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apprentice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apothecary's_apprentice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materiality_of_heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materiality_of_heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Materiality of heat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materiality_of_heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career:_1798–1802" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career:_1798–1802"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career: 1798–1802</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_career:_1798–1802-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early career: 1798–1802 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_career:_1798–1802-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Davy's_gift_for_chemistry_is_recognised" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Davy's_gift_for_chemistry_is_recognised"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Davy's gift for chemistry is recognised</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Davy's_gift_for_chemistry_is_recognised-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thomas_Beddoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Beddoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Thomas Beddoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Beddoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pneumatic_Institution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pneumatic_Institution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pneumatic Institution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pneumatic_Institution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anna_Beddoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anna_Beddoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Anna Beddoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anna_Beddoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-existence_of_caloric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-existence_of_caloric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Non-existence of caloric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-existence_of_caloric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrous_oxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrous_oxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Nitrous oxide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrous_oxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_monoxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_monoxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Carbon monoxide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_monoxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Early publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proofreading_Lyrical_Ballads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proofreading_Lyrical_Ballads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Proofreading <i>Lyrical Ballads</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proofreading_Lyrical_Ballads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Institution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Institution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Royal Institution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Institution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women's_scientific_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_scientific_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Women's scientific education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_scientific_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incandescent_light_and_arc_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incandescent_light_and_arc_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Incandescent light and arc light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incandescent_light_and_arc_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_lecturer_at_the_Royal_Institution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_lecturer_at_the_Royal_Institution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Full lecturer at the Royal Institution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_lecturer_at_the_Royal_Institution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Royal Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-career:_1802–1820" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-career:_1802–1820"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mid-career: 1802–1820</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mid-career:_1802–1820-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mid-career: 1802–1820 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mid-career:_1802–1820-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photographic_enlargements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographic_enlargements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Photographic enlargements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photographic_enlargements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potassium_and_sodium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potassium_and_sodium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Potassium and sodium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potassium_and_sodium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barium,_calcium,_strontium,_magnesium,_and_boron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barium,_calcium,_strontium,_magnesium,_and_boron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Barium, calcium, strontium, magnesium, and boron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barium,_calcium,_strontium,_magnesium,_and_boron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chlorine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chlorine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Chlorine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chlorine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Laboratory incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Travels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_tour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_tour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>European tour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_tour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Davy_lamp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Davy_lamp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Davy lamp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Davy_lamp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acid_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Acid studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herculaneum_papyri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herculaneum_papyri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Herculaneum papyri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herculaneum_papyri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life:_1820–1829" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life:_1820–1829"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life: 1820–1829</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life:_1820–1829-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life: 1820–1829 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life:_1820–1829-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_the_Royal_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>President of the Royal Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_the_Royal_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_to_the_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_to_the_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Election to the presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_to_the_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protection_of_ships'_bottoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_of_ships'_bottoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Protection of ships' bottoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_of_ships'_bottoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographical_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Geographical locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_and_literary_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_and_literary_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Scientific and literary recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_and_literary_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels_and_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_and_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Novels and poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_and_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Humphry Davy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A" title="همفري ديفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="همفري ديفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemfri_Devi" title="Hemfri Devi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hemfri Devi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="همفری دیوی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="همفری دیوی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF" title="হামফ্রে ডেভি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হামফ্রে ডেভি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Гемфры Дэві – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гемфры Дэві" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хъмфри Дейви – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хъмфри Дейви" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B9" title="Χάμφρι Ντέιβι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάμφρι Ντέιβι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="همفری دیوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همفری دیوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80" title="હમ્ફ્રી ડેવી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હમ્ફ્રી ડેવી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%98%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84" title="험프리 데이비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="험프리 데이비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B4%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%B4%D6%87%D5%AB" title="Հեմֆրի Դևի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեմֆրի Դևի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="हंफ्री डेवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हंफ्री डेवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99" title="האמפרי דייווי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האמפרי דייווי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF" title="ಹಂಫ್ರಿ ಡೇವಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಂಫ್ರಿ ಡೇವಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჰამფრი დეივი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰამფრი დეივი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamfrijs_Deivijs" title="Hamfrijs Deivijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hamfrijs Deivijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹംഫ്രി ഡേവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹംഫ്രി ഡേവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="हम्फ्री डेव्ही – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हम्फ्री डेव्ही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ჰამფრი დეივი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰამფრი დეივი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%89" title="همفرى ديفى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="همفرى ديفى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хемфри Дэви – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хемфри Дэви" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE" title="ဟမ်ဖရီ ဒေဗီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟမ်ဖရီ ဒေဗီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC" title="ハンフリー・デービー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンフリー・デービー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%80" title="ହମ୍ଫ୍ରୀ ଡେଭୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହମ୍ଫ୍ରୀ ଡେଭୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80" title="ਹੰਫ਼ਰੀ ਡੇਵੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੰਫ਼ਰੀ ਡੇਵੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ہمفری ڈیوی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہمفری ڈیوی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%88%DB%8C" title="همفري ډيوی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="همفري ډيوی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дэви, Гемфри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дэви, Гемфри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дэви Гемфри – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дэви Гемфри" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8C" title="ھومفری داڤی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھومفری داڤی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хамфри Дејви – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хамфри Дејви" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="ஹம்பிரி டேவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹம்பிரி டேவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80" title="హంఫ్రీ డేవీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హంఫ్రీ డేవీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="ฮัมฟรี เดวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮัมฟรี เดวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%84%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Гамфрі Деві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гамфрі Деві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1_%DB%81%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="سر ہمفری ڈیوی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سر ہمفری ڈیوی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Humphry Davy" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉弗里·戴维" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%B3%95%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD" title="漢法里·戴維 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="漢法里·戴維" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉弗里·戴维" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131761#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British chemist and inventor (1778–1829)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Humphry Davy</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Royal_Irish_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Royal Irish Academy">MRIA</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Geological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Geological Society">FGS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Humphry_Davy,_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/220px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/330px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg/440px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Thomas_Phillips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3123" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips" title="Thomas Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a>, 1821</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1778-12-17</span>)</span>17 December 1778<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>, Cornwall, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1829<span style="display:none">(1829-05-29)</span> (aged 50)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Arc lamp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">Aluminum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cathodic_protection" title="Cathodic protection">Cathodic protection</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cool_flame" title="Cool flame">Cool flame</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">Copper sheathing</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Davy_lamp" title="Davy lamp">Davy lamp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">Electrowinning</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">Enlarger</a><br />Discovery of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a><br />Isolation of <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a><br />Isolation of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a><br />Isolation of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a><br />Isolation of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a><br />Isolation of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a><br />Isolation of <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1805)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Bakerian_Medal" title="Royal Society Bakerian Medal">Bakerian Medal</a> (1806, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1826)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Prize" title="Volta Prize">Galvanism Prize</a> (1807)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> (1816)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1827)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">23rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1820–1827</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Davy%27s_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Davy%27s_signature.png/150px-Davy%27s_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Davy%27s_signature.png/225px-Davy%27s_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Davy%27s_signature.png/300px-Davy%27s_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="4075" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Articles about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solenoid"><img alt="Solenoid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/190px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/285px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/380px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electromagnetic_theory" title="History of electromagnetic theory">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_electromagnetics" title="Computational electromagnetics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_electromagnetism" title="List of textbooks in electromagnetism">Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electrical_phenomena" title="List of electrical phenomena">Phenomena</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">Electrostatics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charge_density" title="Charge density">Charge density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">Coulomb law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electret" title="Electret">Electret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment" title="Electric dipole moment">Electric dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">Electric field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_flux" title="Electric flux">Electric flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">Electric potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">Electrostatic discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_induction" title="Electrostatic induction">Electrostatic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law" title="Gauss's law">Gauss law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">Insulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">Permittivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization_density" title="Polarization density">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential_energy" title="Electric potential energy">Potential energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">Static electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboelectric_effect" title="Triboelectric effect">Triboelectricity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetostatics" title="Magnetostatics">Magnetostatics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s_circuital_law" title="Ampère's circuital law">Ampère law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biot%E2%80%93Savart_law" title="Biot–Savart law">Biot–Savart law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law_for_magnetism" title="Gauss's law for magnetism">Gauss magnetic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">Magnetic dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">Magnetic flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_scalar_potential" title="Magnetic scalar potential">Magnetic scalar potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potential" title="Magnetic vector potential">Magnetic vector potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization">Magnetization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-hand_rule#Electromagnetism" title="Right-hand rule">Right-hand rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">Electrodynamics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation" title="Cyclotron radiation">Cyclotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_current" title="Displacement current">Displacement current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">Eddy current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">Electromagnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">Electromagnetic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefimenko%27s_equations" title="Jefimenko's equations">Jefimenko equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larmor_formula" title="Larmor formula">Larmor formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenz%27s_law" title="Lenz's law">Lenz law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%E2%80%93Wiechert_potential" title="Liénard–Wiechert potential">Liénard–Wiechert potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_equations" title="London equations">London equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_stress_tensor" title="Maxwell stress tensor">Maxwell tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poynting_vector" title="Poynting vector">Poynting vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Electrical network</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">Alternating current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">Capacitance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_density" title="Current density">Current density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">Direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">Electric current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">Electromotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">Impedance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">Inductance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws" title="Kirchhoff's circuit laws">Kirchhoff laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)" title="Network analysis (electrical circuits)">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Parallel circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetics" title="Resonator">Resonant cavities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Series_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Series circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">Voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveguide_(radio_frequency)" title="Waveguide (radio frequency)">Waveguides</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_circuit" title="Magnetic circuit">Magnetic circuit</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_motor" title="DC motor">DC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_machine" title="Electric machine">Electric machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrator%E2%80%93capacitor_model" title="Gyrator–capacitor