</i> (PDA).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was judicially established that the issuance of a PCO, which justifies an arrest, was the exclusive prerogative of the president;<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Marcos authorized many of the arrests is widely documented. </p><p>Moreover, many of the detainees were subjected to torture and inhumane treatment. Political prisoners of advanced age were denied or not given adequate access to medical treatment, contributing to the deterioration of their health.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners were placed in small detention cells unfit for human living conditions, often shared with other detainees. Various forms of torture such as repeated physical beating, cigarette burning, genital mutilation, asphyxiation and waterboarding became common reports of detainees. Some detainees were also taken to "safehouses" or unknown detention locations to prevent access by the families and lawyers.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Hamletting" or the herding of rural residents into a special camp by military or state authorities was also common. Residents were uprooted from their homes and relocated in special grouping centers supposedly to keep them from the NPA. However, many farmers and residents who were forced to leave their homes claim that the true intent was to displace them from their land so that corporations or government officials may gain access and use of said lands.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the government denied authorizing the hamletting through the issuance of the so-called Enrile Memorandum in March 1982, incidents of hamletting tripled by 1984. People who were displaced lost access to their livelihood and properties, and had no access to adequate housing, safe drinking water and sanitation in their places of relocation. The Integrated bar of the Philippines opposed hamletting because it constituted restriction on the freedom of movement and was a violation of the liberty of abode and freedom to travel. It also mean deprivation of property without due process as the hamletting was implemented by force and often with threat of bodily harm to the residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although these abuses happened nationwide, they were particularly pervasive in Mindanao where about 60 percent of military force had been concentrated.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly, military power was extensively deployed to Mindanao not just to quell the NPA and the Moro National Liberation Front but to facilitate the penetration of multi-national business concerns. Settlers and tribal groups have been evicted from their lands, and those who had legitimate grievances were suppressed by the military.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrests_of_the_media_and_the_opposition">Arrests of the media and the opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arrests of the media and the opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After martial law was declared, critics of the government were arrested, which included then Senators <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a> and José W. Diokno, and Manila journalists—<i>Manila Times</i> publisher <a href="/wiki/Chino_Roces" title="Chino Roces">Chino Roces</a> and columnist <a href="/wiki/Max_Soliven" title="Max Soliven">Max Soliven</a>; <i>Manila Chronicle</i> publisher <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Lopez_Jr." title="Eugenio Lopez Jr.">Eugenio Lopez Jr.</a> and his editor <a href="/wiki/Amando_Doronila" title="Amando Doronila">Amando Doronila</a>; <i>Philippines Free</i> publisher-editor <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Locs%C3%ADn_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Teodoro Locsín Sr.">Teodoro Locsín Sr.</a> and his staff writer <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_G._Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon G. Rama">Napoleon Rama</a>; and Press Foundation of Asia joint executive Juan L. Mercado.<sup id="cite_ref-Silliman1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silliman1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of those who were arrested were later freed without charges, but <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a> was charged and convicted along with his two co-accused, <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">NPA</a> leaders <a href="/wiki/Bernabe_Buscayno" title="Bernabe Buscayno">Bernabe Buscayno</a> (Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, of illegal possession of fire arms, subversion, and murder, and was sentenced by a military court to death by firing squad. The death sentence was never carried out by the Marcos government.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government captured NPA leaders <a href="/wiki/Bernabe_Buscayno" title="Bernabe Buscayno">Bernabe Buscayno</a> in 1976 and <a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> in an interview with unnamed former Philippine Communist Party officials, stated that, "they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling "guests" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the Philippines".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proclamation_2045_and_continued_dictatorship">Proclamation 2045 and continued dictatorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Proclamation 2045 and continued dictatorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Martial law was lifted by President Marcos on January 17, 1981, through Proclamation 2045.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Marcos continued to rule the country while retaining virtually all of the executive powers he held as dictator, through a combination of the 1972 constitution and the various decrees he had put in place before martial law, which all remained in effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Santos&Pinlac20070901_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santos&Pinlac20070901-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OfficialGazetteFall_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfficialGazetteFall-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This continued until 1986 when he went to exile after the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> which was also the time for military officers to defend their wealth, according to journalist <a href="/wiki/Rene_Alviar" title="Rene Alviar">Rene Alviar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_the_Arroyo_administration">Under the Arroyo administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Under the Arroyo administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_massacre" title="Maguindanao massacre">Maguindanao massacre</a></div> <p>On December 4, 2009, through Proclamation No. 1959, President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> officially placed Maguindanao province under a state of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>, thereby suspending the privilege of the writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita said the step was taken to avert the escalation of "lawless" violence in the province and pave the way for the swift arrest of the suspects in the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the declaration, authorities carried out a raid on a warehouse owned by Andal Ampatuan Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The raid resulted in the confiscation of more than 330,000 rounds of <a href="/wiki/5.56%C3%9745mm_NATO" title="5.56×45mm NATO">5.56×45mm NATO</a> ammunition, a <a href="/wiki/High_Mobility_Multipurpose_Wheeled_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle">Humvee</a>, and an improvised <a href="/wiki/Armored_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored vehicle">armored vehicle</a>. Twenty <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militiamen</a> were arrested on the premises. Captain James Nicolas of Special Forces was able to retrieve more high powered firearms and ammo after the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of martial law in Maguindanao was lifted on December 13, 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_the_Duterte_administration">Under the Duterte administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Under the Duterte administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._216" title="Proclamation No. 216">Proclamation No. 216</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martial_law_in_Mindanao_2017_doc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Martial_law_in_Mindanao_2017_doc.jpg/220px-Martial_law_in_Mindanao_2017_doc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Martial_law_in_Mindanao_2017_doc.jpg/330px-Martial_law_in_Mindanao_2017_doc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Martial_law_in_Mindanao_2017_doc.jpg/440px-Martial_law_in_Mindanao_2017_doc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation Number 216 declaring martial law in Mindanao.