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id="toc-Semi-sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Red sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_fermentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_fermentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Secondary fermentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_fermentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bubbles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bubbles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bubbles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bubbles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweetness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweetness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sweetness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweetness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>French sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle French sparkling wine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-French_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Champagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Champagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Champagne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Champagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crémant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crémant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Crémant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crémant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_French_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_French_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other French sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_French_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_European_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_European_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other European sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_European_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other European sparkling wine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_European_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cava" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cava"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cava</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cava-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Portuguese sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Italian sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sekt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sekt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sekt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sekt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pezsgő" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pezsgő"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Pezsgő</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pezsgő-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sovetskoye_Shampanskoye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovetskoye_Shampanskoye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Sovetskoye Shampanskoye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovetskoye_Shampanskoye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanian_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanian_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Romanian sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanian_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>English sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Ukrainian sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_World_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_World_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>New World sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_World_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New World sparkling wine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_World_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_sparkling_wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_sparkling_wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>American sparkling wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_sparkling_wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sparkling wine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonkelwyn" title="Vonkelwyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vonkelwyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumwein" title="Schaumwein – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schaumwein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B0_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نبيذ فوار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبيذ فوار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinu_esplumoso" title="Vinu esplumoso – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vinu esplumoso" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Пеністае віно – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пеністае віно" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Шумящо вино – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шумящо вино" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_escum%C3%B3s" title="Vi escumós – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vi escumós" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83%D0%BA_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Вылянчăк эрех – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вылянчăк эрех" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekt" title="Sekt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sekt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mousserende_vin" title="Mousserende vin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mousserende vin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaumwein" title="Schaumwein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schaumwein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahuvein" title="Vahuvein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vahuvein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αφρώδης οίνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφρώδης οίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_espumoso" title="Vino espumoso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vino espumoso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ca%C5%ADmvino" title="Ŝaŭmvino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝaŭmvino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardo_apardun" title="Ardo apardun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ardo apardun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شراب گازدار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شراب گازدار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAsandi_v%C3%ADn" title="Brúsandi vín – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Brúsandi vín" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_mousseux" title="Vin mousseux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vin