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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>1956年大規模武力衝突</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1956年大規模武力衝突-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經過" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經過"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>經過</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-經過-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关經過子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-經過-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-拉薩事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拉薩事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>拉薩事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拉薩事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拉薩戰役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拉薩戰役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>拉薩戰役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拉薩戰役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-石渠戰役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#石渠戰役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>石渠戰役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-石渠戰役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-色達戰役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#色達戰役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>色達戰役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-色達戰役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-山南戰役" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#山南戰役"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>山南戰役</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-山南戰役-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-后续" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#后续"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>后续</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-后续-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-國際反应" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#國際反应"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>國際反应</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-國際反应-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1959年藏区骚乱</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。31种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA_1959" title="انتفاضة التبت 1959 – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتفاضة التبت 1959" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_soyq%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Tibet soyqırımı – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tibet soyqırımı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="تیبت سویقیری‌می – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیبت سویقیری‌می" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aixecament_tibet%C3%A0_de_1959" title="Aixecament tibetà de 1959 – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aixecament tibetà de 1959" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetsk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Tibetské národní povstání – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tibetské národní povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetaufstand_1959" title="Tibetaufstand 1959 – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tibetaufstand 1959" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1959 Tibetan uprising" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeta_ribelo_(1959)" title="Tibeta ribelo (1959) – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tibeta ribelo (1959)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantamiento_tibetano_de_1959" title="Levantamiento tibetano de 1959 – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Levantamiento tibetano de 1959" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959._aasta_Tiibeti_%C3%BClest%C3%B5us" title="1959. aasta Tiibeti ülestõus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1959. aasta Tiibeti ülestõus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibetin_kansannousu_1959" title="Tiibetin kansannousu 1959 – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiibetin kansannousu 1959" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%C3%A8vement_tib%C3%A9tain_de_1959" title="Soulèvement tibétain de 1959 – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soulèvement tibétain de 1959" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="१९५९ का तिब्बती विद्रोह – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१९५९ का तिब्बती विद्रोह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959-es_tibeti_felkel%C3%A9s" title="1959-es tibeti felkelés – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1959-es tibeti felkelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Tibet_1959" title="Pemberontakan Tibet 1959 – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Tibet 1959" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_tibetana_del_1959" title="Rivolta tibetana del 1959 – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta tibetana del 1959" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%AE%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%9C%82%E8%B5%B7" title="1959年のチベット蜂起 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1959年のチベット蜂起" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(1959)" title="ტიბეტის აჯანყება (1959) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიბეტის აჯანყება (1959)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%EB%85%84_%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0" title="1959년 티베트 봉기 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1959년 티베트 봉기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%82" title="1959 ലെ ടിബറ്റൻ പ്രക്ഷോഭം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="1959 ലെ ടിബറ്റൻ പ്രക്ഷോഭം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opstand_in_Tibet_(1959)" title="Opstand in Tibet (1959) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opstand in Tibet (1959)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_tibetanske_oppr%C3%B8ret_i_1959" title="Det tibetanske opprøret i 1959 – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det tibetanske opprøret i 1959" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_tybeta%C5%84skie_1959" title="Powstanie tybetańskie 1959 – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie tybetańskie 1959" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_no_Tibete_em_1959" title="Revolta no Tibete em 1959 – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta no Tibete em 1959" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1959)" title="Тибетское восстание (1959) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибетское восстание (1959)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanska_vstaja_leta_1959" title="Tibetanska vstaja leta 1959 – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tibetanska vstaja leta 1959" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanska_upproret_1959" title="Tibetanska upproret 1959 – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tibetanska upproret 1959" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="1959 திபெத்தியக் கிளர்ச்சி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1959 திபெத்தியக் கிளர்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2502" title="การก่อการกำเริบในทิเบต พ.ศ. 2502 – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การก่อการกำเริบในทิเบต พ.ศ. 2502" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Тибетське повстання – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тибетське повстання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%95i_d%E1%BA%ADy_T%C3%A2y_T%E1%BA%A1ng_1959" title="Nổi dậy Tây Tạng 1959 – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nổi dậy Tây Tạng 1959" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q508258#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> 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class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1959_Tibetan_uprising" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q508258" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70578162">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:315px;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;font-size:100%">1959年藏区骚乱</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="中華人民共和國治藏歷史">中华人民共和国治藏历史</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="西藏独立运动">西藏独立运动</a>的一部分</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;font-size:85%;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg/220px-Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg/330px-Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg/440px-Tsarong_in_captivity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="409" /></a></span><br />图为向<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" title="中国人民解放军">中国人民解放军</a>投降的西藏游擊隊藏軍士兵，左一戴帽者為<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E7%BB%92%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E6%A1%91%E5%8D%A0%E5%A0%86" title="擦绒·达桑占堆">擦絨·達桑占堆</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="text-align:left; font-size:small; line-height:1.5em;;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">日期</th><td>1959年3月10日－1959年3月23日</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">地点</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="藏區">藏區</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em;white-space:nowrap">结果</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>決定性勝利 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>完全控制<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>並成立<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏自治區">西藏自治區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="噶廈政權">噶廈政權</a>瓦解</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="第十四世達賴喇嘛">第十四世達賴喇嘛</a>与原噶廈政府高官流亡印度並成立<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="藏人行政中央">藏人行政中央</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">参战方</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="藏區">西藏</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="噶廈政權">噶廈政權</a><hr />支援：<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a><sup id="cite_ref-officiehis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officiehis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-china_tibet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china_tibet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">指挥官与领导者</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80" title="藏區"><img alt="藏區" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="第十四世達賴喇嘛">第十四世達賴喇嘛</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/23px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/34px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/45px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E7%8F%A0%E4%BB%93%C2%B7%E8%B4%A1%E5%B8%83%E6%89%8E%E8%A5%BF" title="恩珠仓·贡布扎西">恩珠倉·貢布扎西</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/23px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/34px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/45px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%A0%BC%E4%BB%93%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E5%8A%A0%E5%A4%9A%E5%90%89" title="夏格仓·朗加多吉">夏格倉·朗加多吉</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/23px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/34px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/45px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%A9%AC%E4%BB%93%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%9F%B9" title="甲马仓·桑培">甲馬倉·桑培</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/23px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/34px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/45px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%A1%91%C2%B7%E6%89%8E%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="羅桑·扎西">羅桑·扎西</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国"><img alt="中华人民共和国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a><br /><small>（中共中央军委主席）</small><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国"><img alt="中华人民共和国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87" title="刘少奇">刘少奇</a><br /><small>（全国人大常委会委员长）</small><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国"><img alt="中华人民共和国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="周恩來">周恩來</a><br /><small>（国务院总理）</small><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国"><img alt="中华人民共和国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80" title="彭德怀">彭德怀</a><br /><small>（国防部长）</small><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国"><img alt="中华人民共和国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E7%BB%8F%E6%AD%A6" title="张经武">张经武</a><br /><small>（西藏工委第一书记）</small><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国"><img alt="中华人民共和国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%8E_(1914%E5%B9%B4)" title="张国华 (1914年)">张国华</a><br /><small>（西藏军区司令员）</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">参战单位</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B" title="藏军">藏軍</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/23px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/34px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg/45px-Chushi_Gangdruk-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AD%E5%B4%97" title="四水六崗">四水六崗</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80" title="藏區"><img alt="藏區" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_Tibet.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tibet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> 藏族地方武裝及示威者</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中國</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="中國人民解放軍">人民解放軍</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:90%;">伤亡与损失</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;font-size:85%;;font-size:90%"> 约87,000死亡<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em;font-size:90%"> 約2,000死亡<sup id="cite_ref-china_tibet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china_tibet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:230px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="西藏历史">西藏历史</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhasa_Potala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="布達拉宮"><img alt="布達拉宮" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/150px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/225px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/300px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA" title="藏区">藏区</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0" title="西藏的名称">“西藏”名称</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#上古时期" title="西藏历史">遠古時期</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E9%9B%84" title="象雄">象雄</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> ？–645</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%97%84" title="唐旄">唐旄</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> ？–632</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E7%BE%8C%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="漢羌戰爭">漢羌戰爭</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> 56–169</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%BE%8C%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F" title="发羌入藏">髮羌</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> ？–633</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a>時期 <span style="color:#aaa"> 633–877</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E8%88%87%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="唐朝與吐蕃關係史">唐朝與吐蕃關係史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E4%B8%8E%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="唐朝与吐蕃的战争">唐朝与吐蕃的战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E8%87%A3%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%9B" title="吐蕃臣民大反叛">吐蕃臣民大反叛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC%E9%83%BD" title="阿曼都">阿曼都</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="吐蕃分裂时期">分裂時期</a> <span style="color:#aaa">877–1264</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E8%88%87%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="宋朝與吐蕃關係史">宋朝與吐蕃關係史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="古格王国">古格王国</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> ?–1635</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%83%E5%8E%AE%E5%95%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="唃厮啰国">唃厮啰国</a> <span style="color:#aaa"> 1032–1104</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#各教派統治時期" title="西藏历史">各教派分治</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1264–1720</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%BF%A6%E5%B7%B4" title="薩迦巴">薩迦巴</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1253–1358</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="元朝治藏歷史">元朝治藏歷史</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1260–1358</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%9C%A8%E7%AB%B9%E5%B7%B4" title="帕木竹巴">帕木竹巴</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1358–1618</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E8%88%87%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="明朝與吐蕃關係史">明朝與吐蕃關係史</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1368–1644</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E8%9A%8C%E5%B7%B4" title="仁蚌巴">仁蚌巴</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1432–1565</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%B7%B4%E6%B1%97" title="藏巴汗">藏巴汗</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1618–1642</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%A1%95%E7%89%B9%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="和硕特汗国">和硕特汗国</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1642–1717</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="达赖喇嘛">达赖喇嘛</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E4%B8%B9%E9%A2%87%E7%AB%A0" title="甘丹颇章">甘丹颇章</a>）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#清朝駐藏大臣和噶廈的設立" title="西藏历史">清治时期</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1720–1912</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝治藏歷史">清朝治藏歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%86%9B%E9%A9%B1%E5%87%86%E4%BF%9D%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="清军驱准保藏">清軍驅準保藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="藏區分治">藏區分治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85%E9%A2%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC" title="班禅额尔德尼">班禅额尔德尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" title="噶廈">噶廈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="西藏善後章程">西藏善後章程</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1751</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%8E%A3%E7%B1%A4" title="金瓶掣籤">金瓶掣籤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E8%97%8F%E5%85%A7%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="欽定藏內善後章程">欽定藏內善後章程</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1793</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印條約">中英藏印條約</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1890</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E7%BA%8C%E7%B4%84" title="中英藏印續約">中英藏印續約</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1893</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="拉萨条约">拉萨条约</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1904</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="中英續訂藏印條約">中英續訂藏印條約</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1906</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%B1%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%B0%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E7%AB%A0%E7%A8%8B" title="中英修訂藏印通商章程">中英修訂藏印通商章程</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1908</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第一次驅漢事件">第一次驅漢事件</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1911</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#宣告独立时期" title="西藏历史">近代</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1912–1951</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F_(1912%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941951%E5%B9%B4)" title="西藏 (1912年—1951年)">近代 (1912–1951)</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1912–1951</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%8A%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%97%E4%B9%A6" title="告民众书">告民众书</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1912</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E8%AB%AD" title="聖地佛諭">聖地佛諭</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1913</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%97%8F%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="蒙藏條約">蒙藏條約</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1913</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="西姆拉條約">西姆拉條約</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1913–1914</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%AA%E7%BA%BF" title="麦克马洪线">麦克马洪线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第二次驅漢事件">第二次驅漢事件</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1949</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%87%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="中華民國與西藏關係史">中華民國與西藏關係史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="西藏地方">西藏地方</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1928–1965</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9C%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="西藏农奴制度">西藏农奴制度</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2#中華人民共和國時期" title="西藏历史">现代</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1951年至今</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="中華人民共和國治藏歷史">现代 (1951年至今)</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1951年至今</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="昌都战役">昌都战役</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1950</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%92%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关于和平解放西藏办法的协议">十七條协议</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1951</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="西藏和平解放">西藏和平解放</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1951</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E7%AD%B9%E5%A4%87%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="西藏自治区筹备委员会">西藏自治区筹备委员会</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1959年藏区骚乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="西藏土地改革运动">西藏土地改革运动</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1959</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%87%E8%A8%80%E4%B9%A6" title="七万言书">七万言书</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1962</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="西藏自治区">西藏自治区</a> <span style="color:#aaa">1965－</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E5%B9%B4%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="1989年拉萨骚乱">1989年拉萨骚乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2008年西藏骚乱">2008年西藏骚乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%84%9A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="藏區連環自焚事件">藏區連環自焚事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2012年藏区骚乱">2012年藏区骚乱</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="西藏问题">西藏问题</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="西藏独立运动">西藏独立运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="藏人行政中央">藏人行政中央</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="西藏人民議會">西藏人民議會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA" title="藏区">大西藏地區</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F" title="衛藏">衛藏</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="安多地区">安多</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">康巴</a>）</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="西藏歷史年表">历史年表</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="吐蕃帝國歷史年表">吐蕃</a>）</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:西藏歷史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:西藏歷史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:西藏歷史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>1959年藏区骚乱</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016239_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016239-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（另稱<b>西藏起义</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<b>西藏抗暴运动</b><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<b>西藏武装叛乱</b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）是1959年3月一場於<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="藏區">藏區</a>發生的武裝衝突，以<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="拉萨">拉萨</a>最为激烈。