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due the escalation of conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and clashes in <a href="/wiki/Marawi" title="Marawi">Marawi</a> City related to the <a href="/wiki/Maute_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Maute Group">Maute Group</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> placed <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and its nearby islands under martial law at 10:00 p.m. (UTC+8) on May 23, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was announced during a briefing held in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, where President Duterte was on an official visit, and was in effect for 60 days. Presidential Spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Abella" title="Ernesto Abella">Ernesto Abella</a> said the declaration was possible given the "existence of rebellion," while Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Alan_Peter_Cayetano" title="Alan Peter Cayetano">Alan Peter Cayetano</a> explained that the step was taken with of "the safety, the lives and property of people of Mindanao" in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Implementation is to be pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution">1987 Constitution</a>, which provides for a maximum 60-day-state of martial law without Congress approval for extension, the continuation of government functions, and the safeguard of individual freedoms. However, President Duterte insisted that it will not be any different from martial law under President Marcos.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the declaration does not currently affect citizens and government units in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, President Duterte suggested that he might extend martial law to the entire country if needed to "protect the people."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imposition of martial rule has been generally peaceful in Davao City and other major cities in Mindanao, except Lanao del Sur and <a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a> communities in the eastern and southern provinces. </p><p>Lumads, or the non-Muslim indigenous peoples of Mindanao, have been vocally against the imposition of martial rule due to the past experience of martial law during the Marcos dictatorship. After three months since the imposition of martial rule, numerous human rights violations were recorded by independent human rights organizations. Among these violations caused by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a> were the bombing of Lumad schools, the food blockade against Lumad communities which forced Lumads to go hungry and move away from their ancestral lands, the capturing of ancestral lands from indigenous Lumads, the killing of suspected Lumads who are reportedly part of the NPA despite no concrete investigation, the censorship of various media outlets in Lumad communities, and the killing of numerous Lumad leaders, which has led to a blow in Lumad morale. President Rodrigo Duterte himself voiced his approval on the bombing of Lumad schools through a public speech.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reports also surfaced during and after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Marawi">Battle of Marawi</a>, stating that members of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a> stole jewelries.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martial_law_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DeCastro2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeCastro2005_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeCastro2005_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeCastro2005_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDe_Castro2005" class="citation journal cs1">De Castro, Renato Cruz (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/jssm/jssm_3_1/jssm_3_1_car01.pdf">"The Dilemma Between Democratic Control versus Military Reforms: The Case of the AFP Modernisation. Program, 1991–2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Security Sector Management</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Security+Sector+Management&rft.atitle=The+Dilemma+Between+Democratic+Control+versus+Military+Reforms%3A+The+Case+of+the+AFP+Modernisation.+Program%2C+1991%E2%80%932004&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=De+Castro&rft.aufirst=Renato+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciaotest.cc.columbia.edu%2Folj%2Fjssm%2Fjssm_3_1%2Fjssm_3_1_car01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miranda2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miranda2001_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miranda2001_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda2001" class="citation book cs1">Miranda, Felipe B. (2001). "The Political Economy of National Plunder:The Philippines Under Martial Law". <i>Memory, truth telling, and the pursuit of justice: a Conference on the Legacies of the Marcos Dictatorship</i>. [Quezon City]: Published and exclusively distributed by the Office of Research and Publications, Ateneo de Manila University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-373-X" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-373-X"><bdi>971-550-373-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48517053">48517053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+National+Plunder%3AThe+Philippines+Under+Martial+Law&rft.btitle=Memory%2C+truth+telling%2C+and+the+pursuit+of+justice%3A+a+Conference+on+the+Legacies+of+the+Marcos+Dictatorship.&rft.place=%5BQuezon+City%5D&rft.pub=Published+and+exclusively+distributed+by+the+Office+of+Research+and+Publications%2C+Ateneo+de+Manila+University&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48517053&rft.isbn=971-550-373-X&rft.aulast=Miranda&rft.aufirst=Felipe+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLin1986-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MLin1986_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/martial-law-in-the-new-constitution/">"Martial Law in the New Constitution"</a>. <i>Martial Law Museum</i>. Ateneo de Manila University<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Esquire+Magazine+Philippines&rft.atitle=The+tallies+of+Martial+Law&rft.date=2016-09-24&rft.aulast=de+Ynchausti&rft.aufirst=Nik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquiremag.ph%2Fpolitics%2Fmartial-law-tallies-a1576-20160924-lfrm4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCoy199909202-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCoy199909202_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html">"Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>. 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October 30, 1985. Volume 99, Issue 435 of S. hrg, United States Congress</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kasaysayan9ch10-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kasaysayan9ch10_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kasaysayan9ch10_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kasaysayan9ch10_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kasaysayan9ch10_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kasaysayan9ch10_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagno1998" class="citation book cs1">Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". <i>Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn</i>. 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Pasig: Foundation for Worldwide People's Power. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9719167037" title="Special:BookSources/978-9719167037"><bdi>978-9719167037</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39051509">39051509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Aim%3A+How+Marcos+Ambushed+Philippine+Democracy&rft.place=Pasig&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Worldwide+People%27s+Power&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39051509&rft.isbn=978-9719167037&rft.aulast=De+Quiros&rft.aufirst=Conrado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Celoza1997-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Celoza1997_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celoza1997_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celoza1997_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Celoza1997_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeloza1997" class="citation book cs1">Celoza, Albert F. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp3U1oCNKlgC&q=celoza+sagittarius+soliman&pg=PA32"><i>Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275941376" title="Special:BookSources/9780275941376"><bdi>9780275941376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ferdinand+Marcos+and+the+Philippines%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Authoritarianism&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780275941376&rft.aulast=Celoza&rft.aufirst=Albert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSp3U1oCNKlgC%26q%3Dceloza%2Bsagittarius%2Bsoliman%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RebellionRepressionPh-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RebellionRepressionPh_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RebellionRepressionPh_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RebellionRepressionPh_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RebellionRepressionPh_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn)1989" class="citation book cs1">John), Kessler, Richard J. (Richard (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rebellionrepress0000kess"><i>Rebellion and repression in the Philippines</i></a></span>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300044065" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300044065"><bdi>978-0300044065</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19266663">19266663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebellion+and+repression+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19266663&rft.isbn=978-0300044065&rft.aulast=John%29&rft.aufirst=Kessler%2C+Richard+J.+%28Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frebellionrepress0000kess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirmer1987" class="citation book cs1">Schirmer, Daniel B. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philippinesreade00schi"><i>The Philippines reader: a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance</i></a> (1st ed.). Boston: South End Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896082762" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896082762"><bdi>978-0896082762</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14214735">14214735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines+reader%3A+a+history+of+colonialism%2C+neocolonialism%2C+dictatorship%2C+and+resistance&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14214735&rft.isbn=978-0896082762&rft.aulast=Schirmer&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilippinesreade00schi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richburg&Branigin19890929-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richburg&Branigin19890929_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichburgBranigin1989" class="citation news cs1">Richburg, Keith B.; Branigin, William (September 29, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/09/29/ferdinand-marcos-dies-in-hawaii-at-72/d1c26275-d9bd-4bfd-8934-c2a02ff4ab51/">"FERDINAND MARCOS DIES IN HAWAII AT 72"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Signposts+in+the+History+of+Activism+in+the+University+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2013-02-06&rft.aulast=Guillermo&rft.aufirst=Ramon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.up.edu.ph%2Fsignposts-in-the-history-of-activism-in-the-university-of-the-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karagataniwitness-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karagataniwitness_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2012/07/30/832892/untold-story-karagatan-i-witness">"Untold story of Karagatan in I-Witness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_STAR" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippine STAR">The Philippine STAR</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+STAR&rft.atitle=Untold+story+of+Karagatan+in+I-Witness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fentertainment%2F2012%2F07%2F30%2F832892%2Funtold-story-karagatan-i-witness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doronila-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doronila_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doronila_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoronila2007" class="citation news cs1">Doronila, Amando (August 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view_article.php?article_id=84405">"Politics of violence"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=42+years+ago%3A+Suspicious%2C+blinding+lights+preceded+bombing+at+Plaza+Miranda&rft.aulast=Ilarde&rft.aufirst=Eddie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F470563%2F42-years-ago-suspicious-blinding-lights-preceded-bombing-at-plaza-miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/08/04/ex-communists-party-behind-manila-bombing/b987c165-4f26-4609-aeb5-cd05134c0cec">"EX-COMMUNISTS PARTY BEHIND MANILA BOMBING"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. August 4, 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=EX-COMMUNISTS+PARTY+BEHIND+MANILA+BOMBING&rft.date=1989-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1989%2F08%2F04%2Fex-communists-party-behind-manila-bombing%2Fb987c165-4f26-4609-aeb5-cd05134c0cec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiclatinArguillas2002-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MiclatinArguillas2002_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiclat2002" class="citation book cs1">Miclat, Gus (2002). "Our Lives Were Never The Same Again". <i>Turning Rage Into Courage: Mindanao under Martial Law, Vol. 1</i>. By Arguillas, Carolyn O. MindaNews Publications (Mindanao News and Information Cooperative Center).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Our+Lives+Were+Never+The+Same+Again&rft.btitle=Turning+Rage+Into+Courage%3A+Mindanao+under+Martial+Law%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=MindaNews+Publications+%28Mindanao+News+and+Information+Cooperative+Center%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Miclat&rft.aufirst=Gus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KatePedroso160921-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KatePedroso160921_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedrosoGeneralao2016" class="citation web cs1">Pedroso, Kate; Generalao, Minerva (September 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/817651/september-1972-recalling-the-last-days-and-hours-of-democracy">"September 1972: Recalling the last days and hours of democracy"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=September+1972%3A+Recalling+the+last+days+and+hours+of+democracy&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft.aulast=Pedroso&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Generalao%2C+Minerva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F817651%2Fseptember-1972-recalling-the-last-days-and-hours-of-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov.ph1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gov.ph1_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov.ph1_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160601/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/09/21/proclamation-no-1081/">"PROCLAMATION No. 1081: PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES"</a>. September 21, 1972. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1972/09/21/proclamation-no-1081/">the original</a> on October 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PROCLAMATION+No.+1081%3A+PROCLAIMING+A+STATE+OF+MARTIAL+LAW+IN+THE+PHILIPPINES&rft.date=1972-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1972%2F09%2F21%2Fproclamation-no-1081%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobles2016" class="citation book cs1">Robles, Raissa (2016). <i>Marcos Martial Law: Never Again</i>. Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786219544313" title="Special:BookSources/9786219544313"><bdi>9786219544313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcos+Martial+Law%3A+Never+Again&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Filipinos+for+a+Better+Philippines%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9786219544313&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Raissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMijares2016" class="citation book cs1">Mijares, Primitivo (2016). <i>The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1523292196" title="Special:BookSources/978-1523292196"><bdi>978-1523292196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conjugal+Dictatorship+of+Ferdinand+and+Imelda+Marcos&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1523292196&rft.aulast=Mijares&rft.aufirst=Primitivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/442/">"The Night of the Declaration"</a>. <i>Martial Law Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Martial+Law+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Night+of+the+Declaration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmartiallawmuseum.ph%2Fmagaral%2F442%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhoenixLopez-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhoenixLopez_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigo2000" class="citation book cs1">Rodrigo, Raul (2000). <i>Phoenix: the saga of the Lopez family</i> (1st ed.). Manila: Eugenio Lopez Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92114-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/971-92114-1-5"><bdi>971-92114-1-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45583759">45583759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenix%3A+the+saga+of+the+Lopez+family&rft.place=Manila&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Eugenio+Lopez+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45583759&rft.isbn=971-92114-1-5&rft.aulast=Rodrigo&rft.aufirst=Raul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BonnerWaltzing-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BonnerWaltzing_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnerBonner1987" class="citation book cs1">Bonner, William; Bonner, Raymond (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6nUaAQAAIAAJ"><i>Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy</i></a>. Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-1326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-1326-2"><bdi>978-0-8129-1326-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waltzing+with+a+Dictator%3A+The+Marcoses+and+the+Making+of+American+Policy&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-1326-2&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Bonner%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6nUaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobles2012" class="citation web cs1">Robles, Raissa (November 7, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/insights/11/06/12/enrile-retracts-act-contrition-he-made-when-he-thought-he-was-facing-death-1">"Enrile retracts 'Act of Contrition' he made when he thought he was facing death in 1986"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Enrile+retracts+%27Act+of+Contrition%27+he+made+when+he+thought+he+was+facing+death+in+1986&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Raissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fblogs%2Finsights%2F11%2F06%2F12%2Fenrile-retracts-act-contrition-he-made-when-he-thought-he-was-facing-death-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brillantes1987-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brillantes1987_66-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrillantes1987" class="citation book cs1">Brillantes, Alex B. Jr. (1987). <i>Dictatorship & martial law: Philippine authoritarianism in 1972</i>. Quezon City, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">University of the Philippines Diliman</a> <a href="/wiki/UP_National_College_of_Public_Administration_and_Governance" title="UP National College of Public Administration and Governance">School of Public Administration</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9718567012" title="Special:BookSources/978-9718567012"><bdi>978-9718567012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictatorship+%26+martial+law%3A+Philippine+authoritarianism+in+1972&rft.place=Quezon+City%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Diliman+School+of+Public+Administration&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-9718567012&rft.aulast=Brillantes&rft.aufirst=Alex+B.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/martial-law-40th-anniversary/#Timeline">"Martial Law 40th Anniversary"</a>. <i>Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martial+Law+Museum&rft.atitle=Breaking+the+News%3A+Silencing+the+Media+Under+Martial+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmartiallawmuseum.ph%2Fmagaral%2Fbreaking-the-news-silencing-the-media-under-martial-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartial+law+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2016" class="citation web cs1">Ocampo, Ambeth R. 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martial law in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">1965 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugal dictatorship">Conjugal dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_rebellion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist rebellion in the Philippines">Communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">Sabah claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabidah_massacre" title="Jabidah massacre">Jabidah massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manili_massacre" title="Manili massacre">Manili massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">1969 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_balance_of_payments_crisis" title="1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis">1969 balance of payments crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm" title="First Quarter Storm">First Quarter Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agrarian_Reform" title="Department of Agrarian Reform">Agrarian reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diliman_Commune" title="Diliman Commune">Diliman Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Miranda_bombing" title="Plaza Miranda bombing">Plaza Miranda bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_ambush_of_Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="1972 ambush of Juan Ponce Enrile">1972 Enrile ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Proclamation No. 1081</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Fourth_Republic_(1973)" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1973 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Sacred_Heart_Novitiate_raid" title="1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid">1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edifice_complex" title="Edifice complex">Construction of "edifice complex" projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Batasang_Pambansa" title="Interim Batasang Pambansa">Interim Batasang Pambansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz#Veneration" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ninoy_Aquino" title="Assassination of Ninoy Aquino">Assassination of Ninoy Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_famine" title="Negros famine">Negros famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Military history of the Philippines during the Marcos dictatorship">Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">Snap elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_People_Power_Revolution" title="Timeline of the People Power Revolution">Timeline of the People Power Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses">Human rights <br />abuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_torture_methods_used_by_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="List of torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship">Torture methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_detainees_under_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship">Political detainees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimbang_massacre" title="Palimbang massacre">Palimbang massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Philippines#Tictapul" title="List of massacres in the Philippines">Tictapul massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Trajano" title="Archimedes Trajano">Murder of Archimedes Trajano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macli-ing_Dulag" title="Macli-ing Dulag">Murder of Macli-ing Dulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daet_massacre" title="Daet massacre">Daet massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culasi#1981_Bacong_Bridge_Massacre" title="Culasi">Bacong Bridge massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Escandor" title="Juan Escandor">Murder of Juan "Johnny" Escandor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Orcullo" title="Alex Orcullo">Murder of Alex Orcullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_massacre" title="Escalante massacre">Escalante massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beew_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Beew massacre">Beew massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unexplained_wealth_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family">Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_mansions" title="Marcos mansions">Marcos mansions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_jewels" title="Marcos jewels">Marcos jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_landholdings_of_the_Marcos_family" title="Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family">Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Japanese_ODA_scandal" title="Marcos Japanese ODA scandal">Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Levy_Fund_scam" title="Coco Levy Fund scam">Coco Levy Fund scam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Roxas" title="Rogelio Roxas">Golden Buddha theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataan_Nuclear_Power_Plant#Controversy" title="Bataan Nuclear Power Plant">Bataan Nuclear