Turkey | history - geography :: Turkey under the Democrats, 1950-60

<!doctype html>    <html data-ytrk-page="TOPIC PAGINATED COUNTRY" class="no-js " lang="en"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb# "><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60","20150717032246","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1437103366"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />   <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init mendel"> Mendel = {}; $UI = {}; (function() { var html = document.getElementsByTagName('html')[0]; html.className = html.className.replace( 'no-js', ''); })(); </script> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge,chrome=1"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="description" content="Country that occupies a unique geographic position, lying partly in Asia and partly in Europe. Throughout its history it has acted as both a barrier and a bridge between the two..."/><meta name="keywords" content="Turkey, encyclopedia, encyclopaedia, britannica, article"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60"/><link rel="prev" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Opposition"/><link rel="next" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-National-Unity-Committee"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@britannica"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Turkey | history - geography :: Turkey under the Democrats, 1950-60"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Country that occupies a unique geographic position, lying partly in Asia and partly in Europe. Throughout its history it has acted as both a barrier and a bridge between the two..."/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopedia Britannica"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/82/4782-004-0AB0A759.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpg"/> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init opengraph"> Mendel.openGraph = { type: 'article', title: 'Turkey | history - geography :: Turkey under the Democrats, 1950-60', description: 'Country that occupies a unique geographic position, lying partly in Asia and partly in Europe. Throughout its history it has acted as both a barrier and a bridge between the two...', siteName: 'Encyclopedia Britannica', url: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60', image: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/82/4782-004-0AB0A759.jpg', imageType: 'image/jpg' }; </script> <title>Turkey | history - geography :: Turkey under the Democrats, 1950-60 | Britannica.com</title> <link href="//web.archive.org/web/20150717032246cs_/http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Coustard|Asap:400,700|Open+Sans:400,700,800" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20150717032246cs_/http://www.britannica.com/resources/css/libs/reset.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20150717032246cs_/http://www.britannica.com/resources/css/min-mendel.css?v=2.32.31"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150717032246cs_/http://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"/> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init mendel config"> Mendel.config = { page: 'Topic', testVersion: 'A', server: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com', mediaServer: "https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://media.web.britannica.com", currentUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60', sharedUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60', userType: 'ANONYMOUS', userInfo: { statId: '-1' ,userId: '' ,currency: 'USD' ,country: 'US' ,bcomId: '-1371939733009962315' ,mvst: { "HEADER_UPSELL_IMAGE" : "https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://safe.britannica.com/safeimages/header_upsell_apr2015.jpg", "HEADER_UPSELL" : "HU_1", "SMALL_ADDTNL_RESOURCES" : "YES", "GIST_STRIP_POSITION" : "TOP", "BKID_UPSELL_IMAGE" : "https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://safe.britannica.com/safeimages/EBOK_300x200A.jpg", "RR_BRITANNICA_STORIES" : "6_STORIES" } ,provider: 'NONE' ,preferences: {} }, isLoggedInAsUser: false, hasAds: true, hasVideoAds: true, adapTvId: 'nj232', adapTvZid: 'Eb_autoplay-free', n0ticeReturnUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://projects.britannica.com/signin/return', logGoogleGPT: false, isMobile: false, isTablet: false, isPhone: false, analytics: [ { type: 'google', id: 'UA-6636134-11', logClickAction: true, logPageLoad: true, logFakePageLoad: true }, { type: 'eb', logClickAction: false, logPageLoad: false, logFakePageLoad: true } ], logAnalytics: false, includeGigya: true, gigyaProviders: 'facebook,twitter,googleplus,linkedin,yahoo' ,mendelCookie: { "pagesViewed" : 1, "topicPagesViewed" : 1, "articlePageUrl" : "https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60", "mwQuizGroupNumber" : null, "mwQuizGroupExcept" : null, "vistedTopics" : [ 609790 ], "currentReadingList" : 4252, "galleryReferrer" : null },topicUrl: '/place/Turkey' ,topicContentType: 'ARTICLE' ,freeTopicReason: 'PERMANENT_FREE_TOPIC' ,channel: 'TRAVEL_AND_GEOGRAPHY' ,topicId: 609790 ,topicTitle: 'Turkey' ,topicAkw: 'social sciences,sports recreation,geography travel,tourism' ,isIndexEntry: false ,template: 'COUNTRY' ,hasToc: true ,sectionId: '44434' ,pageNumber: 15 }; </script><script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150717032246js_/http://pixel.quantserve.com/seg/p-fePJXh17dNmkk.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init Quantcast"> Mendel._quantsegs = null; Mendel._getQsegs = function() { if ( Mendel._quantsegs != null ) { return Mendel._quantsegs; } var cn = '__qseg'; var c=document.cookie;if(!c)return ''; var i=c.indexOf(cn+"=");if(-1==i)return ''; var len=i+cn.length+1; var end=c.indexOf(";", len); var value = c.substring(len,end<0?c.length:end); var quantSegs = []; var _qsegs = value.split('|'); for (i=0;i < _qsegs.length;i++) { var qArr=_qsegs[i].split("_"); if (qArr.length>1) { quantSegs.push( qArr[1] ); } } Mendel._quantsegs = quantSegs.join(','); return Mendel._quantsegs; } </script><script type="text/javascript" data-type="load GPT"> (function() { var src = '//web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; document.write('<scr' + 'ipt src="' + src + '"></scr' + 'ipt>'); })(); </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246js_/http://js.indexww.com/ht/bri2.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="load openX"> (function() { var src = '//web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://ox-d.merriamwebster.servedbyopenx.com/w/1.0/jstag?nc=34444486-EB'; document.write('<scr' + 'ipt src="' + src + '"></scr' + 'ipt>'); })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init GPT slots"> var googletagSlots = []; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletagSlots.push( googletag.defineSlot('/34444486/EB_A/ARTICLES_COUNTRY', [300,250],'div-gpt-ad-411b51a8-6575-4eda-a8d7-a22dd8d2087f') .setTargeting('POS',['TOP']) .addService(googletag.pubads()) ); googletagSlots.push( googletag.defineSlot('/34444486/EB_A/ARTICLES_COUNTRY', [300,250],'div-gpt-ad-f148f983-afad-4b47-b097-9f5ab70d73ab') .setTargeting('POS',['BOT']) .addService(googletag.pubads()) ); googletagSlots.push( googletag.defineSlot('/34444486/EB_A/ARTICLES_COUNTRY', [300,250],'div-gpt-ad-0b43930a-0957-40e7-aa05-040dbccd091d') .setTargeting('POS',['BOT2']) .addService(googletag.pubads()) ); googletagSlots.push( googletag.defineSlot('/34444486/EB_A/ARTICLES_COUNTRY', [728,90],'div-gpt-ad-7ab460e7-c836-4f61-bfc2-62eba1f6bfa5') .setTargeting('POS',['BOT']) .addService(googletag.pubads()) ); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('dc_ref',['https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60']); if ( this.Mendel && this.Mendel._getQsegs ) { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('QSEGS',[ Mendel._getQsegs() ]); } googletag.pubads().setTargeting('ARTICLE',['609790']);googletag.pubads().setTargeting('CAT',['social sciences,sports recreation,geography travel,tourism']);googletag.pubads().setTargeting('PAGE',[1]); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><script type="text/javascript" data-type="load