mousseux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADon_s%C3%BAil%C3%ADneach" title="Fíon súilíneach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíon súilíneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%8F%AC%EC%84%B1_%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EC%A3%BC" title="발포성 포도주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발포성 포도주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D6%80%D6%83%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Փրփրուն գինի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փրփրուն գինի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biser_vino" title="Biser vino – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biser vino" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_berbuih" title="Anggur berbuih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anggur berbuih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vino_spumante" title="Vino spumante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vino spumante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יין נתזים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יין נתזים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ცქრიალა ღვინოები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცქრიალა ღვინოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzirksto%C5%A1ais_v%C4%ABns" title="Dzirkstošais vīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzirkstošais vīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putojantis_vynas" title="Putojantis vynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Putojantis vynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pezsg%C5%91" title="Pezsgő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pezsgő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" 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Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スパークリングワイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musserende_og_perlende_vin" title="Musserende og perlende vin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musserende og perlende vin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_efervescent" title="Vin efervescent – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vin efervescent" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6p%C3%BCkl%C3%BC_%C5%9Farap" title="Köpüklü şarap – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köpüklü şarap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ігристі вина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ігристі вина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ndai_vin" title="Vändai vin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vändai vin" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_champagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Glass_of_champagne.jpg/170px-Glass_of_champagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Glass_of_champagne.jpg/255px-Glass_of_champagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Glass_of_champagne.jpg/340px-Glass_of_champagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A glass of <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sparkling wine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> with significant levels of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in it, making it fizzy. While it is common to refer to this as <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">champagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries legally reserve that word for products exclusively produced in the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine region)">Champagne region</a> of France. Sparkling wine is usually either white or <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a>, but there are examples of red sparkling wines such as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Brachetto" title="Brachetto">Brachetto</a>, Bonarda and <a href="/wiki/Lambrusco" title="Lambrusco">Lambrusco</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australian</a> sparkling <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_grape" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz grape">Shiraz</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">sweetness</a> of sparkling wine can range from very dry <i>brut</i> styles to sweeter <i>doux</i> varieties (French for 'hard' and 'soft', respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_656-660-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sparkling quality of these wines comes from its carbon dioxide content and may be the result of natural <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">fermentation</a>, either in a bottle, as with the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne Method">traditional method</a>, in a large tank designed to withstand the pressures involved (as in the <a href="/wiki/Charmat_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmat process">Charmat process</a>), or as a result of simple <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbon dioxide injection</a> in some cheaper sparkling wines. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries, the word "champagne" is reserved by law only for sparkling wine from the Champagne region of France. The French terms <i>Mousseux</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mant" class="mw-redirect" title="Crémant">Crémant</a></i> refer to sparkling wine not made in the Champagne region, such as <a href="/wiki/Blanquette_de_Limoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanquette de Limoux">Blanquette de Limoux</a> produced in Southern France. Sparkling wines are produced around the world, and are often referred to by their local name or region, such as <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciacorta_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciacorta (wine)">Franciacorta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trento_DOC" title="Trento DOC">Trento DOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oltrep%C3%B2_Pavese_Metodo_Classico_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico (wine)">Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asti_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asti (wine)">Asti</a> from Italy (the generic Italian term for sparkling wine being <a href="#Italian_sparkling_wine"><i>spumante</i></a>), Espumante from Portugal, <a href="/wiki/Cava_(Spanish_wine)" title="Cava (Spanish wine)">Cava</a> from Spain, and Cap Classique from South Africa. Sparkling wines have been produced in Central and Eastern Europe since the early 19th-century. "Champagne" was further popularised in the region, late in the century, when <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_T%C3%B6rley" title="József Törley">József Törley</a> started production in Hungary using French methods, learned as an apprentice in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6rley" title="Törley">Törley</a> has since become one of the largest European producers of sparkling wine. The United States is a significant producer of sparkling wine today, with producers in numerous states. Recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> production of sparkling wine was restarted by <a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom winemakers</a> after a long hiatus. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Effervescence" title="Effervescence">Effervescence</a> has been observed in wine <a href="/wiki/History_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (wine)">throughout history</a> and has been noted by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek (wine)">Ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman (wine)">Roman</a> writers, but the cause of this mysterious appearance of bubbles was not understood. Over time it has been attributed to <a href="/wiki/Phases_of_the_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phases of the moon">phases of the moon</a> as well as both good and <a href="/wiki/Evil_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil spirits">evil spirits</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The tendency of still wine from the Champagne region to lightly sparkle was noted in the Middle Ages but this was considered a <a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">wine fault</a> and was disdained in early Champagne winemaking although it was the pride of other historic sparkling wine production areas like <a href="/wiki/Limoux" title="Limoux">Limoux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp_169-178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(monk)" title="Dom Pérignon (monk)">Dom Pérignon</a> was originally charged by his superiors at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey of Hautvillers</a> to get rid of the bubbles since the pressure in the bottles caused many of them to burst in the cellar.<sup id="cite_ref-Kladstrup_p_25_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kladstrup_p_25-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, when deliberate sparkling wine production increased in the early 18th century, cellar workers would still have to wear a heavy iron mask that resembled a baseball <a href="/wiki/Catcher_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Catcher gear">catcher's mask</a> to prevent injury from spontaneously bursting bottles. The disturbance caused by one bottle's disintegration could cause a chain reaction, with it being routine for cellars to lose 20–90% of their bottles to instability. The mysterious circumstance surrounding the then unknown process of fermentation and carbonic gas caused some critics to call the sparkling creations "The Devil's Wine".<sup id="cite_ref-Kladstrup_pp_46–47_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kladstrup_pp_46–47-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British were the first to see the tendency of wines from Champagne to sparkle as a desirable trait and tried to understand why it produced bubbles. Wine was often transported to England in <a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">wooden wine barrels</a> where merchant houses would then bottle the wine for sale. During the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_glass_in_England" title="Early modern glass in England">English glass production</a> used coal-fueled ovens and produced stronger, more durable glass bottles than the wood-fired French glass.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English also rediscovered the use of <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a> stoppers, once used by the Romans but forgotten for centuries after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>. During the cold winters of the Champagne region, temperatures would drop so low that the <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a> process was prematurely halted—leaving some <a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">residual sugar</a> and dormant <a href="/wiki/Yeast_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeast (wine)">yeast</a>. When the wine was shipped to and bottled in England, the fermentation process would restart when the weather warmed and the cork-stoppered wine would begin to build pressure from carbon dioxide gas. When the wine was opened, it would be bubbly. In 1662, the English scientist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Merret" title="Christopher Merret">Christopher Merret</a> presented a paper detailing how the presence of sugar in a wine led to it eventually sparkling and that by adding sugar to a wine before bottling it, nearly any wine could be made to sparkle. This is one of the first known accounts of understanding the process of sparkling wine and even suggests that British merchants were producing "sparkling Champagne" before the French Champenois were deliberately making it.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp_169-178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semi-sparkling_wine">Semi-sparkling wine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Semi-sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Frizzante" redirects here. For the horse, see <a href="/wiki/Frizzante_(horse)" title="Frizzante (horse)">Frizzante (horse)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_lambrusco_(19545132502).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Glass_of_lambrusco_%2819545132502%29.jpg/170px-Glass_of_lambrusco_%2819545132502%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Glass_of_lambrusco_%2819545132502%29.jpg/255px-Glass_of_lambrusco_%2819545132502%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Glass_of_lambrusco_%2819545132502%29.jpg/340px-Glass_of_lambrusco_%2819545132502%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A glass of <a href="/wiki/Lambrusco" title="Lambrusco">Lambrusco</a> from Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Fully sparkling wines, such as Champagne, are generally sold with 5 to 6 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">standard atmospheres</a> (73 to 88 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>; 510 to 610 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>) of pressure in the bottle. This is more than twice the pressure found in an <a href="/wiki/Automobile_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile tire">automobile tire</a>. European Union regulations define a sparkling wine as any wine with an excess of 3 atmospheres in pressure. These include German <i><a href="/wiki/Sekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekt">Sekt</a></i>, Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Espumoso" title="Espumoso">Espumoso</a></i>, Italian <i>Spumante</i> and French <i>Crémant</i> or <i>Mousseux</i> wines. Semi-sparkling wines are defined as those with between 1 and 2.5 atmospheres of pressures and include German <i>spritzig</i>, Italian <i>frizzante</i> and French <i>pétillant</i> wines. The amount of pressure in the wine is determined by the amount of sugar added during the <a href="/wiki/Tirage" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirage">tirage</a> stage at the beginning of the secondary fermentation with more sugar producing an increased amount of carbon dioxide gas and thus pressure in the wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_272-273_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_272-273-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Red_sparkling_wine">Red sparkling wine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Red sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the majority of sparkling wines are white or <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a>, Australia, Italy and <a href="/wiki/Moldova_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldova wine">Moldova</a> each have a sizable production of red sparkling wines. Of these, Italy has the longest tradition in red sparkling wine-making, particularly along the Apennine side of the Po Valley. Notable wines include <a href="/wiki/Brachetto" title="Brachetto">Brachetto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lambrusco" title="Lambrusco">Lambrusco</a>. Also very well known and with rich tradition are <a href="/wiki/Colli_Piacentini" title="Colli Piacentini">Gutturnio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonarda_Piemontese" title="Bonarda Piemontese">Bonarda</a> and sparkling <a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a>; in central Italy, lesser known Red Vernaccia produces semi-sweet sparkling reds. In <a href="/wiki/Australia_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia wine">Australia</a>, red sparkling wines are often made from the <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz (grape)">Shiraz</a> grape.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_790_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_790-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg/170px-Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg/255px-Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg/340px-Harvesting_Chardonnay_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>While harvesting grapes destined for sparkling wine, premium producers will take extra care to handle the grapes as gently as possible in order to minimize the extraction of harsh phenolic compounds from the skin.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Viticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Viticultural">viticultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> practices of making sparkling wine have many similarities to the production of still wine with some noted divergence.<sup id="cite_ref-winefolly/sparkling-made_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winefolly/sparkling-made-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the vineyard, grapes are <a href="/wiki/Harvested_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvested (wine)">harvested</a> early when there is still high <a href="/wiki/Acid_levels_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid levels (wine)">acid levels</a>. In areas like Australia, winemakers aim to harvest the grapes at 17 to 20° <a href="/wiki/Brix" title="Brix">brix</a> (the sugar content of a solution). Unlike still wine production, high <a href="/wiki/Sugar_levels_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar levels (wine)">sugar levels</a> are not ideal and grapes destined for sparkling wine production may be harvested at higher <a href="/wiki/Yields_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yields (wine)">yields</a>. Care is taken to avoid tannins and other <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_compounds_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic compounds (wine)">phenolic compounds</a> with many premium producers still choosing to harvest by hand rather than risk mechanical harvesting which may split the berries and encourage <a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">maceration</a> between the skins and juice. The press house is often close by the vineyard to where the grapes can be quickly <a href="/wiki/Pressed_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressed (wine)">pressed</a> and separated from their skins. Red wine grapes like <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> can be used in the production of white sparkling wines because their juice is initially clear and is only later <a href="/wiki/Color_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Color (wine)">tinted red</a> through exposure to the color pigments in grape skins. While some skin exposure may be desirable in the production of <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> sparkling wines and some <i>blanc de noirs</i> (white of blacks), most sparkling wine producers take extended precautions to limit the amount of skin contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_656-660-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a> of sparkling wine begins like most other wines, though winemakers may choose to use specially cultivated sparkling wine <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeasts</a>. The wines may go through <a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">malolactic fermentation</a>, though producers wishing to make fruitier, simpler wines will usually forgo this step. After fermentation the base wines are then blended to form a <i><a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A9e" title="Cuvée">cuvée</a></i>. While there are examples of <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietal</a> sparkling wines, such as <i>blanc de blancs</i> (white of whites) made from 100% <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>, most sparkling wines are blends of several grape varieties, vineyards and <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintages</a>. Producers with wide access to grapes will use wines from several hundred base wines to create a blend that reflect the "house style" of their non-vintage wine. It is through the initiation of a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_fermentation_(wine)" title="Secondary fermentation (wine)">secondary fermentation</a> that distinguishes sparkling wine production and gives the wine its characteristic bubbles. One of the by-products of fermentation is the creation of carbon dioxide gas. While this is able to be released during the first fermentation, efforts are taken during the second fermentation to retain the gas and have it dissolve into the wine. This creates high pressure within the wine bottle (on average around 5 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmospheres</a>) and wine producers take care to package the wine in strong glass bottles. When the wine is opened and poured into a glass, the gas is released and the wine becomes sparkling.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_656-660-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_fermentation">Secondary fermentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secondary fermentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moet_and_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Moet_and_glass.jpg/170px-Moet_and_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Moet_and_glass.jpg/255px-Moet_and_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Moet_and_glass.jpg/340px-Moet_and_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2013" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production#transfer_method" title="Sparkling wine production">transfer method</a> is used to make small and large format bottles of sparkling wine, such as this split (quarter bottle) of champagne.