Power Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cronies_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos">Cronies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcos_family" title="Marcos family">Relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolex_12" title="Rolex 12">Rolex 12</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danding_Cojuangco" title="Danding Cojuangco">Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_Espino" title="Romeo Espino">Romeo Espino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Ver" title="Fabian Ver">Fabian Ver</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Asistio" title="Boy Asistio">Macario Asistio Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Benedicto" title="Roberto Benedicto">Roberto Benedicto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Yao_Campos" title="Jose Yao Campos">José Yao Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Elizalde" title="Manuel Elizalde">Manuel Elizalde Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Floirendo_Sr." title="Antonio Floirendo Sr.">Antonio Floirendo Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imee_Marcos" title="Imee Marcos">María Imelda "Imee" Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ongpin" title="Roberto Ongpin">Roberto Ongpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Romualdez" title="Benjamin Romualdez">Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Santiago_Sr." title="Ignacio Santiago Sr.">Ignacio Santiago Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Silverio" title="Ricardo Silverio">Ricardo Silverio</a></li> <li>Florentino Sanico Solon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Tan" title="Lucio Tan">Lucio Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Tolentino" title="Arturo Tolentino">Arturo Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Y%C3%B1iguez" title="Nicanor Yñiguez">Nicanor Yñiguez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cabinet Technocrats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Virata" title="Cesar Virata">Cesar Virata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onofre_Corpuz" title="Onofre Corpuz">Onofre Corpuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Fabella" title="Armand Fabella">Armand Fabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_C._Laya" title="Jaime C. Laya">Jaime C. Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placido_Mapa_Jr." title="Placido Mapa Jr.">Placido Mapa Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Romulo" title="Carlos P. Romulo">Carlos P. Romulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_force_opposition_to_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Middle force opposition to the Marcos dictatorship">Mainstream opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Leaders</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butz_Aquino" title="Butz Aquino">Agapito "Butz" Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cory Aquino">Corazon C. "Cory" Aquino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_W._Diokno" title="Jose W. Diokno">José W. "Ka Pepe" Diokno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Laurel" title="Salvador Laurel">Salvador H. "Doy" Laurel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Roxas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerry Roxas">Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovito_R._Salonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovito R. Salonga">Jovito R. "Ka Jovy" Salonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Cardinal Jaime Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_M._Ta%C3%B1ada" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo M. Tañada">Lorenzo M. "Ka Tanny" Tañada Sr.</a></li></ul> <p><b>Business sector opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Concepcion_Jr." title="Jose Concepcion Jr.">Jose S. Concepcion Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_M._Guevara,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Domingo M. Guevara, Sr.">Domingo M. Guevara, Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geny_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Geny Lopez">Eugenio "Geny" Lopez Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Ongpin" title="Jaime Ongpin">Jaime Ongpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Yuchengco" title="Alfonso Yuchengco">Alfonso Yuchengco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Yuyitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintin Yuyitung">Quintin Yuyitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Yuyitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizal Yuyitung">Rizal Yuyitung</a></li></ul> <p><b>Political sector opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Amatong" title="Jacobo Amatong">Jacobo Amatong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joker_Arroyo" title="Joker Arroyo">Ceferino "Joker" Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejomar_Binay" title="Jejomar Binay">Jejomar Binay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesar_Climaco" title="Cesar Climaco">Cesar Climaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peping_Cojuangco" title="Peping Cojuangco">Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingting_Cojuangco" title="Tingting Cojuangco">Margarita "Tingting" Cojuangco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Concepcion" title="Roberto Concepcion">Roberto Concepcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilario_Davide_Jr." title="Hilario Davide Jr.">Hilario Davide Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Fernan" title="Marcelo Fernan">Marcelo Fernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptali_Gonzales" title="Neptali Gonzales">Neptali Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_M._Gonzalez" title="Raul M. Gonzalez">Raul M. Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofisto_Guingona_Jr." title="Teofisto Guingona Jr.">Teofisto Guingona Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribomapil_Holganza_Sr." title="Ribomapil Holganza Sr.">Ribomapil "Dodong" Holganza Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelio_Javier" title="Evelio Javier">Evelio Javier</a></li> <li>Vicente Jayme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Estrada_Kalaw" title="Eva Estrada Kalaw">Eva Estrada Kalaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_B._Lingad" class="mw-redirect" title="José B. Lingad">José B. Lingad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Maceda" title="Ernesto Maceda">Ernesto Maceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_Manglapus" title="Raul Manglapus">Raul Manglapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivo_Mijares" title="Primitivo Mijares">Primitivo Mijares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Mitra_Jr." title="Ramon Mitra Jr.">Ramon Mitra Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Serge Osmeña">Sergio "Serge" Osmeña III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosio_Padilla" title="Ambrosio Padilla">Ambrosio Padilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Mu%C3%B1oz-Palma" title="Cecilia Muñoz-Palma">Cecilia Muñoz-Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Paterno" title="Vicente Paterno">Vicente Paterno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquilino_Pimentel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Aquilino Pimentel Jr.">Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Quintero_(diplomat)" title="Eduardo Quintero (diplomat)">Eduardo Quintero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Duterte" title="Soledad Duterte">Soledad Roa Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soc_Rodrigo" title="Soc Rodrigo">Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.B.L._Reyes" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B.L. Reyes">Jose Benedicto Luis "J.B.L." Reyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rene_Saguisag" title="Rene Saguisag">Rene Saguisag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Sarmiento" title="Abraham Sarmiento">Abraham Sarmiento Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigberto_Ta%C3%B1ada" title="Wigberto Tañada">Wigberto Tañada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Teehankee" title="Claudio Teehankee">Claudio Teehankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydee_Yorac" title="Haydee Yorac">Haydee Yorac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calixto_Zaldivar" title="Calixto Zaldivar">Calixto Zaldivar</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Religious_sector_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Religious sector resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Religious sector opposition</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zacarias_Agatep" title="Zacarias Agatep">Zacarias Agatep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Bacani_Jr." title="Teodoro Bacani Jr.">Teodoro Bacani Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariani_Dimaranan" title="Mariani Dimaranan">Mariani Dimaranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Dizon" title="Joe Dizon">Joe Dizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullio_Favali" title="Tullio Favali">Tullio Favali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocencio_Ipong" class="mw-redirect" title="Inocencio Ipong">Inocencio Ipong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelo_Magalit" title="Isabelo Magalit">Isabelo Magalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_John_Mananzan" title="Mary John Mananzan">Mary John Mananzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violeta_Marcos" title="Violeta Marcos">Violeta Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifico_Ortiz" title="Pacifico Ortiz">Pacifico Ortiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifico_Osorio" title="Magnifico Osorio">Magnifico Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Purugganan" title="Miguel Purugganan">Miguel Purugganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reuter" title="James Reuter">James Reuter</a></li> <li>Rudy Romano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Christine_Tan" title="Mary Christine Tan">Mary Christine Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Tayag" title="Carlos Tayag">Carlos Tayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Vidal" title="Ricardo Vidal">Ricardo Vidal</a></li> <li>The Magnificent Seven (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Claver" title="Francisco Claver">Francisco Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_O._Escaler" title="Federico O. Escaler">Federico Escaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fortich" title="Antonio Fortich">Antonio Fortich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Xavier_Labayen" title="Julio Xavier Labayen">Julio Xavier Labayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Quevedo" title="Orlando Quevedo">Orlando Quevedo</a></li> <li>Felix Perez</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Varela" title="Jesus Varela">Jesus Varela</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic and cultural <br />sector opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Academics and cultural workers</b> <br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Aguilar" title="Freddie Aguilar">Freddie Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APO_Hiking_Society" title="APO Hiking Society">APO Hiking Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danny_Javier" title="Danny Javier">Danny Javier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boboy_Garrovillo" title="Boboy Garrovillo">Boboy Garrovillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Paredes" title="Jim Paredes">Jim Paredes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lualhati_Bautista" title="Lualhati Bautista">Lualhati Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Brocka" title="Lino Brocka">Lino Brocka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Bernal" title="Ishmael Bernal">Ishmael Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Cabangon" title="Noel Cabangon">Noel Cabangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedicto_Cabrera" title="Benedicto Cabrera">Benedicto Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behn_Cervantes" title="Behn Cervantes">Behn Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Renato Constantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilda_Cordero_Fernando" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilda Cordero Fernando">Gilda Cordero Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Dalisay" class="mw-redirect" title="Butch Dalisay">Butch Dalisay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jerks" title="The Jerks">The Jerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Joaquin" title="Nick Joaquin">Nick Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lacaba" title="Emmanuel Lacaba">Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inang_Laya" title="Inang Laya">Inang Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricky_Lee" title="Ricky Lee">Ricky Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeste_Legaspi" title="Celeste Legaspi">Celeste Legaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_P._Lopez" title="Salvador P. Lopez">Salvador P. Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienvenido_Lumbera" title="Bienvenido Lumbera">Bienvenido Lumbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah_Navarro" title="Leah Navarro">Leah Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Nemenzo_Jr." title="Francisco Nemenzo Jr.">Francisco Nemenzo Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Nepomuceno" title="Willie Nepomuceno">Willie Nepomuceno</a></li> <li>Bibeth Orteza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Z._Ortigas" title="Gaston Z. Ortigas">Gaston Z. "Gasty" Ortigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Prudente" title="Nemesio Prudente">Nemesio Prudente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidlat_Tahimik" title="Kidlat Tahimik">Kidlat Tahimik</a></li> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Student_activism_in_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931972)" title="Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)">Student activists</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_Alejandro" title="Lean Alejandro">Lean Alejandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Ang_Sinco" title="Edgar Ang Sinco">Edgar Ang Sinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bautista" title="Manuel Bautista">Manuel Bautista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neri_Colmenares" title="Neri Colmenares">Neri Colmenares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliosa_Hilao" title="Liliosa Hilao">Liliosa Hilao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Engineering#Martial_law" title="University of the Philippines College of Engineering">Antonio Hilario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boni_Ilagan" title="Boni Ilagan">Bonifacio Ilagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jopson" title="Edgar Jopson">Edgar Jopson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Lamangan" title="Joel Lamangan">Joel Lamangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Araullo" title="Carol Araullo">Carol Pagaduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Palabay" title="Armando Palabay">Armando Palabay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tish_Pascual-Ladlad" title="Tish Pascual-Ladlad">Tish Pascual-Ladlad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Principe" title="Nestor Principe">Nestor Principe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Quimpo" title="Susan Quimpo">Susan Quimpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Sarmiento_Jr." title="Abraham Sarmiento Jr.">Abraham Sarmiento Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tagamolila" title="Antonio Tagamolila">Antonio Tagamolila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Trajano" title="Archimedes Trajano">Archimedes Trajano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tagalog_10" title="Southern Tagalog 10">Southern Tagalog 10</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cristina_Catalla" title="Cristina Catalla">Cristina Catalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Faustino" title="Gerry Faustino">Gerardo Faustino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizalina_Ilagan" title="Rizalina Ilagan">Rizalina Ilagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Sales" title="Jessica Sales">Jessica Sales</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Left-wing opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Agcaoili" title="Fidel Agcaoili">Fidel Agcaoili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_Alejandro" title="Lean Alejandro">Lean Alejandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrado_Balweg" title="Conrado Balweg">Conrado Balweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorena_Barros" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorena Barros">Lorena Barros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Beltran" title="Crispin Beltran">Crispin Beltran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernabe_Buscayno" title="Bernabe Buscayno">Bernabe Buscayno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Corpus" title="Victor Corpus">Victor Corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maita_Gomez" title="Maita Gomez">Maita Gomez</a></li> <li>Luis Jalandoni</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lacaba" title="Emmanuel Lacaba">Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filemon_Lagman" title="Filemon Lagman">Filemon Lagman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satur_Ocampo" title="Satur Ocampo">Satur Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Martyrs_and_heroes_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Workers' resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Felixberto