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" title="中国人民解放军">中国人民解放军</a>武裝鎮壓后，將<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="西藏土地改革运动">土地改革</a>擴展到原<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" title="噶廈">噶廈</a>控制區，原本<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%92%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关于和平解放西藏办法的协议">十七条协议</a>也正式廢止。原西藏政府首腦<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="第十四世达赖喇嘛">第十四世达赖喇嘛</a>與高官流亡到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>，成立<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏流亡政府">西藏流亡政府</a>，主張<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏独立">西藏独立</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="大藏区">大藏區</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB" title="自治">自治</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="解放军進入西藏"><span id=".E8.A7.A3.E6.94.BE.E5.86.9B.E9.80.B2.E5.85.A5.E8.A5.BF.E8.97.8F"></span>解放军進入西藏</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：解放军進入西藏"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="西藏和平解放">西藏和平解放</a></div> <p>1949年年底，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" title="中国人民解放军">中国人民解放军</a>进入青海、西康、四川等地区，与此同时，西藏政府为了防范解放军进入，在1949年7月发起<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第二次驅漢事件">第二次驅漢事件</a>，将<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中華民國國民政府">中華民國國民政府</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%97%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="蒙藏委員會">蒙藏委員會</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%82" title="拉萨市">拉薩</a>辦事處的人員驱逐出西藏。1950年解放军开始准备進军<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>，1950年10月7日，由军官王其美率领的解放军四万余人分八路向<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="康区">康区</a>首府<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E5%8E%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="昌都县">昌都</a>进军，爆發<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="昌都战役">昌都战役</a>，八千余人的藏军不敌，其中四千餘人遭解放軍殲滅。两天后解放军继续向昌都进军，俘获<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%BA%A6%E6%80%BB%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="多麦总管">多麦总管</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B2%9B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E6%99%8B%E7%BE%8E" title="阿沛·阿旺晋美">阿沛·阿旺晋美</a>及其手下士兵。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证"><span title="自2025年2月此来源经查不能佐证正文，亦或与正文完全无关。">无关引用</span></a>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="朱德">朱德</a>署名于1929年发布的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%B8%83%E5%91%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="红军第四军司令部布告（页面不存在）">红军第四军司令部布告</a>》中，曾提出“满、蒙、回、藏，章程自定”<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的口號，但后来经历<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%97%E6%97%A5%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中国抗日战争">抗日战争</a>时期，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>逐渐开始主张各民族团结联合<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016241_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>認為西藏仍然受「英<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝國主義</a>」的影響、提倡民族自決會被英国人所利用。受此影響，中国共产党考虑参照国民党政府时期「德化威服」的政策，开始明确对西藏的主权。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016241_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1950年10月17日，面對<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="中國人民解放軍">中國人民解放軍</a>的軍事力量，在西藏眾多僧侶的要求下，第十四世達賴喇嘛<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%A2%9E%E5%98%89%E6%8E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="丹增嘉措">丹增嘉措</a>提前正式親政，處理政教事務。隨后丹增嘉措被迫離開拉薩，暫居西藏南部的錯模避难。<sup id="cite_ref-14dalailifetime_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14dalailifetime-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 在打败西藏东部和北部的藏军之后，解放军约几万人向西藏中部地区推进。西藏噶厦政府代表团不得不前往北京进行和谈。 </p><p>1951年4月，以<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B2%9B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E6%99%8B%E7%BE%8E" title="阿沛·阿旺晋美">阿沛·阿旺晋美</a>为首的五人代表团前往<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>。1951年5月23日，西藏代表团在没有向西藏政府彙報的情况下，与中華人民共和国政府签订了《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%92%8C%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关于和平解放西藏办法的协议">中央人民政府和西藏地方政府关于和平解放西藏办法的协议</a>》<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，协议一共十七条，规定：“西藏人民团结起来，将<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="國民黨">國民黨</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝国主义</a>侵略势力驱逐出西藏；西藏地方政府积极协助人民解放军进入西藏，巩固国防；西藏实行民族区域自治；西藏现行政治制度和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="达赖喇嘛">达赖喇嘛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85%E9%A2%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC" title="班禅额尔德尼">班禅额尔德尼</a>的固有地位及职权，中央不予变更，各级官员照常供职；实行宗教信仰自由的政策，尊重西藏人民的宗教信仰和风俗习惯；逐步发展西藏民族的语言、文字和学校教育，以及农牧工商业，改善人民生活；西藏地区的涉外事宜，由中央统一管理。”协议还明确规定，有关西藏的各项改革事宜，中央不加强迫，西藏政府自动进行改革。 </p><p>1951年5月27日，達賴喇嘛從北京的廣播中得知签订<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E6%A2%9D%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="和平解放西藏十七條協定">和平解放西藏十七條協定</a>的消息。7月，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%B6%93%E6%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="張經武">張經武</a>將軍抵達錯模會見達賴喇嘛，打算讓達賴喇嘛與解放軍軍隊一同進入拉薩。但達賴喇嘛堅持自己先回拉薩，8月，流亡在外大半年的達賴喇嘛回到拉薩。 </p><p>噶厦政府以达赖喇嘛名义于1951年10月24日致电<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" title="中国共产党中央委员会主席">中国共产党中央委员会主席</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>，表示“双方代表在友好基础上，已于1951年5月23日签订了关于和平解放西藏办法的协议。西藏地方政府及<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F" title="藏族">藏族</a>僧俗人民一致拥护，并在毛主席及中央人民政府的领导下，积极协助人民<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="解放军">解放军</a>进藏部队，巩固国防，驱逐帝国主义势力出西藏，保护祖国领土主权的统一”。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="班禅喇嘛">班禅喇嘛</a>和堪布厅也发表声明，指出协议“完全符合<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>各族人民，特别是藏族人民的利益”。同年10月26日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B" title="中国人民解放军">中国人民解放军</a>进驻<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="拉萨">拉萨</a>。 </p><p>1951年10月26日及27日，三千余解放军进入<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="拉萨">拉萨</a>。另外，从西藏东部和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>等地有两万余解放军进入西藏，并控制了<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="日土">日土</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="噶尔">噶尔</a>等重要地区，随后又进驻<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E5%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="江孜">江孜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%96%80%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="日喀则">日喀则</a>等地。于是，拉萨在内的西藏全部主要城市都有解放军驻守，并在西藏东部和西部的整个地区集中大量的军队。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="噶厦控制区"><span id=".E5.99.B6.E5.8E.A6.E6.8E.A7.E5.88.B6.E5.8C.BA"></span>噶厦控制区</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：噶厦控制区"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>从政治背景、语言等方面划分，藏区可以分为三部分：达赖喇嘛与噶厦政府直接控制的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="卫藏">卫藏</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="西藏自治区">西藏自治区</a>中、西部），以及由中央人民政府控制的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">康區</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81" title="四川省">四川省</a>西部，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="云南省">云南省</a>北部及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="西藏自治区">西藏自治区</a>东部）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="安多地区">安多</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81" title="青海省">青海省</a>南部，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81" title="甘肃省">甘肃省</a>南部与四川省<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9D%9D%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿坝藏族自治州">阿坝藏族自治州</a>北部）。安多在中华民国时不受噶厦政府管辖，安多地区被分別劃入甘肃省，四川省和青海省。康区西部被噶厦政府控制，噶厦政府設立<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B5%E9%BA%A6%E5%9F%BA%E5%B7%A7" title="朵麦基巧">朵麥基巧</a>，管辖<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="昌都地區">昌都地區</a>，而康区东部地方武装因领土纠纷和噶厦政府的军队曾发生多次武装冲突，然而当地民众大多数信奉藏传佛教并承认达赖喇嘛的宗教地位。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="西藏和平解放">解放軍入藏</a>后，中华民国1939年設立的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%B7%E7%9C%81" title="西康省">西康省</a>被取消，并入四川省与云南省，而康区西部则仍为噶厦政府管辖。 </p><p>在中华人民共和国的政策中，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E6%9D%A1%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="十七条协议">十七条协议</a>等，“西藏”一词只针对“政治西藏”，即由噶厦政府控制的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F" title="衛藏">卫藏</a>地区，而不包括由四川省、青海省管理的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="安多地区">安多</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">西康</a>藏区。1959年藏区骚乱前，大规模的武裝衝突则主要发生在中央人民政府控制的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">康区</a>，而1959年后与解放军作战的也主要是来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">康区</a>的武装分子。 </p><p>根据<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E6%9D%A1%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="十七条协议">十七条协议</a>的规定，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国政府">中华人民共和国政府</a>不应强迫噶厦政府在其控制的卫藏和康区西部进行土地制度改革。1956年底，因达赖喇嘛参加<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%95" title="佛誕">佛诞</a>后滞留印度，总理周恩来又承诺<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>六年之内不进行改革，而六年之后由达赖喇嘛度情决定是否改革。然而，这些政策只适用于达赖喇嘛管辖的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F" title="衛藏">卫藏</a>，并不适用于不受达赖管辖的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">康區</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="安多地区">安多</a>两个藏人聚居区。根据十七条协议的规定，噶厦政府需要负责为驻藏解放军部队提供供给。然而，当时拉萨只有两三万名市民，且运输设施落后，供給三千名驻拉萨解放军非常困难。 </p><p>解放军官兵和共产党地方干部由于受到比较系统的共产主义教育，往往认为藏族非常宗教化的传统，如藏族服饰、占卜等习俗，是“落后”的表现，共产党地方干部改革心切。然而藏族群众则对这些传统非常自豪，由此引发了一些宗教、民族矛盾。因为西藏地区的特殊性，为了防止基层干部走极端而触发矛盾冲突，中央对噶厦政府管辖地区采取了比较谨慎的态度，一再要求地方干部不搞土改与民主改革，并将西藏问题决定权收归中央<sup id="cite_ref-毛泽东2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-毛泽东2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由於政策失误，比如所謂民主改革即以罚款和没收的方式摧毁“封建”，收缴民间生活獵槍，摧毁寺院，安插基层眼線等等，文化不同造成衝突扩大化与饥荒，又如在进行牧业合作化的时候，富裕的牧民拥有的牲畜放到公私合营牧场，给的价格非常不合理；牲畜比较少的牧民拥有的牲畜没收，联合起来成立“合作社”。牧民普遍不接受，有些部落反抗，有些部落逃跑，也加剧了康區与安多地区民族矛盾，引发了更严重的骚乱。部分康區地方武装和饥民进入噶厦政府控制地区，使卫藏局势也十分紧张。至1959年，驻拉萨的解放军根据中央指示已经开始进行备战，人數達到上千之多，而康區游击队则占领了山南地区。随着康區难民涌入拉萨，紧张的拉萨局势也更为恶化了。 <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="四川与青海藏区"><span id=".E5.9B.9B.E5.B7.9D.E4.B8.8E.E9.9D.92.E6.B5.B7.E8.97.8F.E5.8C.BA"></span>四川与青海藏区</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：四川与青海藏区"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在1955年之后，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="四川">四川</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="青海">青海</a>等不受达赖管轄的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="藏區">藏區</a>强制推行<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="人民公社">人民公社</a>制度，进行“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BA%8D%E9%80%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="大躍進">大躍進</a>”运动，并以推翻“三大领主”的名义大量摧毁寺院，强迫僧人还俗<sup id="cite_ref-bc70000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc70000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由于当地藏人对这些政策的不满，安多和康区先后爆发武装冲突。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達瓦諾布" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Dawa Norbu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%93%A6%E8%AB%BE%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達瓦諾布（页面不存在）">達瓦諾布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawa_Norbu" class="extiw" title="fr:Dawa Norbu"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Dawa Norbu</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>教授認為更深層的原因是這些政策與西藏以藏傳佛教為基礎的價值系統與團體衝突。<sup id="cite_ref-Norbu1979_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norbu1979-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:81</sup> </p><p>推行人民公社制度时，为了推行“合作化”的指示，采取了不当的牲畜入社政策，牧民反抗强烈，生产积极性低迷。例如1959年5月30日青海省委〈<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E7%89%A7%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%BA%E7%89%B2%E7%95%9C%E5%85%A5%E7%A4%BE%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA" class="extiw" title="s:关于牧业区牲畜入社问题的指示">关于牧业区牲畜入社问题的指示</a>〉指出： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>公社化初期，我們對牧業區的經濟特點和處理牲畜入社問題的重要意義認識不足，不適當地採取了不分階層、不論牲畜多少，一律無代價入社的辦法，入社後又忽視了生產隊的所有制和「<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E5%8B%9E%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D" title="按勞分配">按勞分配</a>」原則，加之牧業區大多數地區只經過幾個月初級合作化過程，個別地區剛辦起高級合作社就轉為人民公社，以致許多群眾誤認為「牲畜都成了公家的」，他們是給公家「當牧工」，因而不愛護牲畜，丟了不找，病了不治，死了不剝皮。</p></blockquote> <p>1960年以前人民公社存在比较严重的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B3%E4%BA%8C%E8%B0%83" title="一平二调">一平二调</a>现象<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，公社管理干部抽调大量牧民进行当地不适宜进行的农业种植工作，造成牲畜大量死亡<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中華人民共和國政府在處理安多、康区武裝衝突的过程中，又扩大抓捕，例如青海省给中央的报告显示仅1958年一年就抓捕了全省藏族人的10%<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。扩大抓捕造成了青壮劳动力的下降。这些被捕者直到1981年<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%8D%E5%86%A4%E5%81%87%E9%94%99%E6%A1%88" title="平反冤假错案">平反冤假错案</a>过程中，绝大多数被确认为冤案，才获释放。与全国其他省份相似，大跃进时期四川、青海、甘肃的藏区也出现了虚报产量风，引发过度征缴。这些因素在安多和康区引发了比较广泛的饥荒<sup id="cite_ref-bc70000_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc70000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="徵糧"><span id=".E5.BE.B5.E7.B3.A7"></span>徵糧</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：徵糧"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中共進入藏區後，逐年大幅提高糧食徵收量。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%AE%9A%E5%B8%82" title="康定市">康定</a>縣1939年糧食徵收量為的43,082 斤，1950年應徵額為364,548斤，實徵額為379,366斤，是1939年的8.8倍；1955年應徵額為545,3 95斤，實徵額為463,437斤，比1950年又增加了22.2%<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="丹巴">丹巴</a>縣1952年糧食徵購量為3.7萬斤，1954年徵購統購總數為70萬斤，兩年間增加了18倍；1955年為159.2萬斤，年增加率高達127%<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1953年<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%A1%98" class="mw-redirect" title="理塘">理塘</a>徵購糧食九萬斤，1954年提高到二十萬斤，增加122%，1955年雖減為十四萬斤，仍比1953年增加55%<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1956年大規模武力衝突"><span id="1956.E5.B9.B4.E5.A4.A7.E8.A6.8F.E6.A8.A1.E6.AD.A6.E5.8A.9B.E8.A1.9D.E7.AA.81"></span>1956年大規模武力衝突</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：1956年大規模武力衝突"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1956年1月初，中共<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%A1%98" class="mw-redirect" title="理塘">理塘</a>縣工委開始部署農區土改前期的「三項改革」。……1月中旬，理塘縣工委宣布為了實現「和平改革」令藏人上繳武器<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。……收到交槍命令後，毛椏<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%8F%B8" title="土司">土司</a>索南旺杰、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%A1%98%E5%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="理塘寺">理塘寺</a>副<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%AA%E5%B8%83" title="堪布">堪布</a>澤旺仁真，以及日格艮巴、定雍阿稱、亞瑪登珠等人開會討論局勢，決定反抗。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>從兩方資料來看，理塘之戰有好幾個回合，解放軍援軍趕到之前，雙方已經有過幾次激戰。藏人人數較多，但沒有重武器；解放軍人數較少，但武器精良，彈藥充足，雙方各有較大傷亡。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>理塘寺之戰，兩方都留下了許多傳說。一個在理塘駐軍中流傳的版本是：理塘寺攻堅失利後，四川軍區急電<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%86%9B%E5%A7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央军委">中共中央軍委</a>。中共中央軍委委員兼國防部長<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%87%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="彭德懷">彭德懷</a>聞訊大怒，吼道：「派飛機，給我炸！」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳201279_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳201279-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。3月29日上午，兩架<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96-4%E8%BD%9F%E7%82%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="圖-4轟炸機">圖-4轟炸機</a>從陝西<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%8A%9F%E5%8E%BF" title="武功县">武功</a>機場隆隆起飛，飛向理塘。機上攜帶十二枚一型子母彈，亦稱250公斤級一型<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%9D%9F%E7%82%B8%E5%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="集束炸彈">集束炸彈</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳201280_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳201280-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>3月30日上午，寺院北門和辯經院被解放軍攻破。藏人一方投降。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%AD%9C%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="甘孜藏族自治州">甘孜</a>州志》中，關於這場激戰的記載十分簡單：「3月30日，解放軍某部圍殲據守理塘喇嘛寺的叛亂武裝，擊斃匪首毛埡士司所隆旺吉（按：即索南旺杰），理塘縣城解圍。」<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>理塘之戰前後持續了近三周，可能是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">康區</a>最慘烈的戰鬥。藏人死亡人數一說八百，一說兩千<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；官方文件中只有「俘敵一千三百餘人」這個數字<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。《甘孜藏族自治州軍事志》提供的資料是「殲滅叛首毛埡土司以下2,004人（斃311、傷80、俘1,613）<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但這個數字只是3月30日解放軍向理塘寺發動最後總攻時，當時在寺院中的藏人死傷俘數字，並非理塘之戰的全部數字。有關解放軍方面傷亡，僅能查到65團共傷亡259人。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1956年3月至4月，中國人民解放軍空軍遠程重型轟炸機獨立4團完成了組建以來的第一次實戰，轟炸目標為理塘長青春科爾寺、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A1%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="乡城">鄉城</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%8A%AB%E5%AF%BA" title="桑披寺">桑披寺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%98" class="mw-redirect" title="巴塘">巴塘</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%AF%A7%E5%AF%BA" title="康寧寺">康寧寺</a>。近一個月的作戰期間，獨4團完成了二十九架次物質空投，並在三天內進行了二十一架次轟炸<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，共投下約三百枚集束炸彈。这一波镇压中藏人死伤总人数，迄今仍未公布。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳201292-93_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳201292-93-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="經過"><span id=".E7.B6.93.E9.81.8E"></span>經過</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：經過"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拉薩事件"><span id=".E6.8B.89.E8.96.A9.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>拉薩事件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：拉薩事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="循化事件">循化事件</a></div> <p>1959年2月7日（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%9B%86" title="藏曆">藏曆</a>年廿九），<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="中国人民解放军西藏军区">中国人民解放军西藏軍區</a>副司令员<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%91%E4%B8%9C" title="邓少东">鄧少東</a>與丹增嘉措觀賞<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E6%96%B0%E5%B9%B4" title="藏历新年">賀年</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E8%88%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金剛舞（页面不存在）">金剛舞</a>時閒聊，閒聊間丹增嘉措決定在2月21日<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E6%9C%97%E6%9C%A8%E7%A5%88%E6%84%BF%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%9A" title="默朗木祈愿大法会">大法會</a>的考試後擇日去看<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%BB%8D%E5%8D%80%E6%96%87%E5%B7%A5%E5%9C%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏軍區文工團（页面不存在）">西藏軍區文工團</a>演出（是鄧少東邀請還是丹增嘉措主動提出，史料矛盾極爭議<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳201097-100_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳201097-100-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>），又因燈光與佈景技術困難，丹增嘉措同意不按慣例在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%B8%83%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="羅布林卡">羅布林卡</a>宮殿觀賞，而是3月10日移駕軍區禮堂觀賞。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳201097-100_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳201097-100-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>達賴出行按傳統禮儀有25名<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B" title="藏军">藏軍</a>警衛團全程隨行仪仗<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010117-119_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010117-119-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而西藏軍區慣例不許外部軍人進入，加上在<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B" title="藏军">藏軍</a>不知情下軍區內正在修築備戰工事，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010122_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010122-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>軍區副司令員鄧少東拒絕藏軍警衛團隨行入軍區。鄧少東安排達賴來軍區禮堂看演出，是燈光與佈景技術困難的不得已之舉，本意是舒緩緊張局勢<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010122_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010122-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中国大陆异议人士李江琳认为，此举結果給自己造成難題，至今中華人民共和國政府出版物均避而不談「拒絕藏軍警衛團隨行入軍區」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010119-121_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010119-121-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。噶廈高層官員認為不遵從達賴出行傳統禮儀是極不尊重<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010117-119_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010117-119-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，加上當月（3月）在青海和川邊發生了喇嘛被政府邀去「學習班、宴會」遭誘捕的前科<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010115、124、134_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010115、124、134-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，令上層官員憂慮其安全。 </p><p>丹增嘉措堅持出行，兩名<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9C%E4%BB%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孜仲（页面不存在）">孜仲</a>（僧官）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%8A%E8%A5%BF%E9%9A%86%E7%8F%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="益西隆珠（页面不存在）">益西隆珠</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E4%B8%B9%E5%9D%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴什·阿旺丹均（页面不存在）">巴什·阿旺丹均</a>見無法勸服，蓄意曝光其保密行程，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010126_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010126-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>然而消息經謠傳變成「漢人準備帶走達賴」甚至「達賴已被劫走」<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010126_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010126-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，各地藏民蜂湧包圍羅布林卡，請求丹增嘉措取消軍區之行，<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010139、144_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010139、144-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>後改為要求丹增嘉措撤換隨行藏軍警衛團，由包圍民眾另組衛隊護送出行。 </p><p>藏民群眾控制了罗布林卡内的三位噶伦，並在大街上張貼海報、呼口號，要求<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="中国共产党">中国共产党</a>離開西藏，最后演变为大规模起義。噶伦<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B2%9B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E6%99%8B%E7%BE%8E" title="阿沛·阿旺晋美">阿沛·阿旺晋美</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%97%E6%9C%97%E6%9D%B0" title="帕巴拉·格列朗杰">帕巴拉·格列朗杰</a>等几位亲中共派噶厦官员在军区内寻求保护，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%97%E6%9C%97%E6%9D%B0" title="帕巴拉·格列朗杰">帕巴拉·格列朗杰</a>的哥哥<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%9C%97%E9%99%8D%E6%8E%AA" title="索朗降措">索朗降措</a>则被藏民杀死。