Taboola"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({article:'auto'}); !function (e, f, u) { e.async = 1; e.src = u; f.parentNode.insertBefore(e, f); }(document.createElement('script'),document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0], '//web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/merriamwebster-ebcom/loader.js'); </script> </head> <body ng-app class="topicPage topic-page-country user-ANONYMOUS md-desktop font-sans has-footer-ad no-toolbar leg-a"> <div class="md-page-wrapper"> <header class="font-sans-ui"> <div class="header-content"> <div class="header-title"> <h4> <a class="logo-homepage" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/"><img src="/web/20150717032246im_/http://www.britannica.com/resources/images/header/eb-logo-header.png" alt="Encyclopedia Britannica"/></a> <a class="header-thistle" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/"></a> </h4> <div class="header-login "> <div class="grid"> <div class="grid-auto flex center-vertical"> <div class="header-nav"> <ul> <li><a data-ytrk="127" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://help.eb.com/premium2/index.htm" target="_blank">Help</a></li> <li><a data-ytrk="27" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://info.eb.com/" target="_blank">School & Library Products</a></li> <li><a data-ytrk="25" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://store.britannica.com/" target="_blank">Shop</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="grid-auto text-right"> <ul class="header-login-links"> <li> <a data-ytrk="262" href="#" class="md-header-join-link">JOIN</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="17" href="#" class="login-link">LOGIN</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/19" class="md-upsell-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/https://safe1.britannica.com/registrations/signup.do?partnerCode=EBOPPGSUB_LP_MDL_A" rel="nofollow"> Activate Your Free Trial!</a> </li> </ul> <div class="header-login-upsell"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/https://safe1.britannica.com/registrations/signup.do?partnerCode=EBOPPGSUB_LP_MDL_A" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://safe.britannica.com/safeimages/header_upsell_apr2015.jpg"/></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="header-global-nav" data-position-fixed="0"> <div class="header-global-nav-content grid"> <a data-ytrk="/655" class="header-global-nav-home" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/"><img src="/web/20150717032246im_/http://www.britannica.com/resources/images/header/homepage-small-thistle-v2.png" alt="home"/></a> <ul id="header-global-nav-buttons" data-title="navigation"> <li><a data-ytrk="/439" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/popular-topics/browse">Popular Topics</a></li> <li><a data-ytrk="/440" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/browse">quizzes</a></li> <li><a data-ytrk="/441" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/gallery/browse">galleries</a></li> <li><a data-ytrk="/442" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/list/browse">lists</a></li> <li><a data-ytrk="/700" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> </ul> <div class="search-form grid-auto"> <form method="get" action="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/search" id="searchCriteria" class=""> <div class="search-box"> <input name="query" type="text" id="header-query" placeholder="Search Britannica..." class="query font-sans" maxlength="200"/> <button data-ytrk="21" type="submit" class="search-submit" value=""><i class="fa fa-search"></i></button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-after-header"><div class="container md-reading-list ui-away" data-position-fixed="0"> <a data-ytrk="/680" class="md-reading-list-story-link" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/popular-topics/story/major-shake-up-in-turkish-election">Read This Story and Join the Conversation</a> <ul class="md-reading-list-dropdown"> <li class="selected"> <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey"> <span class="behind-the-news"> BEHIND THE NEWS: </span> Major Shake-Up in Turkish Election</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Panhellenic-Socialist-Movement"> <span class="behind-the-news"> BEHIND THE NEWS: </span> Greek Opposition Votes with Tsipras to Seek €86 Billion Loan</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Auschwitz"> <span class="behind-the-news"> BEHIND THE NEWS: </span> Auschwitz Guard Sentenced to Prison</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Bon-Japanese-festival"> <span class="spotlight"> SPOTLIGHT: </span> Bon Festival</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Pulitzer-Prize"> <span class="behind-the-news"> BEHIND THE NEWS: </span> Harper Lee Debuts New Novel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/topic/New-Horizons"> <span class="behind-the-news"> BEHIND THE NEWS: </span> New Horizons at Pluto</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Iran"> <span class="behind-the-news"> BEHIND THE NEWS: </span> Final Agreement Reached on Iran Nuclear Program</a> </li> </ul> <div class="md-reading-list-list "> <div class="md-reading-list-scroller ui-hidden-opacity"> <a data-ytrk="/676" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey" class="visited selected"> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/82/4782-003-E8065041.jpg" alt=""/></div> <div class="description"> How is the Turkish parliament elected? </div> </a> <a data-ytrk="/676" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Justice-and-Development-Party-political-party-Turkey" class=""> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/26/163426-003-322FD791.jpg" alt=""/></div> <div class="description"> When did the Justice and Development Party come to power?</div> </a> <a data-ytrk="/676" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Recep-Tayyip-Erdogan" class=""> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/26/163426-003-322FD791.jpg" alt=""/></div> <div class="description"> Who is Recep Tayyip Erdogan?</div> </a> <a data-ytrk="/677" class="next-story behind-the-news" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Panhellenic-Socialist-Movement"> <div class="image-wrapper"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media/31/183531-118-78BDEDEB.jpg"/> </div> <div class="description"> <span>Next story:</span> Greek Opposition Votes with Tsipras to Seek €86 Billion Loan</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-reading-list-arrows"> <a data-ytrk="/679" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Atomic-Energy-Agency" class="prev-story"> <i class="arrow fa fa-chevron-left" title="Previous"></i> <div class="description"> <div class="story behind-the-news"> <span>Behind The News:</span> Final Agreement Reached on Iran Nuclear Program</div> <div class="item"> <div class="label">Previous</div> What is the International Atomic Energy Agency?</div> </div> </a> <a data-ytrk="/679" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Justice-and-Development-Party-political-party-Turkey" class="next-story" data-position-fixed="0"> <div class="description"> <div class="story behind-the-news"> <span>Behind The News:</span> Major Shake-Up in Turkish Election</div> <div class="item"> <div class="label">Next</div> When did the Justice and Development Party come to power?