Olalia Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_resistance_against_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Martyrs_and_heroes_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Workers' resistance against the Marcos dictatorship">Rolando Olalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo_Tayag" title="Nilo Tayag">Nilo Tayag</a></li> <li>Crispin Tagamolila</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Tiamzon" title="Benito Tiamzon">Benito Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Tiamzon" title="Wilma Tiamzon">Wilma Tiamzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Zumel" title="Antonio Zumel">Antonio Zumel</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition in the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship#Prominent_officers_who_publicly_disagreed_with_Marcos" title="Military history of the Philippines during the Marcos dictatorship">Resistance during the Marcos administration years</a></b> <ul><li>Commodore <a href="/wiki/Ramon_A._Alcaraz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon A. Alcaraz">Ramon A. Alcaraz</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Gillego" title="Bonifacio Gillego">Bonifacio Gillego</a></li> <li>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Morales" title="Rogelio Morales">Rogelio Morales</a>, PN</li> <li>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Danilo_Vizmanos" title="Danilo Vizmanos">Danilo Vizmanos</a>, PN</li> <li>Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Marcos_G._Soliman" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcos G. Soliman">Marcos G. Soliman</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Reform_the_Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Reform the Armed Forces Movement">Reform the Armed Forces Movement</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan</a></li> <li>Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan Jr.</li> <li>BGen. <a href="/wiki/Jose_T._Almonte" title="Jose T. Almonte">Jose T. Almonte</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Batac" title="Victor Batac">Victor Batac</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Hector_Tarrazona" title="Hector Tarrazona">Hector Tarrazona</a></li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bibit" title="Billy Bibit">Billy Bibit</a></li></ul> <p><b>Others who withdrew support during the People Power revolution</b> </p> <ul><li>Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a></li> <li>Commodore Tagumpay Jardiniano</li> <li>Col. Charles Hotchkiss</li> <li>Col. Antonio Sotelo</li> <li>Col. <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Biazon" title="Rodolfo Biazon">Rodolfo Biazon</a></li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Magalong" title="Benjamin Magalong">Benjamin Magalong</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship">Journalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Pro-Marcos</b> <br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cristobal" title="Adrian Cristobal">Adrian Cristobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Guevara" title="Jose Guevara">Jose "Joe" Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Nathanielsz" title="Ronnie Nathanielsz">Ronnie Nathanielsz</a></li> <p><b>Opposition</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Apostol" title="Eugenia Apostol">Eugenia Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bueno" title="David Bueno">David Bueno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Burgos">Joe Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amando_Doronila" title="Amando Doronila">Amando Doronila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ceres_Doyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Ceres Doyo">Ma Ceres Doyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inday_Espina-Varona" title="Inday Espina-Varona">Inday Espina-Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chit_Estella" title="Chit Estella">Chit Estella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Go-Belmonte" title="Betty Go-Belmonte">Betty Go-Belmonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letty_Jimenez_Magsanoc" title="Letty Jimenez Magsanoc">Letty Jimenez Magsanoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Lacaba" title="Pete Lacaba">Jose "Pete" Lacaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Locsin_Sr." title="Teodoro Locsin Sr.">Teodoro Locsin Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Malay" title="Armando Malay">Armando Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Nieva" title="Tony Nieva">Antonio "Tony" Nieva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Orcullo" title="Alex Orcullo">Alex Orcullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_G._Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon G. Rama">Napoleon G. Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_Roces" title="Chino Roces">Joaquin "Chino" Roces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximo_Soliven" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximo Soliven">Maximo Soliven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Mari_Velez" title="Jose Mari Velez">Jose Mari Velez</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American <br />interested parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Bosworth" title="Stephen W. Bosworth">Stephen W. Bosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Byroade" title="Henry A. Byroade">Henry A. Byroade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Habib" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Habib">Philip Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_(actor)" title="George Hamilton (actor)">George Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Paul Laxalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Manafort" title="Paul Manafort">Paul Manafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political <br />pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political coalitions</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Formation_of_coalesced_opposition" title="People Power Revolution">Alliance of Makati Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines-United_States_relations#Military_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines-United States relations">Anti-Bases Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agapito_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Agapito Aquino">August Twenty One Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagong_Alyansang_Makabayan" title="Bagong Alyansang Makabayan">Bagong Alyansang Makabayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Quezon#Legacy" title="Aurora Quezon">Concerned Women of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Legal_Assistance_Group" title="Free Legal Assistance Group">Free Legal Assistance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Women%27s_Party" title="Gabriela Women's Party">Gabriela Women's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Formation_of_coalesced_opposition" title="People Power Revolution">Justice for Aquino, Justice for All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution#Aquino_Assassination" title="People Power Revolution">Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_Factoran#Human_rights_advocacy_during_martial_law" title="Jun Factoran">Movement of Attorneys for Brotherhood, Integrity and Nationalism, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Free_Philippines" title="Movement for a Free Philippines">Movement for a Free Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Concerned_Citizens_for_Civil_Liberties" title="Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties">Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_for_Free_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="National Movement for Free Elections">National Movement for Free Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Detainees_of_the_Philippines" title="Task Force Detainees of the Philippines">Task Force Detainees of the Philippines</a></li></ul> <p><b>Political parties</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDP%E2%80%93Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP–Laban">Partido Demokratiko Pilipino</a>–<a href="/wiki/LABAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LABAN">Lakas ng Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Democratic_Organization" title="United Nationalist Democratic Organization">United Nationalist Democratic Organization</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Aguinaldo" title="Camp Aguinaldo">Camp Aguinaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Crame" title="Camp Crame">Camp Crame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Filipino" title="Club Filipino">Club Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA" title="EDSA">Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bonifacio" title="Fort Bonifacio">Fort Bonifacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Magsaysay" title="Fort Magsaysay">Fort