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several methods used to carry out this secondary fermentation. The most well known is the <i><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">traditional</a></i> or <i>"champagne method"</i> where the base <i>cuvée</i> is bottled with a mixture of sugar and yeast. The introduction of a fresh yeast and food source (the sugar) triggers the fermentation process in the bottle that the wine will eventually be sold in. Through the process of <a href="/wiki/Riddling" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddling">riddling</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/Disgorging" class="mw-redirect" title="Disgorging">disgorgement</a>, the dead yeast cells (called <a href="/wiki/Lees_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lees (wine)">lees</a>) are removed from the wine while still maintaining the dissolved carbon dioxide gas. A <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">dosage</a> mixture of fresh wine and some sugar syrup is used to adjust the sweetness level of the wine after it has been disgorged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production#ancestral_method" title="Sparkling wine production">methode ancestrale</a></i> (ancestral method), the disgorgement step is skipped and the wine is sold with the lees still present as sediment in the wine. In the <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production#transfer_method" title="Sparkling wine production">transfer method</a>, after the wines have gone through the traditional method including riddling and disgorgement, the bottles are emptied into a large tank where they are then transferred to small and large format <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">wine bottles</a> such as 3 litre <i>jeroboam</i> and small split sizes used on airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_656-660-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous quality producers worldwide use the "Traditional" method to make their sparkling wines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production#charmat_method" title="Sparkling wine production">Charmat method</a></i> takes place in stainless steel fermentation tanks that are pressurized. The fresh yeast and sugar mixture is added to the wine which rapidly stimulates fermentation in the pressurized environment. The wine is then cooled, <a href="/wiki/Clarified_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarified (wine)">clarified</a>, and bottled using a counter pressure filler. The process of carbon injection (or carbonation), the method used to make <a href="/wiki/Soda_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda pop">soda pop</a> fizzy, does not involve initiating a secondary fermentation but rather injecting carbon dioxide gas directly into the wine. This method produces large bubbles that quickly dissipate and is generally only used in the cheapest sparkling wines.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_656-660-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bubbles">Bubbles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bubbles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">Carbonation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_champagne_infinite_bubbles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rose_champagne_infinite_bubbles.jpg/170px-Rose_champagne_infinite_bubbles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rose_champagne_infinite_bubbles.jpg/255px-Rose_champagne_infinite_bubbles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rose_champagne_infinite_bubbles.jpg/340px-Rose_champagne_infinite_bubbles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Bubbles in a rosé sparkling wine</figcaption></figure> <p>An initial burst of effervescence occurs when the sparkling wine contacts the dry glass on pouring. These bubbles form on imperfections in the glass that facilitate <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a>. Nucleations are needed to stimulate the formation of bubbles because carbon dioxide has first to diffuse from the wine solution before it can rise out of the glass and into the air. A poured glass of sparkling wine will lose its bubbliness and carbon dioxide gas much more quickly than an open bottle alone would.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_272-273_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_272-273-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Frothiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Frothiness">frothiness</a> or "mousse" of the wine, along with the average size and consistency of the bubbles, can vary depending on the quality of the wine and the type of glass used.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_656-660-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champagne_bubbles_mousse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Champagne_bubbles_mousse.jpg/220px-Champagne_bubbles_mousse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Champagne_bubbles_mousse.jpg/330px-Champagne_bubbles_mousse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Champagne_bubbles_mousse.jpg/440px-Champagne_bubbles_mousse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>As the bubbles rise to the surface of the glass, they form a frothy <i>mousse</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the wine academic Graham Harding, the average bottle of champagne contains enough carbon dioxide to potentially produce 49 million bubbles.<sup id="cite_ref-Miscellany_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miscellany-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wine expert <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stevenson" title="Tom Stevenson">Tom Stevenson</a> puts the number at 250 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp_169-178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bubbles initially form at 20 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometers</a> in diameter and expand as they gain buoyancy and rise to the surface. When they reach the surface they are approximately 1 millimeter in size. It is speculated that the bubbles in sparkling wine may speed up <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_intoxication" title="Alcohol intoxication">alcohol intoxication</a> by helping the alcohol to reach the bloodstream faster. A study conducted at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a> in the United Kingdom gave subjects equal amounts of flat and sparkling champagne which contained the same <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol level">levels of alcohol</a>. After 5 minutes following consumption, the group that had the sparkling wine had 54 milligrams of alcohol in their blood while the group that had the same sparkling wine, only flat, had 39 milligrams.