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<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Biosfer rootpage-Biosfer skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Biosfer" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Biosfer" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Biosfer" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Biosfer" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Faktor-faktor_persebaran_flora_dan_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faktor-faktor_persebaran_flora_dan_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Faktor-faktor persebaran flora dan fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Faktor-faktor_persebaran_flora_dan_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Faktor-faktor persebaran flora dan fauna</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Faktor-faktor_persebaran_flora_dan_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kondisi_geologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kondisi_geologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Kondisi geologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kondisi_geologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iklim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iklim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Iklim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iklim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ketinggian_tempat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ketinggian_tempat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ketinggian tempat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ketinggian_tempat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faktor_biotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faktor_biotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Faktor biotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faktor_biotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Biosfer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 96 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Абиосфера – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абиосфера" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfeer" title="Biosfeer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biosfeer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="محيط حيوي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محيط حيوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biosfer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біясфера – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біясфера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біясфэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біясфэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बायोस्फियर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बायोस्फियर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="জীবমণ্ডল – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবমণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosferenn" title="Biosferenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Biosferenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%86" title="ژینگۆ – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینگۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosf%C3%A9ra" title="Biosféra – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biosféra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosffer" title="Biosffer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Biosffer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosf%C3%A6re" title="Biosfære – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biosfære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosph%C3%A4re" title="Biosphäre – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biosphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Βιόσφαιρα – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιόσφαιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biosphere" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfero" title="Biosfero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biosfero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B3sfera" title="Biósfera – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biósfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Biosfäär – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biosfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زیست‌کره – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیست‌کره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosf%C3%A4%C3%A4ri" title="Biosfääri – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biosfääri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosph%C3%A8re" title="Biosphère – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biosphère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfere" title="Biosfere – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Biosfere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithsf%C3%A9ar" title="Bithsféar – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bithsféar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="ביוספירה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביוספירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="जैवमण्डल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जैवमण्डल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byosf%C3%A8" title="Byosfè – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Byosfè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioszf%C3%A9ra" title="Bioszféra – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bioszféra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Կենսոլորտ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսոլորտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADfhvolf" title="Lífhvolf – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lífhvolf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%8F" title="生物圏 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生物圏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biosfer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ბიოსფერო – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოსფერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2" title="ಜೀವ ಮಂಡಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವ ಮಂಡಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EA%B6%8C" title="생물권 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생물권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosph%C3%A4r" title="Biosphär – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Biosphär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosf%C4%93ra" title="Biosfēra – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Biosfēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Biosfer" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Биосферась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Биосферась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈവമണ്ഡലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവമണ്ഡലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Шим мандал – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шим мандал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfeer" title="Biosfeer – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biosfeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosf%C3%A6re" title="Biosfære – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biosfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosf%C3%A8ra" title="Biosfèra – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biosfèra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baayoosfeerii" title="Baayoosfeerii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baayoosfeerii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਜੀਵ-ਮੰਡਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀਵ-ਮੰਡਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بائیوسفیئر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بائیوسفیئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="بایوسفیر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بایوسفیر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_pacha" title="Kawsay pacha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay pacha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfer%C4%83" title="Biosferă – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biosferă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%88" title="حياتي جو دائرو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حياتي جو دائرو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9B%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="ජෛව ගෝලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෛව ගෝලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biosphere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosf%C3%A9ra" title="Biosféra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biosféra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosf%C3%A4r" title="Biosfär – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biosfär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிர்க்கோளம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்க்கோளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5" title="ชีวมณฑล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวมณฑล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyospero" title="Biyospero – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyospero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyosfer" title="Biyosfer – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyosfer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Биосфера – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биосфера" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біосфера – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біосфера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کرہ حیاتی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرہ حیاتی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biosfera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_quy%E1%BB%83n" title="Sinh quyển – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh quyển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosfeer" title="Biosfeer – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Biosfeer" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyospira" title="Biyospira – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyospira" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物圈" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ბიოსფერო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიოსფერო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Biosfer&id=23637923&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiosfer"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBiosfer"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Biosfer"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" 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accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/360px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/540px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/720px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Gabungan <a href="/wiki/Warna_semu" title="Warna semu">warna semu</a> kelimpahan fotoautotrof laut dan terrestrial global, dari September 2001 hingga Agustus 2017. Disediakan oleh Proyek <a href="/wiki/SeaWiFS" title="SeaWiFS">SeaWiFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badan_Penerbangan_dan_Antariksa_Amerika_Serikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pusat_Penerbangan_Luar_Angkasa_Goddard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusat Penerbangan Luar Angkasa Goddard">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/GeoEye_Inc" title="GeoEye Inc">ORBIMAGE</a> .</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Biosfer</b> (dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> yaitu βίος <i>bíos</i> yang berarti kehidupan dan σφαῖρα <i>sphaira</i> yang berarti lingkungan) juga dikenal sebagai <b>ekosfer</b> (dari bahasa Yunani "lingkungan" dan σφαῖρα), adalah jumlah seluruh <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosistem</a> di seluruh penjuru <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>. Biosfer juga dapat disebut zona <a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">kehidupan</a> di Bumi, sistem tertutup (terlepas dari <a href="/wiki/Radiasi_Matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiasi Matahari">radiasi matahari</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sinar_kosmik" title="Sinar kosmik">radiasi kosmik</a> juga <a href="/wiki/Panas" title="Panas">panas</a> dari bagian dalam Bumi), dan sebagian besar mengatur diri sendiri. Dalam pengertian luas menurut <a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_Gaia" title="Hipotesis Gaia">geofisiologi</a>, biosfer adalah sistem <a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">ekologi</a> global yang menyatukan seluruh makhluk hidup dan hubungan antarmereka, termasuk interaksinya dengan unsur <a href="/wiki/Litosfer" title="Litosfer">litosfer</a> (batuan), <a href="/wiki/Hidrosfer" title="Hidrosfer">hidrosfer</a> (air), dan <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a> (udara) Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biosfer dipostulatkan telah <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">berevolusi</a>, dimulai dengan proses <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">biopoiesis</a> (kehidupan yang diciptakan secara alami dari benda mati, seperti <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">senyawa organik</a> sederhana) atau <a href="/wiki/Biogenesis" title="Biogenesis">biogenesis</a> (kehidupan yang diciptakan dari makhluk hidup), setidaknya sekitar 3,5 miliar tahun yang lalu. <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> hingga sekarang adalah satu-satunya tempat yang diketahui yang mendukung kehidupan. Biosfer dianggap telah berlangsung selama sekitar 3,5 miliar tahun dari 4,5 miliar tahun usia Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faktor-faktor_persebaran_flora_dan_fauna">Faktor-faktor persebaran flora dan fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Faktor-faktor persebaran flora dan fauna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Faktor-faktor persebaran flora dan fauna"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kondisi_geologi">Kondisi geologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Kondisi geologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kondisi geologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bumi kita ini menurut beberapa teori dahulu terdiri atas satu benua besar dan satu samudra, namun karena adanya gaya endogen yang sangat kuat maka benua yang besar itu menjadi terpisah. Pecahan benua ini yang sering disebut sebagai teka-teki raksasa. Apabila diperhatikan peta dunia maka Benua <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a> dapat