model">Gyrator–capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Induction motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">Linear motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetomotive_force" title="Magnetomotive force">Magnetomotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeance" title="Permeance">Permeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_complex_reluctance" title="Magnetic complex reluctance">Reluctance (complex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance" title="Magnetic reluctance">Reluctance (real)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">Rotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">Stator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Covariant_formulation_of_classical_electromagnetism" title="Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism">Covariant formulation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_tensor" title="Electromagnetic tensor">Electromagnetic tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism_and_special_relativity" title="Classical electromagnetism and special relativity">Electromagnetism and special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-current" title="Four-current">Four-current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_four-potential" title="Electromagnetic four-potential">Four-potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions_of_the_electromagnetic_field" title="Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field">Mathematical descriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations_in_curved_spacetime" title="Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime">Maxwell equations in curved spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_electromagnetism" title="Relativistic electromagnetism">Relativistic electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor" title="Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor">Stress–energy tensor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Biot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Davy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fizeau" title="Hippolyte Fizeau">Fizeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson">Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_D._Jefimenko" title="Oleg D. Jefimenko">Jefimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Larmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Lenz" title="Emil Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Marie_Li%C3%A9nard" title="Alfred-Marie Liénard">Liénard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">Poynting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ritchie_(physicist)" title="William Ritchie (physicist)">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Savart" title="Félix Savart">Savart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Singer" title="George Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Steinmetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Wiechert" title="Emil Wiechert">Wiechert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetism" title="Template talk:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Royal_Irish_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Royal Irish Academy">MRIA</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Geological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Geological Society">FGS</a></span></span> (17 December 1778 – 29 May 1829) was a British <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> and inventor who invented the <a href="/wiki/Davy_lamp" title="Davy lamp">Davy lamp</a> and a very early form of <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamp</a>. He is also remembered for isolating, by using electricity, several <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> for the first time: <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a><sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1807 and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> the following year, as well as for discovering the elemental nature of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>. Davy also studied the forces involved in these separations, inventing the new field of <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>. Davy is also credited with discovering <a href="/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate" title="Clathrate hydrate">clathrate hydrates</a>. </p><p>In 1799, he experimented with <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> and was astonished at how it made him laugh. He nicknamed it "laughing gas" and wrote about its potential as an <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anaesthetic</a> to relieve pain during surgery. </p><p>Davy was a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a> (PRS), <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Royal_Irish_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Royal Irish Academy">Member of the Royal Irish Academy</a> (MRIA), <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Geological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Geological Society">Fellow of the Geological Society</a> (FGS), and a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (elected 1810).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> called Davy's 1806 <a href="/wiki/Bakerian_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakerian Lecture">Bakerian Lecture</a> "On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity" "one of the best memoirs which has ever enriched the theory of chemistry." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life:_1778–1798"><span id="Early_life:_1778.E2.80.931798"></span>Early life: 1778–1798</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life: 1778–1798"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education,_apprenticeship_and_poetry"><span id="Education.2C_apprenticeship_and_poetry"></span>Education, apprenticeship and poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education, apprenticeship and poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davy was born in <a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>, Cornwall, England on 17 December 1778, the eldest of the five children of Robert Davy, a woodcarver, and his wife Grace Millett.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his brother and fellow chemist <a href="/wiki/John_Davy_(chemist)" title="John Davy (chemist)">John Davy</a>, their hometown was characterised by "an almost unbounded credulity respecting the supernatural and monstrous ... Amongst the middle and higher classes, there was little taste for literature, and still less for science ... Hunting, shooting, wrestling, cockfighting, generally ending in drunkenness, were what they most delighted in."<sup id="cite_ref-Davy_1836_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy_1836-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the age of six, Davy was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> at Penzance. Three years later, his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Varfell" title="Varfell">Varfell</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Ludgvan" title="Ludgvan">Ludgvan</a>, and subsequently, in term-time, Davy boarded with John Tonkin, his godfather and later his guardian.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon Davy's leaving grammar school in 1793, Tonkin paid for him to attend <a href="/wiki/Truro_Grammar_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Truro Grammar School">Truro Grammar School</a> to finish his education under the Rev Dr Cardew, who, in a letter to the engineer and <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> <a href="/wiki/Davies_Giddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Davies Giddy">Davies Giddy</a> (from 1817 called <a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a>), said dryly, "I could not discern the faculties by which he was afterwards so much distinguished." Davy entertained his school friends by writing poetry, composing Valentines, and telling stories from <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i>. Reflecting on his school days in a letter to his mother, Davy wrote, "Learning naturally is a true pleasure; how unfortunate then it is that in most schools it is made a pain."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I consider it fortunate", he continued, "I was left much to myself as a child, and put upon no particular plan of study ... What I am I made myself."<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother said Davy possessed a "native vigour" and "the genuine quality of genius, or of that power of intellect which exalts its possessor above the crowd."<sup id="cite_ref-Davy_1836_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy_1836-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apothecary's_apprentice"><span id="Apothecary.27s_apprentice"></span>Apothecary's apprentice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Apothecary's apprentice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Davy's father died in 1794, Tonkin apprenticed him to John Bingham Borlase, a surgeon with a practice in Penzance. While becoming a chemist in the <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecary</a>'s dispensary, he began conducting his earliest experiments at home, much to the annoyance of his friends and family. His older sister, for instance, complained his corrosive substances were destroying her dresses, and at least one friend thought it likely the "incorrigible" Davy would eventually "blow us all into the air."<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1797, after he learnt French from a refugee priest, Davy read <a href="/wiki/Lavoisier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a>'s <i>Traité élémentaire de chimie.</i> This exposure influenced much of his future work, which can be seen as reaction against Lavoisier's work and the dominance of French chemists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poetry">Poetry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a poet, over one hundred and sixty manuscript poems were written by Davy, the majority of which are found in his personal notebooks. Most of his written poems were not published, and he chose instead to share a few of them with his friends. Eight of his known poems were published. His poems reflected his views on both his career and also his perception of certain aspects of human life. He wrote on human endeavours and aspects of life like death, metaphysics, geology, natural theology and chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Ayrton_Paris" title="John Ayrton Paris">John Ayrton Paris</a> remarked that poems written by the young Davy "bear the stamp of lofty genius". Davy's first preserved poem entitled "The Sons of Genius" is dated 1795 and marked by the usual immaturity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2021)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> of youth. Other poems written in the following years, especially "On the Mount's Bay" and "St Michael's Mount", are descriptive verses. </p><p>Although he initially started writing his poems, albeit haphazardly, as a reflection of his views on his career and on life generally, most of his final poems concentrated on immortality and death. This was after he started experiencing failing health and a decline both in health and career.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Painting">Painting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three of Davy's paintings from around 1796 have been donated to the <a href="/wiki/Penlee_House" title="Penlee House">Penlee House</a> museum at Penzance. One is of the view from above <a href="/wiki/Gulval" title="Gulval">Gulval</a> showing the church, <a href="/wiki/Mount%27s_Bay" title="Mount's Bay">Mount's Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Mount" title="St Michael's Mount">the Mount</a>, while the other two depict <a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond" title="Loch Lomond">Loch Lomond</a> in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Materiality_of_heat">Materiality of heat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Materiality of heat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penzance_-_Lariggan_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Penzance_-_Lariggan_River.jpg/220px-Penzance_-_Lariggan_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Penzance_-_Lariggan_River.jpg/330px-Penzance_-_Lariggan_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Penzance_-_Lariggan_River.jpg/440px-Penzance_-_Lariggan_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Lariggan River</figcaption></figure> <p>At 17, he discussed the question of the materiality of heat with his <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> friend and mentor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dunkin" title="Robert Dunkin">Robert Dunkin</a>. Dunkin remarked: 'I tell thee what, Humphry, thou art the most quibbling hand at a dispute I ever met with in my life.' One winter day he took Davy to the Lariggan River to show him that rubbing two plates of ice together developed sufficient energy by motion to melt them,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that after the motion was suspended, the pieces were united by regelation. It was a crude form of analogous experiment exhibited by Davy in the lecture-room of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> that elicited considerable attention.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As professor at the Royal Institution, Davy repeated many of the ingenious experiments he learnt from Dunkin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career:_1798–1802"><span id="Early_career:_1798.E2.80.931802"></span>Early career: 1798–1802</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early career: 1798–1802"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Davy's_gift_for_chemistry_is_recognised"><span id="Davy.27s_gift_for_chemistry_is_recognised"></span>Davy's gift for chemistry is recognised</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Davy's gift for chemistry is recognised"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Davies_Giddy_(from_1817_Davies_Gilbert).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Davies_Giddy_%28from_1817_Davies_Gilbert%29.jpg/150px-Davies_Giddy_%28from_1817_Davies_Gilbert%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Davies_Giddy_%28from_1817_Davies_Gilbert%29.jpg/225px-Davies_Giddy_%28from_1817_Davies_Gilbert%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Davies_Giddy_%28from_1817_Davies_Gilbert%29.jpg/300px-Davies_Giddy_%28from_1817_Davies_Gilbert%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Davies Giddy (later: Davies Gilbert)</figcaption></figure> <p>Davies Giddy met Davy in <a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a> carelessly swinging on the half-gate of Dr Borlase's house, and interested by his talk invited him to his house at Tredrea and offered him the use of his library. This led to his introduction to Dr Edwards, who lived at Hayle Copper House. Edwards was a lecturer in chemistry in the school of <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bartholomew's Hospital">St. Bartholomew's Hospital</a>. He permitted Davy to use his laboratory and possibly directed his attention to the floodgates of the port of <a href="/wiki/Hayle" title="Hayle">Hayle</a>, which were rapidly decaying as a result of the contact between copper and iron under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>. <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion" title="Galvanic corrosion">Galvanic corrosion</a> was not understood at that time, but the phenomenon prepared Davy's mind for subsequent experiments on ships' <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">copper sheathing</a>. Gregory Watt, son of <a href="/wiki/James_Watt_(inventor)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watt (inventor)">James Watt</a>, visited Penzance for his health's sake, and while lodging at the Davys' house became a friend and gave him instructions in chemistry. Davy was acquainted with the <a href="/wiki/Wedgwood" title="Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a> family, who spent a winter at Penzance.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thomas_Beddoes">Thomas Beddoes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Thomas Beddoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Beddoes_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thomas_Beddoes_%28cropped%29.jpg/148px-Thomas_Beddoes_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thomas_Beddoes_%28cropped%29.jpg/223px-Thomas_Beddoes_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Thomas_Beddoes_%28cropped%29.jpg/297px-Thomas_Beddoes_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Beddoes</figcaption></figure> <p>At this time, physician and scientific writer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beddoes" title="Thomas Beddoes">Thomas Beddoes</a> and geologist <a href="/wiki/John_Hailstone" title="John Hailstone">John Hailstone</a> were engaged in a geological controversy on the rival merits of the <a href="/wiki/Plutonism" title="Plutonism">Plutonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptunist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunist">Neptunist</a> hypotheses. They travelled together to examine the Cornish coast accompanied by Giddy—an intimate friend of Beddoes—and made Davy's acquaintance. Beddoes, who had established at <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> the medical research facility the '<a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_Institution" title="Pneumatic Institution">Pneumatic Institution</a>,' needed an assistant to superintend the laboratory. Giddy recommended Davy, and in 1798 Gregory Watt showed Beddoes Davy's <i>Young man's Researches on Heat and Light</i>, which were subsequently published by him in the first volume of <i>West-Country Contributions</i>. After prolonged negotiations, mainly by Giddy, Mrs Davy and Borlase consented to Davy's departure, but Tonkin wished him to remain in his native town as a surgeon, and altered his will when he found that Davy insisted on going to Dr Beddoes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pneumatic_Institution">Pneumatic Institution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pneumatic Institution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_%26_6_Dowry_Square,_Bristol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/5_%26_6_Dowry_Square%2C_Bristol.jpg/220px-5_%26_6_Dowry_Square%2C_Bristol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/5_%26_6_Dowry_Square%2C_Bristol.jpg/330px-5_%26_6_Dowry_Square%2C_Bristol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/5_%26_6_Dowry_Square%2C_Bristol.jpg/440px-5_%26_6_Dowry_Square%2C_Bristol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2438" /></a><figcaption>Site of the Pneumatic Institution, Bristol</figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 October 1798, Davy joined the Pneumatic Institution at Bristol. It had been established to investigate the medical powers of <a href="/wiki/Factitious_airs" title="Factitious airs">factitious airs</a> and gases (gases produced experimentally or artificially), and Davy was to superintend the various experiments. The arrangement agreed between Dr Beddoes and Davy was generous, and enabled Davy to give up all claims on his paternal property in favour of his mother. He did not intend to abandon the medical profession and was determined to study and graduate at Edinburgh, but he soon began to fill parts of the institution with voltaic batteries. While living in Bristol, Davy met the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Durham" title="Earl of Durham">Earl of Durham</a>, who was a resident in the institution for his health. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anna_Beddoes">Anna Beddoes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anna Beddoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davy threw himself energetically into the work of the laboratory and formed a long romantic friendship with Mrs Anna Beddoes, the novelist <a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth's</a> sister, who acted as his guide on walks and other fine sights of the locality. The critic Maurice Hindle was the first to reveal that Davy and Anna had written poems for each other.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wahida Amin has transcribed and discussed a number of poems written between 1803 and 1808 to "Anna" and one to her infant child.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-existence_of_caloric">Non-existence of caloric</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Non-existence of caloric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1799, the first volume of the <i>West-Country Collections</i> was issued. Half consisted of Davy's essays <i>On Heat, Light, and the Combinations of Light</i>, <i>On Phos-oxygen and its Combinations</i>, and on the <i>Theory of Respiration</i>. On 22 February 1799 Davy, wrote to Davies Giddy, "I am now as much convinced of the non-existence of <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric</a> as I am of the existence of light." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrous_oxide">Nitrous oxide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nitrous oxide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Watt_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/James_Watt_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-James_Watt_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/James_Watt_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-James_Watt_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/James_Watt_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda_%28cropped%29.jpg/299px-James_Watt_by_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> in 1792 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Frederik_von_Breda" title="Carl Frederik von Breda">Carl Frederik von Breda</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Southey_by_Peter_Vandyke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_Southey_by_Peter_Vandyke.jpg/150px-Robert_Southey_by_Peter_Vandyke.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_Southey_by_Peter_Vandyke.jpg/224px-Robert_Southey_by_Peter_Vandyke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Robert_Southey_by_Peter_Vandyke.jpg/299px-Robert_Southey_by_Peter_Vandyke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Robert Southey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaesthesia_exhibition,_1946_Wellcome_M0009908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anaesthesia_exhibition%2C_1946_Wellcome_M0009908.jpg/220px-Anaesthesia_exhibition%2C_1946_Wellcome_M0009908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anaesthesia_exhibition%2C_1946_Wellcome_M0009908.jpg/330px-Anaesthesia_exhibition%2C_1946_Wellcome_M0009908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Anaesthesia_exhibition%2C_1946_Wellcome_M0009908.jpg/440px-Anaesthesia_exhibition%2C_1946_Wellcome_M0009908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3995" data-file-height="2888" /></a><figcaption>Sir Humphry Davy's <i>Researches chemical and philosophical: chiefly concerning nitrous oxide</i> (1800), pp. 556 and 557 (right), outlining potential anaesthetic properties of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> in relieving pain during surgery</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1799, Davy became increasingly well known due to his experiments with the physiological action of some gases, including laughing gas (<a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gas was first synthesised in 1772 by the <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural philosopher">natural philosopher</a> and chemist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>, who called it <i>dephlogisticated nitrous air</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlogiston">phlogiston</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nitrous_Oxide_pioneers_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nitrous_Oxide_pioneers-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Priestley described his discovery in the book <i>Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1775)</i>, in which he described how to produce the preparation of "nitrous air diminished", by heating iron filings dampened with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_Priestley_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_Priestley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another letter to Giddy, on 10 April, Davy informs him: "I made a discovery yesterday which proves how necessary it is to repeat experiments. The gaseous oxide of azote (the laughing gas) is perfectly respirable when pure. It is never deleterious but when it contains nitrous gas. I have found a mode of making it pure." He said that he breathed sixteen quarts of it for nearly seven minutes, and that it "absolutely intoxicated me."