</div> </div> <i class="arrow fa fa-chevron-right" title="Next"></i> </a> </div></div> <div id="content" class="md-content"> <div class="md-page-h1-wrapper"> <h1><span>Turkey</span></h1> <div class="md-navigator hide-on-edit"> <div class="fa fa-bars fa-fw fa-2x" data-ytrk="586"></div> <ul class="md-navigator-dropdown font-sans"> <li> <strong>Article</strong> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/295" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/article-websites">Web sites</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/294" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/article-bibliography">Bibliography</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/211" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/article-year-in-review">Year in Review</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/299" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/article-supplemental-information">Additional Information</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/292" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/article-contributors" rel="nofollow">Contributors</a> </li> </ul> </div><div class="subheading hide-on-edit"> <div class="md-horizontal-social-toolbar2 no-text"> <span class="md-horizontal-social-toolbar2-contributor">Written by: <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/bps/user-profile/736/john-c-dewdney" data-ytrk="/212">John C. Dewdney</a> </span> <ul class="md-toolbar "> <li class="comments" title="Comments" data-ytrk="587"> <a href="#_comments"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-comment fa-stack-2x"></i><strong class="comments-text fa-stack-1x fa-inverse"></strong></span> </a> </li> <li class="share" title="Share" data-ytrk="113"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-share-alt fa-stack-2x"></i></span> </li> <li class="t-email" title="Email" data-ytrk="112"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-envelope fa-stack-2x"></i></span> </li> <li class="t-print" title="Print" data-ytrk="111"> <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/print/article/609790" target="_blank"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-print fa-stack-2x"></i></span> </a> </li> <li class="t-cite" title="Cite" data-ytrk="117"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-square-o fa-stack-2x"></i><i class="fa fa-quote-right fa-stack-1x"></i></span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="md-topic-title-links"> <li> <span id="md-topic-title-link-read">Read</span></li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/669" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/images-videos">View All Media (47)</a> </li> <li> <a id="md-topic-title-link-history" data-ytrk="/291" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/article-history" rel="nofollow">View History</a></li> <li> <a class="md-topic-title-link-edit" href="#" rel="nofollow" data-ytrk="263">Edit</a> </li> <li> <a id="md-topic-title-link-feedback" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/article-feedback" data-ytrk="/267" rel="nofollow">Feedback</a></li> </ul></div> <div id="edit-toolbar-placeholder"></div> <div class="md-topic-alternate-titles font-sans-ui"> <strong>Alternative titles: </strong> Republic of Turkey; T<span class="bps-entity">ü</span>rkiye Cumhuriyeti</div><div class="md-content-wrapper topic-content"> <article class="content-body font-sans-ui" vocab="http://schema.org" resource="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/609790/Turkey" typeof="Article"> <meta property="url" href="/place/Turkey"/> <meta property="name" content="Turkey"/> <span data-level="2" id="toc44432"></span><div id="country-toc" class="md-toc hide-on-edit fancy-scrollbar" data-position-fixed="50" data-unfix=".pagination-toolbar"> <div class="title font-sans">Table of Contents</div> <div class="topic-toc-tree"> <ul class="toc-ul"><li class="lv1" data-section="609790main" data-toc="toc609790main"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey" data-ytrk="/131">Introduction</a></li><li class="lv1" data-section="609790main" data-toc="toc44449"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey#toc44449" data-ytrk="/131">Land</a><ul><li class="lv2" data-section="609790main" data-toc="toc44450"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey#toc44450" data-ytrk="/591">Relief</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44453" data-toc="toc44455"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-central-massif#toc44455" data-ytrk="/591">Drainage</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44457" data-toc="toc44458"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Lakes#toc44458" data-ytrk="/591">Soils</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44457" data-toc="toc44459"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Lakes#toc44459" data-ytrk="/591">Climate</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44461" data-toc="toc44462"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Climatic-regions#toc44462" data-ytrk="/591">Plant and animal life</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44465" data-toc="toc44465"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Settlement-patterns" data-ytrk="/591">Settlement patterns</a></li></ul></li><li class="lv1" data-section="44465" data-toc="toc44466"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Settlement-patterns#toc44466" data-ytrk="/131">People</a><ul><li class="lv2" data-section="44465" data-toc="toc44467"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Settlement-patterns#toc44467" data-ytrk="/591">Language and religion</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44468" data-toc="toc44468"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Demographic-trends" data-ytrk="/591">Demographic trends</a></li></ul></li><li class="lv1" data-section="44468" data-toc="toc44469"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Demographic-trends#toc44469" data-ytrk="/131">Economy</a><ul><li class="lv2" data-section="44468" data-toc="toc44470"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Demographic-trends#toc44470" data-ytrk="/591">Resources</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44471" data-toc="toc44471"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Agriculture" data-ytrk="/591">Agriculture</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44471" data-toc="toc44472"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Agriculture#toc44472" data-ytrk="/591">Industry</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44471" data-toc="toc44473"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Agriculture#toc44473" data-ytrk="/591">Trade</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44474" data-toc="toc44474"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Transportation" data-ytrk="/591">Transportation</a></li></ul></li><li class="lv1" data-section="44474" data-toc="toc44475"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Transportation#toc44475" data-ytrk="/131">Administration and social conditions</a><ul><li class="lv2" data-section="44474" data-toc="toc44476"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Transportation#toc44476" data-ytrk="/591">Government</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44478" data-toc="toc44480"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Political-parties#toc44480" data-ytrk="/591">Education, health, and welfare</a></li></ul></li><li class="lv1" data-section="44483" data-toc="toc44483"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Cultural-life" data-ytrk="/131">Cultural life</a><ul><li class="lv2" data-section="44483" data-toc="toc44484"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Cultural-life#toc44484" data-ytrk="/591">Daily life</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44483" data-toc="toc44488"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Cultural-life#toc44488" data-ytrk="/591">Social roles and kinship</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="275732" data-toc="toc275732"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Arts-and-media" data-ytrk="/591">Arts and media</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="275732" data-toc="toc275733"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Arts-and-media#toc275733" data-ytrk="/591">Sports and recreation</a></li></ul></li><li class="lv1" data-section="275732" data-toc="toc214560"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Arts-and-media#toc214560" data-ytrk="/131">History</a><ul><li class="lv2" data-section="275732" data-toc="toc44425"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Arts-and-media#toc44425" data-ytrk="/591">Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish War of Independence, 1919–23</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44426" data-toc="toc44428"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-Fundamental-Law-and-abolition-of-the-sultanate#toc44428" data-ytrk="/591">Turkey under Mustafa