digabungkan menjadi satu sesuai dengan pola garis pantainya. Keanekaragaman flora dan fauna di permukaan bumi ini diperkirakan sesuai dengan perkembangan bumi dalam membentuk benua (kontinen) menurut Teori "<i>Apungan</i>" dan "<i>Pergeseran Benua</i>" yang disampaikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wegener" title="Alfred Wegener">Alfred Wegener</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880" title="1880">1880</a>-<a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iklim">Iklim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Iklim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Iklim"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suhu dan kelembapan udara berpengaruh terhadap proses perkembangan fisik flora dan fauna, sedangkan sinar matahari sangat dibutuhkan oleh tanaman untuk fotosintesis dan metabolisme tubuh bagi beberapa jenis hewan. Angin sangat berperan dalam proses penyerbukan atau bahkan menerbangkan beberapa biji-bijian sehingga berpengaruh langsung terhadap persebaran flora. Kondisi iklim yang berbeda menyebabkan flora dan fauna berbeda pula. Di daerah tropis sangat kaya akan keanekaragaman flora dan fauna, karena pada daerah ini cukup mendapatkan sinar matahari dan hujan, keadaan ini berbeda dengan di daerah gurun. Daerah gurun beriklim kering dan panas, curah hujan sangat sedikit menyebabkan daerah ini sangat minim jenis flora dan faunanya. Flora dan fauna yang hidup di daerah gurun mempunyai daya adaptasi yang khusus agar mampu hidup di daerah tersebut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ketinggian_tempat">Ketinggian tempat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Ketinggian tempat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ketinggian tempat"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ahli klimatologi dari Jerman yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Junghuhn" class="mw-redirect" title="Junghuhn">Junghuhn</a> membagi habitat beberapa tanaman di <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> berdasarkan suhu, sehingga didapatkan empat penggolongan iklim sebagai berikut. </p> <ul><li>Wilayah berudara panas (0 – 600 m dpal).</li></ul> <dl><dd>Suhu wilayah ini antara 23,3 °C – 22 °C, Tanaman yang cocok ditanam di wilayah ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Tebu" title="Tebu">tebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelapa" title="Kelapa">kelapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karet" title="Karet">karet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padi" title="Padi">padi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lada" title="Lada">lada</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Buah-buahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buah-buahan">buah-buahan</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Wilayah berudara sedang (600 – 1.500 m dpal)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Suhu wilayah ini antara 22 °C – 17,1 °C. Tanaman yang cocok ditanam pada wilayah ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas">kapas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi">kopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cokelat" title="Cokelat">cokelat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kina" class="mw-disambig" title="Kina">kina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teh" title="Teh">teh</a>, dan macam-macam sayuran, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kentang" title="Kentang">kentang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomat" title="Tomat">tomat</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kol">kol</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Wilayah berudara sejuk (1.500 – 2.500 m dpal)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Suhu wilayah ini antara 17,1 °C – 11,1 °C. Tanaman yang cocok ditanam pada wilayah ini antara lain sayuran, kopi, teh, dan aneka jenis hutan tanaman industri.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Wilayah berudara dingin (lebih 2.500 m dpal)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Wilayah ini dijumpai tanaman yang berjenis pendek. Contohnya, <a href="/wiki/Edelweis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edelweis">edelweis</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faktor_biotik">Faktor biotik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Faktor biotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Faktor biotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pohon beringin merupakan salah satu tanaman yang disukai burung. Burung-burung tersebut memakan biji beringin yang telah matang, lalu burung tersebut tanpa sadar ternyata telah menyebarkan tanaman beringin melalui biji yang masuk ke dalam tubuh burung lalu keluar bersama kotorannya. Pencernaan burung ternyata tidak mampu memecah kulit keras biji-biji tertentu sehingga biji tersebut keluar bersama kotoran. Biji yang keluar bersama kotoran tersebut apabila berada di habitat yang cocok akan tumbuh menjadi tanaman baru.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomassa_(ekologi)" title="Biomassa (ekologi)">Biomassa (ekologi)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Uli H., Marah (2007). <i>Geografi 2 Untuk SMA dan MA Kelas XI</i>. Jakarta: Esis/Erlangga. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9797345734" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 979-734-573-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geografi+2+Untuk+SMA+dan+MA+Kelas+XI&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Esis%2FErlangga&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Uli+H.&rft.aufirst=Marah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiosfer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biosfer&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">geographyrealm (2020-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geographyrealm.com/what-are-the-earths-systems/">"What are the Earth's Four Systems?"</a>. <i>Geography Realm</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124095049/https://www.geographyrealm.com/what-are-the-earths-systems/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geography+Realm&rft.atitle=What+are+the+Earth%27s+Four+Systems%3F&rft.date=2020-03-18&rft.au=geographyrealm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographyrealm.com%2Fwhat-are-the-earths-systems%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiosfer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/biosphere">"biosphere | Definition, Resources, Cycles, Examples, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210110440/https://www.britannica.com/science/biosphere">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2021-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=biosphere+%7C+Definition%2C+Resources%2C+Cycles%2C+Examples%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fbiosphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiosfer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Darmawan, Harefa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Teori_Ilmu_Kealaman_Dasar_Kajian_Untuk_M.html?id=R5kPEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y"><i>Teori Ilmu Kealaman Dasar Kajian Untuk Mahasiswa Pendidikan Guru Dan Akademis</i></a>. Yogyakarta: Deepublish. hlm. 67. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9786230219092" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9786230219092">9786230219092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teori+Ilmu+Kealaman+Dasar+Kajian+Untuk+Mahasiswa+Pendidikan+Guru+Dan+Akademis&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Deepublish&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9786230219092&rft.aulast=Darmawan&rft.aufirst=Harefa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FTeori_Ilmu_Kealaman_Dasar_Kajian_Untuk_M.html%3Fid%3DR5kPEAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dkp_read_button%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiosfer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120602051536/http://dony.blog.uns.ac.id/2010/06/16/biosfer/">"Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi persebaran flora dan fauna"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dony.blog.uns.ac.id/2010/06/16/biosfer/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faktor-faktor+yang+mempengaruhi+persebaran+flora+dan+fauna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdony.blog.uns.ac.id%2F2010%2F06%2F16%2Fbiosfer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ABiosfer" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_(fisika)" title="Medan (fisika)">Medan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiasi" title="Radiasi">Radiasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zona_liar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zona liar (halaman belum tersedia)">Zona liar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebakaran_liar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebakaran liar">Kebakaran liar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan">Kehidupan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Asal-usul <span style="font-size:90%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a 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title="Hewan">hewan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protista" title="Protista">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokariota" title="Prokariota">Prokariota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkea" title="Arkea">arkea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri">bakteri</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">Hierarki</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup">Organisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populasi_(biologi)" title="Populasi (biologi)">Populasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_populasi" title="Ekologi populasi">Ekologi populasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunitas_(ekologi)" title="Komunitas (ekologi)">Komunitas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_komunitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekologi komunitas">Ekologi komunitas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekologi_ekosistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekologi ekosistem (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekologi ekosistem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">Bioma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biosfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaksi_biologis" title="Interaksi biologis">Interaksi biologis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jangka pendek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsaan" title="Pemangsaan">Pemangsaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanibalisme" title="Kanibalisme">Kanibalisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan" title="Penyerbukan">Penyerbukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jangka panjang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis">Simbiosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">Mutualisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komensalisme" title="Komensalisme">Komensalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">Parasitisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompetisi_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompetisi (biologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kompetisi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosimbion" title="Endosimbion">Endosimbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jaring-jaring_makanan" title="Jaring-jaring makanan">Jaring-jaring makanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rantai_makanan" title="Rantai makanan">Rantai makanan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingkatan_trofik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingkatan trofik (halaman belum tersedia)">Tingkatan trofik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piramida_ekologi" title="Piramida ekologi">Piramida ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_energi" title="Aliran energi">Aliran energi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peranan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">Autotrof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">Heterotrof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsa" title="Pemangsa">Pemangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsa_puncak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemangsa puncak">Pemangsa puncak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivor" title="Herbivor">Herbivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnivor" title="Karnivor">Karnivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivor" title="Omnivor">Omnivor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengurai">Pengurai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detritivor" title="Detritivor">Detritivor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peran sebagai spesies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distribusi_spesies" title="Distribusi spesies">Distribusi spesies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pribumi_(ekologi)" title="Pribumi (ekologi)">Spesies asli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesies_pendatang" title="Spesies pendatang">Spesies pendatang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jenis_asing_invasif" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenis asing invasif">Spesies invasif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemisme" title="Endemisme">Endemik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribusi_kosmopolitan" title="Distribusi kosmopolitan">Kosmopolitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesies_dasar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spesies dasar (halaman belum tersedia)">Spesies dasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesies_kunci" title="Spesies kunci">Spesies kunci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioindikator" title="Bioindikator">Spesies indikator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekologi_ruang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekologi ruang (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekologi ruang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_lanskap" title="Ekologi lanskap">Ekologi lanskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoton" title="Ekoton">Ekoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekotipe" title="Ekotipe">Ekotipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentasi_habitat" title="Fragmentasi habitat">Fragmentasi habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi_pulau" title="Biogeografi pulau">Biogeografi pulau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> 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