围困罗布林卡的群众推举了一百余名代表成立了人民会议，实际上取代了噶厦政府的权力，形同政变。 </p><p>3月11日，中共中央副主席<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="劉少奇">劉少奇</a>召集<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="周恩來">周恩來</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E7%9C%9F" title="彭真">彭真</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%87%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="彭德懷">彭德懷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%AF%85" class="mw-redirect" title="陳毅">陳毅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%B0%9A%E6%98%86" class="mw-redirect" title="楊尚昆">楊尚昆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%86%B0_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9)" title="徐冰 (政治人物)">徐冰</a>等人開會，討論西藏局勢。當晚11時，中央電令駐紮在成都的第54軍組織一個小型指揮所，即「丁指」，由軍長<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E7%9B%9B" title="丁盛">丁盛</a>率領入藏，統一指揮步兵第134、第11師作戰；同時命令<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="中国人民解放军成都军区">成都軍區</a>副司令<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%96%B0%E5%BB%B7" title="黄新廷">黃新廷</a>組織「黃指」指揮步兵第130師、昆明軍區第42師前線指揮部和昌都警備區部隊，負責<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="昌都">昌都</a>作戰。同時，中央電示西藏工委，通知他們「中央軍委正在積極進行軍事準備」，並在軍事、政治、宣傳等方面做出一系列具體指示。3月12日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF" title="中华人民共和国国防部部长">國防部長</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E6%87%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="彭德懷">彭德懷</a>在北京主持第167次軍委會議，確定西藏作戰的軍事準備工作。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>「拉薩事件」爆發後，中共最高層從一開始就無意「政治解決」以避免流血。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3月15日，中央軍委向成都、蘭州、昆明軍區下達入藏預令。3月16日「拉薩事件」一周後，中共軍事部署已近完成。而在拉薩，達賴喇嘛的侍從長帕拉和噶倫們秘密安排的出走計畫亦近完成。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3月17日拉薩時間（比北京時間晚兩小時）下午約2時，<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="達賴喇嘛">達賴喇嘛</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB" title="噶倫">噶倫</a>們在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%B8%83%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="羅布林卡">羅布林卡</a>的金色頗章內開會，討論如何給<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%AD%E5%86%A0%E4%B8%89" title="谭冠三">譚冠三</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B2%9B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E6%99%8B%E7%BE%8E" title="阿沛·阿旺晋美">阿沛</a>回信。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3月17日下午3時，劉少奇主持中共中央政治局會議，從武昌返京的總參謀長<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="黃克誠">黃克誠</a>在會上轉達毛澤東對西藏問題的指示。該會議正式文本迄今未發表，但與會者<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%B0%9A%E6%98%86" class="mw-redirect" title="楊尚昆">楊尚昆</a>在日記中記下了會議的要點：<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>一、同意中央方針，搞下去，好形勢，總算在政治上爭取了主動；二、盡可能不讓達賴走，將來要放也容易，反正在我們手裡，萬一跑了也不要緊；三、進藏軍隊包圍拉薩，包起來有利，可以分化，「圍而不攻」爭取4月10日前到達，如拉薩不打，即先以一個團進山南，控制要點，斷後路；四、平叛重點放在拉薩、山南，其他地區慢一步；五、說平叛，不提改革，在平叛下改革，區別對待：先叛先改，後叛後改，不叛不改；六、同意軍委對於軍隊入藏的布置；七、外交處理同意指定地點的辦法；八、不要登報，內部通報，進藏軍隊要出布告；九、移民不宜太急；十、班禪態度如何，為何至今無消息？</p></blockquote> <p>就在北京和拉薩的兩個會議正在分別進行的時候，情況突然發生戲劇性變化：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%97%8F%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="青藏公路">青藏公路</a>運輸站民兵曾惠山朝羅布林卡發射了兩發炮彈。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拉薩戰役"><span id=".E6.8B.89.E8.96.A9.E6.88.B0.E5.BD.B9"></span>拉薩戰役</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：拉薩戰役"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3月17日，解放军运输站民兵向羅布林卡北门方向发射两枚迫击炮弹，造成极度恐慌。达赖喇嘛依然未下定决心，决定请求神谕。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%83%E7%90%BC%E6%8A%A4%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="乃琼护法">乃琼护法</a>执行神谕舞蹈，并给出了当夜就走的神谕后，达赖喇嘛携带母亲、姐姐、姐夫彭措扎西、弟弟阿里仁波切、三名噶伦索康、柳霞、夏苏、经师<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87" title="林仁波切">林仁波切</a>、副经师<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%B5%B3%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87" title="赤絳仁波切">赤江仁波切</a>，护法及随行藏军等600人随马队逃离拉薩，向南进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AD%E5%B2%97" class="mw-redirect" title="四水六岗">四水六岗衛教志願軍</a>活动的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="山南地区">山南地区</a>。根据中国内地出版的多部书籍<sup id="cite_ref-jyq_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jyq-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，引发达赖出走的两发炮弹是由一名叫曾惠山的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="中国人民经济警察">经济警察</a>私自发射的。例如解放军士兵吉柚权所寫《西藏平叛记实》<sup id="cite_ref-jyq_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jyq-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>称 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>叛亂武裝……連續三次向青藏公路管理局拉薩運輸站進行挑釁性射擊，密集的槍彈打壞了該站許多門窗，氣焰非常囂張。該站的經濟警察曾惠山對叛亂武裝的這種挑釁非常氣憤，沒有請示任何人就用60迫擊砲還擊了兩發砲彈，砲彈落在羅布林卡北面圍牆以北兩百至三百米處爆炸……</p></blockquote> <p>然而1959年3月的新華社公报解釋「平叛」，對17日「叛亂武裝發動了進攻」一事卻一字不提，而「經濟警察擅自開砲」也沒有公布徹查結果，都是疑點。<sup id="cite_ref-李江琳第十四章_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李江琳第十四章-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3月17日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央政治局">中共中央政治局</a>會議的意見是：「我們現在工作的立足點已不是等待原來西藏政府一些上層分子覺悟，而是堅決平叛，全面改革。」<sup id="cite_ref-李江琳第十四章_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-李江琳第十四章-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3月19日，中共中央政治局开会一整天讨论西藏问题。参加会议的杨尚昆当日日记<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 中写道：“據西藏工委報告：達賴已在16日或17日向南逃走。”，显示当日中共中央初次获悉达赖出走，但还未能确定出走具体日期。 </p><p>1959年3月中旬，中共中央軍委在蘭州召開「平叛現場會」。副總參謀長<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%88%90%E6%AD%A6" title="杨成武">楊成武</a>在會議期間做〈關於平叛作戰問題的總結〉報告，指示成都軍區「擬使用十七個團又七個營的兵力，計畫集中主要兵力重點平息石渠、色達和理塘地區的幾股叛亂武裝」。3月20日，即「拉薩戰役」打響的當天，中央軍委批轉這份報告。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="中国人民解放军成都军区">成都軍區</a>據此做出1959年作戰計畫，擬在年內「基本平息幾股叛亂武裝，進一步肅清分散殘匪，首先平息<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B8%A0%E5%8E%BF" title="石渠县">石渠</a>叛亂，而後東西夾擊，緊殲<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%BE%BE%E5%8E%BF" title="色达县">色達</a>叛匪」。同月，成都軍區副司令<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%96%B0%E5%BB%B7" title="黄新廷">黃新廷</a>主持康定軍分區作戰會議，做出軍事部署。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3月20日，根据前一天的中央会议精神，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="中国人民解放军西藏军区">中国人民解放军西藏军区</a>开始了拉萨战役，炮击罗布林卡和布达拉宫等藏军据点。中华人民共和国政府认为，战斗是由藏军19日对驻拉萨解放军开始进行进攻挑起<sup id="cite_ref-xhs_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xhs-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>3月22日，在解放军猛烈攻势下，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%B1%B1_(%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8)" title="药王山 (拉萨)">药王山</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%AD%E5%AF%BA" title="大昭寺">大昭寺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%98%AD%E5%AF%BA" title="小昭寺">小昭寺</a>、布达拉宫等藏军据点相继被攻克或投降，拉萨市内的骚乱平息。 </p><p>3月25日，毛澤東在上海<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A6%E6%B1%9F%E9%A5%AD%E5%BA%97" class="mw-redirect" title="锦江饭店">錦江飯店</a>召集<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80%E5%B8%B8%E5%A7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="中共中央政治局常委">中共中央政治局常委</a>擴大會議，會上鄧小平傳達中共中央政治局常委對西藏和中印關係的幾點意見，同時制定了宣傳策略：「要聲討西藏上層叛亂集團，但對達賴還要留有餘地，還是用『叛亂集團劫持達賴』的說法」，同時「宣布由<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%AA%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="班禪喇嘛">班禪</a>出任西藏自治區籌備委員會的代理主任」。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3月26日，在山南地区的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%86%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%97" title="隆子宗">隆子宗</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%80%AB%E8%B5%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="噶倫赤巴">噶倫赤巴</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%BA%B7%C2%B7%E6%97%BA%E9%92%A6%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="索康·旺钦格勒">索康</a>代表达赖喇嘛宣布成立临时政府。 </p><p>3月27日上午11時至下午2時，鄧小平主持政治局常委會，討論新華社公報。毛澤東親自做了修改。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3月28日，周恩来宣布解散噶厦政府，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="西藏自治区人民政府">西藏自治区筹备委员会</a>接替其职权，并即日起在全藏实行「<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="西藏土地改革运动">民主改革</a>」。 </p><p>3月29日，《人民日报》发表了由毛泽东亲自定稿<sup id="cite_ref-cpp_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpp-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的《新华社关于西藏叛乱事件的公报》<sup id="cite_ref-xhs_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xhs-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ，认定此次事件为噶厦政府与“地方反动集团”所策划： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>新华社1959年3月28日电西藏地方政府和上层反动集团，违反西藏人民的意志，背叛祖国，勾结帝国主义，纠集叛匪，于三月十九日夜间在拉萨向人民解放军驻军发动武装进攻。我英勇的人民解放军驻西藏部队奉命讨平叛乱，已在二十二日彻底地粉碎了拉萨市区的叛匪。现在我军正在西藏僧俗各界爱国人民的协助下，继续向西藏一些其它地方的叛匪进行扫荡中。...</p></blockquote> <p>流亡藏人<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%A8%E4%BB%81%E5%A4%8F%E5%8A%A0" title="茨仁夏加">茨仁夏加</a>不同意公报所說「西藏上層反動集團策動的武裝叛亂」，认为“西藏貴族、喇嘛們當天都在解放軍總部接受慇勤款待，不可能策動叛亂”<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中国大陆异议人士李江琳认为，“中共中央早就想打，早就策劃「總決戰」以掃除在西藏進行土地改革的障礙，只需要找到藉口打破《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E6%9D%A1%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="十七条协议">十七條協議</a>》中「不改變西藏現狀」的約束。拉薩藏人集會抗議，給了中共一個開打的理由”<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>这篇公报确立了中华人民共和国政府的官方立场，即达赖喇嘛是被劫持出走。此后虽达赖喇嘛多次否认<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>，中华人民共和国政府仍坚持此立场。 </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>在三月十日拉萨叛乱爆发以后，达赖喇嘛曾三次给中央驻藏代表来信，说明他已被反动分子劫持，并且表示正在尽一切可能设法处理反动集团的违法行为。中央代表在复信中欢迎达赖喇嘛这种态度，同时表示仍然希望西藏地方政府改变错误态度，负责平息叛乱。但是，这些反动分子不但毫不悔改，还决心扩大叛乱。他们在三月十七日悍然将达赖喇嘛劫出拉萨，并且在三月十九日夜间向人民解放军驻拉萨部队发动了全面进攻。和平解决的希望消灭了。西藏反动势力最后选定了使他们自己走向灭亡的道路。</p></blockquote> <p>3月31日，达赖喇嘛等一行到达印度实际控制的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%97%BA%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="达旺地区">达旺地区</a>，開始了与八萬西藏人一起的流亡生涯。<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>根據官方公布的資料，「拉薩戰役」中藏人死傷俘人數為5,360人，其中死亡545人，傷、俘4,815人。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="石渠戰役"><span id=".E7.9F.B3.E6.B8.A0.E6.88.B0.E5.BD.B9"></span>石渠戰役</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：石渠戰役"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1959年4月下旬，甘孜軍分區司令孔誠、副司令白玉璋為前指總指揮，開始康區第二波鎮壓中之「石渠色達戰役」。這場戰役總共動用了康定軍分區第1、2、9、13團，茂縣軍分區8、10團，西藏騎兵團、154團，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="中国人民解放军兰州军区">蘭州軍區</a>騎一師，165、182、183團等約十四個團的兵力。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>「石渠戰役」為第一階段。按部署，全部兵力分為南、北、西三線。西、北兩線形成一個大包圍圈，從石渠北部、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8E%BF" title="德格县">德格</a>西部將石渠包圍，南線的機械化部隊猶如一柄利刃，居於西、北兩線之間。包圍圈完成後，康定軍區1、9團，西藏軍區154團，蘭州軍區182、183圈等主攻部隊，將於4月20日開往石渠，發動進攻。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>「石渠戰役」結束後，解放軍即集中進攻色達，此為第二階段。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="色達戰役"><span id=".E8.89.B2.E9.81.94.E6.88.B0.E5.BD.B9"></span>色達戰役</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：色達戰役"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1958年以來，<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%BE%BE%E5%8E%BF" title="色达县">色達</a>處於全民反抗狀態。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由於軍隊圍追堵截，前往拉薩的難民被迫逃往西北。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 而早在1958年8月，中央軍委就已下達「空中打擊」的命令，空軍飛行員對「叛匪」的判斷十分簡單：「我們在空中首先發現的就是羊群，往往是老遠就可看到成百上千隻雪白的綿羊在悠閒的吃草，靠近了羊群就會發現它們身邊的犛牛，還有零星的帳篷，就基本可斷定這就是叛匪了。而以此作為判斷，事實上高原所有的牧民部落都符合這一標準。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>10月24日「色達圍殲戰」結束。約八個團的兵力共「殲敵及爭取三千餘人，繳槍一千九百餘支，使四千多名群眾返回家園」。數據顯示，被「殲滅」的人中，擁有槍的人數僅佔總人數的27% 。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="山南戰役"><span id=".E5.B1.B1.E5.8D.97.E6.88.B0.E5.BD.B9"></span>山南戰役</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：山南戰役"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1959年3月17日，第54軍134師師長白斌、政委藍亦農、卜占亞奉中央軍委之命，率該師分別從蘭州、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A8%81%E5%B8%82" title="武威市">武威</a>、享堂出發，沿青藏公路入藏。28日，該師400團進駐<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E4%B8%B9%E5%AF%BA" title="甘丹寺">甘丹寺</a>，402團作為先頭部隊到達拉薩，進駐<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%8B%89%E5%AF%BA" title="色拉寺">色拉寺</a>。兩天後，401團及其他部隊分別趕到拉薩，進駐拉薩市和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E8%9A%8C%E5%AF%BA" title="哲蚌寺">哲蚌寺</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3月29日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="中国人民解放军西藏军区">西藏軍區</a>召開軍事會議，部署「山南戰役」。按照毛澤東的指示「山南戰役」的目標是「蕩平其所謂根據地」，作戰方針為「封鎖該段中央實際控制線（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E9%A6%AC%E6%B4%AA%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="麥克馬洪線">麥克馬洪線</a>），以便關鬥緝盜」。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>4月20日，經歷兩次合圍失利，山南戰役基本結束，衛教軍最終得以整軍撤出，因而藏人的武裝反抗得以持續到1970年代。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="后续"><span id=".E5.90.8E.E7.BB.AD"></span>后续</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：后续"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%83%85%E5%B1%80%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="中情局西藏项目">中情局西藏項目</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E5%96%80%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="空喀山口事件">空喀山口事件</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%8E%E4%B9%85%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="郎久事件">郎久事件</a></div> <p>1959年6月20日，达赖喇嘛宣佈不承認「十七條協議」，並聲明「十七條協定」是西藏噶廈和西藏人民在武力逼迫下簽訂的。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏流亡政府">西藏流亡政府</a>指，当年由阿沛·阿旺晉美率领的5人谈判代表团是在中华人民共和国中央人民政府的逼迫下与之签署17条和平协议的。当时他们在无法通知西藏噶廈的情况下，以个人名义在协议上签名，文件上的印章没有他们的正式官衔<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 。 </p><p>中华人民共和国政府指控这次武装冲突是达赖喇嘛挑起的：因为中华人民共和国政府要废除原在西藏实行的封建农奴制，这将触犯到达赖喇嘛的个人利益<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。流亡藏人<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%A8%E4%BB%81%E5%A4%8F%E5%8A%A0" title="茨仁夏加">茨仁夏加</a>则指出，西藏貴族、喇嘛們當天都在解放軍總部接受慇勤款待，不可能策動叛亂<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>同年，西藏开始进行名为「<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="西藏土地改革运动">西藏民主改革</a>」的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="土地改革運動">土地改革運動</a>。1959年3月28日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="中华人民共和国国务院总理">中华人民共和国国务院总理</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%81%A9%E6%9D%A5" title="周恩来">周恩来</a>签署<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E4%BB%A4" title="中华人民共和国国务院令">国务院令</a>，宣布解散西藏噶廈政府，由西藏自治区筹备委员会行使西藏政府职权，并在西藏实施民主改革，废除<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80" title="政教合一">政教合一</a>的封建农奴制。1965年9月，西藏自治区第一届人民代表大会第一次会议在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="拉萨">拉萨</a>召开，西藏自治区人民政府正式成立，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B2%9B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E6%99%8B%E7%BE%8E" title="阿沛·阿旺晋美">阿沛·阿旺晋美</a>当选为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="西藏自治区人民政府">西藏自治区人民委员会</a>主席。 </p><p>中华人民共和国政府多次公开指责<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>对这场骚乱负有重大责任<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中华人民共和国政府认为，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国成立">中华人民共和国成立</a>之后，由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a>的需要，美国<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%83%85%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中情局">中情局</a>直接資助了第十四世达赖喇嘛的两个哥哥<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，也在1950至1959年之间，支持达赖喇嘛公开和中华人民共和国对抗和流亡国外，又联合<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>向印度施加压力，使得印度同意接纳达赖喇嘛和流亡西藏政府。1950年代，美国中央情报局在位于美国<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="科羅拉多州">科羅拉多州</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A5%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0" title="赫尔营军事基地">赫尔营军事基地</a>，秘密训练<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%B4%E5%85%AD%E5%B2%97" class="mw-redirect" title="四水六岗">四水六岗卫教志愿军</a>約250人，并于1957年至1961年间空投到西藏参战。<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>流亡藏人<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達瓦諾布" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Dawa Norbu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%93%A6%E8%AB%BE%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達瓦諾布（页面不存在）">達瓦諾布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawa_Norbu" class="extiw" title="fr:Dawa Norbu"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Dawa Norbu</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>认为美國中央情報局的援助對四水六崗影響不大，四水六崗只收到過兩次空投的武器，多數武器是解放軍入藏後富起來的康巴商人花錢從印度買來，以及打開西藏的軍火庫得來<sup id="cite_ref-Norbu1979_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norbu1979-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:92</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="國際反应"><span id=".E5.9C.8B.E9.9A.9B.E5.8F.8D.E5.BA.94"></span>國際反应</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：國際反应"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國關於西藏問題的決議">聯合國關於西藏問題的決議</a></div> <p>1959年9月，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="愛爾蘭共和國">愛爾蘭</a>等諸國在<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>第十四屆大會上提案，譴責中国大陸摧毀<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>之暴行，引起世界各國的支持，大會通過第1353號決議案：「申明大會對聯合國憲章及世界人權宣言原則之尊重，為發展法治為基礎之和平秩序所必須。促請中國尊重西藏人民之基本人權，及其特有之文化與宗教生活。」<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1961年8月18日，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%82%A6" title="马来亚联合邦">馬來亞</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰國</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>第十六屆年會上，對於中国大陸繼續摧殘<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>人民之基本權利，提出：「譴責中国侵略西藏人民基本人權和壓制他們傳統上所有的特有文化和宗教生活習慣」案，指出：「中国這些事件侵犯聯合國憲章和世界人權宣言中規定的基本人權和自由，包括各國人民和各國的自決原則在內，並且使國際緊張局勢加劇，各國人民關係惡化等令人遺憾的後果<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。」1961年12月20日，聯合國第十六屆大會通過第1723號決議案：重申1959年10月21日聯合國第1353號決議案，呼吁停止剥夺西藏人民基本<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" title="人权">人权</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>的行为，包括停止剥夺西藏人民的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B1%BA" title="民族自決">民族自决权</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1965年，联合国大会第二十屆年會上以43票赞成，22票弃权，26票反对，通过第2079號決議案。<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>决议呼吁停止一切剥夺西藏人民人权和基本自由的行为。<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影响"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3月10日被流亡在国外的藏人定为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89%E6%97%A5" title="西藏人民起义日">西藏人民起义日</a>（也称为西藏抗暴纪念日、西藏抗暴日、西藏起义日）。同时，中华人民共和国政府也针锋相对地将每年的3月28日设为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%87%E5%86%9C%E5%A5%B4%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E6%97%A5" title="西藏百万农奴解放纪念日">西藏百万农奴解放纪念日</a>。 </p><p>每年的三月份，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>国内的一些憤怒的藏人也会发动<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="游行">游行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%9A" title="自焚">自焚</a>等运动，例如<a href="/wiki/1989%E5%B9%B4%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="1989年拉萨骚乱">1989年</a>、<a href="/wiki/2008%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2008年西藏骚乱">2008年</a>和<a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2012年藏区骚乱">2012年</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA" title="藏区">藏区</a>先后发生过三次大规模抗議<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。每年的3月份，中华人民共和国政府会增加在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="青海">青海</a>等藏人聚居地区的警戒力度。（另外，每年的三月份还是中国大陸各地两会举办的时间，全国各地都会加强警戒力度。） </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-officiehis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-officiehis_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235323/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/d342">Status Report on Tibetan Operations</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%99%A2%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E8%BE%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4" title="美國國務院歷史文獻辦公室">Office of the Historian</a>. January 26, 1968 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-05-08</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v30/d342">原始内容</a>存档于2020-11-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=Status+Report+on+Tibetan+Operations&rft.date=1968-01-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1964-68v30%2Fd342&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Salopek, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224163230/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-01-26-9701270002-story.html">THE CIA'S SECRET WAR IN TIBET</a>. Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune. January 26, 1997 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2018]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-01-26-9701270002-story.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-02-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=THE+CIA%27S+SECRET+WAR+IN+TIBET&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Salopek&rft.date=1997-01-26&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1997-01-26-9701270002-story.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Conboy, Kenneth J.; Morrison, James; Morrison, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401223055/https://kansaspress.ku.edu/978-0-7006-1788-3.html">The CIA's Secret War in Tibet</a>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 2002 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2018]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kansaspress.ku.edu/978-0-7006-1788-3.html">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=Morrison%2C+James&rft.au=Morrison%2C+James&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.btitle=The+CIA%27s+Secret+War+in+Tibet&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Lawrence%3A+University+Press+of+Kansas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkansaspress.ku.edu%2F978-0-7006-1788-3.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-china_tibet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-china_tibet_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-china_tibet_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913235111/http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/chinatibet-1950-present/">China/Tibet (1950–Present).</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E8%82%AF%E8%89%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="中阿肯色大學">中阿肯色大学</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-08-22</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/chinatibet-1950-present/">原始内容</a>存档于2018-09-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=China%2FTibet+%281950%E2%80%93Present%29.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E8%82%AF%E8%89%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fasiapacific-region%2Fchinatibet-1950-present%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Henry S. Bradsher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039413?seq=1">Tibet Struggles to Survive</a>. Foreign Affairs. 1969, <b>47</b>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809025358/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039413?seq=1">存档</a>于2021-08-09）. <q>The Dalai Lama has quoted Chinese documents as saying 87,000 Tibetans, not all guerrillas, were killed between the outbreak of the uprising and September 1960, when Chinese military pressure had reduced the guerrillas to small units.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=Tibet+Struggles+to+Survive&rft.au=Henry+S.+Bradsher&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.volume=47&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20039413%3Fseq%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016239-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016239_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF劉曉原2016">劉曉原（2016年）</a>，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuoqDwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&pg=PA239">第239页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">朱鳳治; 鍾建剛. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.pts.org.tw/article/569835">西藏自由抗暴日63週年在台藏人籲記取歷史教訓</a>. 台北: 公視新聞網 PNN. 2022-03-02 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231014014444/https://news.pts.org.tw/article/569835">存档</a>于2023-10-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%8A%97%E6%9A%B4%E6%97%A563%E9%80%B1%E5%B9%B4+%E5%9C%A8%E5%8F%B0%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%B2%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%96%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%95%99%E8%A8%93&rft.au=%E6%9C%B1%E9%B3%B3%E6%B2%BB&rft.au=%E9%8D%BE%E5%BB%BA%E5%89%9B&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.pts.org.tw%2Farticle%2F569835&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen Jian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/jcws.2006.8.3.pdf">The Tibetan Rebellion of 1959 and China’s Changing Relations with India and the Soviet Union</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110608020445/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/jcws.2006.8.3.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Cold War Studies at Harvard University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">金中·坚赞平措. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet.cn/cn/cloud/xszqkk/zgxz/2000/5/201712/t20171218_5275143.html">我在昌都解放前后</a>. 中国西藏网. 2000-10-22 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821132839/http://www.tibet.cn/cn/cloud/xszqkk/zgxz/2000/5/201712/t20171218_5275143.html">存档</a>于2019-08-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=%E6%88%91%E5%9C%A8%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%89%8D%E5%90%8E&rft.au=%E9%87%91%E4%B8%AD%C2%B7%E5%9D%9A%E8%B5%9E%E5%B9%B3%E6%8E%AA&rft.date=2000-10-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibet.cn%2Fcn%2Fcloud%2Fxszqkk%2Fzgxz%2F2000%2F5%2F201712%2Ft20171218_5275143.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="链接至维基文库" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%B8%83%E5%91%8A" class="extiw" title="s:红军第四军司令部布告">红军第四军司令部布告</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%5B%5BFile%3AWikisource-logo.svg%7C12px%7Clink%3D%7Calt%3D%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E8%87%B3%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%7C%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D%26nbsp%3B%5B%5Bs%3A%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%B8%83%E5%91%8A%7C-%7BR%7C%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E5%B8%83%E5%91%8A%7D-%5D%5D&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/zh.wikipedia.org:1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016241-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016241_14-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE劉曉原2016241_14-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF劉曉原2016">劉曉原（2016年）</a>，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuoqDwAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&pg=PA241">第241页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14dalailifetime-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14dalailifetime_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinese.dalailama.com/page.25.htm">第十四世達賴喇嘛年表</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100110233939/http://chinese.dalailama.com/page.25.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）第十四世達賴喇嘛官方網站<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gyatso, Tenzin, Dalai Lama XIV, interview, 1981-07-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, Melvyn C., <i>A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951</i>, University of California Press, 1989, pp812-813</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/gxh/zlb/wjda/t306422.htm">中华人民共和国外交部解密档案</a>. 北京: 中华人民共和国外交部. 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518102943/http://www.mfa.gov.cn/chn/gxh/zlb/wjda/t306422.htm">存档</a>于2012-05-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8%E8%A7%A3%E5%AF%86%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%83%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.cn%2Fchn%2Fgxh%2Fzlb%2Fwjda%2Ft306422.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-毛泽东2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-毛泽东2001_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">毛泽东. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T09nAAAACAAJ">毛泽东西藏工作文选</a>. 中央文献出版社. 2001年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-80057-500-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-80057-500-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-80057-500-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C&rft.btitle=%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E6%96%87%E9%80%89&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-80057-500-6&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT09nAAAACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160621/china-tibet-lhasa-1959-dalai-lama/">西藏的秘密战争，究竟发生了什么？（上）</a>. 2016年6月21日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2023年10月19日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116034819/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160621/china-tibet-lhasa-1959-dalai-lama/">存档</a>于2021年1月16日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%EF%BC%8C%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%86%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%EF%BC%9F%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fchina%2F20160621%2Fchina-tibet-lhasa-1959-dalai-lama%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.cctv.com/history/20090811/105295.shtml">1959年驻藏解放军千人部队平叛10倍于己叛匪</a>. 2009年8月11日.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=1959%E5%B9%B4%E9%A9%BB%E8%97%8F%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E5%8D%83%E4%BA%BA%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%9B10%E5%80%8D%E4%BA%8E%E5%B7%B1%E5%8F%9B%E5%8C%AA&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.cctv.com%2Fhistory%2F20090811%2F105295.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bc70000-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bc70000_22-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bc70000_22-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85" class="mw-redirect" title="十世班禅">十世班禅</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611092636/http://xizang-zhiye.org/xizang-books/%E4%B8%83%E8%90%AC%E8%A8%80%E6%9B%B85.pdf">《关于西藏总的情况和具体情况以及西藏为主的藏族地区的甘苦和今后希望要求的报告》 [七萬言書]</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 1962年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-10-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xizang-zhiye.org/xizang-books/%E4%B8%83%E8%90%AC%E8%A8%80%E6%9B%B85.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2015-06-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%80%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E5%92%8C%E5%85%B7%E4%BD%93%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E4%BB%A5%E5%8F%8A%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%94%98%E8%8B%A6%E5%92%8C%E4%BB%8A%E5%90%8E%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxizang-zhiye.org%2Fxizang-books%2F%25E4%25B8%2583%25E8%2590%25AC%25E8%25A8%2580%25E6%259B%25B85.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norbu1979-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norbu1979_23-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norbu1979_23-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dawa Norbu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/653090"><i>The 1959 Tibetan Rebellion: An Interpretation</i></a>. The China Quarterly (Cambridge University Press). 1979-03, (77) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-10-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311035621/http://www.jstor.org/stable/653090">存档</a>于2016-03-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=The+1959+Tibetan+Rebellion%3A+An+Interpretation&rft.au=Dawa+Norbu&rft.date=1979-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=77&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F653090&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-01/11/content_2445271.htm">中共中央关于农村人民公社当前政策问题的紧急指示信</a>. 北京: 中国共产党中央委员会. 1960年 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-20</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131117071534/http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-01/11/content_2445271.htm">存档</a>于2013-11-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE%E5%BD%93%E5%89%8D%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%A7%E6%80%A5%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E4%BF%A1&rft.date=1960&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fziliao%2F2005-01%2F11%2Fcontent_2445271.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">關於牧業區人民公社生產隊、小隊的管理體制和經營管理中幾個問題的指示.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E7%89%A7%E6%A5%AD%E5%8D%80%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8A%E3%80%81%E5%B0%8F%E9%9A%8A%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6%E5%92%8C%E7%B6%93%E7%87%9F%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%B9%BE%E5%80%8B%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">关于解决1958年平叛斗争扩大化遗留问题的请示报告. 青海省: 中国共产党青海省委. 1981年.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B31958%E5%B9%B4%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%9B%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89%E6%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E7%95%99%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%B7%E7%A4%BA%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81%E5%A7%94&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《康定縣志》，頁192。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《丹巴縣志》，頁339。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《理塘县志》，页245。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%8B%E7%86%B1%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%93%A6%E6%89%8D%E4%BB%81" title="跋熱·達瓦才仁">跋熱·達瓦才仁</a>. 2009年12月3日扎楚阿旺訪談. 《血祭雪域》. 雪域叢書. 台灣: 雪域出版社. 2012年3月10日: 页90–92. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789868753518" title="Special:网络书源/9789868753518"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789868753518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=2009%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%883%E6%97%A5%E6%89%8E%E6%A5%9A%E9%98%BF%E6%97%BA%E8%A8%AA%E8%AB%87&rft.au=%E8%B7%8B%E7%86%B1%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%93%A6%E6%89%8D%E4%BB%81&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A1%80%E7%A5%AD%E9%9B%AA%E5%9F%9F%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2012-03-10&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9789868753518&rft.pages=%E9%A1%B590-92&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3&rft.pub=%E9%9B%AA%E5%9F%9F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.series=%E9%9B%AA%E5%9F%9F%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><b>28.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><b>28.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2"><sup><b>28.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-3"><sup><b>28.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-4"><sup><b>28.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-5"><sup><b>28.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-6"><sup><b>28.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-7"><sup><b>28.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-8"><sup><b>28.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-9"><sup><b>28.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-10"><sup><b>28.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-11"><sup><b>28.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-12"><sup><b>28.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-13"><sup><b>28.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-14"><sup><b>28.14</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-15"><sup><b>28.15</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-16"><sup><b>28.16</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-17"><sup><b>28.17</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-18"><sup><b>28.18</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-19"><sup><b>28.19</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-20"><sup><b>28.20</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-21"><sup><b>28.21</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-22"><sup><b>28.22</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-23"><sup><b>28.23</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-24"><sup><b>28.24</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2012">李江琳 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳201279-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳201279_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2012">李江琳（2012年）</a>，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1qglAEACAAJ&pg=PA79">第79页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳201280-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳201280_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2012">李江琳（2012年）</a>，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1qglAEACAAJ&pg=PA80">第80页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">見《甘孜州志》，頁50，《理塘縣志》，頁15，《甘孜軍事志》，頁188。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1956年4月9日，中共中央發出的〈關於四川省彝族和藏族地區反革命叛亂情況的通報〉中為「一萬三千餘人」。詳見《統戰政策文件匯編1-4冊》，頁1777-1781。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《甘孜藏族自治州軍事志》，頁188。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">中國空軍綱，<空軍史一一蘭州軍區空軍歷史沿革〉（<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.plaaf.net/html/33/n-21733.html）另見《甘孜軍事志》，頁188。投彈數量根據執行巴塘康寧寺轟炸的前圖4機組成員劉恆訓回憶文章〈川西平叛紀實〉（http://www.jnzx.gov.cn:8080/Html/81012006515170747-1.Html）中所記載的炸彈數量推算。">http://www.plaaf.net/html/33/n-21733.html）另見《甘孜軍事志》，頁188。投彈數量根據執行巴塘康寧寺轟炸的前圖4機組成員劉恆訓回憶文章〈川西平叛紀實〉（http://www.jnzx.gov.cn:8080/Html/81012006515170747-1.Html）中所記載的炸彈數量推算。</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳201292-93-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳201292-93_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2012">李江琳（2012年）</a>，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1qglAEACAAJ&pg=PA92">第92-93页</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳201097-100-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳201097-100_39-0"><sup><b>36.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳201097-100_39-1"><sup><b>36.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2010">李江琳（2010年）</a>，第97-100页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010117-119-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010117-119_40-0"><sup><b>37.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010117-119_40-1"><sup><b>37.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2010">李江琳（2010年）</a>，第117-119页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010122-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010122_41-0"><sup><b>38.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010122_41-1"><sup><b>38.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2010">李江琳（2010年）</a>，第122页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010119-121-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010119-121_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2010">李江琳（2010年）</a>，第119-121页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010115、124、134-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010115、124、134_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2010">李江琳（2010年）</a>，第115、124、134页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/15/world/asia/china-tibet-lhasa-jianglin-li.html"><i>A Writer’s Quest to Unearth the Roots of Tibet’s Unrest</i></a>. New York Times. 2016-08-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-11-27</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234528/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/15/world/asia/china-tibet-lhasa-jianglin-li.html">存档</a>于2018-11-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=A+Writer%E2%80%99s+Quest+to+Unearth+the+Roots+of+Tibet%E2%80%99s+Unrest&rft.date=2016-08-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-tibet-lhasa-jianglin-li.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010126-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010126_45-0"><sup><b>42.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010126_45-1"><sup><b>42.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2010">李江琳（2010年）</a>，第126页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010139、144-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE李江琳2010139、144_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF李江琳2010">李江琳（2010年）</a>，第139、144页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">《楊尚昆日記》（上）. : 366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%A5%8A%E5%B0%9A%E6%98%86%E6%97%A5%E8%A8%98%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8A%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=366&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jyq-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jyq_48-0"><sup><b>45.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jyq_48-1"><sup><b>45.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">吉柚权. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=QjdtAAAAIAAJ&q=惠山">《西藏平叛记实》</a>. 西藏人民出版社. 1993年: 第92頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-223-00561-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-223-00561-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-223-00561-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E5%90%89%E6%9F%9A%E6%9D%83&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%9B%E8%AE%B0%E5%AE%9E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-223-00561-6&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC92%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjdtAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%E6%83%A0%E5%B1%B1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n39tAAAAIAAJ&q=该站民兵在忍无可忍">《平息西藏叛乱》</a>. 西藏人民出版社. 1995年: 第23頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-223-00883-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-223-00883-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-223-00883-9</a>. <q>17日，叛乱武装继续向运输站射击，并向运输站的油库、碉堡发射炮弹30余发。该站民兵在忍无可忍、危及生命安全的情况下，还击了两炮。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B9%B3%E6%81%AF%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-223-00883-9&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC23%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn39tAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%E8%AF%A5%E7%AB%99%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5%E5%9C%A8%E5%BF%8D%E6%97%A0%E5%8F%AF%E5%BF%8D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">西藏自治区党史资料征集委员会 (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjptAAAAIAAJ&q=曾惠山">《中共西藏党史大事记：1949-1994》</a>. 西藏人民出版社. 1995年: 第93頁. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787223007986" title="Special:网络书源/9787223007986"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787223007986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%E5%BE%81%E9%9B%86%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E8%AE%B0%EF%BC%9A1949-1994%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787223007986&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC93%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTjptAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%E6%9B%BE%E6%83%A0%E5%B1%B1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">《解放西藏史》编委会. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kHo2AQAAIAAJ">《解放西藏史》</a>. 中共党史出版社. 2008年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-80199-903-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-80199-903-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-80199-903-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E3%80%8A%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E7%BC%96%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-80199-903-0&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkHo2AQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-李江琳第十四章-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-李江琳第十四章_52-0"><sup><b>49.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-李江琳第十四章_52-1"><sup><b>49.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">李江琳. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://activity.taaze.tw/static_act/11100234171lhasa/178145r3.htm">〈第十四章「走！走！今夜就走！」〉</a>. 《1959：拉薩！──達賴喇嘛如何出走》. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-11-07</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570836387" title="Special:网络书源/9789570836387"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789570836387</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222323/http://activity.taaze.tw/static_act/11100234171lhasa/178145r3.htm">存档</a>于2017-11-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=%E3%80%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0+%E3%80%8C%E8%B5%B0%EF%BC%81%E8%B5%B0%EF%BC%81%E4%BB%8A%E5%A4%9C%E5%B0%B1%E8%B5%B0%EF%BC%81%E3%80%8D%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%B1%9F%E7%90%B3&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A1959%EF%BC%9A%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%EF%BC%81%E2%94%80%E2%94%80%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%87%BA%E8%B5%B0%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9789570836387&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Factivity.taaze.tw%2Fstatic_act%2F11100234171lhasa%2F178145r3.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govopendata.com/renminribao/1959/3/29/1/#217853">藏军区布告全藏僧俗人民协助人民解放军讨平叛逆对于叛乱分子，将本宽大政策，区别对待</a>. 人民日报. 1959年3月29日: 第1版.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA%E5%B8%83%E5%91%8A%E5%85%A8%E8%97%8F%E5%83%A7%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91+%E5%8D%8F%E5%8A%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E8%AE%A8%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%9B%E9%80%86+%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%86%E6%9C%AC%E5%AE%BD%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%EF%BC%8C%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB%E5%AF%B9%E5%BE%85&rft.date=1959-03-29&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC1%E7%89%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovopendata.com%2Frenminribao%2F1959%2F3%2F29%2F1%2F%23217853&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">杨尚昆. 杨尚昆日记. 北京: 中央文献出版社. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E6%9D%A8%E5%B0%9A%E6%98%86&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%A8%E5%B0%9A%E6%98%86%E6%97%A5%E8%AE%B0&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xhs-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xhs_55-0"><sup><b>52.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xhs_55-1"><sup><b>52.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209203014/http://www.tibetology.ac.cn/zh/component/content/article/253--1/4373-2010-03-19-13-39-29?view=article&id=4373:2010-03-19-13-39-29&catid=253:-1">关于西藏问题（1959年3月-5月的文件、资料）</a>. 北京: 人民出版社. 