Kemal</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44430" data-toc="toc44432"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Opposition#toc44432" data-ytrk="/591">Turkey after Kemal “Atatürk”</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44434" data-toc="toc44437"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60#toc44437" data-ytrk="591">The military coup of 1960</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44440" data-toc="toc44440"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-ascendancy-of-the-right-1961-71" data-ytrk="/591">The ascendancy of the right, 1961–71</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="275734" data-toc="toc275734"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Political-developments-1970s-to-90s" data-ytrk="/591">Political developments, 1970s to ’90s</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="275735" data-toc="toc275735"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Challenges-of-the-21st-century" data-ytrk="/591">Challenges of the 21st century</a></li><li class="lv2" data-section="44447" data-toc="toc44447"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Foreign-affairs-since-1950" data-ytrk="/591">Foreign affairs since 1950</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </div><section class="eb-topic-section" data-level="3" id="toc44434"><h2 class="h4"><span>Turkey under the Democrats, 1950–60</span></h2><p>In the DP government <a name="ref482340" id="ref482340"></a><a data-ytrk="/548" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Celal-Bayar"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/56736/Celal-Bayar">Celâl Bayar</span></a> became president and <a name="ref482341" id="ref482341"></a><a data-ytrk="/548" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Adnan-Menderes"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/374821/Adnan-Menderes">Adnan Menderes</span></a> prime minister, a post which for the first time came to surpass that of the president in importance.</p><section class="eb-topic-section" data-level="4" id="toc44435"><h2 class="h5"><span>The economy</span></h2><p>The Democrats were committed to a program of economic growth, to be achieved through a reduction of state interference. At first they had much success, assisted by good harvests in 1950 and 1953 and by an economic boom caused by the <a data-ytrk="/548" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/322419/Korean-War">Korean War</span></a> (1950–53). But problems appeared after 1953. In 1954 another poor harvest obliged Turkey to import wheat again. A shortage of foreign exchange limited the purchase of essential materials and parts, which handicapped industry. After a sudden favourable surge in the early 1950s, the international balance of trade moved steadily against Turkey. Inflation, which averaged 15 percent or more annually, became a serious problem. The government attempted unsuccessfully to control prices through legislation, but its continually rising public expenditure worsened inflation. Despite the problems, the DP achieved considerable political success throughout the 1950s.</p><div id="md-media-strip-loaded" class="wait hide-on-edit"></div></section><section class="eb-topic-section" data-level="4" id="toc44436"><h2 class="h5"><span>Political repressions</span></h2><p>The political fortunes of the Democrat government closely reflected the economic changes. In the 1954 elections—the Democrat peak—the DP took a majority of the vote and most of the seats; the CHP took about one-third of the vote and many of the remaining seats. Subsequent economic difficulties led to mounting criticism within and outside the DP, to which the government responded with increasing repression. In 1953 much of the property of the CHP was confiscated, forcing the closure of the People’s Houses. The CHP newspaper presses in Ankara were seized. In 1954 the National Party was dissolved because of its opposition to Kemalist principles, though it was immediately re-formed as the Republican Nation’s Party and in 1958 united with the Peasants’ Party to form the <a name="ref482342" id="ref482342"></a>Republican Peasants’ Nation Party. Laws passed in 1954 provided for heavy fines on journalists thought to have damaged the prestige of the state or the law; several prominent journalists were prosecuted under this law, which was made more severe in 1956, while other laws substantially abridged the independence of civil servants (including university teachers) and judges. In 1955 critics within the DP were expelled; these critics subsequently formed the Freedom Party, which in 1958 merged with the CHP. In 1956, limitations were placed upon public meetings.</p><p>The DP’s declining popularity was reflected in the elections of October 1957. The three opposition parties attempted to form an electoral coalition, but a law passed that September had declared such coalitions illegal. The combined opposition vote was more than half the total, but the DP controlled a majority of the seats, and many believed that the law banning coalitions had deprived the opposition of victory. Opposition attacks upon the DP became stronger, and it was accused of unconstitutional action. At the same time, the Democrats, fearing a revolution, redoubled control. In December 1959 an alleged plot (the so-called <a name="ref482343" id="ref482343"></a>Nine Officers’ Plot) was unearthed; some of the accused were so clearly innocent that punishment ultimately fell upon the accuser, but it appears that there indeed had been a conspiracy of some sort.</p><p>The CHP strenuously accused the DP of reversing the principles of secularism and favouring conservative religious organizations. Indeed, the DP had relaxed some of the secularist policies of pure Kemalism, following in the steps of the CHP in the years 1945–49. Religious instruction in schools had been extended and the organization of religious schools permitted. Arabic had been reinstated for the call to prayer, and radio readings of the <a data-ytrk="/548" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/487666/Quran">Qurʾān</span></a> had been allowed. These were modest concessions in themselves, however, and the Democrats had clearly demonstrated their unwillingness to tolerate religious influence in politics by suppressing the renewed activities of dervish orders in 1950–52.</p><p>The years 1958–60 saw a further worsening of the economy as the government reluctantly introduced restrictive measures. Returns on new investment fell and inflation continued. Serious problems of housing and unemployment were emerging in the large towns, whose population had been growing annually at the rate of about 10 percent, so that by 1960 the urban portion of the population had risen to nearly one-third. CHP attacks became more bitter and the government’s response stronger. In April 1960 the government ordered the army to prevent İnönü from campaigning in <a data-ytrk="/548" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Kayseri"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/313731/Kayseri">Kayseri</span></a> and formed a committee to investigate the affairs of the CHP. It was widely believed that the government’s next action would be to close the CHP. Student demonstrations followed, and <a data-ytrk="/548" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/topic/martial-law"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/366852/martial-law">martial law</span></a> was declared on April 28. The army had been brought directly into the political arena.</p></section></section><section class="eb-topic-section" data-level="2" id="toc44437"><h2 class="h3"><span>The military coup of 1960</span></h2><p>Relatively neglected from 1923 to 1939, the army underwent a rapid expansion during <a data-ytrk="/548" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/648813/World-War-II">World War II</span></a> and, after the war, was extensively modernized with the aid of U.S. advisers. Many officers feared that the DP threatened the principles of the secular progressive Kemalist state. Some younger officers saw the army as the direct instrument of unity and reform. On May 3, 1960, the commander of the land forces, General <a name="ref482344" id="ref482344"></a>Cemal Gürsel, demanded political reforms and resigned when his demands were refused. On May 27 the army acted; an almost bloodless coup was carried out by officers and cadets from the <a name="ref482345" id="ref482345"></a><a data-ytrk="/548" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Istanbul"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/296962/Istanbul">Istanbul</span></a> and Ankara war colleges. The leaders established a 38-member National Unity Committee with Gürsel as chairman. The Democrat leaders were imprisoned.