<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to Davy himself, his enthusiastic experimental subjects included his poet friends <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jay2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jay2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Gregory Watt and James Watt, other close friends. James Watt built a portable gas chamber to facilitate Davy's experiments with the inhalation of nitrous oxide. At one point the gas was combined with wine to judge its efficacy as a cure for <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangover</a> (his laboratory notebook indicated success). The gas was popular among Davy's friends and acquaintances, and he noted that it might be useful for performing surgical operations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> were not regularly used in medicine or dentistry until decades after Davy's death.<sup id="cite_ref-AOW_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_monoxide">Carbon monoxide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Carbon monoxide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the gas experiments Davy ran considerable risks. His respiration of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> which may have combined with air in the mouth to form <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> (HNO<sub>3</sub>),<sup id="cite_ref-Jay2014_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jay2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> severely injured the mucous membrane, and in Davy's attempt to inhale four quarts of "pure <a href="/wiki/Factitious_airs" title="Factitious airs">hydrocarbonate</a>" gas in an experiment with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> he "seemed sinking into annihilation." On being removed into the open air, Davy faintly articulated, "I do not think I shall die,"<sup id="cite_ref-Jay2014_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jay2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some hours elapsed before the painful symptoms ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy was able to take his own pulse as he staggered out of the laboratory and into the garden, and he described it in his notes as "threadlike and beating with excessive quickness". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_publications">Early publications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1799, Beddoes and Davy published <i>Contributions to physical and medical knowledge, principally from the west of England</i> and <i>Essays on heat, light, and the combinations of light, with a new theory of respiration. On the generation of oxygen gas, and the causes of the colors of organic beings.</i> Their experimental work was poor, and the publications were harshly criticised.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In after years Davy regretted he had ever published these immature hypotheses, which he subsequently designated "the dreams of misemployed genius which the light of experiment and observation has never conducted to truth."<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These criticisms, however, led Davy to refine and improve his experimental techniques,<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spending his later time at the institution increasingly in experimentation. </p><p>In December 1799 Davy visited London for the first time and extended his circle of friends. Davy features in the diary of William Godwin, with their first meeting recorded for 4 December 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1800, Davy informed Giddy that he had been "repeating the galvanic experiments with success" in the intervals of the experiments on the gases, which "almost incessantly occupied him from January to April." In 1800, Davy published his <i>Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, chiefly concerning Nitrous Oxide and its Respiration</i>, and received a more positive response.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proofreading_Lyrical_Ballads">Proofreading <i>Lyrical Ballads</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Proofreading Lyrical Ballads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Wordsworth_at_28_by_William_Shuter(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Wordsworth_at_28_by_William_Shuter%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-William_Wordsworth_at_28_by_William_Shuter%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Wordsworth_at_28_by_William_Shuter%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-William_Wordsworth_at_28_by_William_Shuter%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/William_Wordsworth_at_28_by_William_Shuter%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-William_Wordsworth_at_28_by_William_Shuter%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>William Wordsworth at 28</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge_(cropped)2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge_%28cropped%292.jpg/149px-Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge_%28cropped%292.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge_%28cropped%292.jpg/224px-Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge_%28cropped%292.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge_%28cropped%292.jpg/298px-Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge_%28cropped%292.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Samuel Taylor Coleridge</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> and Samuel Taylor Coleridge moved to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> in 1800, and asked Davy to deal with the Bristol publishers of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_Ballads" title="Lyrical Ballads">Lyrical Ballads</a></i>, Biggs & Cottle. Coleridge asked Davy to proofread the second edition, the first to contain Wordsworth's "<a href="/wiki/Preface_to_the_Lyrical_Ballads" title="Preface to the Lyrical Ballads">Preface to the Lyrical Ballads</a>", in a letter dated 16 July 1800: "Will you be so kind as just to look over the sheets of the lyrical Ballads".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wordsworth subsequently wrote to Davy on 29 July 1800, sending him the first manuscript sheet of poems and asking him specifically to correct: "any thing you find amiss in the punctuation a business at which I am ashamed to say I am no adept".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wordsworth was ill in the autumn of 1800 and slow in sending poems for the second edition; the volume appeared on 26 January 1801 even though it was dated 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is impossible to know whether Davy was at fault, this edition of the Lyrical Ballads contained many errors, including the poem <a href="/wiki/Michael_(poem)" title="Michael (poem)">"Michael"</a> being left incomplete.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a personal notebook marked on the front cover "Clifton 1800 From August to Novr", Davy wrote his own Lyrical Ballad: "As I was walking up the street".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wordsworth features in Davy's poem as the recorder of ordinary lives in the line: "By poet Wordsworths Rymes" [sic]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Institution">Royal Institution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Royal Institution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1799, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a> (Count Rumford) had proposed the establishment in London of an 'Institution for Diffusing Knowledge', i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a>. The house in <a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Street" title="Albemarle Street">Albemarle Street</a> was bought in April 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008285_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008285-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumford became secretary to the institution, and Dr <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garnett_(physician)" title="Thomas Garnett (physician)">Thomas Garnett</a> was the first lecturer. </p><p>In February 1801 Davy was interviewed by the committee of the Royal Institution, comprising <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, Benjamin Thompson and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a>. Davy wrote to Davies Giddy on 8 March 1801 about the offers made by Banks and Thompson, a possible move to London and the promise of funding for his work in galvanism. He also mentioned that he might not be collaborating further with Beddoes on therapeutic gases. The next day Davy left Bristol to take up his new post at the Royal Institution,<sup id="cite_ref-AOW_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it having been resolved 'that Humphry Davy be engaged in the service of the Royal Institution in the capacity of assistant lecturer in chemistry, director of the chemical laboratory, and assistant editor of the journals of the institution, and that he be allowed to occupy a room in the house, and be furnished with coals and candles, and that he be paid a salary of 100l. per annum.'<sup id="cite_ref-DNB_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 25 April 1801, Davy gave his first lecture on the relatively new subject of 'Galvanism'. He and his friend Coleridge had had many conversations about the nature of human knowledge and progress, and Davy's lectures gave his audience a vision of human civilisation brought forward by scientific discovery. "It [science] has bestowed on him powers which may almost be called creative; which have enabled him to modify and change the beings surrounding him, and by his experiments to interrogate nature with power, not simply as a scholar, passive and seeking only to understand her operations, but rather as a master, active with his own instruments."<sup id="cite_ref-AOW_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first lecture garnered rave reviews, and by the June lecture Davy wrote to John King that his last lecture had attendance of nearly 500 people. "There was Respiration, Nitrous Oxide, and unbounded Applause. Amen!"<sup id="cite_ref-AOW_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy revelled in his public status.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemical_lectures._Etching_by_Thomas_Rowlandson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chemical_lectures._Etching_by_Thomas_Rowlandson.jpg/400px-Chemical_lectures._Etching_by_Thomas_Rowlandson.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chemical_lectures._Etching_by_Thomas_Rowlandson.jpg/600px-Chemical_lectures._Etching_by_Thomas_Rowlandson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Chemical_lectures._Etching_by_Thomas_Rowlandson.jpg/800px-Chemical_lectures._Etching_by_Thomas_Rowlandson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption><i>Chemical lectures</i> – etching by Thomas Rowlandson</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_scientific_education"><span id="Women.27s_scientific_education"></span>Women's scientific education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Women's scientific education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg/400px-Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg/600px-Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Royal_Institution_-_Humphry_Davy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>1802 satirical cartoon by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> showing a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> lecture on pneumatics, with Davy holding the bellows and <a href="/wiki/Count_Rumford" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Rumford">Count Rumford</a> looking on at extreme right. Dr <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garnett_(physician)" title="Thomas Garnett (physician)">Thomas Garnett</a> is the lecturer, holding the victim's nose.</figcaption></figure> <p>Davy's lectures included spectacular and sometimes dangerous chemical demonstrations along with scientific information, and were presented with considerable showmanship by the young and handsome man.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy also included both poetic and religious commentary in his lectures, emphasizing that God's design was revealed by chemical investigations. Religious commentary was in part an attempt to appeal to women in his audiences. Davy, like many of his enlightenment contemporaries, supported female education and women's involvement in scientific pursuits, even proposing that women be admitted to evening events at the Royal Society. Davy acquired a large female following around London. In a satirical cartoon by Gillray, nearly half of the attendees pictured are female. His support of women caused Davy to be subjected to considerable gossip and innuendo, and to be criticised as unmanly.<sup id="cite_ref-Golinski_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golinski-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incandescent_light_and_arc_light">Incandescent light and arc light</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Incandescent light and arc light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Arc lamp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg/220px-Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg/330px-Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg/440px-Lichtbogen_3000_Volt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>An electric arc between two nails</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1802, Humphry Davy had what was then the most powerful electrical battery in the world at the Royal Institution. With it, Davy created the first <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent light">incandescent light</a> by passing electric current through a thin strip of platinum, chosen because the metal had an extremely high melting point. It was neither sufficiently bright nor long lasting enough to be of practical use, but demonstrated the principle. By 1806 he was able to demonstrate a much more powerful form of electric lighting to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in London. It was an early form of <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc light</a> which produced its illumination from an electric arc created between two charcoal rods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Full_lecturer_at_the_Royal_Institution">Full lecturer at the Royal Institution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Full lecturer at the Royal Institution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Davy's lecture series on Galvanism ended, he progressed to a new series on <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural Chemistry">agricultural chemistry</a>, and his popularity continued to skyrocket. By June 1802, after just over a year at the Institution and at the age of 23, Davy was nominated to full lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a> of Great Britain. Garnett quietly resigned, citing health reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-AOW_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_Society">Royal Society</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Royal Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1804 Davy became a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, over which he would later preside. He was one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological Society">Geological Society</a> in 1807<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> in 1810 and a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mid-career:_1802–1820"><span id="Mid-career:_1802.E2.80.931820"></span>Mid-career: 1802–1820</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mid-career: 1802–1820"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photographic_enlargements">Photographic enlargements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Photographic enlargements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1802 Davy published in the first issue of the <i>Journals of the Royal Institution of Great Britain</i> his <i>An Account of a Method of Copying Paintings upon Glass, and of Making Profiles, by the Agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver. Invented by T. Wedgwood, Esq. With Observations by H. Davy</i> in which he described their experiments with the photosensitivity of <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He recorded that "images of small objects, produced by means of the solar microscope, may be copied without difficulty on prepared paper." <a href="/wiki/Josef_Maria_Eder" title="Josef Maria Eder">Josef Maria Eder</a>, in his <i>History of Photography,</i> though crediting <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wedgwood_(photographer)" title="Thomas Wedgwood (photographer)">Wedgwood</a>, because of his application of this quality of silver nitrate to the making of images, as "the first photographer in the world," proposes that it was Davy who realised the idea of photographic <a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlargement</a> using a solar microscope to project images onto sensitised paper. Neither found a means of fixing their images, and Davy devoted no more of his time to furthering these early discoveries in photography.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principle of image projection using solar illumination was applied to the construction of the earliest form of photographic enlarger, the "<a href="/wiki/Solar_camera" title="Solar camera">solar camera</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements">Elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VoltaBattery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/VoltaBattery.JPG/170px-VoltaBattery.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/VoltaBattery.JPG/255px-VoltaBattery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/VoltaBattery.JPG/340px-VoltaBattery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sodium.jpg/100px-Sodium.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sodium.jpg/150px-Sodium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sodium.jpg/200px-Sodium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> metal, about 10 g, under oil</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnesium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Magnesium_crystals.jpg/170px-Magnesium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Magnesium_crystals.jpg/255px-Magnesium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Magnesium_crystals.jpg/340px-Magnesium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> metal crystals</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potassium_and_sodium">Potassium and sodium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Potassium and sodium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davy was a pioneer in the field of <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a> to split common compounds and thus prepare many new elements. He went on to electrolyse molten salts and discovered several new metals, including <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, highly reactive elements known as the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>. Davy discovered potassium in 1807, deriving it from <a href="/wiki/Caustic_potash" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic potash">caustic potash</a> (KOH). Before the 19th century, no distinction had been made between potassium and sodium. Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis. Davy isolated sodium in the same year by passing an electric current through molten <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barium,_calcium,_strontium,_magnesium,_and_boron"><span id="Barium.2C_calcium.2C_strontium.2C_magnesium.2C_and_boron"></span>Barium, calcium, strontium, magnesium, and boron</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Barium, calcium, strontium, magnesium, and boron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first half of 1808, Davy conducted a series of further electrolysis experiments on alkaline earths including <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">lime</a>, magnesia, strontites and barytes. At the beginning of June, Davy received a letter from the Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Berzelius">Berzelius</a> claiming that he, in conjunction with Dr. Pontin, had successfully obtained amalgams of calcium and barium by electrolysing lime and barytes using a mercury cathode. Davy managed to successfully repeat these experiments almost immediately and expanded Berzelius' method to strontites and magnesia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noted that while these amalgams oxidised in only a few minutes when exposed to air they could be preserved for lengthy periods of time when submerged in <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> before becoming covered with a white crust.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June 1808 Davy reported to the Royal Society that he had successfully isolated four new metals which he named <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> and magnium (later changed to <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>) which were subsequently published in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. Although Davy conceded magnium was an "undoubtedly objectionable" name he argued the more appropriate name magnesium was already being applied to metallic manganese and wished to avoid creating an equivocal term.<sup id="cite_ref-Electro-chemical_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electro-chemical-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The observations gathered from these experiments also led to Davy isolating <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenyon_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenyon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> called Davy's 1806 <a href="/wiki/Bakerian_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakerian Lecture">Bakerian Lecture</a> <i>On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity</i><sup id="cite_ref-Davy,_1806_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy,_1806-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "one of the best memoirs which has ever enriched the theory of chemistry."