1959 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-20</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibetology.ac.cn/zh/component/content/article/253--1/4373-2010-03-19-13-39-29?view=article&id=4373%3A2010-03-19-13-39-29&catid=253%3A-1">原始内容</a>存档于2012-12-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%881959%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%88-5%E6%9C%88%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6%E3%80%81%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99%EF%BC%89&rft.date=1959&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibetology.ac.cn%2Fzh%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F253--1%2F4373-2010-03-19-13-39-29%3Fview%3Darticle%26id%3D4373%253A2010-03-19-13-39-29%26catid%3D253%253A-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpp-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cpp_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">毛泽东. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114022425/http://www.zhzky.com/news/?10427.html">对西藏叛乱事件公报的批语和修改</a>. 中共中央文献研究室. 1959-03-27 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-11-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zhzky.com/news/?10427.html">原始内容</a>存档于2017-11-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C&rft.btitle=%E5%AF%B9%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%AD%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9&rft.date=1959-03-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AE%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zhzky.com%2Fnews%2F%3F10427.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">謝惟敏. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woeser.middle-way.net/2011/03/blog-post_07.html">「目擊同種阽危」：記兩本書的譯成</a>. 看不见的西藏～唯色. 2011年3月7日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2017年11月7日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128213253/http://woeser.middle-way.net/2011/03/blog-post_07.html">存档</a>于2019年1月28日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E8%AC%9D%E6%83%9F%E6%95%8F&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E7%9B%AE%E6%93%8A%E5%90%8C%E7%A8%AE%E9%98%BD%E5%8D%B1%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9A%E8%A8%98%E5%85%A9%E6%9C%AC%E6%9B%B8%E7%9A%84%E8%AD%AF%E6%88%90&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%9C%8B%E4%B8%8D%E8%A7%81%E7%9A%84%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%26%2365374%3B%E5%94%AF%E8%89%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwoeser.middle-way.net%2F2011%2F03%2Fblog-post_07.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">李江琳. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://activity.taaze.tw/static_act/11100234171lhasa/178145r2.htm">〈前言／我終於到了錫金首都崗托〉</a>. 《1959：拉薩！──達賴喇嘛如何出走》. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-11-07</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570836387" title="Special:网络书源/9789570836387"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789570836387</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108094645/http://activity.taaze.tw/static_act/11100234171lhasa/178145r2.htm">存档</a>于2017-11-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=%E3%80%88%E5%89%8D%E8%A8%80%EF%BC%8F%E6%88%91%E7%B5%82%E6%96%BC%E5%88%B0%E4%BA%86%E9%8C%AB%E9%87%91%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%B4%97%E6%89%98%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%B1%9F%E7%90%B3&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A1959%EF%BC%9A%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%EF%BC%81%E2%94%80%E2%94%80%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%87%BA%E8%B5%B0%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9789570836387&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Factivity.taaze.tw%2Fstatic_act%2F11100234171lhasa%2F178145r2.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tibet.org.tw/tibet_gov.php">流亡政府概況</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=Resolutions+Adopted+by+the+General+Assembly+during+its+Fourteenth+Session&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=1353+%28XIV%29%2C21+October+1959%2C+Question+of+Tibet&rft.pub=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdocuments%2Fga%2Fres%2F14%2Fares14.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">董樹藩，民國48年西藏反共抗暴後達賴喇嘛言行之研析，中華民國蒙藏委員會印，1986年3月版，第89頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83%E7%AC%AC1723%E3%80%88XVI%E3%80%89%E8%99%9F%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxizang-zhiye.org%2F%25E8%2581%25AF%25E5%2590%2588%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%259C%2583%25E7%25AC%25AC1723%25E3%2580%2588xvi%25E3%2580%2589%25E8%2599%259F%25E6%25B1%25BA%25E8%25AD%25B0%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192638/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/167/76/IMG/NR016776.pdf?OpenElement">United Nations General Assembly 16th Session Resolution No. 1723</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-02-07</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/167/76/IMG/NR016776.pdf?OpenElement">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2014-01-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=United+Nations+General+Assembly+16th+Session+Resolution+No.+1723&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaccess-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FRESOLUTION%2FGEN%2FNR0%2F167%2F76%2FIMG%2FNR016776.pdf%3FOpenElement&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810082027/http://xizang-zhiye.org/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83%E7%AC%AC2079xx%E8%99%9F%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B01965/">聯合國大會第2079(XX)號決議(1965)</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="藏人行政中央">藏人行政中央</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-06-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xizang-zhiye.org/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83%E7%AC%AC2079xx%E8%99%9F%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B01965/">原始内容</a>存档于2014-08-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%83%E7%AC%AC2079%28XX%29%E8%99%9F%E6%B1%BA%E8%AD%B0%281965%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxizang-zhiye.org%2F%25E8%2581%25AF%25E5%2590%2588%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%259C%2583%25E7%25AC%25AC2079xx%25E8%2599%259F%25E6%25B1%25BA%25E8%25AD%25B01965%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013223016/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/218/42/IMG/NR021842.pdf?OpenElement">United Nations General Assembly 20th Session Resolution No. 2079</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-06-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/218/42/IMG/NR021842.pdf?OpenElement">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2013-10-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.btitle=United+Nations+General+Assembly+20th+Session+Resolution+No.+2079&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaccess-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FRESOLUTION%2FGEN%2FNR0%2F218%2F42%2FIMG%2FNR021842.pdf%3FOpenElement&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/zh/藏区抗议持续-中共增派军队入藏/a-15691647">藏区抗议持续中共增派军队入藏</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0" title="德国之声">德国之声</a>. 2012-01-26 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-01-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923032538/https://www.dw.com/zh/%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%A2%9E%E6%B4%BE%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F/a-15691647">存档</a>于2020-09-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.atitle=%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD+%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%A2%9E%E6%B4%BE%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E5%A3%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fzh%2F%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%A2%9E%E6%B4%BE%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F%2Fa-15691647&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREF李江琳2010" class="citation">李江琳, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=iyBqBAAAQBAJ">《1959：拉薩！──達賴喇嘛如何出走》</a>, 臺灣新北: <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88" title="聯經出版">聯經出版</a>, 2010年7月1日, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-9570836387" title="Special:网络书源/978-9570836387"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-9570836387</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（臺灣）网页">（中文（臺灣））</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%B1%9F%E7%90%B3&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A1959%EF%BC%9A%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%EF%BC%81%E2%94%80%E2%94%80%E9%81%94%E8%B3%B4%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%87%BA%E8%B5%B0%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-9570836387&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiyBqBAAAQBAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF李江琳2012" class="citation book">李江琳. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1qglAEACAAJ">《當鐵鳥在天空飛翔：1956-1962青藏高原上的秘密戰爭》</a>. 臺灣新北: 聯經出版. 2012年9月28日. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570840629" title="Special:网络书源/9789570840629"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789570840629</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（臺灣）网页">（中文（臺灣））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%B1%9F%E7%90%B3&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%95%B6%E9%90%B5%E9%B3%A5%E5%9C%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%A9%BA%E9%A3%9B%E7%BF%94%EF%BC%9A1956-1962%E9%9D%92%E8%97%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789570840629&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%93%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz1qglAEACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREF劉曉原2016" class="citation book">劉曉原. 《邊疆中國：二十世紀周邊暨民族關係史》. 香港: 香港中文大學出版社. 2016年5月13日. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789629967109" title="Special:网络书源/9789629967109"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789629967109</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A1959%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1&rft.au=%E5%8A%89%E6%9B%89%E5%8E%9F&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%82%8A%E7%96%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E6%9A%A8%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789629967109&rft.place=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF&rft.pub=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="喜马拉雅山脉">喜马拉雅山脉</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%AA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="横断山脉">横断山脉</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%B5%E9%9D%92%E5%94%90%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1" title="念青唐古拉山">念青唐古拉山</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="唐古拉山脉">唐古拉山脉</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%A2%9C%E5%96%80%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="巴颜喀拉山脉">巴颜喀拉山脉</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E5%BA%95%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="冈底斯山脉">冈底斯山脉</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E4%BB%91%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="昆仑山脉">昆仑山脉</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E8%BE%BE%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="柴达木盆地">柴达木盆地</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="藏南地區">藏南谷地</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E9%B2%81%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%A1%E8%B0%B7" title="雅鲁藏布大峡谷">雅鲁藏布大峡谷</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E9%B2%81%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%B1%9F" title="雅鲁藏布江">雅鲁藏布江</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%92%E6%B1%9F" title="怒江">怒江</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%B2%99%E6%B1%9F" title="金沙江">金沙江</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E6%B1%9F" title="澜沧江">澜沧江</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E6%9C%A8%E9%94%99" title="纳木错">纳木错</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E5%8D%93%E9%9B%8D%E9%94%99" title="羊卓雍错">羊卓雍错</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%97%81%E9%9B%8D%E9%8C%AF" title="瑪旁雍錯">瑪旁雍錯</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%85%AC%E9%94%99" title="班公错">班公错</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9D%BE%E6%8E%AA" title="巴松措">巴松措</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%94%99" title="森里错">森里错</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="西藏历史">历史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA" title="古羌人">古羌人</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%BE%8C%E5%85%A5%E8%97%8F" title="发羌入藏">发羌入藏</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%90" title="氐">氐</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E9%9B%84" title="象雄">象雄</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%97%84" title="唐旄">唐旄</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%B0%B7%E6%B5%91" title="吐谷浑">吐谷浑</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="古格王国">古格王国</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%83%E5%8E%AE%E5%95%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="唃厮啰国">唃厮啰国</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="蒙古征服吐蕃">蒙古征服</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="元朝治藏歷史">元</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%BF%A6%E5%B7%B4" title="薩迦巴">薩迦巴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2" title="宣政院">宣政院</a>）</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%9C%A8%E7%AB%B9%E5%B7%B4" title="帕木竹巴">帕木竹巴</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E8%9A%8C%E5%B7%B4" title="仁蚌巴">仁蚌巴</a>）/ <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D%E8%88%87%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="明朝與吐蕃關係史">明</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%80%9D%E8%97%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8" title="乌思藏都指挥使司">烏思藏</a>）</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%B7%B4%E6%B1%97" title="藏巴汗">藏巴汗</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%A1%95%E7%89%B9%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="和硕特汗国">和碩特汗國</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="清朝治藏歷史">清</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="藏區分治">藏區分治</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%97%A9%E9%99%A2" title="理藩院">理藩院</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E8%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="駐藏大臣">駐藏大臣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E5%BB%88" title="噶廈">噶廈</a>）</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F_(1912%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941951%E5%B9%B4)" title="西藏 (1912年—1951年)">西藏</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第一次驅漢事件">第一次驅漢事件</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9B" title="藏军">藏軍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="西姆拉條約">西姆拉條約</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E8%97%8F%E7%BA%A0%E7%BA%B7" title="康藏纠纷">中藏戰爭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%A9%85%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第二次驅漢事件">第二次驅漢事件</a>）/ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E8%88%87%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%8F%B2" title="中華民國與西藏關係史">民国</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%97%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="蒙藏委員會">蒙藏会</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="西藏地方">西藏地方</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%B7%E7%9C%81" title="西康省">西康省</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" title="青海省 (中華民國)">青海省</a>）</span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%BB%E8%97%8F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="中華人民共和國治藏歷史">共和国</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="昌都战役">昌都战役</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="西藏和平解放">西藏和平解放</a>、<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1959年藏区骚乱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="西藏土地改革运动">土地改革</a>、<a href="/wiki/2008%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2008年西藏骚乱">2008年西藏骚乱</a>、<a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2012年藏区骚乱">2012年藏区骚乱</a>（<a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E7%94%98%E5%AD%9C%E9%AA%9A%E4%B9%B1" title="2012年甘孜骚乱">甘孜</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%80%E9%80%A3%E7%92%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%84%9A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="藏區連環自焚事件">藏人自焚</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="达赖喇嘛">达赖喇嘛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%AD%B7%E7%85%A7%E5%8F%B2" title="西藏護照史">護照</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%8F%B2" title="西藏货币史">貨幣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%83%B5%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%B2" title="西藏郵政史">郵政</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E5%86%9C%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="西藏农奴制度">农奴制争议</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E5%8F%B2" title="西藏攝影史">攝影</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE" title="藏人行政中央">藏人行政中央</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">传统<br />分区</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F" title="衛藏">衛藏</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F" title="衛藏">卫</a> |</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F" title="衛藏">藏</a> |</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="阿里地区">阿里</a> |</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%97%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="藏北高原">羌塘</a>） |</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B5%E7%94%98%E6%80%9D" title="朵甘思">多康</a>（<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="安多地区">安多</a></b> |</span> <span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">康區</a></b>）</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现行<br />政区</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="西藏自治区">西藏自治区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%9C%81%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%BA" title="四省藏区">四省藏区</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81" title="青海省">青海省</a>各藏族自治地方</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81" title="甘肃省">甘肃省</a>各藏族自治地方</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E7%9C%81" title="四川省">四川省</a>各藏族自治地方</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="云南省">云南省</a>各藏族自治地方</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="中印边界问题">中印爭議地區</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%B2%81%E7%BA%B3%E6%81%B0%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="阿鲁纳恰尔邦">阿鲁纳恰尔邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="藏南地區">藏南地區</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现居<br />族群</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國民族列表">官方识别</a></b>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F" title="藏族">藏族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E5%B7%B4%E6%97%8F" title="门巴族">门巴族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%9E%E5%B7%B4%E6%97%8F" title="珞巴族">珞巴族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8C%E6%97%8F" title="羌族">羌族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F" title="汉族">汉族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%8F" title="蒙古族">蒙古族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F" title="回族">回族</a></li></ol> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%AA%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="中华人民共和国未识别民族">官方未识别</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="僜人">僜人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E7%B5%A8%E4%BA%BA" title="嘉絨人">嘉絨人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="白馬人">白馬人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA" title="夏尔巴人">夏尔巴人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%9B%9E" title="藏回">藏回（古格人）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="羌塘（藏北）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%97%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="藏北高原">羌塘<small>（藏北）</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">自然</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8C%97%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="藏北高原">藏北高原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B1%9F%E6%BA%90" title="三江源">三江源</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%BA%90" title="长江源">长江源</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黄河源（页面不存在）">黄河源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E6%9B%B2_(%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E6%B1%9F)" title="扎曲 (澜沧江)">澜沧江源</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%8F" title="霍爾三十九族">霍爾三十九族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9B%E6%9B%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%B7%A7" title="绛曲基巧">绛曲基巧</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现行<br />政区</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E6%9B%B2%E5%B8%82" title="那曲市">那曲</a></b>：<br /><b>拉萨</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%93%E9%9B%84%E5%8E%BF" title="当雄县">当雄县</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="康方言">康方言</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="阿里（纳里、俄力思）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="阿里地区">阿里<small>（纳里、俄力思）</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">自然</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿里高原（页面不存在）">阿里高原</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%85%AC%E9%94%99" title="班公错">班公错</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E9%9B%84" title="象雄">象雄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="古格王国">古格王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%80%9D%E8%97%8F%E7%BA%B3%E9%87%8C%E9%80%9F%E5%8F%A4%E9%B2%81%E5%AD%99%E7%AD%89%E4%B8%89%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%A3%E6%85%B0%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8%E9%83%BD%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E5%BA%9C" title="乌思藏纳里速古鲁孙等三路宣慰使司都元帅府">乌思藏宣慰司</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8A%9B%E6%80%9D%E8%BB%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%85%83%E5%B8%A5%E5%BA%9C" title="俄力思軍民元帥府">俄力思軍民元帥府</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现行<br />政区</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>西藏</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="阿里地区">阿里地区</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E5%8D%97%E7%96%86%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BA" title="中国人民解放军南疆军区">南疆军区</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%86%9B%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" title="中国人民解放军西藏阿里军分区">阿里军分区</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="卫（前藏）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F" title="衛藏">卫<small>（前藏）</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">自然</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E6%B2%B3" title="拉萨河">拉萨河</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%97%84" title="唐旄">唐旄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%80%9D%E8%97%8F%E7%BA%B3%E9%87%8C%E9%80%9F%E5%8F%A4%E9%B2%81%E5%AD%99%E7%AD%89%E4%B8%89%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%A3%E6%85%B0%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8%E9%83%BD%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E5%BA%9C" title="乌思藏纳里速古鲁孙等三路宣慰使司都元帅府">乌思藏宣慰司</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%80%9D%E8%97%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8" title="乌思藏都指挥使司">烏思藏都司</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F_(1912%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941951%E5%B9%B4)" title="西藏 (1912年—1951年)">近代西藏</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现行<br />政区</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><b>西藏</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%82" title="拉萨市">拉萨市</a> |</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%82" title="山南市">山南市</a> |</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%8A%9D%E5%B8%82" title="林芝市">林芝市</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%AE%9C%E5%8C%BA" title="巴宜区">巴宜区</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%B8%83%E6%B1%9F%E8%BE%BE%E5%8E%BF" title="工布江达县">工布江达县</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%82" title="米林市">米林市</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E5%8E%BF" title="朗县">朗县</a>）</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="衛藏方言">衛藏方言</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="达赖喇嘛">达赖喇嘛</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%AB" title="布达拉宫">冬宫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%B8%83%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%A1" title="罗布林卡">夏宫</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="藏（后藏）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F" title="衛藏">藏<small>（后藏）</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%9C%A8%E7%AB%B9%E5%B7%B4" title="帕木竹巴">帕木竹巴</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E8%9A%8C%E5%B7%B4" title="仁蚌巴">仁蚌巴</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%80%9D%E8%97%8F%E7%BA%B3%E9%87%8C%E9%80%9F%E5%8F%A4%E9%B2%81%E5%AD%99%E7%AD%89%E4%B8%89%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%A3%E6%85%B0%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8%E9%83%BD%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E5%BA%9C" title="乌思藏纳里速古鲁孙等三路宣慰使司都元帅府">乌思藏宣慰司</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%80%9D%E8%97%8F%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8" title="乌思藏都指挥使司">烏思藏都司</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%A1%95%E7%89%B9%E6%B1%97%E5%9B%BD" title="和硕特汗国">和硕特汗国</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F_(1912%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941951%E5%B9%B4)" title="西藏 (1912年—1951年)">近代西藏</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现行<br />政区</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>西藏</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%96%80%E5%88%99%E5%B8%82" title="日喀则市">日喀则市</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%97%8F%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="衛藏方言">衛藏方言</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85%E9%A2%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC" title="班禅额尔德尼">班禅额尔德尼</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E4%BB%80%E4%BC%A6%E5%B8%83%E5%AF%BA" title="扎什伦布寺">扎什伦布寺</a>）</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="康（喀木、多朵）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%8D%80" title="康區">康<small>（喀木、多朵）</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">自然</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E9%B2%81%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%B1%9F" title="雅鲁藏布江">雅鲁藏布江</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="藏南地區">藏南</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E7%AD%89%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%A3%E6%85%B0%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8%E9%83%BD%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E5%BA%9C" title="吐蕃等路宣慰使司都元帅府">吐蕃等路</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B5%E7%94%98%E8%A1%8C%E9%83%BD%E6%8C%87%E6%8C%A5%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8" title="朵甘行都指挥使司">朵甘行都司</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%98%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%98" title="巴塘事变">巴塘事变</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E7%95%A5%E4%BD%BF_(%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C)" title="经略使 (北洋政府)">川边经略使</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E5%AE%88%E4%BD%BF" title="鎮守使">川边镇守使</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9D%E9%82%8A%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%8D%80" title="川邊特別區">川邊特別區</a></span> <span class="nowrap">→ <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%B7%E7%9C%81" title="西康省">西康省</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B5%E9%BA%A6%E5%9F%BA%E5%B7%A7" title="朵麦基巧">朵麥基巧</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E8%97%8F%E7%BA%A0%E7%BA%B7" title="康藏纠纷">康藏纠纷</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%B7%E7%9C%81_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD)" title="西康省 (中华人民共和国)">西康戰役</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="昌都战役">昌都战役</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现行<br />政区</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"><b>西藏</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="昌都地区">昌都地区</a> |</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E6%9B%B2%E5%B8%82" title="那曲市">那曲市</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%82%E8%8D%A3%E5%8E%BF" title="聂荣县">聂荣县</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%9D%92%E5%8E%BF" title="巴青县">巴青县</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%8E%BF" title="索县">索县</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%82%E5%8E%BF" title="比如县">比如县</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%BB%8E%E5%8E%BF" title="嘉黎县">嘉黎县</a>） |</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%8A%9D%E5%B8%82" title="林芝市">林芝市</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E9%9A%85%E5%8E%BF" title="察隅县">察隅县</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%AF%86%E5%8E%BF" title="波密县">波密县</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%84%B1%E5%8E%BF" title="墨脱县">墨脱县</a>）<br /><b>青海</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E6%A0%91%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="玉树藏族自治州">玉树州</a><br /><b>四川</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%AD%9C%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="甘孜藏族自治州">甘孜州</a><br /><b>云南</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%BA%86%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="迪庆藏族自治州">迪庆州</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="康方言">康方言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%8D%AB%E8%A7%86" title="康巴卫视">康巴卫视</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E7%BB%92%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="嘉绒语支">嘉绒语支</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E6%B4%BB%E4%BD%9B" title="帕巴拉活佛">帕巴拉活佛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97%E5%AF%BA" title="强巴林寺">强巴林寺</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="安多（多麦）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="安多地区">安多<small>（多麦）</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%83%E5%8E%AE%E5%95%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="唃厮啰国">唃厮啰国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E7%AD%89%E5%A4%84%E5%AE%A3%E6%85%B0%E4%BD%BF%E5%8F%B8%E9%83%BD%E5%85%83%E5%B8%85%E5%BA%9C" title="吐蕃等处宣慰使司都元帅府">吐蕃等處</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现行<br />政区</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b>青海</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8C%97%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="海北藏族自治州">海北州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="海南藏族自治州">海南州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%8D%97%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="黄南藏族自治州">黃南州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E6%B4%9B%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="果洛藏族自治州">果洛州</a><br /><b>甘肃</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%8D%97%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="甘南藏族自治州">甘南州</a><br /><b>四川</b>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9D%9D%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%8C%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="阿坝藏族羌族自治州">阿坝州(北部)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="安多方言">安多方言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%8D%AB%E8%A7%86" title="安多卫视">安多卫视</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%9C%E6%A5%9E%E5%AF%BA" title="拉卜楞寺">拉卜楞寺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_中华人民共和国參與過的军事冲突" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title 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title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中華人民共和國參與過的軍事衝突"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=&#124;class=notpageimage_中华人民共和国參與過的军事冲突" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>參與過的军事冲突</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际冲突</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">直接参与</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="朝鲜战争">朝鲜战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="中印边界问题">中印边界冲突</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E4%B9%85%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="朗久事件">朗久事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E5%96%80%E5%B1%B1%E5%8F%A3%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="空喀山口事件">空喀山口事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中印边境战争">1962年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="1967年中印边境冲突">1967年冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E5%AF%B9%E5%B3%99" title="1987年中印边境对峙">1987年冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%97%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2013年斗拉特别奥里地事件">2013年对峙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E6%B4%9E%E6%9C%97%E5%AF%B9%E5%B3%99%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="2017年中印军队洞朗对峙事件">2017年对峙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E9%82%8A%E5%A2%83%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="2020年中印邊境衝突">2020年冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E4%B8%9C%E7%AB%A0%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="2022年中印东章冲突">2022年冲突</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%8F%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="中苏边界冲突">中苏边界冲突</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E5%AE%9D%E5%B2%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="珍宝岛事件">珍宝岛事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E6%8F%90#铁列克提事件" title="铁列克提">铁列克提事件</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中越战争">中越战争</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高平战役（页面不存在）">高平战役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%A1%97%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%98" title="老街会战">老街会战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%85%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1979%E5%B9%B4)" title="谅山战役 (1979年)">谅山战役</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8A%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="中越边境冲突">中越边境冲突</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%99%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="西沙海战">西沙海战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%A1%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="法卡山戰役">法卡山战役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="兩山戰役">兩山戰役</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="老山战役">老山战役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%85%E9%98%B4%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="者阴山战役">者阴山战役</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%93%9C%E7%A4%81%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="赤瓜礁海战">赤瓜礁海战</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E7%88%AD%E7%AB%AF" title="南海爭端">南海爭議</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%99%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="西沙海战">西沙海战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BB%BA%E5%B2%9B%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="中建岛冲突">中建岛冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%93%9C%E7%A4%81%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="赤瓜礁海战">赤瓜礁海战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%92%9E%E6%9C%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="中美撞机事件">中美撞机事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E4%BB%B2%E8%A3%81%E6%A1%88#中美南海相关对峙" title="南海仲裁案">中美南海对峙</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">提供支援</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次印度支那戰爭">法越战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="寮國內戰">寮國內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="缅甸内战">缅甸内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越南战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="柬埔寨內戰">柬埔寨内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次印巴战争">第二次印巴战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="菲律宾共产主义叛乱">菲律宾共产主义叛乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%AF%9B%E6%B4%BE%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82" title="納薩爾毛派叛亂">纳萨尔毛派叛乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="佐法尔叛乱">佐法尔叛乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="1971年印巴战争">1971年印巴战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="埃塞俄比亚内战">埃塞俄比亚内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%98%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏阿战争">苏阿战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="两伊战争">两伊战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%9D%A6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="烏坦戰爭">乌坦战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="安哥拉内战">安哥拉内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="反恐战争">反恐戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="马里北部冲突">马里北部冲突</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">两岸冲突</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%AF%A7%E9%A0%AD%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="古寧頭戰役">古寧頭戰役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E6%AD%A5%E5%B3%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="登步島戰役">登步島戰役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%93%94%E5%B3%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="大擔島戰役">大擔島戰役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BC%A5%E5%8F%8D%E6%94%BB%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="李弥反攻云南战役">李彌反攻雲南戰役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%97%A5%E5%B3%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="南日島戰役">南日島戰役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%84%E5%B7%9E%E5%B2%9B%E6%88%98%E6%96%97" title="湄州岛战斗">湄州岛战斗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B1%B1%E5%B3%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-disambig" title="東山島戰役">東山島戰役</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%9B%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1950%E5%B9%B4)" title="东山岛战役 (1950年)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%9B%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(1953%E5%B9%B4)" title="东山岛战役 (1953年)">1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%B1%B1%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="万山群岛战役">万山群岛战役</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%89%E7%A0%B2%E6%88%B0" title="九三砲戰">九三炮战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B1%9F%E5%B1%B1%E5%B2%9B%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="一江山岛战役">一江山岛战役</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1%C2%B720%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E8%BD%9F%E7%82%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1·20福州大轟炸（页面不存在）">1·20福州大轟炸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%B1%B1%E5%88%97%E5%B3%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="台山列島海戰">台山列島海戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%C2%B721%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%96%E7%A9%BA%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="7·21馬祖空戰">7·21馬祖空戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%97%A8%E7%82%AE%E6%88%98" title="金门炮战">金门炮战</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8C%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="九二海戰">九二海戰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B0%E6%B5%B7%E7%A9%BA%E6%88%98" title="1958年台海空战">1958年台海空戰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%9B%E7%A9%BA%E6%88%B0" title="九二四空戰">九二四空戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%A3%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="閩江口海戰">雙十馬祖空戰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E7%A0%B2%E6%88%B0" title="六一九砲戰">六一九砲戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BC%95%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="東引海戰">东引海战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%85%AD%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="八六海戰">八六海戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%9D%B5%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="烏坵海戰">烏坵海戰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他冲突</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="第二次国共内战">第二次国共内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%BF%E5%8C%AA" title="全国大剿匪">全国大剿匪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E9%83%BD%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="昌都战役">昌都战役</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1959年藏区骚乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%96%97" title="武斗">全国大武斗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="冷战" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#b0c4de;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="Template:冷战"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="Template talk:冷战"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:冷战"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="冷战" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#dcdcdc;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="华沙条约组织">华沙条约组织</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="太平洋安全保障條約">太平洋安全保障條約</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="東南亞條約組織">東南亞條約組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="中部公約組織">中部公約組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不结盟运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="第二次冷战">第二次冷战</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1940年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%A0%B9%E7%B4%A2%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="摩根索計劃">摩根索計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E5%85%8B%E8%BB%8D%E5%8F%8D%E5%8F%9B" title="虎克軍反叛">虎克軍反叛</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="牙买加政治冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jamaican political conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%99%E4%B9%B0%E5%8A%A0%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牙买加政治冲突（页面不存在）">牙买加政治冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Jamaican political conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jamaican political conflict</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="希臘十二月事件">希腊十二月冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%8B%8F%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E6%AF%94%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="英苏百分比协定">英苏百分比协定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="雅尔塔会议">雅尔塔会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%8A%E6%93%8A%E6%88%B0" title="波羅的海三國遊擊戰">波羅的海三國遊擊戰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="森林兄弟">森林兄弟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E6%B5%AA%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="冲浪行动">冲浪行动</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丛林行动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Operation Jungle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9B%E6%9E%97%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丛林行动（页面不存在）">丛林行动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jungle" class="extiw" title="en:Operation Jungle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Operation Jungle</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="佔領波羅的海國家">蘇聯佔領波羅的海三國</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E8%AF%85%E5%92%92%E7%9A%84%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5" title="被诅咒的士兵">被诅咒的士兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E6%80%9D%E8%AE%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="不可思议行动">不可思议行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%A1%E8%90%BD%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="没落行动">没落行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%A8%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="波茨坦会议">波茨坦会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E7%90%B4%E7%A7%91" title="伊格尔·古琴科">古琴科事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="朝鲜半岛南北分治">朝鮮半島分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1945%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941946%E5%B9%B4)" title="越南戰爭 (1945年—1946年)">支配行动</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="围困行动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Operation Beleaguer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%B4%E5%9B%B0%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="围困行动（页面不存在）">围困行动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" class="extiw" title="en:Operation Beleaguer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Operation Beleaguer</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="四十黑名单行动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Operation Blacklist Forty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E9%BB%91%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四十黑名单行动（页面不存在）">四十黑名单行动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" class="extiw" title="en:Operation Blacklist Forty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Operation Blacklist Forty</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="伊朗危机">伊朗危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="希腊内战">希腊内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="巴魯克計畫">巴魯克計畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%9A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="科孚海峽事件">科孚海峽事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="土耳其海峽危機">土耳其海峽危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8D%E8%BF%B0" title="對德政策的重述">對德政策的重述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="第一次印度支那戰爭">第一次印度支那戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E9%B2%81%E9%97%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="杜鲁门主义">杜鲁门主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="亞洲關係會議">亞洲關係會議</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1947年5月危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="May 1947 crises"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947年5月危机（页面不存在）">1947年5月危机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1947_crises" class="extiw" title="en:May 1947 crises"><span lang="en" dir="auto">May 1947 crises</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="马歇尔计划">马歇尔计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B4%9B%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="莫洛托夫計劃">莫洛托夫計劃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="经济互助委员会">经济互助委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B)" title="二月事件 (捷克斯洛伐克)">二月事件 (捷克斯洛伐克)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿尔瓦思巴起义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Al-Wathbah uprising"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E6%80%9D%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔瓦思巴起义（页面不存在）">阿尔瓦思巴起义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Wathbah uprising"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Al-Wathbah uprising</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第一次中东战争">第一次中东战争</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947-1948%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="1947-1948年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰">1947-1948年巴勒斯坦託管地內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF-%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="1948年阿拉伯-以色列戰爭">1948年阿拉伯-以色列戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BA%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%83%E4%BA%A1" title="巴勒斯坦人大逃亡">1948年巴勒斯坦人大流亡</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%8D%97%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="苏南冲突">苏南冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%81%E9%8E%96" title="柏林封鎖">柏林封鎖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%9B%9F%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%83%8C%E5%8F%9B" title="西方盟國的背叛">西方盟國的背叛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%B9%95" title="铁幕">铁幕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" title="南非種族隔離">南非種族隔離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="東方集團">東方集團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="西方集團">西方集團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="国共内战">国共内战</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%9C%81%E6%88%92%E5%9A%B4%E4%BB%A4" title="臺灣省戒嚴令">臺灣戒嚴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E6%B5%B7%E7%8F%BE%E7%8B%80" title="臺海現狀">台湾海峡两岸分裂</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E4%BA%9E%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="馬來亞緊急狀態">馬來亞緊急狀態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="缅甸共产主义叛乱">缅甸共产主义叛乱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1949年3月叙利亚政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%88%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949年3月叙利亚政变（页面不存在）">1949年3月叙利亚政变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿爾巴尼亞政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Albanian Subversion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿爾巴尼亞政变（页面不存在）">阿爾巴尼亞政变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Subversion" class="extiw" title="en:Albanian Subversion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Albanian Subversion</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1950年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E5%B9%95" title="竹幕">竹幕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="朝鲜战争">朝鲜战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="麦卡锡主义">麦卡锡主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%85%E8%8C%85%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="茅茅起義">茅茅起義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="阿尔及利亚战争">阿尔及利亚战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%E6%9C%8823%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="7月23日革命">7月23日革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1953年伊朗政變">1953年伊朗政變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%83%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="东德六一七事件">东德六一七事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%AB%E5%A9%A6" title="羅森堡夫婦">罗森堡夫妇案</a></li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬德里條約 (1953年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pact of Madrid"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84_(1953%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬德里條約 (1953年)（页面不存在）">馬德里條約</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" class="extiw" title="en:Pact of Madrid"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pact of Madrid</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>》</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布里克爾修正案" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bricker Amendment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布里克爾修正案（页面不存在）">布里克爾修正案</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Bricker Amendment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bricker Amendment</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1954年危地马拉政变">1954年危地马拉政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0_(1954%E5%B9%B4)" title="日內瓦會議 (1954年)">1954年日內瓦會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E5%B1%B1%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="绿山战争">绿山战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越南战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%89%E7%A0%B2%E6%88%B0" title="九三砲戰">第一次台灣海峽危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%A7%E6%80%A5%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="塞浦路斯紧急状态">塞浦路斯紧急状态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="黄金行动">黄金行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0%E6%9C%83_(1955%E5%B9%B4)" title="日內瓦高峰會 (1955年)">1955年日內瓦高峰會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E9%9A%86%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="萬隆會議">萬隆會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="波茲南事件">波茲南事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1956年匈牙利革命">1956年匈牙利革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第二次中东战争">第二次中东战争</a></li> <li>“<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E8%A6%81%E5%9F%8B%E8%91%AC%E4%BD%A0%E4%BB%AC" title="我们要埋葬你们">我们要埋葬你们</a>”</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A4%AB%E5%B0%BC%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="伊夫尼战争">伊夫尼战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%AA%E5%A5%A5%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="格拉迪奥行动">格拉迪奥行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%86%B7%E6%88%B0" title="阿拉伯冷戰">阿拉伯冷战</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1957年叙利亚危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Syrian Crisis of 1957"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957年叙利亚危机（页面不存在）">1957年叙利亚危机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" class="extiw" title="en:Syrian Crisis of 1957"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Syrian Crisis of 1957</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="1958年黎巴嫩危机">1958年黎巴嫩危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%E6%9C%8814%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="7月14日革命">7月14日革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="史普尼克危機">史普尼克危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%97%A8%E7%82%AE%E6%88%98" title="金门炮战">第二次台灣海峽危機</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1959年藏区骚乱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1959年摩蘇爾起義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1959 Mosul uprising"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959%E5%B9%B4%E6%91%A9%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959年摩蘇爾起義（页面不存在）">1959年摩蘇爾起義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" class="extiw" title="en:1959 Mosul uprising"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1959 Mosul uprising</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="古巴革命">古巴革命</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古巴革命的影响" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古巴革命的影响（页面不存在）">古巴革命的影响</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" class="extiw" title="en:Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81%E6%99%93%E5%A4%AB%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%BB" title="赫鲁晓夫解冻">赫鲁晓夫解冻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%A8%E6%88%BF%E8%BE%A9%E8%AE%BA" title="厨房辩论">厨房辩论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%8F%E4%BA%A4%E6%81%B6" title="中苏交恶">中苏交恶</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1960年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="刚果危机">刚果危机</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="辛巴叛亂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Simba rebellion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%B4%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辛巴叛亂（页面不存在）">辛巴叛亂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba_rebellion" class="extiw" title="en:Simba rebellion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Simba rebellion</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E5%B9%B4U-2%E6%93%8A%E5%A2%9C%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1960年U-2擊墜事件">1960年U-2擊墜事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AA%E6%B9%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="猪湾事件">猪湾事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1960年土耳其政变">1960年土耳其政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%98%BF%E5%86%B3%E8%A3%82" title="苏阿决裂">苏阿决裂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊拉克–库尔德冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E2%80%93%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊拉克–库尔德冲突（页面不存在）">伊拉克–库尔德冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第一次伊拉克–库尔德战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E2%80%93%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次伊拉克–库尔德战争（页面不存在）">第一次伊拉克–库尔德战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" class="extiw" title="en:First Iraqi–Kurdish War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961%E5%B9%B4%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="1961年柏林危機">1961年柏林危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%8D%E7%89%86" title="柏林圍牆">柏林圍牆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="巴布亞衝突">巴布亞衝突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%98%E6%9A%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="沙尘暴战争">沙漠戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="葡萄牙殖民地戰爭">葡萄牙殖民地戰爭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="安哥拉独立战争">安哥拉独立战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%A2%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="幾內亞比索獨立戰爭">幾內亞比索獨立戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="莫桑比克独立战争">莫桑比克独立战争</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%B9%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="古巴导弹危机">古巴导弹危机</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃爾·波特納佐" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="El Porteñazo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E7%B4%8D%E4%BD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃爾·波特納佐（页面不存在）">埃爾·波特納佐</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" class="extiw" title="en:El Porteñazo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">El Porteñazo</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中印边境战争">中印边境战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%8B%89%E8%B6%8A%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="砂拉越共产主义叛乱">砂拉越共产主义叛乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8B%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="斋月革命">斋月革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="厄立特里亚独立战争">厄立特里亚独立战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="北也门内战">北也门内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1963年叙利亚政变">1963年叙利亚政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7F%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA%E9%81%87%E5%88%BA%E6%A1%88" title="约翰·F·肯尼迪遇刺案">约翰·F·肯尼迪遇刺案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%81%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="亞丁危機">亞丁危機</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1963年塞浦路斯危机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cyprus crisis of 1963–64"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963%E5%B9%B4%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963年塞浦路斯危机（页面不存在）">1963年塞浦路斯危机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_crisis_of_1963%E2%80%9364" class="extiw" title="en:Cyprus crisis of 1963–64"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cyprus crisis of 1963–64</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越南战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="叛乱战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shifta War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叛乱战争（页面不存在）">叛乱战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifta_War" class="extiw" title="en:Shifta War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shifta War</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AE%E8%84%8F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89_(%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5)" title="肮脏战争 (墨西哥)">墨西哥肮脏战争</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="特拉特洛尔科事件">特拉特洛尔科事件</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="危地马拉内战">危地马拉内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="哥倫比亞內戰">哥倫比亞內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1964年巴西政變">1964年巴西政變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%A0%E9%A0%98%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0_(1965%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941966%E5%B9%B4)" title="美國占領多明尼加 (1965年—1966年)">多米尼加內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%8F%A2%E6%9E%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="羅德西亞叢林戰爭">羅德西亞叢林戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="南非边境战争">南非边境战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度尼西亞過渡期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transition to the New Order"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度尼西亞過渡期（页面不存在）">印度尼西亞過渡期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span 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href="/wiki/1966%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1966年叙利亚政变">1966年叙利亚政变</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿根廷革命" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Argentine Revolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿根廷革命（页面不存在）">阿根廷革命</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" class="extiw" title="en:Argentine Revolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Argentine Revolution</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%9F%A9%E9%9D%9E%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8C%BA%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="朝韩非军事区冲突">朝韩非军事区冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="希臘軍政府">希臘軍政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%83%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="六七暴動">六七暴動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第三次中东战争">第三次中东战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E4%BB%A5%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="埃以消耗战争">埃以消耗战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="佐法尔战争">佐法尔叛乱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南也门战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Al-Wadiah War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南也门战争（页面不存在）">南也门战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Wadiah War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Al-Wadiah War</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="尼日利亚内战">尼日利亚内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%9F%8B%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E8%99%9F%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%89%A6" title="普韋布洛號通用環境研究艦">普韦布洛号危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85%E8%89%B2%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3_(%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9)" title="铅色年代 (意大利)">鉛弹岁月</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%85%AB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="六八运动">六八运动</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4" title="五月风暴">五月风暴</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E4%B9%8B%E6%98%A5" title="布拉格之春">布拉格之春</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="1968年波兰政治危机">1968年波兰政治危机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1_(1968%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941989%E5%B9%B4)" title="马来亚共产党叛乱 (1968年—1989年)">马来亚共产党叛乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%B4%84%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="華約入侵捷克斯洛伐克">華約入侵捷克斯洛伐克</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%B8%E5%8C%96_(%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B)" title="正常化 (捷克斯洛伐克)">正常化</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%E6%9C%8817%E6%97%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="7月17日革命">7月17日革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8B%8F%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="中苏边界冲突">中苏边界冲突</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E5%AE%9D%E5%B2%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="珍宝岛事件">珍宝岛事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E6%8F%90#铁列克提事件" title="铁列克提">铁列克提事件</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="利比亚绿色革命">利比亚绿色革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="足球戰爭">足球戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古拉什共产主义">古拉什共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="菲律宾共产主义叛乱">菲律宾共产主义叛乱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A0%E6%AD%A3%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="纠正行动">纠正行动</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1970年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="缓和政策">缓和政策</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%89%A9%E6%95%A3%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="不扩散核武器条约">不扩散核武器条约</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970%E5%B9%B4%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="1970年约旦内战">1970年约旦内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92" title="阿爾科拉演習">阿爾科拉演習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A0%E6%AD%A3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="纠正运动">叙利亚校正运动</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西撒哈拉冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western Sahara conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西撒哈拉冲突（页面不存在）">西撒哈拉冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Western Sahara conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western Sahara conflict</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1970年波兰抗议事件">1970年波兰抗议事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="柬埔寨內戰">柬埔寨內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越南战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%B7%AE%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="胡差暴動">胡差暴動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="现实政治">现实政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%92%E4%B9%93%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="乒乓外交">乒乓外交</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="校正运动 (埃及)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Corrective Revolution (Egypt)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%A3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="校正运动 (埃及)（页面不存在）">埃及校正运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrective_Revolution_(Egypt)" class="extiw" title="en:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Corrective Revolution (Egypt)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1971年土耳其备忘录政變" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1971 Turkish military memorandum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%A4%87%E5%BF%98%E5%BD%95%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971年土耳其备忘录政變（页面不存在）">1971年土耳其备忘录政變</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" class="extiw" title="en:1971 Turkish military memorandum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1971 Turkish military memorandum</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1971年苏丹政变">1971年苏丹政变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%9B%9B%E5%BC%BA%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="柏林四强协定">柏林四强协定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="孟加拉国解放战争">孟加拉国解放战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%BE%E8%AE%BF%E5%8D%8E" title="1972年尼克松访华">1972年尼克松访华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="也门民主人民共和国">南北也门1972年边境冲突</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第一次也門戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yemenite War of 1972"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B9%9F%E9%96%80%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次也門戰爭（页面不存在）">第一次也門戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="extiw" title="en:Yemenite War of 1972"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yemenite War of 1972</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E6%83%A8%E6%A1%88" title="慕尼黑惨案">慕尼黑惨案</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1972–1975年孟加拉国叛乱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972%E2%80%931975%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972–1975年孟加拉国叛乱（页面不存在）">孟加拉国共产主义骚乱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" class="extiw" title="en:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第一次厄立特里亚内战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eritrean Civil Wars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第一次厄立特里亚内战（页面不存在）">第一次厄立特里亚内战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" class="extiw" title="en:Eritrean Civil Wars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eritrean Civil Wars</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1973年烏拉圭政變" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973%E5%B9%B4%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973年烏拉圭政變（页面不存在）">1973年烏拉圭政變</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1973年阿富汗政變">1973年阿富汗政變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973%E5%B9%B4%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1973年智利政變">1973年智利政變</a></li> <li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊民主转型（页面不存在）">希腊民主转型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapolitefsi" class="extiw" title="en:Metapolitefsi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metapolitefsi</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E8%B0%88%E5%88%A4" title="战略武器限制谈判">战略武器限制谈判</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第二次伊拉克–库尔德战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E2%80%93%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第二次伊拉克–库尔德战争（页面不存在）">第二次伊拉克–库尔德战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" class="extiw" title="en:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF" title="土耳其入侵塞浦路斯">土耳其入侵塞浦路斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="安哥拉内战">安哥拉内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%9B%E5%9F%BA%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="赫尔辛基协议">赫尔辛基协议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E4%B8%89%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="莫三比克內戰">莫三比克內戰</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧羅莫衝突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oromo conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E7%BE%85%E8%8E%AB%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧羅莫衝突（页面不存在）">奧羅莫衝突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Oromo conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oromo