</p></section><div id="md-media-strip-load"> <div id="md-media-strip" class="md-media-strip font-sans-ui"> <ul id="md-media-strip-tabs" class="ui-tabs md-media-strip-tabs nav nav-tabs font-sans"> <li id="md-media-strip-tab-quick-facts"> <a href="#md-media-strip-tab-quick-facts-content" data-ytrk="293">Quick Facts</a> </li> <li id="md-media-strip-tab-IMAGE" class="has-carousel"><a data-ytrk="87" href="#md-media-strip-tab-IMAGE-content">Images</a></li> <li id="md-media-strip-tab-VIDEO" class="has-carousel"><a data-ytrk="88" href="#md-media-strip-tab-VIDEO-content">Videos</a></li> <li id="md-media-strip-tab-AUDIO" class="has-carousel"><a data-ytrk="89" href="#md-media-strip-tab-AUDIO-content">Audio</a></li> <li id="md-media-strip-tab-quizzes" class="green has-carousel"> <a data-ytrk="177" href="#md-media-strip-tab-quizzes-content">quizzes</a> </li> <li id="md-media-strip-tab-lists" class="green has-carousel"> <a data-ytrk="178" href="#md-media-strip-tab-lists-content">Lists</a> </li> </ul> <div class="ui-tabs-content"> <div id="md-media-strip-tab-quick-facts-content"> <div class="quick-facts-media"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/82/4782-004-0AB0A759.jpg" alt="Turkey Flag"/> </div> <a name="toc609790profile"></a><section id="toc609790profile" data-profile="true"><table class="eb-profile-table font-sans"><tfoot><tr><td colspan="2"><p><sup class="bps-article-supandsub">1</sup>The new Turkish lira (YTL) was removed from circulation on Jan. 1, 2010, to be replaced by the Turkish lira (TL).</p></td></tr></tfoot><tbody><tr class="eb-profile-table-odd"><th><em>Official name</em></th><td>Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (Republic of Turkey)</td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-even"><th><em>Form of government</em></th><td>multiparty republic with one legislative house (Grand National Assembly of Turkey [550])</td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-odd"><th><em>Head of state</em></th><td>President: <a data-ytrk="/548" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/biography/Recep-Tayyip-Erdogan"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/913988/Recep-Tayyip-Erdogan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</span></a></td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-even"><th><em>Head of government</em></th><td>Prime Minister: Ahmet Davutoğlu</td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-odd"><th><em>Capital</em></th><td><a data-ytrk="/548" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara"><span property="about" href="http://semantic.britannica.com/accepted_headword/core/25974/Ankara">Ankara</span></a></td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-even"><th><em>Official language</em></th><td>Turkish</td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-odd"><th><em>Official religion</em></th><td>none</td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-even"><th><em>Monetary unit</em></th><td>Turkish lira<sup class="bps-article-supandsub">1</sup></td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-odd" data-split="yes"><th><em>Population</em></th><td>(2014 est.) 77,160,000<div id="eb-profile-table-expand" class="font-sans">Expand</div></td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-even"><th><em>Total area (sq mi)</em></th><td>303,224</td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-odd"><th><em>Total area (sq km)</em></th><td>785,347</td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-even"><th><em>Urban-rural population</em></th><td>Urban: (2012) 71.5%<br>Rural: (2012) 28.5%<br></td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-odd"><th><em>Life expectancy at birth</em></th><td>Male: (2009) 71.5 years<br>Female: (2009) 76.1 years<br></td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-even"><th><em>Literacy: percentage of population age 15 and over literate</em></th><td>Male: (2009) 97%<br>Female: (2009) 87.9%<br></td></tr><tr class="eb-profile-table-odd"><th><em>GNI per capita (U.S.$)</em></th><td>(2013) 10,950</td></tr></tbody></table></section></div> <div id="md-media-strip-tab-IMAGE-content" class="md-media-strip-media-content" rel="/ajax/topic/609790/images/US"></div> <div id="md-media-strip-tab-VIDEO-content" class="md-media-strip-media-content" rel="/ajax/topic/609790/videos"></div> <div id="md-media-strip-tab-AUDIO-content" class="md-media-strip-media-content" rel="/ajax/topic/609790/audios"></div> <div id="md-media-strip-tab-INTERACTIVE-content" class="md-media-strip-media-content" rel="/ajax/topic/609790/interactives"></div> <div id="md-media-strip-tab-quizzes-content" rel="/ajax/topic/609790/quizzes"></div> <div id="md-media-strip-tab-lists-content" rel="/ajax/topic/609790/lists"></div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="hide-on-edit"> <div id="topic-pagination" class="pagination hide-on-edit"> <a class="pagination-prev-button" data-ytrk="/130" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Opposition" title="Opposition"> <span class="pagination-button-arrow"></span> Previous Page </a> <ul> <li><a data-ytrk="/75" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey" title="Introduction">1</a></li> <li>…</li> <li><a data-ytrk="/75" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Arts-and-media" title="Arts and media">12</a></li><li><a data-ytrk="/75" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-Fundamental-Law-and-abolition-of-the-sultanate" title="The Fundamental Law and abolition of the sultanate">13</a></li><li><a data-ytrk="/75" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Opposition" title="Opposition">14</a></li><li class="active"><span>15</span></li><li><a data-ytrk="/75" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-National-Unity-Committee" title="The National Unity Committee">16</a></li><li><a data-ytrk="/75" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-ascendancy-of-the-right-1961-71" title="The ascendancy of the right, 1961-71">17</a></li><li><a data-ytrk="/75" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Political-developments-1970s-to-90s" title="Political developments, 1970s to '90s">18</a></li><li>…</li> <li><a data-ytrk="/75" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Foreign-affairs-since-1950" title="Foreign affairs since 1950">22</a></li> </ul> <a class="pagination-next-button" data-ytrk="/130" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/The-National-Unity-Committee" title="The National Unity Committee"> Next Page <span class="pagination-button-arrow"></span> </a> </div> <div class="md-horizontal-social-toolbar2 "> <ul class="md-toolbar pagination-toolbar"> <li class="comments" title="Comments" data-ytrk="587"> <a href="#_comments"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-comment fa-stack-2x"></i><strong class="comments-text fa-stack-1x fa-inverse"></strong></span> <span class="label">Comments</span></a> </li> <li class="share" title="Share" data-ytrk="113"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-share-alt fa-stack-2x"></i></span> <span class="label">Share</span></li> <li class="t-email" title="Email" data-ytrk="112"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-envelope fa-stack-2x"></i></span> <span class="label">Email</span></li> <li class="t-print" title="Print" data-ytrk="111"> <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/print/article/609790" target="_blank"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-print fa-stack-2x"></i></span> <span class="label">Print</span></a> </li> <li class="t-cite" title="Cite" data-ytrk="117"> <span class="fa-stack"><i class="fa fa-square-o fa-stack-2x"></i><i class="fa fa-quote-right fa-stack-1x"></i></span> <span class="label">Cite</span></li> <li class="last-modified" data-ytrk="/588"> <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/article-history">Last Updated <time>6-10-2015</time></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="read-more hide-on-edit"> <h3 class="md-extra-content-title">You may also be interested in...