<sup id="cite_ref-Berzelius,_1818_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berzelius,_1818-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chlorine">Chlorine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Chlorine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine_sphere_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chlorine_sphere_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Chlorine_sphere_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Chlorine_sphere_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Chlorine</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> was discovered in 1774 by Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>, who called it <i>"dephlogisticated marine acid"</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">phlogiston theory</a>) and mistakenly thought it contained <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. Davy showed that the acid of Scheele's substance, called at the time <a href="/wiki/Chlorine#History" title="Chlorine">oxymuriatic acid</a>, contained no <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. This discovery overturned <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier's</a> definition of acids as compounds of oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1810, chlorine was given its current name by Humphry Davy, who insisted that chlorine was in fact an <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name chlorine, chosen by Davy for "one of [the substance's] obvious and characteristic properties – its colour", comes from the Greek χλωρος (chlōros), meaning green-yellow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laboratory_incident">Laboratory incident</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Laboratory incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Davy seriously injured himself in a laboratory accident with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">nitrogen trichloride</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trans._RS,_Davy,_1813_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trans._RS,_Davy,_1813-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French chemist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Dulong" title="Pierre Louis Dulong">Pierre Louis Dulong</a> had first prepared this compound in 1811, and had lost two fingers and an eye in two separate explosions with it. In a letter to <a href="/wiki/John_George_Children" title="John George Children">John Children</a>, on 16 November 1812, Davy wrote: "It must be used with great caution. It is not safe to experiment upon a globule larger than a pin's head. I have been severely wounded by a piece scarcely bigger. My sight, however, I am informed, will not be injured".<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy's accident induced him to hire <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> as a co-worker, particularly for assistance with handwriting and record keeping. He had recovered from his injuries by April 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels">Travels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Travels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_tour">European tour</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: European tour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Humphry_Davy,_Bt_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/170px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/255px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/340px-Sir_Humphry_Davy%2C_Bt_by_Sir_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3070" /></a><figcaption>Sir Humphry Davy by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rough_diamond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/150px-Rough_diamond.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/225px-Rough_diamond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/300px-Rough_diamond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>A diamond crystal in its matrix</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1812, Davy was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> and gave up his lecturing position at the Royal Institution. He was given the title of Honorary Professor of Chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave a farewell lecture to the Institution, and married a wealthy widow, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Davy" title="Jane Davy">Jane Apreece</a>. (While Davy was generally acknowledged as being faithful to his wife, their relationship was stormy, and in later years he travelled to continental Europe alone.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Davy-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Davy-3.jpg/180px-Davy-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Davy-3.jpg/270px-Davy-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Davy-3.jpg/360px-Davy-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="4210" /></a><figcaption>Dedication page of an 1812 copy of "<i>Elements of Chemical Philosophy</i>," which Davy dedicated to his wife.</figcaption></figure> <p>Davy then published his <i>Elements of Chemical Philosophy, part 1, volume 1</i>, though other parts of this title were never completed. He made notes for a second edition, but it was never required.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1813, he and his wife, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> as his scientific assistant (also treated as a valet), travelled to France to collect the second edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Volta_Prize#Inspiration" title="Volta Prize">prix du Galvanisme</a>,</i> a medal that <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> had awarded Davy for his electro-chemical work. Faraday noted "Tis indeed a strange venture at this time, to trust ourselves in a foreign and hostile country, where so little regard is had to protestations of honour, that the slightest suspicion would be sufficient to separate us for ever from England, and perhaps from life".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy's party sailed from Plymouth to Morlaix by <a href="/wiki/Cartel_(ship)" title="Cartel (ship)">cartel</a>, where they were searched.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon reaching Paris, Davy was a guest of honour at a meeting of the First Class of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a></span></span> and met with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> and other French chemists.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later reported that Davy's wife had thrown the medal onto the sea, near her Cornish home, "as it raised bad memories". The Royal Society of Chemistry has offered over £1,800 for the recovery of the medal.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Paris, Davy attended lectures at the <a href="/wiki/Ecole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecole Polytechnique">Ecole Polytechnique</a>, including those by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> on a mysterious substance isolated by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Courtois" title="Bernard Courtois">Bernard Courtois</a>. Davy wrote a paper for the Royal Society on the element, which is now called <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a dispute between Davy and Gay-Lussac on who had the priority on the research.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davy's party did not meet Napoleon in person, but they did visit the Empress <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Malmaison" title="Château de Malmaison">Château de Malmaison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party left Paris in December 1813, travelling south to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams,_1965_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams,_1965-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sojourned in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, where using the <a href="/wiki/Burning_glass" title="Burning glass">burning glass</a> of the Grand Duke of Tuscany <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a series of experiments conducted with Faraday's assistance, Davy succeeded in using the sun's rays to ignite <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, proving it is composed of pure <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>. </p><p>Davy's party continued to Rome, where he undertook experiments on iodine and chlorine and on the colours used in ancient paintings. This was the first chemical research on the pigments used by artists.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also visited <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a>, where he collected samples of crystals. By June 1814, they were in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, where they met <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, and then continued north to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. They returned to Italy via <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, and when their plans to travel to Greece and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> were abandoned after Napoleon's escape from <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>, they returned to England. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, Davy wrote to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a> urging that the French be treated with severity: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My Lord, I need not say to Your Lordship that the capitulation of Paris not a treaty; lest everything belonging to the future state of that capital & of France is open to discussion & that France is a conquered country. It is the duty of the allies to give her more restricted boundaries which shall not encroach upon the natural limits of other nations. to weaken her on the side of Italy, Germany & Flanders. To take back from her by contributions the wealth she has acquired by them to suffer her to retain nothing that the republican or imperial armies have stolen: This last duty is demanded no less by policy than justice.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sir Humphry Davy, Letter to Lord Liverpool<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Davy-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1812 copy of "Elements of Chemical Philosophy""><img alt="1812 copy of "Elements of Chemical Philosophy"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Davy-1.jpg/80px-Davy-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Davy-1.jpg/119px-Davy-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Davy-1.jpg/159px-Davy-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3398" data-file-height="5117" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1812 copy of "<i>Elements of Chemical Philosophy</i>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Davy-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page of an 1812 copy of "Elements of Chemical Philosophy""><img alt="Title page of an 1812 copy of "Elements of Chemical Philosophy"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Davy-2.jpg/69px-Davy-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Davy-2.jpg/104px-Davy-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Davy-2.jpg/139px-Davy-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2607" data-file-height="4506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page of an 1812 copy of "<i>Elements of Chemical Philosophy</i>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Davy-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Table of contents page of an 1812 copy of "Elements of Chemical Philosophy""><img alt="Table of contents page of an 1812 copy of "Elements of Chemical Philosophy"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Davy-4.jpg/71px-Davy-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Davy-4.jpg/107px-Davy-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Davy-4.jpg/143px-Davy-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Table of contents page of an 1812 copy of "<i>Elements of Chemical Philosophy</i>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Davy-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Introduction of an 1812 copy of "Elements of Chemical Philosophy""><img alt="Introduction of an 1812 copy of "Elements of Chemical Philosophy"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Davy-5.jpg/68px-Davy-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Davy-5.jpg/103px-Davy-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Davy-5.jpg/137px-Davy-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="4526" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Introduction of an 1812 copy of "<i>Elements of Chemical Philosophy</i>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Davy-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Introduction (continued) of an 1812 copy of "Elements of Chemical Philosophy""><img alt="Introduction (continued) of an 1812 copy of "Elements of Chemical Philosophy"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Davy-6.jpg/71px-Davy-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Davy-6.jpg/106px-Davy-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Davy-6.jpg/142px-Davy-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2451" data-file-height="4135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Introduction (continued) of an 1812 copy of "<i>Elements of Chemical Philosophy</i>"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Davy_lamp">Davy lamp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Davy lamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Davy_lamp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Davy_lamp.png/200px-Davy_lamp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Davy_lamp.png/300px-Davy_lamp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Davy_lamp.png/400px-Davy_lamp.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Davy lamp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HumphryDavyStatueNew2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/HumphryDavyStatueNew2.jpg/200px-HumphryDavyStatueNew2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/HumphryDavyStatueNew2.jpg/300px-HumphryDavyStatueNew2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/HumphryDavyStatueNew2.jpg/400px-HumphryDavyStatueNew2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Davy in <a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>, Cornwall, holding his safety lamp</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Davy_lamp" title="Davy lamp">Davy lamp</a></div> <p>After his return to England in 1815, Davy began experimenting with lamps that could be used safely in coal mines. The Revd Dr Robert Gray of <a href="/wiki/Bishopwearmouth" title="Bishopwearmouth">Bishopwearmouth</a> in Sunderland, founder of the Society for Preventing Accidents in Coalmines, had written to Davy suggesting that he might use his 'extensive stores of chemical knowledge' to address the issue of mining explosions caused by <a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">firedamp</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> mixed with oxygen, which was often ignited by the open flames of the lamps then used by miners. Incidents such as the <a href="/wiki/Felling_mine_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Felling mine disaster">Felling mine disaster</a> of 1812 near <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, in which 92 men were killed, not only caused great loss of life among miners but also meant that their widows and children had to be supported by the public purse. The Revd Gray and a fellow clergyman also working in a north-east mining area, the Revd John Hodgson of <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a>, were keen that action should be taken to improve underground lighting and especially the lamps used by miners.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davy conceived of using an iron gauze to enclose a lamp's flame, and so prevent the methane burning inside the lamp from passing out to the general atmosphere. Although the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">safety lamp</a> had already been demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Clanny" title="William Reid Clanny">William Reid Clanny</a> and by the then unknown (but later very famous) engineer <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a>, Davy's use of <a href="/wiki/Wire_gauze" title="Wire gauze">wire gauze</a> to prevent the spread of flame was used by many other inventors in their later designs. George Stephenson's lamp was very popular in the north-east coalfields, and used the same principle of preventing the flame reaching the general atmosphere, but by different means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008364–73_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008364–73-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, although the new design of gauze lamp initially did seem to offer protection, it gave much less light, and quickly deteriorated in the wet conditions of most pits. Rusting of the gauze quickly made the lamp unsafe, and the number of deaths from firedamp explosions rose yet further. </p><p>There was some discussion as to whether Davy had discovered the principles behind his lamp without the help of the work of <a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a>, but it was generally agreed that the work of the two men had been independent. Davy refused to patent the lamp, and its invention led to his being awarded the <a href="/wiki/Rumford_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumford medal">Rumford medal</a> in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acid_studies">Acid studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Acid studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1815 Davy also suggested that <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> were substances that contained replaceable <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> ions;– hydrogen that could be partly or totally replaced by <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">reactive metals</a> which are placed above hydrogen in the reactivity series. When acids reacted with metals they formed <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> and hydrogen gas. <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">Bases</a> were substances that reacted with acids to form salts and water. These definitions worked well for most of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herculaneum_papyri">Herculaneum papyri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Herculaneum papyri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum_papyri" title="Herculaneum papyri">Herculaneum papyri</a></div> <p>Davy experimented on fragments of the Herculaneum papyri before his departure to Naples in 1818. His early experiments showed hope of success. In his report to the Royal Society Davy writes that: 'When a fragment of a brown <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">MS.</a> in which the layers were strongly adhered, was placed in an atmosphere of chlorine, there was an immediate action, the papyrus smoked and became yellow, and the letters appeared much more distinct; and by the application of heat the layers separated from each other, giving fumes of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">muriatic acid</a>.'<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davy_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success of the early trials prompted Davy to travel to Naples to conduct further research on the Herculaneum papyri. Accompanied by his wife, they set off on 26 May 1818 to stay in Flanders where Davy was invited by the coal miners to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then traveled to Carniola (now Slovenia) which proved to become 'his favourite Alpine retreat' before finally arriving in Italy. In Italy, they befriended Lord Byron in Rome and then went on to travel to Naples.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial experiments were again promising and his work resulted in 'partially unrolling 23 MSS., from which fragments of writing were obtained' <sup id="cite_ref-Davy_page_203_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy_page_203-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but after returning to Naples on 1 December 1819 from a summer in the Alps, Davy complained that 'the Italians at the museum [were] no longer helpful but obstructive'.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy decided to renounce further work on the papyri because 'the labour, in itself difficult and unpleasant, been made more so, by the conduct of the persons at the head of this department in the Museum'.<sup id="cite_ref-Davy_page_203_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davy_page_203-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life:_1820–1829"><span id="Later_life:_1820.E2.80.931829"></span>Later life: 1820–1829</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Later life: 1820–1829"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_of_the_Royal_Society">President of the Royal Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: President of the Royal Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Election_to_the_presidency">Election to the presidency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Election to the presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Banks_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Joseph_Banks_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-Joseph_Banks_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Joseph_Banks_%28cropped%29.JPG/224px-Joseph_Banks_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Joseph_Banks_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Banks</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 October 1818, Davy was created a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was the first such honour conferred on a man of science in Britain. It was followed a year later with the presidency of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. The Society was in transition from a club for gentlemen interested in natural philosophy, connected with the political and social elite, to an academy representing increasingly specialised sciences. The previous president, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, had held the post for over 40 years and had presided autocratically over what <a href="/wiki/David_Philip_Miller" title="David Philip Miller">David Philip Miller</a> calls the "Banksian Learned Empire", in which natural history was prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks had groomed <a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a> to succeed him and preserve the status quo, but Gilbert declined to stand. Fellows who thought royal patronage was important proposed Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a>), who also withdrew, as did the Whig <a href="/wiki/Edward_St_Maur,_11th_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset">Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset</a>. Davy was the outstanding scientist but some fellows did not approve of his popularising work at the Royal Institution. </p><p>Elections took place on St Andrew's Day and Davy was elected on 30 November 1820. Although he was unopposed, other candidates had received initial backing. These candidates embodied the factional difficulties that beset Davy's presidency and which eventually defeated him. The strongest alternative had been <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a>, who was supported by the "Cambridge Network" of outstanding mathematicians such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>, who tried to block Davy. They were aware that Davy supported some modernisation, but thought that he would not sufficiently encourage aspiring young mathematicians, astronomers and geologists, who were beginning to form specialist societies. Davy was only 41, and reformers were fearful of another long presidency. </p><p>In his early years Davy was optimistic about reconciling the reformers and the Banksians. In his first speech as president he declared, "I trust that, with these new societies, we shall always preserve the most amicable relations ... I am sure there is no desire in [the Royal Society] to exert anything like patriarchal authority in relation to these institutions".