conflict</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E7%99%BB%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="歐加登戰爭">歐加登戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1978年索马里政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1978 Somali coup d'état attempt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978年索马里政变（页面不存在）">1978年索马里政变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="extiw" title="en:1978 Somali coup d'état attempt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1978 Somali coup d'état attempt</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="西撒哈拉战争">西撒哈拉战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="埃塞俄比亚内战">埃塞俄比亚内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="黎巴嫩內戰">黎巴嫩內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%86%B3%E8%A3%82" title="中阿决裂">中阿决裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="柬越戰爭">柬越戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%80%E9%B7%B9%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95" title="兀鷹行動">兀鷹行動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%AF%E9%AB%92%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7)" title="骯髒戰爭 (阿根廷)">阿根廷骯髒戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1976年阿根廷政變">1976年阿根廷政变</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="利比亚–埃及战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Libyan–Egyptian War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E2%80%93%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="利比亚–埃及战争（页面不存在）">利比亚–埃及战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan%E2%80%93Egyptian_War" class="extiw" title="en:Libyan–Egyptian War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Libyan–Egyptian War</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B9%8B%E7%A7%8B" title="德意志之秋">德意志之秋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%97%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="1978年南黎巴嫩冲突">南黎巴嫩冲突</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA902%E8%99%9F%E7%8F%AD%E6%A9%9F%E7%A9%BA%E9%9B%A3" title="大韓航空902號班機空難">大韓航空902號班機空難</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="尼加拉瓜革命">尼加拉瓜革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%9D%A6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="烏坦戰爭">烏坦戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="改革开放">改革开放</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="NDF叛乱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="NDF Rebellion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=NDF%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NDF叛乱（页面不存在）">NDF叛乱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" class="extiw" title="en:NDF Rebellion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">NDF Rebellion</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97%E2%80%94%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="乍得—利比亞衝突">乍得—利比亞衝突</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1979年葉門戰爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yemenite War of 1979"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%89%E9%96%80%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979年葉門戰爭（页面不存在）">1979年葉門戰爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="extiw" title="en:Yemenite War of 1979"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yemenite War of 1979</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8A%A0%E7%A6%81%E5%AF%BA%E5%9B%B4%E5%9B%B0%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="麦加禁寺围困事件">麦加禁寺围困事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="伊朗伊斯蘭革命">伊朗伊斯蘭革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD_(%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97)" title="四月革命 (阿富汗)">沙爾革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中越战争">中越战争</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8A%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="中越边境冲突">中越边境冲突</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="新宝石运动">新宝石运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="1979年赫拉特起义">1979年赫拉特起义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%B5%E9%81%94%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92" title="七日抵達萊茵河演習">七日抵達萊茵河演習</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反對蘇聯政治精神迫害鬥爭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3%E9%AC%A5%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反對蘇聯政治精神迫害鬥爭（页面不存在）">反對蘇聯政治精神迫害鬥爭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="en:Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">1980年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" title="薩爾瓦多內戰">薩爾瓦多內戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%98%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏阿战争">阿富汗战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%8A%B5%E5%88%B61980%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A" title="联合抵制1980年夏季奥运会">联合抵制1980年夏季奥运会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%B2%81%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="秘鲁内部冲突">秘鲁内部冲突</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第二次厄立特里亚内战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eritrean Civil Wars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%8E%84%E7%AB%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第二次厄立特里亚内战（页面不存在）">第二次厄立特里亚内战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" class="extiw" title="en:Eritrean Civil Wars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eritrean Civil Wars</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1980年土耳其政变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1980 Turkish coup d'état"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980年土耳其政变（页面不存在）">1980年土耳其政变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="extiw" title="en:1980 Turkish coup d'état"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1980 Turkish coup d'état</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="两伊战争">两伊战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%9B%E6%9E%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="乌干达丛林战争">乌干达丛林战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(1981%E5%B9%B4)" title="锡德拉湾事件 (1981年)">锡德拉湾事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9-81%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%A0" title="西方-81演习">西方-81演习</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡萨芒斯冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Casamance conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E8%90%A8%E8%8A%92%E6%96%AF%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡萨芒斯冲突（页面不存在）">卡萨芒斯冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamance_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Casamance conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Casamance conflict</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="福克兰战争">福克兰战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="第五次中东战争">第五次中东战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1982年埃塞俄比亚–索马里边界战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982%E5%B9%B4%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E2%80%93%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982年埃塞俄比亚–索马里边界战争（页面不存在）">1982年埃塞俄比亚–索马里边界战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" class="extiw" title="en:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%A0%B8%E8%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%E8%AF%AF%E6%8A%A5%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1983年苏联核警报误报事件">1983年苏联核警报误报事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E7%B4%8D%E9%81%94" title="美國入侵格林納達">美國入侵格林納達</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B0%E5%85%89%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="仰光爆炸事件">仰光爆炸事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983%E5%B9%B4%E5%84%AA%E7%A7%80%E5%B0%84%E6%89%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BF%92" title="1983年優秀射手演習">1983年優秀射手演習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="星球大战计划">星球大战计划</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%8A%B5%E5%88%B61984%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A" title="联合抵制1984年夏季奥运会">联合抵制1984年夏季奥运会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%8A%9D%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E9%81%95%E5%8F%8D%E7%A6%81%E9%81%8B%E4%BB%A4%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="東芝機械違反禁運令事件">东芝事件</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="1986年黑海事件" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="1986 Black Sea incident"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986年黑海事件（页面不存在）">1986年黑海事件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" class="extiw" title="en:1986 Black Sea incident"><span lang="en" dir="auto">1986 Black Sea incident</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南也门内战" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="South Yemen Civil War"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8%E5%86%85%E6%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南也门内战（页面不存在）">南也门内战</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yemen_Civil_War" class="extiw" title="en:South Yemen Civil War"><span lang="en" dir="auto">South Yemen Civil War</span></a></span><span 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title="南斯拉夫解體">南斯拉夫解體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E7%B5%A8%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2" title="天鵝絨分離">天鵝絨分離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93" title="苏联解体">苏联解体</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="八一九事件">八一九事件</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冷冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frozen conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷冲突（页面不存在）">冷冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Frozen conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frozen conflict</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿布哈茲–喬治亞冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2%E2%80%93%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布哈茲–喬治亞冲突（页面不存在）">阿布哈茲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Abkhaz–Georgian conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abkhaz–Georgian conflict</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="臺灣問題">臺灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="朝鲜半岛南北分治">朝鲜半岛</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波多黎各政治現狀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political status of Puerto Rico"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8F%BE%E7%8B%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波多黎各政治現狀（页面不存在）">波多黎各</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="en:Political status of Puerto Rico"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political status of Puerto Rico</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科索沃政治現狀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Political status of Kosovo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8F%BE%E7%8B%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科索沃政治現狀（页面不存在）">科索沃</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" class="extiw" title="en:Political status of Kosovo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Political status of Kosovo</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E2%80%94%E5%A5%A7%E5%A1%9E%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81" title="喬治亞—奧塞提亞衝突">南奥塞梯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="德涅斯特河沿岸战争">德涅斯特河沿岸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="中印边界问题">中印边界</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北婆羅洲衝突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="North Borneo dispute"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E6%B4%B2%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北婆羅洲衝突（页面不存在）">北婆羅洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" class="extiw" title="en:North Borneo dispute"><span lang="en" dir="auto">North Borneo dispute</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">情報組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%B1%80" title="中央情报局">中央情报局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" title="联邦调查局">联邦调查局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家安全局">美国国家安全局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%83%85%E5%85%AD%E8%99%95" title="軍情六處">秘密情報局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%83" title="克格勃">克格勃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF" title="史塔西">史塔西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%96%A9%E5%BE%B7" title="摩薩德">摩薩德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E5%A4%96%E6%83%85%E6%8A%A5%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%8D%E9%97%B4%E8%B0%8D%E5%B1%80" title="对外情报和反间谍局">對外安全總局</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">技術競賽</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%85%B1%E5%A4%84%E4%BA%94%E9%A1%B9%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" title="和平共处五项原则">和平共处五项原则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E6%A3%AE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4)" title="詹森主義 (外交)">詹森主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%83%E5%88%97%E6%97%A5%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="勃列日涅夫主义">勃列日涅夫主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="尼克森主義">尼克松主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B8%83%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="乌布利希主义">乌布利希主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="卡特主義">卡特主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="里根主义">里根主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E5%9B%9E" title="推回">推回</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">意識形態</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反共主義">反共主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E9%94%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="麦卡锡主义">麦卡锡主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="凯恩斯主义经济学">凯恩斯主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="货币主义">货币主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="新古典經濟學派">第一代新古典主义经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="芝加哥經濟學派">芝加哥經濟學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%B9%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="雷根經濟學">里根经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6%E9%9D%A2%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="供給面學派">供應面經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%88%87%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="撒切尔主义">撒切尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基督教民主主義">基督教民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新保守主義">新保守主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新自由主義">新自由主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思列宁主义">马克思列宁主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托洛茨基主义">托洛茨基主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="左翼共产主义">左翼共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="毛泽东思想">毛泽东思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%BF%97%E6%98%8E%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="胡志明思想">胡志明思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%AD%AF%E6%9B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="赫魯曉夫主義">赫魯曉夫主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E6%89%98%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="铁托主义">铁托主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="霍查主义">霍查主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="卡斯特罗主义">卡斯特罗主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="格瓦拉主義">格瓦拉主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古拉什共产主义">古拉什共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="胡萨克主义">胡萨克主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E6%B4%BE" title="纳萨尔派">纳萨尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="欧洲共产主义">欧洲共产主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不結盟主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E7%AB%AF%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="极端民族主义">极端民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="白人民族主義">白人民族主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="沙文主义">沙文主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="帝国主义">帝国主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="族群民族主义">族裔民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%84%AA%E8%B6%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="白人優越主義">白人優越主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="錫安主義">錫安主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="种族主义">种族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法西斯主义">法西斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新納粹主義">新納粹主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">極權主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81" title="独裁">独裁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰主义">泛伊斯蘭主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰社会主义">伊斯兰社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="解放神學">解放神學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="新左翼">新左翼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="主体思想">主体思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="自由民主制">自由民主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="不自由的民主">不自由的民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%AF%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="指导式民主">指导式民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社會民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="三民主義">三民主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="第三世界主義">第三世界主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="東南亞條約組織">東南亞條約組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="中部公約組織">中部公約組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="欧洲经济共同体">欧洲经济共同体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="华沙条约组织">华沙条约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="经济互助委员会">经济互助委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%9F%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="不结盟运动">不结盟运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="东南亚国家联盟">东南亚国家联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="南亚区域合作联盟">南亚区域合作联盟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="狩猎俱乐部" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Safari Club"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E7%8C%8E%E4%BF%B1%E4%B9%90%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狩猎俱乐部（页面不存在）">狩猎俱乐部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_Club" class="extiw" title="en:Safari Club"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Safari Club</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">宣傳</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="積極策略" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Active measures"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="積極策略（页面不存在）">積極策略</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_measures" class="extiw" title="en:Active measures"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Active measures</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF%E6%8A%A5" title="消息报">消息报</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E6%8A%A5" title="真理报">真理报</a>》</li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美利坚报" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amerika (magazine)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E6%8A%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美利坚报（页面不存在）">美利坚报</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" class="extiw" title="en:Amerika (magazine)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Amerika (magazine)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>》</li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄罗斯生活报" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian Life"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%8A%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄罗斯生活报（页面不存在）">俄罗斯生活报</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Life" class="extiw" title="en:Russian Life"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian Life</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>》</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自由十字军" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crusade for Freedom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由十字军（页面不存在）">自由十字军</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" class="extiw" title="en:Crusade for Freedom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crusade for Freedom</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0%EF%BC%8F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="自由欧洲电台／自由电台">自由歐洲電台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0" title="自由亚洲电台">自由亚洲电台</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E6%81%90%E6%85%8C" title="红色恐慌">红色恐慌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E7%A4%BE" title="塔斯社">俄通社-塔斯社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E9%9F%B3" title="美国之音">美国之音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%AF%E7%A4%BE" title="俄罗斯卫星通讯社">莫斯科广播电台</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#dcdcdc;">參見</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="白令海峡">白令海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E5%A1%94%E9%82%A3%E6%91%A9%E7%81%A3%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0#仙人掌幕" title="關塔那摩灣海軍基地">仙人掌幕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="朝鮮半島南北關係">朝韩关系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AB%E6%97%A5%E4%B9%8B%E9%90%98" title="末日之鐘">末日之鐘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%81%94%E7%BC%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="福達缺口">福達缺口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%9C%B0%E8%AB%BE%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="桑地諾民族解放陣線">桑地諾民族解放陣線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="中东战争">中东战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8A%E7%B7%A3%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="邊緣政策">邊緣政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E2%80%94%E5%8C%97%E7%B4%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="俄羅斯—北約關係">北約與俄羅斯的關係</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇聯與俄羅斯於美國的間諜活動史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian espionage in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E8%88%87%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%96%BC%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%96%93%E8%AB%9C%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇聯與俄羅斯於美國的間諜活動史（页面不存在）">蘇聯與俄羅斯於美國的間諜活動史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Russian espionage in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian espionage in the United States</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E2%80%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="蘇聯—美國關係">美蘇關係</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%98%87%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美蘇首腦會議列表">美蘇首腦會議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="第二次冷战">第二次冷战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1917年俄国革命">1917年俄国革命</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /><span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="zh" dir="ltr">引用错误：页面中存在<code><ref group="lower-alpha"></code>标签或<code>{{efn}}</code>模板，但没有找到相应的<code><references group="lower-alpha" /></code>标签或<code>{{notelist}}</code>模板</span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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