</h3> <ul class="row font-sans-ui"> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Middle-East" title="ancient Middle East">ancient Middle East</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Black-Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Middle-East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Sea-of-Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Euphrates-River" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a></li> <li class="col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-6" data-ytrk="/584"><a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> </ul> </div> <h3 class="md-extra-content-title">Keep exploring</h3> <ul class="md-high-engagement font-sans-ui"> <li> <a data-ytrk="/250" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/437/uncover-europe"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/31/94531-118-10574EA2.jpg"/> <br/>Uncover Europe</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/250" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/472/a-river-runs-through-it-fact-or-fiction"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media/73/170873-118-FE4B032C.jpg"/> <br/>A River Runs Through It: Fact or Fiction?</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/250" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/418/passport-to-europe"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/66/96866-118-F663D55D.jpg"/> <br/>Passport to Europe</a> </li> <li> <a data-ytrk="/251" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/list/6-exotic-diseases"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/44/163344-118-19C18B7F.jpg"/> <br/>6 Exotic Diseases That Could Come to a Town Near You</a> </li> </ul><div class="toc-watch" data-position-fixed=".eb-topic-section" data-unfix="#topic-pagination">Turkey <span class="current-section"></span><a href="#" class="pull-right" data-scroll="0">Table of Contents <i class="fa fa-chevron-up"></i></a></div> </div> <div class="md-fb-comments hide-on-edit" id="_comments"> <div id="comments" class="md-extra-content-title"> What made you want to look up Turkey? </div> <div id="gigya-comments"></div> </div> <div id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails" class="hide-on-edit"></div> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init Taboola"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({ mode: 'organic-thumbs-1r', container: 'taboola-below-article-thumbnails', placement: 'COUNTRY Below Article Thumbnails', target_type: 'mix' }); </script> <form method="POST" id="md-email-dialog" class="ui-hidden"> <label for="md-email-dialog-form-to">To</label><input class="span6" type="text" name="to" data-validation="email" required="true" id="md-email-dialog-form-to"/> <label for="md-email-dialog-form-from">From</label><input class="span6" type="text" name="from" data-validation="email" required="true" id="md-email-dialog-form-from"/> <label for="md-email-dialog-form-subject">Subject</label><input class="span6" type="text" name="subject" id="md-email-dialog-form-subject"/> <label for="md-email-dialog-form-comments">Comments</label><textarea class="span6" name="comments" id="md-email-dialog-form-comments" maxlength="900"></textarea> <div class="md-email-dialog-form-msg">(Please limit to 900 characters)</div> <input type="hidden" name="url" id="md-email-dialog-url"/> <input type="hidden" name="title" id="md-email-dialog-title"/> <input type="submit" value="Send"/><button>Cancel</button> </form></div> <aside class="md-sidebar "><div class="hide-on-edit"> <div class="google-ad-iframe"> <div class="sliding-box-300x50"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/https://safe1.britannica.com/registrations/signup.do?partnerCode=EBOK_300x50_A" class="sidebar-in-house-upsell"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://safe.britannica.com/safeimages/EBOK_300x200A.jpg"/></a> </div> </div> <div id="adaptvDiv" class="md-video-player-wrapper ui-hide-on-modal" style="width: 300px; height: 250px;" data-media-info="{'id':179470,'renditionPaths':['http:\/\/video-1.web.britannica.com\/eb-media\/70\/179470-024-5B52DFDC.mp4','http:\/\/video-1.web.britannica.com\/eb-media\/70\/179470-047-F4446F81.flv'],'width':426,'height':240,'poster':'http:\/\/video-3.web.britannica.com\/eb-media\/70\/179470-049-D1564C9A.jpg','posterWidth':426,'posterHeight':240}"> <div class="md-video-player-container"></div> <div class="md-video-player-poster"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://video-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/70/179470-049-D1564C9A.jpg"/> <div class="md-video-player-loading"></div> </div> </div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-411b51a8-6575-4eda-a8d7-a22dd8d2087f" data-slot="TOP" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal "> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-411b51a8-6575-4eda-a8d7-a22dd8d2087f'); });</script> </div> <div class="google-ad-iframe"> <div class="sliding-box-300x50"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://projects.britannica.com/" target="_blank" data-ytrk="306"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/mendel/projects-promo/default_small.png"/> </a> </div> </div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-f148f983-afad-4b47-b097-9f5ab70d73ab" data-slot="BOT" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal "> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-f148f983-afad-4b47-b097-9f5ab70d73ab'); });</script> </div> <div class="md-sidebar-box font-sans sidebar-quiz-box"> <div class="md-sidebar-box-title font-sans-ui"> <span>FEATURED QUIZZES</span> </div> <div class="md-sidebar-box-content md-sidebar-box-content-list"> <ul> <li class="font-sans-ui"> <a data-ytrk="//438" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/10000/vocabulary-quiz" alt="Take this quiz at Encyclopedia Britannica to test your knowledge of English words and their definitions."> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/94/178194-118-7A636614.jpg"/> <span class="md-sidebar-list-item-title">Vocabulary Quiz</span> </a> </li> <li class="font-sans-ui"> <a data-ytrk="//438" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/11000/true-or-false" alt="Take this quiz at Encyclopedia Britannica to test your general knowledge."> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/95/178195-118-019518C4.jpg"/> <span class="md-sidebar-list-item-title">True or False</span> </a> </li> <li class="last font-sans-ui"> <a data-ytrk="//438" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/13000/name-that-thing" alt="Take this quiz at Encyclopedia Britannica to test your knowledge by matching names to images."> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/96/178196-118-49DC431A.jpg"/> <span class="md-sidebar-list-item-title">Name That Thing</span> </a> </li> </ul> <a data-ytrk="/85" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/browse" data-title="FEATURED QUIZZES" class="md-sidebar-list-all">See More...</a> </div> </div> <div class="md-sidebar-box font-sans sidebar-quiz-box"> <div class="md-sidebar-box-title font-sans-ui"> <span>MORE QUIZZES</span> </div> <div class="md-sidebar-box-content md-sidebar-box-content-list"> <ul> <li class="font-sans-ui"> <a data-ytrk="//135" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/804/a-game-of-tennis-fact-or-fiction" alt="Take this sportsTrue or False quiz at Encyclopedia Britannica to test your knowledge of the sport of tennis. "> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/68/143968-118-EDC03285.jpg"/> <span class="md-sidebar-list-item-title">A Game of Tennis: Fact or Fiction?