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protection_of_ships'_bottoms"><span id="Protection_of_ships.27_bottoms"></span>Protection of ships' bottoms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Protection of ships' bottoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_copper_sheathing_on_USS_Constitution_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/New_copper_sheathing_on_USS_Constitution_%281%29.jpg/220px-New_copper_sheathing_on_USS_Constitution_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/New_copper_sheathing_on_USS_Constitution_%281%29.jpg/330px-New_copper_sheathing_on_USS_Constitution_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/New_copper_sheathing_on_USS_Constitution_%281%29.jpg/440px-New_copper_sheathing_on_USS_Constitution_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>New piece of <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">copper sheathing</a> surrounded by old, corroded copper on <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1761 onwards, copper plating had been fitted to the undersides of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> ships to protect the wood from attack by <a href="/wiki/Shipworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipworms">shipworms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Physis_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physis-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the copper bottoms were gradually corroded by exposure to the salt water. Between 1823 and 1825, Davy, assisted by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, attempted to protect the copper by <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemical</a> means. He attached to the copper sacrificial pieces of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, which provided <a href="/wiki/Cathodic_protection" title="Cathodic protection">cathodic protection</a> to the host metal.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discovered, however, that protected copper became foul quickly, i.e. pieces of weed and/or marine creatures became attached to the hull, which had a detrimental effect on the handling of the ship. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Navy_Board" title="Navy Board">Navy Board</a> approached Davy in 1823, asking for help with the corrosion. Davy conducted a number of tests in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Dockyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth Dockyard">Portsmouth Dockyard</a>, which led to the Navy Board adopting the use of Davy's "protectors". By 1824, it had become apparent that fouling of the copper bottoms was occurring on the majority of protected ships. By the end of 1825, the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> ordered the Navy Board to cease fitting the protectors to sea-going ships, and to remove those that had already been fitted. Davy's scheme was seen as a public failure, despite success of the corrosion protection as such. As Frank A. J. L. James explains, "[Because] the poisonous salts from [corroding] copper were no longer entering the water, there was nothing to kill the barnacles and the like in the vicinity of a ship. This meant that barnacles [and the like] could now attach themselves to the bottom of a vessel, thus impeding severely its steerage, much to the anger of the captains who wrote to the Admiralty to complain about Davy's protectors."<sup id="cite_ref-James_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidency">Presidency</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Humphry_Davy_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sir_Humphry_Davy_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Sir_Humphry_Davy_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sir_Humphry_Davy_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Sir_Humphry_Davy_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sir_Humphry_Davy_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Sir_Humphry_Davy_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>Humphry Davy</figcaption></figure> <p>Davy spent much time juggling the factions but, as his reputation declined in the light of failures such as his research into copper-bottomed ships, he lost popularity and authority. This was compounded by a number of political errors. In 1825 his promotion of the new Zoological Society, of which he was a founding fellow, courted the landed gentry and alienated expert zoologists. He offended the mathematicians and reformers by failing to ensure that Babbage received one of the new Royal Medals (a project of his) or the vacant secretaryship of the Society in 1826. In 1826 Davy suffered a stroke from which he never fully recovered. In November 1826 the mathematician Edward Ryan recorded that: "The Society, every member almost ... are in the greatest rage at the President's proceedings and nothing is now talked of but removing him."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the event he was again re-elected unopposed, but he was now visibly unwell. In January 1827 he set off to Italy for reasons of his health. It did not improve and, as the 1827 election loomed, it was clear that he would not stand again. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg/180px-M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg/270px-M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg/360px-M_Faraday_Th_Phillips_oil_1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips" title="Thomas Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a> c. 1841–1842<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Davy's laboratory assistant, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, went on to enhance Davy's work and would become the more famous and influential scientist. Davy is supposed to have even claimed Faraday as his greatest discovery. Davy later accused Faraday of <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a>, however, causing Faraday (the first <a href="/wiki/Fullerian_Professor_of_Chemistry" title="Fullerian Professor of Chemistry">Fullerian Professor of Chemistry</a>) to cease all research in <a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> until his mentor's death. </p><p>The preceding paragraph may be unduly charitable to Davy. The accusation by Davy of plagiarism by Faraday occurred already in 1821, regarding Faraday's first major discovery independent of Davy, of electromagnetic rotation (the first electric motor). According to Geoffrey Cantor's 1991 biography of Faraday, this dubious accusation was Davy's "final bid to dominate Faraday.... Davy, resenting the success of his earnest and hardworking assistant, was trying to keep him down. Master and servant were in direct competition and their rivalry may have motivated Davy's attempt to block Faraday's membership of the Royal Society. .... Although Davy was unsuccessful in preventing Faraday's membership, this incident proved a turning point in their relationship."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources report the jibe that "Davy's greatest discovery was Faraday" as a cruel joke at Davy's expense, not a gracious acknowledgment by Davy himself of Faraday's greater scientific achievements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to one of Davy's biographers, <a href="/wiki/June_Z._Fullmer" class="mw-redirect" title="June Z. Fullmer">June Z. Fullmer</a>, he was a <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of a sanguine, somewhat irritable temperament, Davy displayed characteristic enthusiasm and energy in all his pursuits. As is shown by his verses and sometimes by his prose, his mind was highly imaginative; the poet Coleridge declared that if he "had not been the first chemist, he would have been the first poet of his age", and Southey said that "he had all the elements of a poet; he only wanted the art." In spite of his ungainly exterior and peculiar manner, his happy gifts of exposition and illustration won him extraordinary popularity as a lecturer, his experiments were ingenious and rapidly performed, and Coleridge went to hear him "to increase his stock of metaphors." The dominating ambition of his life was to achieve fame; occasional petty jealousy did not diminish his concern for the "cause of humanity", to use a phrase often employed by him in connection with his invention of the miners' lamp. Careless about etiquette, his frankness sometimes exposed him to annoyances he might have avoided by the exercise of tact.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Davygrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Davygrave.jpg/220px-Davygrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Davygrave.jpg/330px-Davygrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Davygrave.jpg/440px-Davygrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Davy's grave at <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Rois" title="Cimetière des Rois">Cimetière Plainpalais</a> in Geneva</figcaption></figure><p>Davy spent the last months of his life writing <i>Consolations in Travel</i>, an immensely popular, somewhat freeform compendium of poetry, thoughts on science and philosophy. Published posthumously, the work became a staple of both scientific and family libraries for several decades afterward. Davy spent the winter in Rome, hunting in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Campagna" title="Roman Campagna">Campagna</a> on his fiftieth birthday. But on 20 February 1829 he had another stroke. After spending many months attempting to recuperate, Davy died in a room at L'Hotel de la Couronne, in the Rue du Rhone, in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, on 29 May 1829.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An appendix to his will had included his last wishes; that there be no post-mortem, that he be buried where he died, and that there be an interval between the two, to ensure that he was not merely <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">comatose</a>. But the ordinances of the city did not allow such an interval and his funeral took place on the following Monday, 1 June, in the <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_des_Rois" title="Cimetière des Rois">Plainpalais Cemetery</a>, outside the city walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Paris_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paris-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_locations">Geographical locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Geographical locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shortly after his funeral, his wife organised a memorial tablet for him in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> at a cost of £142.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1872, a statue of Davy was erected in front of the <a href="/wiki/Market_Building,_Penzance" title="Market Building, Penzance">Market Building, Penzance</a>, (now owned by <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_TSB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyds TSB">Lloyds TSB</a>) at the top of Market Jew Street, Penzance.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A commemorative slate plaque on 4 Market Jew Street, Penzance, claims the location as his birthplace.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A secondary school in Coombe Road, Penzance, is named <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy_School" title="Humphry Davy School">Humphry Davy School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A pub at 32 Alverton Street, Penzance, is named "The Sir Humphry Davy".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One of the science buildings of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a> is named <i>The Davy Building</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is a road named Humphry Davy Way adjacent to the docks in Bristol.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Outside the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland Football Club">Sunderland Football Club</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a> stands a giant Davy Lamp, in recognition of local mining heritage and the importance of Davy's safety lamp to the mining industry.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is a street named Humphry-Davy-Straße in the industrial quarter of the town of <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a>, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A satellite of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> at Golden Smithies Lane in <a href="/wiki/Wath_upon_Dearne" title="Wath upon Dearne">Wath upon Dearne</a> (Manvers) was called Humphry Davy House and was home to the School of Nursing and Midwifery until April 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-davyhouse_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davyhouse-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Sound" title="Davy Sound">Davy Sound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> was named in his honour by <a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">William Scoresby</a> (1789–1857).<sup id="cite_ref-cat_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is a 'zone of activity' commercial area in <a href="/wiki/La_Grand-Combe" title="La Grand-Combe">La Grand-Combe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a>, France, a former mining town, named after Davy.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mount Davy in New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Paparoa_Range" title="Paparoa Range">Paparoa Range</a> was named after him by <a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Haast" title="Julius von Haast">Julius von Haast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_and_literary_recognition">Scientific and literary recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Scientific and literary recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>in 1827, the mineral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Davyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davyne (page does not exist)">davyne</a> was named in his honour by W. Haidinger.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Annually since 1877, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a> has awarded the <a href="/wiki/Davy_Medal" title="Davy Medal">Davy Medal</a> "for an outstandingly important recent discovery in any branch of chemistry."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Davy_(crater)" title="Davy (crater)">Davy</a> <a href="/wiki/Lunar_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar crater">lunar crater</a> is named after him. It has a diameter of 34 km and its coordinates are 11.8S, 8.1W.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Davy's passion for <a href="/wiki/Fly-fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly-fishing">fly-fishing</a> earned him the informal title "the father of modern fly-fishing", and his book <i>Salmonia</i><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is often considered to be "the fly-fisherman bible".</li> <li>The poet <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a> said he "attended Davy's lectures to enlarge my stock of metaphors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008288_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008288-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels_and_poetry">Novels and poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Novels and poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Davy is the subject of a humorous song by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gendall" title="Richard Gendall">Richard Gendall</a>, recorded in 1980 by folk-singer <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Wootton" title="Brenda Wootton">Brenda Wootton</a> in the album <i>Boy Jan Cornishman</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the seven verses of which each recall a day of the week on which Davy purportedly made a particular discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>English playwright <a href="/wiki/Nick_Darke" title="Nick Darke">Nick Darke</a> wrote <i>Laughing Gas</i> (2005) a comedy script about the life of Sir Humphry Davy, unfinished at the time of Nick Darke's death; completed posthumously by actor and playwright Carl Grose and produced by the Truro-based production company O-region.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Clerihew_Bentley" title="Edmund Clerihew Bentley">Edmund Clerihew Bentley</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Clerihew" title="Clerihew">clerihew</a>, published in 1905, was written about Sir Humphry Davy:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sir Humphry Davy</dd> <dd>Abominated gravy.</dd> <dd>He lived in the odium</dd> <dd>Of having discovered <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>There is a humorous rhyme of unknown origin about the statue in Penzance:</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sir Humphrey Davy's kindly face,</dd> <dd>Is turned away from Market Place</dd> <dd>Towards <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Mount" title="St Michael's Mount">St Michael's Mount</a></dd> <dd>So, if he do want to tell the time</dd> <dd>He've got to wait till the clock do chime</dd> <dd>Then he's forced to count.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> refers to Davy's geological theories in his 1864 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_Centre_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Journey to the Centre of the Earth">Journey to the Centre of the Earth</a>.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See Fullmer's work for a full list of Davy's articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Fullmer_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fullmer-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humphry Davy's books are as follows: </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavy1800" class="citation book cs1">— (1800). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/researcheschemi00davygoog"><i>Researches, Chemical and Philosophical; Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide, or Dephlogisticated Nitrous Air, and Its Respiration</i></a>. Bristol: Biggs and Cottle. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/researcheschemi00davygoog/page/n159">1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researches%2C+Chemical+and+Philosophical%3B+Chiefly+Concerning+Nitrous+Oxide%2C+or+Dephlogisticated+Nitrous+Air%2C+and+Its+Respiration&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Biggs+and+Cottle&rft.date=1800&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fresearcheschemi00davygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1812" class="citation book cs1">— (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementschemica00davygoog"><i>Elements of Chemical Philosophy</i></a>. London: Johnson and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementschemica00davygoog/page/n17">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-217-88947-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-217-88947-6"><bdi>978-0-217-88947-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Chemical+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Johnson+and+Co.&rft.date=1812&rft.isbn=978-0-217-88947-6&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementschemica00davygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1813" class="citation book cs1">— (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b29331250"><i>Elements of Agricultural Chemistry in a Course of Lectures</i></a>. London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Agricultural+Chemistry+in+a+Course+of+Lectures&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1813&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb29331250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1816" class="citation book cs1">— (1816). <i>The Papers of Sir H. Davy</i>. Newcastle: Emerson Charnley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Sir+H.+Davy&rft.place=Newcastle&rft.pub=Emerson+Charnley&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span> (on Davy's safety lamp)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1827" class="citation book cs1">— (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixdiscoursesde00britgoog"><i>Discourses to the Royal Society</i></a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourses+to+the+Royal+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixdiscoursesde00britgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1828" class="citation book cs1">— (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/salmoniadaysfly01davygoog"><i>Salmonia or Days of Fly Fishing</i></a>. London: John Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/salmoniadaysfly01davygoog/page/n99">13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salmonia+or+Days+of+Fly+Fishing&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsalmoniadaysfly01davygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1830" class="citation book cs1">— (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UnU0AAAAMAAJ"><i>Consolations in Travel or The Last Days of a Philosopher</i></a>. London: John Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UnU0AAAAMAAJ/page/n13">1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consolations+in+Travel+or+The+Last+Days+of+a+Philosopher&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_UnU0AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Davy also contributed articles on chemistry to <i><a href="/wiki/Rees%27s_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" title="Rees's Cyclopædia">Rees's Cyclopædia</a></i>, but the topics are not known. </p><p>His collected works were published in 1839–1840: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1839–1840" class="citation book cs1">Davy, John (1839–1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_FZVMAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Collected Works of Sir Humphry Davy</i></a>. London: Smith, Elder, and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-217-88944-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-217-88944-5"><bdi>978-0-217-88944-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Sir+Humphry+Davy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1839%2F1840&rft.isbn=978-0-217-88944-5&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_FZVMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">List of presidents of the Royal Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Knight" title="David M. Knight">David Knight</a> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7314">"Davy, Sir Humphry, baronet (1778–1829)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924161719/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7314">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+Haighton&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713131601/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+Haighton&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APS+Member+History&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DJohn%2BHaighton%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davy_1836-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davy_1836_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davy_1836_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1836" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davy_(chemist)" title="John Davy (chemist)">Davy, John</a> (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EOQ5AAAAcAAJ"><i>Memoirs of the Life of Sir Humphry Davy</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608378510" title="Special:BookSources/9780608378510"><bdi>9780608378510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Life+of+Sir+Humphry+Davy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+%26+Longman&rft.date=1836&rft.isbn=9780608378510&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEOQ5AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Knight" title="David M. Knight">Knight, David</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780631168164"><i>Humphry Davy: Science and Power</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16816-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16816-4"><bdi>978-0-631-16816-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humphry+Davy%3A+Science+and+Power&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16816-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780631168164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1888" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunt_(scientist)" title="Robert Hunt (scientist)">Hunt, Robert</a> (1888). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Davy, Humphry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Davy,_Humphry">"Davy, Humphry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Davy%2C+Humphry&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Amin, Wahida (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usir.salford.ac.uk/30795/1/Wahida_Amin_-_The_Poetry_and_Science_of_Humphry_Davy_-_23.01.14.pdf">"The Poetry and Science of Humphry Davy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology</i> (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Salford, UK). <b>48</b> (1): 35–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ultrasmedbio.2021.09.011">10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.09.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34702642">34702642</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516235835/http://usir.salford.ac.uk/30795/1/Wahida_Amin_-_The_Poetry_and_Science_of_Humphry_Davy_-_23.01.14.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasound+in+Medicine+%26+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Poetry+and+Science+of+Humphry+Davy.&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-46&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ultrasmedbio.2021.09.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34702642&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Wahida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusir.salford.ac.uk%2F30795%2F1%2FWahida_Amin_-_The_Poetry_and_Science_of_Humphry_Davy_-_23.01.14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2011" class="citation news cs1">Anon (22 September 2011). "Davy paintings donated to museum". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cornishman_(newspaper)" title="The Cornishman (newspaper)">The Cornishman</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cornishman&rft.atitle=Davy+paintings+donated+to+museum&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.au=Anon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davy's picture of Mounts Bay was included in the Penlee House exhibition "Penzance 400: A Celebration of the History of Penzance", 29 March – 7 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Larigan, or Laregan, river is a stream in Penzance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindle" class="citation web cs1">Hindle, Maurice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mauricehindle.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Nature-Power-the-Light-of-Suns-essay.pdf">"Nature, Power, and the Light of Suns: The Poetry of Humphry Davy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801211604/http://mauricehindle.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Nature-Power-the-Light-of-Suns-essay.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nature%2C+Power%2C+and+the+Light+of+Suns%3A+The+Poetry+of+Humphry+Davy&rft.aulast=Hindle&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmauricehindle.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F04%2FNature-Power-the-Light-of-Suns-essay.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Amin, Wahida (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usir.salford.ac.uk/30795/1/Wahida_Amin_-_The_Poetry_and_Science_of_Humphry_Davy_-_23.01.14.pdf">"The Poetry and Science of Humphry Davy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 35–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ultrasmedbio.2021.09.011">10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.09.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34702642">34702642</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516235835/http://usir.salford.ac.uk/30795/1/Wahida_Amin_-_The_Poetry_and_Science_of_Humphry_Davy_-_23.01.14.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasound+in+Medicine+%26+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Poetry+and+Science+of+Humphry+Davy&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-46&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ultrasmedbio.2021.09.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34702642&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Wahida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusir.salford.ac.uk%2F30795%2F1%2FWahida_Amin_-_The_Poetry_and_Science_of_Humphry_Davy_-_23.01.14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardman2017" class="citation book cs1">Hardman, Jonathan G. (2017). <i>Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 529.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+of+Anaesthesia&rft.pages=529&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nitrous_Oxide_pioneers-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nitrous_Oxide_pioneers_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeys_TE1941" class="citation web cs1">Keys TE (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112122739/http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/citation/1941/09000/The_Development_of_Anesthesia.8.aspx">"The Development of Anesthesia"</a>. <i>Anesthesiology journal (Sep. 1941, vol. 2, is. 5, pp. 552–74)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/citation/1941/09000/The_Development_of_Anesthesia.8.aspx">the original</a> on 12 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anesthesiology+journal+%28Sep.+1941%2C+vol.+2%2C+is.+5%2C+pp.+552%E2%80%9374%29&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Anesthesia&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Keys+TE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Fanesthesiology%2Fcitation%2F1941%2F09000%2FThe_Development_of_Anesthesia.8.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph_Priestley-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_Priestley_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestley_J1776" class="citation book cs1">Priestley J (1776). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/nitrous/nitrous_journal1.shtml"><i>Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air</i></a>. Vol. 2. sec. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512190232/https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/nitrous/nitrous_journal1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2010</span> – via Erowid.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiments+and+Observations+on+Different+Kinds+of+Air&rft.pages=sec.+3&rft.date=1776&rft.au=Priestley+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erowid.org%2Fchemicals%2Fnitrous%2Fnitrous_journal1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jay2014-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jay2014_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jay2014_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jay2014_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jay, Mike (8 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicdomainreview.org/2014/08/06/o-excellent-air-bag-humphry-davy-and-nitrous-oxide/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'O, Excellent Air Bag'p: Humphry Davy and Nitrous Oxide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Domain_Review" title="The Public Domain Review">The Public Domain Review</a></i>. <b>4</b> (16). <a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809212454/http://publicdomainreview.org/2014/08/06/o-excellent-air-bag-humphry-davy-and-nitrous-oxide/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Domain+Review&rft.atitle=%27O%2C+Excellent+Air+Bag%27p%3A+Humphry+Davy+and+Nitrous+Oxide&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicdomainreview.org%2F2014%2F08%2F06%2Fo-excellent-air-bag-humphry-davy-and-nitrous-oxide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2017" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Jacob (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/high-times">"High Times"</a>. <i>Distillations</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 36–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408075721/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/high-times">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=High+Times&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=36-39&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fhigh-times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his 1800 <i>Researches, Chemical and Philosophical</i> (p. 556), Davy commented: "<i>As nitrous oxide in its extensive operation appears capable of destroying pain, it may probably be used with advantage during surgical operations in which no great effusion of blood takes place.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AOW-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AOW_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOW_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOW_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOW_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOW_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Holmes,_2008,_AOW" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard (2008). <i>The Age of Wonder</i>. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42222-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42222-5"><bdi>978-0-375-42222-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Wonder&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42222-5&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenyon-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenyon_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kenyon, T. K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/science-and-celebrity-humphry-davys-rising-star">"Science and Celebrity: Humphry Davy's Rising Star"</a>. <i>Chemical Heritage Magazine</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 30–35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323032520/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/science-and-celebrity-humphry-davys-rising-star">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=Science+and+Celebrity%3A+Humphry+Davy%27s+Rising+Star&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=30-35&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=T.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fscience-and-celebrity-humphry-davys-rising-star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin" class="citation web cs1">Godwin, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://godwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/people/DAV03.html">"William Godwin's Diary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202204627/http://godwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/people/DAV03.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Godwin%27s+Diary&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgodwindiary.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2Fpeople%2FDAV03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeridge1956–1971" class="citation book cs1">Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1956–1971). Griggs, E. L. (ed.). <i>The Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge</i>. Clarendon Press. pp. vol 1, 606.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Letters+of+Samuel+Taylor+Coleridge&rft.pages=vol+1%2C+606&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1956%2F1971&rft.aulast=Coleridge&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth1967" class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth, William (1967). de Selincourt, E. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofwilliam0006word"><i>The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth</i></a></span>. Clarendon Press. pp. vol. 1, 289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+William+and+Dorothy+Wordsworth&rft.pages=vol.+1%2C+289&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersofwilliam0006word&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharrock1962" class="citation journal cs1">Sharrock, Roger (1962). "The Chemist and the Poet: Sir Humphry Davy and the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society</i>. <b>17</b>: 57–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1962.0006">10.1098/rsnr.1962.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144053478">144053478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=The+Chemist+and+the+Poet%3A+Sir+Humphry+Davy+and+the+Preface+to+the+Lyrical+Ballads&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=57-76&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1962.0006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144053478%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharrock&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordsworth1800" class="citation book cs1">Wordsworth, William (1800). <i>Lyrical Ballads</i>. Biggs & Cottle. p. 210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lyrical+Ballads&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Biggs+%26+Cottle&rft.date=1800&rft.aulast=Wordsworth&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy" class="citation book cs1">Davy, Humphry. <i>Royal Institution HD 20c</i>. pp. 44, 46, 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Institution+HD+20c&rft.pages=44%2C+46%2C+52&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008285-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008285_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2008">Holmes 2008</a>, pp. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Distillations-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Distillations_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distillations_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Distillations_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2017" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/left-behind">"Left Behind"</a>. <i>Distillations</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 40–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323031043/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/left-behind">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=Left+Behind&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=40-43&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fleft-behind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golinski-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golinski_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolinski2016" class="citation book cs1">Golinski, Jan (2016). <i>The Experimental Self: Humphry Davy and the Making of a Man of Science</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 70–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226351360" title="Special:BookSources/9780226351360"><bdi>9780226351360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experimental+Self%3A+Humphry+Davy+and+the+Making+of+a+Man+of+Science&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=70-85&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780226351360&rft.aulast=Golinski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/society/history">History of the Geological Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120907163746/http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/society/history">Archived</a> 7 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Geolsoc.org.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterD.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter D"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809114018/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterD.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+D&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewhall1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Newhall" title="Beaumont Newhall">Newhall, Beaumont</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7550618"><i>Photography, essays & images : illustrated readings in the history of photography</i></a>. New York: Museum of Modern Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87070-385-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87070-385-4"><bdi>0-87070-385-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7550618">7550618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photography%2C+essays+%26+images+%3A+illustrated+readings+in+the+history+of+photography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7550618&rft.isbn=0-87070-385-4&rft.aulast=Newhall&rft.aufirst=Beaumont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F7550618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Congress:_Pioneers_of_Photographic_Science_and_Technology_(1st_:_1986_:_International_Museum_of_Photography)Ostroff,_Eugene1987" class="citation cs2">International Congress: Pioneers of Photographic Science and Technology (1st : 1986 : International Museum of Photography); Ostroff, Eugene (1987), <i>Pioneers of photography : their achievements in science and technology</i>, SPSE – The Society for Imaging Science and Technology; [Boston, Mass.] : Distributed by Northeastern University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89208-131-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89208-131-8"><bdi>978-0-89208-131-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+photography+%3A+their+achievements+in+science+and+technology&rft.pub=SPSE+%E2%80%93+The+Society+for+Imaging+Science+and+Technology%3B+%5BBoston%2C+Mass.%5D+%3A+Distributed+by+Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-89208-131-8&rft.au=International+Congress%3A+Pioneers+of+Photographic+Science+and+Technology+%281st+%3A+1986+%3A+International+Museum+of+Photography%29&rft.au=Ostroff%2C+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1932). Josef Maria Eder, <i>Geschichte der Photographie</i>. Halle a. S: Knapp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1808" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023">"Electrochemical Researches, on the Decomposition of the Earths; With Observations in the Metals Obtained from the Alkaline Earths, and on the Amalgam Procured from Ammonia"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>98</b>: 339–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1808RSPT...98..333D">1808RSPT...98..333D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023">10.1098/rstl.1808.0023</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Electrochemical+Researches%2C+on+the+Decomposition+of+the+Earths%3B+With+Observations+in+the+Metals+Obtained+from+the+Alkaline+Earths%2C+and+on+the+Amalgam+Procured+from+Ammonia&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=339-40&rft.date=1808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1808RSPT...98..333D&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1808.0023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1808" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023">"Electro-Chemical Researches, on the Decomposition of the Earths; With Observations on the Metals Obtained from the Alkaline Earths, and on the Amalgam Procured from Ammonia"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>98</b>: 340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1808RSPT...98..333D">1808RSPT...98..333D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023">10.1098/rstl.1808.0023</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Electro-Chemical+Researches%2C+on+the+Decomposition+of+the+Earths%3B+With+Observations+on+the+Metals+Obtained+from+the+Alkaline+Earths%2C+and+on+the+Amalgam+Procured+from+Ammonia&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=340&rft.date=1808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1808RSPT...98..333D&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1808.0023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Electro-chemical-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Electro-chemical_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1808" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023">"Electro-chemical Researches, on the Decomposition of the Earths; With Observations in the Metals Obtained from the Alkaline Earths, and on the Amalgam Procured from Ammonia"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>98</b>: 346. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1808RSPT...98..333D">1808RSPT...98..333D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023">10.1098/rstl.1808.0023</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Electro-chemical+Researches%2C+on+the+Decomposition+of+the+Earths%3B+With+Observations+in+the+Metals+Obtained+from+the+Alkaline+Earths%2C+and+on+the+Amalgam+Procured+from+Ammonia&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=346&rft.date=1808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1808RSPT...98..333D&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1808.0023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davy,_1806-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davy,_1806_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026154758/http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Davy/davy5.html">"On Some Chemical Agencies of Electricity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Davy/davy5.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Some+Chemical+Agencies+of+Electricity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.upenn.edu%2FProjects%2Fknarf%2FDavy%2Fdavy5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berzelius,_1818-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berzelius,_1818_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzeliustrans._A._Jourdan_and_M._Esslinger" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Berzelius, J. J.</a>; trans. A. Jourdan and M. Esslinger. <i>Traité de chimie</i> (in French). Vol. 1 (trans., of experimental science ed.). p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+de+chimie&rft.pages=169&rft.edition=trans.%2C+of+experimental+science&rft.aulast=Berzelius&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=trans.+A.+Jourdan+and+M.+Esslinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1811" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432322">"On Some of the Combinations of Oxymuriatic Gas and Oxygene, and on the Chemical Relations of These Principles, to Inflammable Bodies"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>101</b>: 1–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1811RSPT..101....1D">1811RSPT..101....1D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1811.0001">10.1098/rstl.1811.0001</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801214422/https://zenodo.org/record/1432322">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=On+Some+of+the+Combinations+of+Oxymuriatic+Gas+and+Oxygene%2C+and+on+the+Chemical+Relations+of+These+Principles%2C+to+Inflammable+Bodies&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=1-35&rft.date=1811&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1811.0001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1811RSPT..101....1D&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trans._RS,_Davy,_1813-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trans._RS,_Davy,_1813_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphry1813" class="citation journal cs1">Humphry, Davy (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1813.0002">"On a New Detonating Compound"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>103</b>: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1813.0002">10.1098/rstl.1813.0002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/107383">107383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=On+a+New+Detonating+Compound&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1813&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1813.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F107383%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Humphry&rft.aufirst=Davy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1813.0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight_1992-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_1992_41-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Knight" title="David M. Knight">Knight, David</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780631168164"><i>Humphry Davy: Science and Power</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16816-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16816-4"><bdi>978-0-631-16816-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humphry+Davy%3A+Science+and+Power&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16816-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780631168164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1870" class="citation book cs1">Jones, H.B. (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.1063"><i>The life and letters of Faraday, Vol. 1</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.1063/page/n85">75</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+letters+of+Faraday%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=75&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=H.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.1063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7298375.stm">"Napoleon's medal 'cast into sea'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>News.bbc.co.uk</i>. 15 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210215753/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7298375.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Napoleon%27s+medal+%27cast+into+sea%27&rft.date=2008-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F7298375.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1813" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, H. (1813). "Sur la nouvelle substance découverte par M. Courtois, dans le sel de Vareck". <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_de_chimie" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales de chimie">Annales de chimie</a></i>. <b>88</b>: 322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+chimie&rft.atitle=Sur+la+nouvelle+substance+d%C3%A9couverte+par+M.+Courtois%2C+dans+le+sel+de+Vareck&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=322&rft.date=1813&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1814" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (1 January 1814). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1814.0007">"Some Experiments and Observations on a New Substance Which Becomes a Violet Coloured Gas by Heat"</a>. <i>Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond</i>. <b>104</b>: 74–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1814.0007">10.1098/rstl.1814.0007</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.&rft.atitle=Some+Experiments+and+Observations+on+a+New+Substance+Which+Becomes+a+Violet+Coloured+Gas+by+Heat&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=74-93&rft.date=1814-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1814.0007&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1814.0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams,_1965-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams,_1965_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For information on the continental tour of Davy and Faraday, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1965" class="citation book cs1">Williams, L. Pearce (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/michaelfaradaybi00will"><i>Michael Faraday: A Biography</i></a></span>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/michaelfaradaybi00will/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80299-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80299-7"><bdi>978-0-306-80299-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Faraday%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80299-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=L.+Pearce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmichaelfaradaybi00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaraday1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday, Michael</a> (1991). Bowers, Brian; Symons, Lenore (eds.). <i>Curiosity Perfectly Satisfyed: Faraday's Travels in Europe, 1813–1815</i>. London: Peregrinus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863412349" title="Special:BookSources/9780863412349"><bdi>9780863412349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curiosity+Perfectly+Satisfyed%3A+Faraday%27s+Travels+in+Europe%2C+1813%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Peregrinus&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780863412349&rft.aulast=Faraday&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy" class="citation web cs1">Davy, Humphry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607030315/http://davy-letters.org.uk/">"Letter to Lord Liverpool, Summer 1815[?]"</a>. <i>List of letters: Humphry Davy and his circle</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davy-letters.org.uk/">the original</a> on 7 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=List+of+letters%3A+Humphry+Davy+and+his+circle&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Lord+Liverpool%2C+Summer+1815%5B%3F%5D&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davy-letters.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, David (1992). Humphry Davy: Science and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 105–06. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16816-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16816-8">0-631-16816-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008364–73-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008364–73_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2008">Holmes 2008</a>, pp. 364–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HSC, <i>Conquering Chemistry</i> Fourth Edition p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Davy,_1821">Davy, 1821</a>, page 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davy-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davy_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1821" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (January 1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1821.0016">"Some Observations and Experiments on the Papyri Found in the Ruins of Herculaneum"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. <b>111</b>: 191–208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1821RSPT..111..191D">1821RSPT..111..191D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1821.0016">10.1098/rstl.1821.0016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/107613">107613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+and+Experiments+on+the+Papyri+Found+in+the+Ruins+of+Herculaneum&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=191-208&rft.date=1821-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F107613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1821.0016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1821RSPT..111..191D&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1821.0016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavy1836" class="citation book cs1">Davy, John (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirslifesirh01davygoog"><i>Memoirs of the life of Sir Humphry Davy</i></a>. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirslifesirh01davygoog/page/n9">97</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+life+of+Sir+Humphry+Davy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+Green+%26+Longman&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirslifesirh01davygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1992" class="citation book cs1">Knight, David (1992). <i>Humphry Davy: Science & Power</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humphry+Davy%3A+Science+%26+Power&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davy_page_203-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davy_page_203_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davy_page_203_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Davy,_1821">Davy, 1821</a>, page 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 119 of Knight 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette17410" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/17410/page/1875">"No. 17410"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 20 October 1818. p. 1875.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+17410&rft.pages=1875&rft.date=1818-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F17410%2Fpage%2F1875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeBurke1844" class="citation book cs1">Burke, John; Burke, Bernard (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LKIKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA154"><i>A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland and Scotland</i></a>. J. R. Smith. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Genealogical+and+Heraldic+History+of+the+Extinct+and+Dormant+Baronetcies+of+England%2C+Ireland+and+Scotland&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=J.+R.+Smith&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Burke%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKIKAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Philip_Miller" title="David Philip Miller">David Philip Miller</a>, "Between hostile camps: Sir Humphry Davy's presidency of the Royal Society of London", <i>British Journal for the History of Science</i> (1983): 1–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in David Philip Miller, "Between hostile camps: Sir Humphry Davy's presidency of the Royal Society of London", <i>British Journal for the History of Science</i> (1983): 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Physis-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Physis_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1992" class="citation journal cs1">James, Frank A. J. L. (1992). "Davy in the Dockyard: Humphry Davy, the Royal Society and the Electro-chemical Protection of the Copper Sheeting of His Majesty's Ships in the mid 1820s". <i>Physis</i>. <b>29</b>: 205–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physis&rft.atitle=Davy+in+the+Dockyard%3A+Humphry+Davy%2C+the+Royal+Society+and+the+Electro-chemical+Protection+of+the+Copper+Sheeting+of+His+Majesty%27s+Ships+in+the+mid+1820s&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=205-25&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.+J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1992" class="citation book cs1">Knight, David (1992). <i>Humphry Davy: Science and Power</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humphry+Davy%3A+Science+and+Power&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2008" class="citation book cs1">James, Frank A. J. L. (2008). <i>Complete dictionary of scientific biography, e-book, eds Charles Coulston Gillispie, Frederic Lawrence Holmes, and Noretta Koertge</i>. Detroit, Michigan: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+dictionary+of+scientific+biography%2C+e-book%2C+eds+Charles+Coulston+Gillispie%2C+Frederic+Lawrence+Holmes%2C+and+Noretta+Koertge&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.+J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in David Philip Miller, "Between hostile camps: Sir Humphry Davy's presidency of the Royal Society of London", <i>British Journal for the History of Science</i> (1983): 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206013152/http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?mkey=mw02170">"National Portrait gallery NPG 269"</a>. <i>Npg.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?mkey=mw02170">the original</a> on 6 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Npg.org.uk&rft.atitle=National+Portrait+gallery+NPG+269&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Flive%2Fsearch%2Fportrait.asp%3Fmkey%3Dmw02170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor1991" class="citation book cs1">Cantor, Geoffrey N. (1991). <i>Michael Faraday: sandemanian and scientist: a study of science and religion in the nineteenth century</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 266–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-06669-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-06669-4"><bdi>0-312-06669-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michael+Faraday%3A+sandemanian+and+scientist%3A+a+study+of+science+and+religion+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=266-67&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-312-06669-4&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullmer2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Zimmerman_Fullmer" title="June Zimmerman Fullmer">Fullmer, June Z.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/younghumphrydavy0000full/page/158"><i>Young Humphry Davy: The Making of an Experimental Chemist, Volume 237</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/younghumphrydavy0000full/page/158">158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871692375" title="Special:BookSources/9780871692375"><bdi>9780871692375</bdi></a>. <q>In prominent alliance with his concept, Davy celebrated a natural-philosophic deism, for which his critics did not attack him, nor, indeed, did they bother to mention it. Davy never appeared perturbed by critical attacks on his "materialism" because he was well aware that his deism and his materialism went hand in hand; moreover, deism appeared to be the abiding faith of all around him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Humphry+Davy%3A+The+Making+of+an+Experimental+Chemist%2C+Volume+237&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780871692375&rft.aulast=Fullmer&rft.aufirst=June+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyounghumphrydavy0000full%2Fpage%2F158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Davy,_Sir_Humphry" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Davy, Sir Humphry">Davy, Sir Humphry</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 871–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Davy%2C+Sir+Humphry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=871-73&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paris-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paris_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paris_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1831" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ayrton_Paris" title="John Ayrton Paris">Paris, John Ayrton</a> (18 September 1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ82AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA515">"The Life of Sir Humphry Davy"</a>. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. p. 515<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Sir+Humphry+Davy&rft.pages=515&rft.pub=H.+Colburn+and+R.+Bentley&rft.date=1831-09-18&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=John+Ayrton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQ82AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p59: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Knight" title="David M. Knight">Knight, David</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780631168164/page/168"><i>Humphry Davy: Science and Power</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780631168164/page/168">168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16816-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16816-4"><bdi>978-0-631-16816-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humphry+Davy%3A+Science+and+Power&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16816-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780631168164%2Fpage%2F168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davy is buried in plot 208 of the Plainpalais Cemetery, Rue des Rois, Geneva. For contemporary information on Davy's funeral service and memorials, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1831" class="citation book cs1">Paris, John Ayrton (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5oEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA516"><i>The Life of Sir Humphry Davy, Bart., LL.D.</i></a> London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley. pp. 516–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Sir+Humphry+Davy%2C+Bart.%2C+LL.D.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=516-17&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn+and+Richard+Bentley&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=John+Ayrton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5oEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornwalls.co.uk/photos/humphry-davy-statue-penzance-3792.htm">"Humphry Davy Statue – Penzance"</a>. <i>Cornwalls.co.uk</i>. 16 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217141933/https://www.cornwalls.co.uk/photos/humphry-davy-statue-penzance-3792.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornwalls.co.uk&rft.atitle=Humphry+Davy+Statue+%E2%80%93+Penzance&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwalls.co.uk%2Fphotos%2Fhumphry-davy-statue-penzance-3792.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105431/http://www.blueplaqueplaces.co.uk/humphry-davy-slate-plaque-in-penzance-11576">"Humphry Davy slate plaque in Penzance | Blue Plaque Places"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueplaqueplaces.co.uk/humphry-davy-slate-plaque-in-penzance-11576">the original</a> on 20 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humphry+Davy+slate+plaque+in+Penzance+%26%23124%3B+Blue+Plaque+Places&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueplaqueplaces.co.uk%2Fhumphry-davy-slate-plaque-in-penzance-11576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humphry-davy.cornwall.sch.uk/">"Welcome to Humphry Davy School"</a>. <i>Humphry-davy.cornwall.sch.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105510/http://www.humphry-davy.cornwall.sch.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humphry-davy.cornwall.sch.uk&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Humphry+Davy+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humphry-davy.cornwall.sch.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cornwalls.co.uk/photos/sir-humphry-davy-pub-penzance-1482.htm">"Sir Humphry Davy pub –Penzance"</a>. <i>Cornwalls.co.uk</i>. 9 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217141951/https://www.cornwalls.co.uk/photos/sir-humphry-davy-pub-penzance-1482.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornwalls.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sir+Humphry+Davy+pub+%E2%80%93Penzance&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornwalls.co.uk%2Fphotos%2Fsir-humphry-davy-pub-penzance-1482.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatpub.com/pubs/COR/382/sir-humphry-davy-penzance">"Sir Humphry Davy, Penzance"</a>. <i>Whatpub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202655/https://whatpub.com/pubs/COR/382/sir-humphry-davy-penzance">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whatpub.com&rft.atitle=Sir+Humphry+Davy%2C+Penzance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatpub.com%2Fpubs%2FCOR%2F382%2Fsir-humphry-davy-penzance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217083237/https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/your-university/our-stories/150/legacy/building-plaques">"Building plaques"</a>. <i>Plymouth.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/your-university/our-stories/150/legacy/building-plaques">the original</a> on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plymouth.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Building+plaques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plymouth.ac.uk%2Fyour-university%2Four-stories%2F150%2Flegacy%2Fbuilding-plaques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishstreets.info/humphry-davy-way-hotwells-bristol-bristol">"Britishstreets"</a>. <i>Britishstreets.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320105656/http://www.britishstreets.info/humphry-davy-way-hotwells-bristol-bristol">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britishstreets.info&rft.atitle=Britishstreets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishstreets.info%2Fhumphry-davy-way-hotwells-bristol-bristol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.safc.com/news/club-news/2017/july/the-story-behind-the-sol">"The story behind the SoL"</a>. <i>Safc.com</i>. 19 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217083933/https://www.safc.com/news/club-news/2017/july/the-story-behind-the-sol">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Safc.com&rft.atitle=The+story+behind+the+SoL&rft.date=2017-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.safc.com%2Fnews%2Fclub-news%2F2017%2Fjuly%2Fthe-story-behind-the-sol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meinestadt.de/cuxhaven/stadtplan/strasse/humphry-davy-str.">"Humphry-Davy-STR., Cuxhaven Stadtplan"</a>. <i>Meinestadt.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170930/http://www.meinestadt.de/cuxhaven/stadtplan/strasse/humphry-davy-str.">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meinestadt.de&rft.atitle=Humphry-Davy-STR.%2C+Cuxhaven+Stadtplan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meinestadt.de%2Fcuxhaven%2Fstadtplan%2Fstrasse%2Fhumphry-davy-str.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davyhouse-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davyhouse_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSMC_Chartered_Surveyors2022" class="citation web cs1">SMC Chartered Surveyors (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013021226/http://www.bulkloader.prd.pl.artirix.com.s3.amazonaws.com/1df62407-afc6-434d-8704-96b36b615888_123210.pdf">"For sale: Humphry Davy House"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulkloader.prd.pl.artirix.com.s3.amazonaws.com/1df62407-afc6-434d-8704-96b36b615888_123210.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+sale%3A+Humphry+Davy+House&rft.date=2022&rft.au=SMC+Chartered+Surveyors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulkloader.prd.pl.artirix.com.s3.amazonaws.com%2F1df62407-afc6-434d-8704-96b36b615888_123210.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cat-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cat_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.geus.dk/geusmap/?mapname=stednavnedb#baslay=baseMapGl&optlay=&extent=549832.8357720698,8582739.868248867,622444.3190166993,8680765.370629115&layers=grl_geus_north_east_higgins_map,grl_ne_higgins_placenames,grl_ne_placenames&filter_1=txt_search.part=&placename=&filter_2=txt_search.part=&placename=">"Place names, northern East Greenland"</a>. <i>Data.geus.