Magsaysay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortigas_Center" title="Ortigas Center">Ortigas Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villamor_Air_Base" title="Villamor Air Base">Villamor Air Base</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_family#The_other_Marcoses" title="Marcos family">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Bird" title="Operation Big Bird">Operation Big Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendiola_massacre" title="Mendiola massacre">Mendiola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1987 Philippine legislative election">1987 elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_attempts_against_Corazon_Aquino" title="Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino">Anti-Aquino coup attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_University_of_the_Philippines%E2%80%93Department_of_National_Defense_accord" title="1989 University of the Philippines–Department of National Defense accord">UP-DND accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Rectification_Movement" title="Second Great Rectification Movement">Second Great Rectification Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Burial of Ferdinand Marcos">Burial of Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Corazon_Aquino" title="Presidency of Corazon Aquino">Aquino Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Human_Rights_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)">Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Agrarian_Reform_Program" title="Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program">Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_Good_Government" title="Presidential Commission on Good Government">Presidential Commission on Good Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_during_the_Marcos_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Music during the Marcos dictatorship">Songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bagong_Pagsilang" title="Bagong Pagsilang">Bagong Pagsilang</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bayan_Ko" title="Bayan Ko">Bayan Ko</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Handog_ng_Pilipino_sa_Mundo" title="Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo">Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Magkaisa" title="Magkaisa">Magkaisa</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Legaspi" title="Celeste Legaspi">Saranggola ni Pepe</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tatsulok" title="Tatsulok">Tatsulok</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tie_a_Yellow_Ribbon_Round_the_Ole_Oak_Tree" title="Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree">Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Political Films <br />during the dictatorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iginuhit_ng_Tadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Iginuhit ng Tadhana">Iginuhit ng Tadhana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakada_(film)" title="Sakada (film)">Sakada</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conjugal_Dictatorship_of_Ferdinand_and_Imelda_Marcos" title="The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos">The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dekada_%2770_(novel)" title="Dekada '70 (novel)">Dekada '70</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Are_Smarter_Than_Others" class="mw-redirect" title="Some Are Smarter Than Others">Some Are Smarter Than Others</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subversive_Lives:_A_Family_Memoir_of_the_Marcos_Years" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years">Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waltzing_with_a_Dictator" title="Waltzing with a Dictator">Waltzing with a Dictator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isang_Bansa,_Isang_Diwa" title="Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa">Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_ikauunlad_ng_bayan,_disiplina_ang_kailangan" title="Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan">Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tama_na!_Sobra_na!_Palitan_na!" class="mw-redirect" title="Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!">Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_again#Other_uses" title="Never again">Never again</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gestures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_sign#Specific_uses" title="V sign">V sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_sign" title="Laban sign">Laban sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and <br />historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Monument" title="People Power Monument">People Power Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSA_Shrine" title="EDSA Shrine">EDSA Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="Bantayog ng mga Bayani">Bantayog ng mga Bayani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_honored_at_the_Bantayog_ng_mga_Bayani" title="List of individuals honored at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani">individuals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ako_si_Ninoy" title="Ako si Ninoy">Ako si Ninoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barber%27s_Tales" title="Barber's Tales">Barber's Tales</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batas_Militar_(1997_film)" title="Batas Militar (1997 film)">Batas Militar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Jake" title="Citizen Jake">Citizen Jake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Life" title="A Dangerous Life">A Dangerous Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dekada_%2770_(film)" title="Dekada '70 (film)">Dekada '70</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eskapo" title="Eskapo">Eskapo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_a_Filipino_Family" title="Evolution of a Filipino Family">Evolution of a Filipino Family</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Memory" title="Forbidden Memory">Forbidden Memory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_What_Is_Before" title="From What Is Before">From What Is Before</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imelda_(film)" title="Imelda (film)">Imelda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katips" title="Katips">Katips</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingmaker_(film)" title="The Kingmaker (film)">The Kingmaker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Journey_of_Ninoy" title="The Last Journey of Ninoy">The Last Journey of Ninoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liway" title="Liway">Liway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loyalista:_The_Untold_Story_of_Imelda_Papin" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin">Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maid_in_Malaca%C3%B1ang" title="Maid in Malacañang">Maid in Malacañang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyr_or_Murderer" title="Martyr or Murderer">Martyr or Murderer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ML_(film)" title="ML (film)">ML</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oras_de_Peligro" title="Oras de Peligro">Oras de Peligro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisay_(film)" title="Pisay (film)">Pisay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Rustling_of_Leaves:_Inside_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution">A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sa_Dulo_ng_Baril" title="Sa Dulo ng Baril">Sa Dulo ng Baril</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Season_of_the_Devil" title="Season of the Devil">Season of the Devil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Is_Yellow_the_Middle_of_the_Rainbow%3F" title="Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?">Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Here_Lies_Love" title="Here Lies Love">Here Lies Love</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Here_Lies_Love_(musical)" title="Here Lies Love (musical)">musical</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maalaala_Mo_Kaya" title="Maalaala Mo Kaya">Maalaala Mo Kaya</a>: The Ninoy and Cory Aquino Story</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Kalapati" title="Kalapati">Kalapati</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Makinilya" title="Makinilya">Makinilya</a>")</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voltes_V" title="Voltes V">Voltes V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disinformation and <br />distortionism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality">Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_distortion_regarding_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos">Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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