</span> </a> </li> <li class="font-sans-ui"> <a data-ytrk="//135" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/155/viruses-bacteria-and-diseases" alt="Take this Health Quiz at Enyclopedia Britannica to test your knowledge of various diseases and viruses effecting the human body."> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-1.web.britannica.com/eb-media/11/167111-118-8E696765.jpg"/> <span class="md-sidebar-list-item-title">Viruses, Bacteria, and Diseases</span> </a> </li> <li class="last font-sans-ui"> <a data-ytrk="//135" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/840/drink-to-this" alt="Take this Food quiz at Encyclopedia Britannica to test your knowledge of coffee, wine, and other beverages. "> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/47/174347-118-03A51A66.jpg"/> <span class="md-sidebar-list-item-title">Drink to This</span> </a> </li> </ul> <a data-ytrk="/85" href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/quiz/browse" data-title="MORE QUIZZES" class="md-sidebar-list-all">See More...</a> </div> </div> <div id="div-gpt-ad-0b43930a-0957-40e7-aa05-040dbccd091d" data-slot="BOT2" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal "> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-0b43930a-0957-40e7-aa05-040dbccd091d'); });</script> </div> </div></aside> <div class="md-page-wrapper-bottom hide-on-edit"></div> </div> </div> <footer id="md-footer" class="footer-wrapper hide-on-edit"> <div class="footer-ad"> <div id="div-gpt-ad-7ab460e7-c836-4f61-bfc2-62eba1f6bfa5" data-slot="BOT" class="google-ad-iframe ui-hide-on-modal "> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="display gpt">googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-7ab460e7-c836-4f61-bfc2-62eba1f6bfa5'); });</script> </div> </div> <div class="footer-bck"> <ul class="md-footer-slim"> <li><a data-ytrk="59" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://corporate.britannica.com/" target="_blank">About Us</a></li> <li><a data-ytrk="129" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://corporate.britannica.com/privacy.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">About Our Ads</a></li> <li><a data-ytrk="37" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://corporate.britannica.com/contact/consumer/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a data-ytrk="60" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://corporate.britannica.com/privacy.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a data-ytrk="61" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://corporate.britannica.com/termsofuse.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Terms of Use</a></li> </ul> ©2015 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. </div> </footer><form method="POST" action="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/print/article/609790" id="md-print-dialog" title="Create printer friendly version" target="_blank" class="ui-hidden"> <div class="md-print-desc font-sans">Please select the sections you want to print<div class="btn small" id="md-print-dialog-all">Select All</div></div> <div id="md-print-dialog-toc"> <input type="checkbox" id="md-toc-print-toc" name="section[]" value="toc"/><label for="md-toc-print-toc" class="ui-form-label-right">Table of contents</label> <input type="checkbox" id="md-toc-print-introduction" name="section[]" value="intro"><label for="md-toc-print-introduction" class="ui-form-label-right">Introduction</label> <input type="checkbox" id="pt-44449" name="section[]" value="44449"/><label for="pt-44449">Land</label> <input type="checkbox" id="pt-44466" name="section[]" value="44466"/><label for="pt-44466">People</label> <input type="checkbox" id="pt-44469" name="section[]" value="44469"/><label for="pt-44469">Economy</label> <input type="checkbox" id="pt-44475" name="section[]" value="44475"/><label for="pt-44475">Administration and social conditions</label> <input type="checkbox" id="pt-44483" name="section[]" value="44483"/><label for="pt-44483">Cultural life</label> <input type="checkbox" id="pt-214560" name="section[]" value="214560"/><label for="pt-214560">History</label> </div> <input type="submit" value="Print" id="md-print-dialog-submit" disabled="disabled"/><button>Cancel</button> </form> <div id="md-citations" class="md-overlay-citations ui-hidden" title="Citations"> <dl> <dt>MLA style:</dt> <dd>"Turkey". <em>Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</em><br/>Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 16 Jul. 2015<br/><<span class="citation-url">http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60</span>>.</dd> <dt>APA style:</dt> <dd>Turkey. (2015). In <em>Encyclopædia Britannica</em>. Retrieved from <span class="citation-url">http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60</span></dd> <dt>Harvard style:</dt> <dd>Turkey. 2015. <em>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</em>. Retrieved 16 July, 2015, from <span class="citation-url">http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60</span></dd> <dt>Chicago Manual of Style:</dt> <dd><em>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</em>, s. v. "Turkey", accessed July 16, 2015, <span class="citation-url">http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/Turkey-under-the-Democrats-1950-60</span>.</dd> </dl> <p class="md-citations-warning"> While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.<br/> Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. </p> </div> <div id="md-edit-divs"> <div id="md-edit-toolbar" data-position-fixed="50" class="ui-hidden"> <ul id="md-edit-toolbar-tabs" class="ui-tabs"> <li id="md-edit-edit-tab"><a href="#md-edit-toolbar-edit" data-ytrk="282" class="font-serif-ui">Update</a><span class="md-edit-toolbar-tab-arrow"></span></li> <li id="md-edit-link-tab"><a href="#md-edit-toolbar-link" data-ytrk="283" class="font-serif-ui">Link</a><span class="md-edit-toolbar-tab-arrow"></span></li> </ul> <div class="ui-tabs-content"> <div id="md-edit-toolbar-edit"> Click anywhere inside the article to add text or insert superscripts, subscripts, and special characters.<br/> You can also highlight a section and use the tools in this bar to modify existing content: <div class="md-edit-toolbar-styles"> <ul> <li><button id="edit-bold" title="Bold" data-ui-editor-action="bold"></button></li> <li><button id="edit-italic" title="Italic" data-ui-editor-action="italic"></button></li> <li><button id="edit-sup" title="Superscript" data-ui-editor-action="superscript"></button></li> <li><button id="edit-sub" title="Subscript" data-ui-editor-action="subscript"></button></li> <li><button id="edit-ul" title="Bulleted List" data-ui-editor-action="insertunorderedlist"></button></li> <li><button id="edit-ol" title="Ordered List" data-ui-editor-action="insertorderedlist"></button></li> <li><button id="edit-special-char" title="Insert Special Character" data-ui-editor-action="special-characters"></button></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="md-edit-toolbar-link"> Add links to related Britannica articles!<br/> You can double-click any word or highlight a word or phrase in the text below and then select an article from the search box.<br/> Or, simply highlight a word or phrase in the article, then enter the article name or term you'd like to link to in the search box below, and select from the list of results. <div class="md-toolbar-link-form-container"> <form method="get" action="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/search" id="md-edit-toolbar-link-form" class=""> <div class="search-box"> <input name="query" type="text" id="md-edit-toolbar-link-query" placeholder="Search Britannica..." class="md-edit-toolbar-link-query" maxlength="200"/> <button data-ytrk="" type="submit" class="search-submit" value=""><i class="fa fa-search"></i></button> </div> </form> <div class="md-edit-toolbar-link-note"> <b>Note:</b> we do not allow links to external resources in editor.<br/> Please click the <a href="/web/20150717032246/http://www.britannica.com/place/Turkey/article-websites"><strong>Web sites</strong></a> link for this article to add citations for<br/> external Web sites. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-edit-help"> <strong>Editing Tools:</strong> <ul> <li><a href="#" id="md-edit-help-toc" data-ytrk="281">Table of Contents</a></li><li><a href="#" id="md-edit-help-tips" data-ytrk="280">Tips for Editing</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="md-edit-submission-toolbar" class="ui-hidden"> <div class="md-edit-submission-toolbar-container"> <div class="md-edit-submission-toolbar-buttons"> <button class="btn font-serif-ui" id="md-edit-cancel" data-ytrk="284">Leave Edit Mode</button> <button class="btn btn-primary font-serif-ui" id="md-edit-submit" data-ytrk="285">Submit</button> </div> </div> </div> <div id="md-edit-editing-tips" title="Tips for Editing" class="md-edit-help-box ui-hidden"> We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles.<br/> You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind:<br/> <ol> <li>Encyclopaedia Britannica articles are written in a neutral, objective tone for a general audience.</li> <li>You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered.</li> <li>Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources.</li> <li>At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are best.)</li> </ol> Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. </div> <div id="md-edit-toc-placeholder"></div> </div><div id="md-media-overlay" class="ui-hidden"> <a href="#" data-ytrk="607" class="md-media-overlay-close fa-stack" title="Close"> <i class="fa fa-stack-2x fa-circle-o"></i> <i class="fa fa-stack-1x fa-times"></i> </a> <div class="md-media-overlay-title"> <div class="subtitle">MEDIA FOR:</div> <div class="maintitle">Turkey</div> </div> <div class="md-media-overlay-content-container"> <div class="md-media-wrapper"> <a data-ytrk="94" href="#" class="md-media-overlay-arrow md-media-overlay-previous"><i class="fa fa-4x fa-angle-left"></i></a> <a data-ytrk="94" href="#" class="md-media-overlay-arrow md-media-overlay-next"><i class="fa fa-4x fa-angle-right"></i></a> <div id="md-media-container"> <span></span> <a rel="nofollow" title="See Full Size" id="md-media-overlay-zoom" target="_blank" href="#" data-ytrk="95" class="ui-hidden"><i class="fa fa-search-plus"></i></a> </div> </div> <div id="md-media-overlay-caption" class="font-sans-ui"> <div id="md-media-overlay-count"></div> <div id="md-media-overlay-caption-title"></div> <div id="md-media-overlay-caption-text" class="fancy-scrollbar white"></div> <div id="md-media-overlay-credit"></div> <div id="md-media-overlay-license"></div> </div> <div class="md-media-overlay-toolbar"> <a id="md-media-overlay-toolbar-print" data-ytrk="96" href="#" target="_blank" title="Print" rel="nofollow"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-print"></i></a> <span id="md-media-overlay-toolbar-citations" data-ytrk="605" title="Citation"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-quote-right"></i></span> <span id="md-media-overlay-toolbar-email" data-ytrk="604" title="Email"><i class="fa fa-fw fa-envelope"></i></span> </div> <div id="md-media-overlay-citations" class="md-media-overlay-box ui-hidden font-sans-ui"> <div class="md-media-overlay-citations-menu"> <div id="md-media-overlay-citations-close" class="md-media-overlay-box-close"><i class="fa fa-stack-1x fa-times"></i></div> <em>Citation</em> <ul class="md-media-overlay-citations-select"> <li data-value="mla">MLA</li> <li data-value="apa">APA</li> <li data-value="harvard">Harvard</li> <li data-value="chicago">Chicago</li> </ul> </div> <div id="md-media-overlay-citations-text"></div> </div> <div id="md-media-overlay-email" class="md-media-overlay-box ui-hidden font-sans-ui"> <em>Email</em> <div id="md-media-overlay-email-close" class="md-media-overlay-box-close"><i class="fa fa-stack-1x fa-times"></i></div> <form id="md-media-overlay-email-form"> <input type="hidden" name="assembly_id"/> <input type="hidden" name="page_id"/> <label for="md-media-overlay-email-to">To:</label> <input type="text" id="md-media-overlay-email-to" name="to" placeholder="Enter an email address" required="true" data-validation="email"/> <label for="md-media-overlay-email-from">From:</label> <input type="text" id="md-media-overlay-email-from" name="from" placeholder="Enter an email address" required="true" data-validation="email"/> <label for="md-media-overlay-email-comment">Comment:</label> <textarea id="md-media-overlay-email-comment" name="comment" placeholder="Add a comment"></textarea> <input type="submit" value="SEND"/> </form> </div> <div id="md-media-overlay-submit-email" class="md-media-overlay-box ui-hidden font-sans-ui"> <div class="md-media-overlay-submit-email-ok ui-hidden">You have successfully emailed this.</div> <div class="md-media-overlay-submit-email-error">Error when sending the email. Try again later.</div> <input type="button" value="OK" class="btn btn-primary"/> </div> </div> <div class="md-vertical-media-strip ui-hidden"></div> <div id="md-media-overlay-ad"> <iframe id="media-overlay-ad-iframe" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" width="160" height="600"></iframe> </div> </div><div id="loginbox-dialog" class="ui-hidden"> <div id="loginbox-dialog-iframe-container"></div> <div class="loginbox-continue-container"> <p>Or click <strong>Continue</strong> to submit anonymously:</p> <div class="btn loginbox-btn" id="loginbox-continue">Continue</div> </div> </div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150717032246js_/http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.4/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="/resources/js/libs/jquery-2.1.4.min.js"><\/script>');</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246js_/http://cdn.gigya.com/js/socialize.js?apiKey=3_QkFp1fFi8gwTK97KWaFi_v2eOF3cwcvUA9vC26R9gFKQjRikRuijZ1eOnERznNEN"> { siteName: 'britannica.com (Production - Consumer)', enabledProviders: 'facebook,twitter,googleplus,linkedin,yahoo', connectWithoutLoginBehavior: "alwaysLogin" } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246js_/http://cdn.gigya.com/js/gigyaGAIntegration.js"></script> <script src="/web/20150717032246js_/http://www.britannica.com/resources/js/min-mendel.js?v=2.32.31"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150717032246js_/http://www.britannica.com/resources/files/jwplayer6/jwplayer.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">jwplayer.key='OdjJyYN49OngMGhZzqouyjgt5MnrwNm7fDOTBVeyHVU=';</script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init Taboola"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({flush: true}); </script><script type="text/javascript" data-type="init page"> $( function() { Mendel.Page.init(); if ($.isDefined(Mendel.TopicPage)) { Mendel.TopicPage.init(); } }); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init Quantcast 2"> var _qevents = _qevents || []; _qevents.push( { qacct:"p-fePJXh17dNmkk"} ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150717032246js_/http://edge.quantserve.com/quant.js"></script> <noscript> <div style="display: none;"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150717032246im_/http://pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-fePJXh17dNmkk.gif" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/></div> </noscript><script type="text/javascript" data-type="load analytics"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/https://ssl' : 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init crazyeggs"> function CE_READY() { CE2.set( 1, 'ANONYMOUS' ); CE2.set( 2, 'A' ); CE2.set( 3, 'TOPIC PAGINATED COUNTRY' ); } </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="load crazyeggs"> setTimeout(function(){ var a=document.createElement("script"); var b=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; a.src=document.location.protocol+"//web.archive.org/web/20150717032246/http://dnn506yrbagrg.cloudfront.net/pages/scripts/0011/3876.js?"+Math.floor(new Date().getTime()/3600000); a.async=true;a.type="text/javascript";b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b) }, 1); </script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717032246js_/http://www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="eb stats"> var EBStat={accountId:-1,host:'www.britannica.com',domain:'www.britannica.com'}; try{writeStat(null,{accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'www.britannica.com',domain:'www.britannica.com',json:''});} catch(err){} </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20150717032246js_/http://www.britannica.com/resources/js/libs/jquery.scrolldepth.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="init scrollDepth"> $( function() { jQuery.scrollDepth(); } ); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Turkey | history - geography :: Turkey under the Democrats, 1950-60 | Britannica.com