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924145509/https://data.geus.dk/geusmap/?mapname=stednavnedb#baslay=baseMapGl&optlay=&extent=549832.8357720698,8582739.868248867,622444.3190166993,8680765.370629115&layers=grl_geus_north_east_higgins_map,grl_ne_higgins_placenames,grl_ne_placenames&filter_1=txt_search.part=&placename=&filter_2=txt_search.part=&placename=">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data.geus.dk&rft.atitle=Place+names%2C+northern+East+Greenland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.geus.dk%2Fgeusmap%2F%3Fmapname%3Dstednavnedb%23baslay%3DbaseMapGl%26optlay%3D%26extent%3D549832.8357720698%2C8582739.868248867%2C622444.3190166993%2C8680765.370629115%26layers%3Dgrl_geus_north_east_higgins_map%2Cgrl_ne_higgins_placenames%2Cgrl_ne_placenames%26filter_1%3Dtxt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D%26filter_2%3Dtxt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lagrandcombe.fr/3117-2/">"Parc régional d'activité économiques Humphry Davy"</a>. <i>Mairie de la grand combe</i> (in French). 17 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319190012/https://www.lagrandcombe.fr/3117-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mairie+de+la+grand+combe&rft.atitle=Parc+r%C3%A9gional+d%27activit%C3%A9+%C3%A9conomiques+Humphry+Davy&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lagrandcombe.fr%2F3117-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/30936">"Place name detail: Mount Davy"</a>. <i>New Zealand Gazetteer</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board" title="New Zealand Geographic Board">New Zealand Geographic Board</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Gazetteer&rft.atitle=Place+name+detail%3A+Mount+Davy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetteer.linz.govt.nz%2Fplace%2F30936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidinger1827" class="citation journal cs1">Haidinger, W (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1423516">"Über den Davyn, eine neue Mineralspecies"</a>. <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i>. <b>87</b> (11): 470–74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1828AnP....87..470H">1828AnP....87..470H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18270871111">10.1002/andp.18270871111</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801201059/https://zenodo.org/record/1423516">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+den+Davyn%2C+eine+neue+Mineralspecies&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=470-74&rft.date=1827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18270871111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1828AnP....87..470H&rft.aulast=Haidinger&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1423516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/davy-medal/">"Davy Medal"</a>. <i>Royalsociety.org</i>. 30 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926175111/https://royalsociety.org/grants-schemes-awards/awards/davy-medal/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royalsociety.org&rft.atitle=Davy+Medal&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fgrants-schemes-awards%2Fawards%2Fdavy-medal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1429">"Humphry Davy"</a>. <i>Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</i>. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humphry+Davy&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.pub=USGS+Astrogeology+Research+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F1429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/salmoniadaysfly01davygoog">"Salmonia: Days of Fly Fishing. In a Series of Conversations; with Some Account of the Habits of ..."</a> <i>Archive.org</i>. Carey and Lea. 23 October 1832<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive.org&rft.atitle=Salmonia%3A+Days+of+Fly+Fishing.+In+a+Series+of+Conversations%3B+with+Some+Account+of+the+Habits+of+...&rft.date=1832-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsalmoniadaysfly01davygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008288-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2008288_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2008">Holmes 2008</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217083106/https://www.brendawootton.eu/storepage1776509.aspx">"Brenda Wootton: Complete Discography"</a>. <i>Brendawootton.eu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brendawootton.eu/storepage1776509.aspx">the original</a> on 17 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brendawootton.eu&rft.atitle=Brenda+Wootton%3A+Complete+Discography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brendawootton.eu%2Fstorepage1776509.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=119413">"Brenda Wooton and Humphry Davy"</a>. <i>Mudcat.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801193505/https://mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=119413">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mudcat.org&rft.atitle=Brenda+Wooton+and+Humphry+Davy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmudcat.org%2Fthread.cfm%3Fthreadid%3D119413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley1982" class="citation book cs1">Bentley, E. Clerihew (1982). <i>The First Clerihews</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212980-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-212980-2"><bdi>978-0-19-212980-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Clerihews&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-212980-2&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=E.+Clerihew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel" class="citation web cs1">Spiegel, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=119413">"Brenda Wooton and Humphry Davy"</a>. <i>Mudcat.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206083555/https://mudcat.org/thread.cfm?threadid=119413">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mudcat.org&rft.atitle=Brenda+Wooton+and+Humphry+Davy&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmudcat.org%2Fthread.cfm%3Fthreadid%3D119413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fullmer-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fullmer_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fullmer,_1969">Fullmer, 1969</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Davy,_1821" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (January 1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1821.0016">"Some Observations and Experiments on the Papyri Found in the Ruins of Herculaneum"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. <b>111</b>: 191–208. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1821RSPT..111..191D">1821RSPT..111..191D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1821.0016">10.1098/rstl.1821.0016</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+and+Experiments+on+the+Papyri+Found+in+the+Ruins+of+Herculaneum&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=191-208&rft.date=1821-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1821.0016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1821RSPT..111..191D&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1821.0016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fullmer,_1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/June_Zimmerman_Fullmer" title="June Zimmerman Fullmer">Fullmer, June Z.</a> (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirhumphrydavysp0000full"><i>Sir Humphry Davy's Published Works</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80961-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80961-1"><bdi>978-0-674-80961-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Humphry+Davy%27s+Published+Works&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-674-80961-1&rft.aulast=Fullmer&rft.aufirst=June+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirhumphrydavysp0000full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartley1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Hartley" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold B. Hartley">Hartley, Harold</a> (1960). "The Wilkins Lecture. Sir Humphry Davy, Bt., P.R.S. 1778–1829". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society A</i>. <b>255</b> (1281): 153–80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960RSPSA.255..153H">1960RSPSA.255..153H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1960.0060">10.1098/rspa.1960.0060</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2413906">2413906</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:176370921">176370921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=The+Wilkins+Lecture.+Sir+Humphry+Davy%2C+Bt.%2C+P.R.S.+1778%E2%80%931829&rft.volume=255&rft.issue=1281&rft.pages=153-80&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1960.0060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A176370921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2413906%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960RSPSA.255..153H&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartley1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Hartley" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold B. Hartley">Hartley, Harold</a> (1966). <i>Humphry Davy</i>. London: Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85409-729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85409-729-6"><bdi>978-0-85409-729-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humphry+Davy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-85409-729-6&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Richard (2008). <i>The age of wonder</i>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3187-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3187-0"><bdi>978-1-4000-3187-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+age+of+wonder&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3187-0&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Knight" title="David M. Knight">Knight, David</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780631168164"><i>Humphry Davy: Science and Power</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16816-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16816-4"><bdi>978-0-631-16816-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humphry+Davy%3A+Science+and+Power&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16816-4&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780631168164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamont-Brown2004" class="citation book cs1">Lamont-Brown, Raymond (2004). <i>Humphry Davy, Life Beyond the Lamp</i>. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3231-8"><bdi>978-0-7509-3231-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humphry+Davy%2C+Life+Beyond+the+Lamp&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3231-8&rft.aulast=Lamont-Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartington1964" class="citation book cs1">Partington, J. R. (1964). <i>History of Chemistry</i>. Vol. 4. London: Macmillan. pp. 29–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Chemistry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29-76&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Partington&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreneer1963" class="citation book cs1">Treneer, Anne (1963). <i>The Mercurial Chemist: a Life of Sir Humphry Davy</i>. London: Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mercurial+Chemist%3A+a+Life+of+Sir+Humphry+Davy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Treneer&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Humphry Davy</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Humphry_Davy" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Humphry Davy">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy" class="extiw" title="q:Humphry Davy">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Humphry_Davy" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Humphry Davy">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/q131761" class="extiw" title="d:q131761">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Pratt" title="Anne Pratt">Pratt, Anne</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0sppZofUHAC&pg=PA12">"Sir Humphrey Davy"</a>. <i>Dawnings of Genius</i>. London: Charles Knight and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Humphrey+Davy&rft.btitle=Dawnings+of+Genius&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Charles+Knight+and+Company&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0sppZofUHAC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span> (Davy's first name is spelled incorrectly in this book.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Davy,+Humphry,+Sir">Works by Humphry Davy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Davy%2C%20Humphry%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Humphry%20Davy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Davy%2C%20Humphry%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Humphry%20Davy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Humphry%20Davy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Davy%2C%20Humphry%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Humphry%20Davy%22%29%20OR%20%28%221778-1829%22%20AND%20Davy%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Humphry Davy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedworkss02davygoog"><i>The Collected Works of Humphry Davy</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journaloftourmad00tobi"><i>Journal of a Tour made in the years 1828, 1829, through Styria, Carniola, and Italy, whilst accompanying the late Sir Humphry Davy</i></a> by J. J. Tobin (1832)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humphrydavypoet01thorgoog"><i>Humphry Davy, Poet and Philosopher</i></a> by Thomas Edward Thorpe, New York: Macmillan, 1896</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/younghumphrydavy0000full"><i>Young Humphry Davy: The Making of an Experimental Chemist</i></a> by June Z. Fullmer, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F63468">"Archival material relating to Humphry Davy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Humphry+Davy&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF63468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131761#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Davy, Sir Humphry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Davy,_Sir_Humphry">"Davy, Sir Humphry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 871–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Davy%2C+Sir+Humphry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=871-73&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumphry+Davy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Davy_baronets" class="mw-redirect" title="Davy baronets">Baronet</a><br /></b>(of Grosvenor Street)<b> </b><br />1818–1829 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tierney_baronets" title="Tierney baronets">Tierney baronets</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ulster.svg/20px-Ulster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ulster.svg/30px-Ulster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ulster.svg/40px-Ulster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="795" /></a></span><br />Davy baronets<br /> <i>of Grosvenor Street</i> </b><br />30 November 1818 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maitland_baronets_of_Clifton_(1818)" title="Maitland baronets of Clifton (1818)">Maitland baronets</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>23rd <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a> </b><br />1820–1827 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Brouncker,_2nd_Viscount_Brouncker" title="William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker">Viscount Brouncker</a> (1662)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Williamson_(English_politician)" title="Joseph Williamson (English politician)">Joseph Williamson</a> (1677)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1680)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hoskyns,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet">John Hoskyns</a> (1682)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Wyche" title="Cyril Wyche">Cyril Wyche</a> (1683)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> (1684)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan,_3rd_Earl_of_Carbery" title="John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery">Earl of Carbery</a> (1686)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a> (1689)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Southwell_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Southwell (diplomat)">Robert Southwell</a> (1690)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Charles Montagu</a> (1695)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">Lord Somers</a> (1698)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1703)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a> (1727)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a> (1741)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield">Earl of Macclesfield</a> (1752)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> (1764)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_West_(antiquary)" title="James West (antiquary)">James West</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pringle_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pringle (physician)">John Pringle</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> (1778)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humphry Davy</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a> (1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (1830)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_2nd_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton">Marquess of Northampton</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">Earl of Rosse</a> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wrottesley,_2nd_Baron_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley">Lord Wrottesley</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Spottiswoode" title="William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1895)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Lord Adrian</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Lord Todd</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Sir Michael Atiyah</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Sir Aaron Klug</a> (1995)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Lord May</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Lord Rees</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Sir Paul Nurse</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1801–1850)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1801–1850)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1801–1850)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astley_Cooper" title="Astley Cooper">Astley Cooper</a> (1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1802)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_(chemist)" title="Richard Chenevix (chemist)">Richard Chenevix</a> (1803)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> (1804)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humphry Davy</a> (1805)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Knight" title="Thomas Andrew Knight">Thomas Andrew Knight</a> (1806)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Everard_Home" title="Everard Home">Everard Home</a> (1807)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_(chemist)" title="William Henry (chemist)">William Henry</a> (1808)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Troughton" title="Edward Troughton">Edward Troughton</a> (1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1811)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Brande" title="William Thomas Brande">William Thomas Brande</a> (1813)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ivory_(mathematician)" title="James Ivory (mathematician)">James Ivory</a> (1814)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a> (1815)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kater" title="Henry Kater">Henry Kater</a> (1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seppings" title="Robert Seppings">Robert Seppings</a> (1818)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a> (1822)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pond" title="John Pond">John Pond</a> (1823)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Brinkley_(astronomer)" title="John Brinkley (astronomer)">John Brinkley</a> (1824)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Barlow_(mathematician)" title="Peter Barlow (mathematician)">Peter Barlow</a> (1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_South" title="James South">James South</a> (1826)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Foster_(scientist)" title="Henry Foster (scientist)">Henry Foster</a> (1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1831)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a> (1832)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amedeo_Plana" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana">Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Snow_Harris" title="William Snow Harris">William Snow Harris</a> (1835)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Francis_Kiernan" title="Francis Kiernan">Francis Kiernan</a> (1836)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_C%C3%A9sar_Becquerel" title="Antoine César Becquerel">Antoine César Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">John Frederic Daniell</a> (1837)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist,_born_1773)" title="Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)">Robert Brown</a> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sturm" title="Jacques Charles François Sturm">Jacques Charles François Sturm</a> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (1841)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_MacCullagh" title="James MacCullagh">James MacCullagh</a> (1842)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> (1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Matteucci" title="Carlo Matteucci">Carlo Matteucci</a> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a> (1846)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a> (1850)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131761#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131761#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118524089">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79142750">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12459774t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12459774t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00549765">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Davy, Humphry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV052940">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35034028">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000082224&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1247047">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1175203">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068809042">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01620306?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/186516">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/806556">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118524089.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span 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