<sup id="cite_ref-Miscellany_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miscellany-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Putting a spoon in an open bottle of sparkling wine to keep it bubbly is a myth. A proper stopper is much more effective.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweetness">Sweetness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sweetness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine#Terms_used_to_indicate_sweetness_of_sparkling_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">Sweetness of wine § Terms used to indicate sweetness of sparkling wine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne#From_sweet_to_brut" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne § From sweet to brut</a></div> <p>The amount of sugar (dosage) added after the second fermentation and aging varies and will dictate the sweetness level of the sparkling wine. Wines produced within the European Union must include the sweetness level on the <a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">wine label</a>. For wines produced outside the EU, the sweetness level is not required but if it is included on the label the terms used must conform to EU guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp_169-178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_champagne_nm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/French_champagne_nm.jpg/170px-French_champagne_nm.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/French_champagne_nm.jpg/255px-French_champagne_nm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/French_champagne_nm.jpg/340px-French_champagne_nm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A French champagne designated as "Extra Dry"</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Brut Natural</i> or <i>Brut Zéro</i> (fewer than 3 grams of sugar per litre)</li> <li><i>Extra Brut</i> (fewer than 6 grams of sugar per litre)</li> <li><i>Brut</i> (fewer than 12 grams of sugar per litre)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_sparkling_wine">French sparkling wine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: French sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most well-known example of sparkling wine is that of Champagne from the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_wine_region" title="Champagne wine region">Champagne wine region</a> of France. On average, Champagne is responsible for about 8% of worldwide sparkling wine production with many other regions emulating the "Champagne style" in both grapes used (generally <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinot_Meunier" title="Pinot Meunier">Pinot Meunier</a>) and production methods—sometimes referred to as the "Champagne method". French sparkling wines made according to the Champagne method of fermentation in the bottle, but sometimes use different grape varieties, are known as <i>Crémants</i> and are governed under their own <i><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">Appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i> (AOC) regulations. Another style of sparkling wine found in France are those made according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production#ancestral_method" title="Sparkling wine production">methode ancestrale</a></i> which skips the process of disgorgement and produces wines with slight sweetness and still containing the particles of dead yeast matter in the form of lees in the bottle. The regions of <a href="/wiki/Gaillac" title="Gaillac">Gaillac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limoux_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limoux (wine)">Limoux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clairette_de_Die" class="mw-redirect" title="Clairette de Die">Clairette de Die</a> are the most well-known producers of <i>methode ancestrale</i> wines.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_656-660-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Champagne">Champagne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Champagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine)">Champagne (wine)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne,_France_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg/350px-A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg/525px-A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg/700px-A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>Champagne can only come from the Champagne region of France.</figcaption></figure> <p>Champagne is produced at the far extreme of viticultural circumstances, where the <a href="/wiki/Grape_struggles_to_ripen" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape struggles to ripen">grape struggles to ripen</a> in a long drawn out growing season. Cool climate weather limits the varieties of grape, and the types of wine that can be made, but it is in this region that sparkling wine has found its standard bearer. The <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>–<a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> soil produces grapes that have a certain balance of acidity, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extract_(wine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extract (wine) (page does not exist)">extract</a> and richness that is difficult to replicate in other parts of the world. The Champenois vigorously defend use of the term "Champagne" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term "Champagne style" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term <i>methode champenoise</i> has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp_169-178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers. The rest sell their grapes to the various Champagne houses, <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gociants" class="mw-redirect" title="Négociants">négociants</a></i> and co-operatives. The grapes, most commonly Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot meunier, are used to make several base wines that are assembled together to make Champagne. Each grape adds its own unique imprint to the result. Chardonnay is prized for its finesse and <a href="/wiki/Aging_ability_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging ability (wine)">aging ability</a>. Pinot noir adds <a href="/wiki/Body_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body (wine)">body</a> and fruit while Pinot meunier contributes substantially to the <a href="/wiki/Aroma_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma (wine)">aroma</a>, adding fruit and floral notes. The majority of Champagnes produced are non-vintage (or rather, multi-vintage) blends. Vintage Champagne, often a house's most prestigious and expensive wine, is also produced, but only in years when the producers feel that the grapes have the complexity and richness to warrant it.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp_169-178-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crémant"><span id="Cr.C3.A9mant"></span>Crémant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Crémant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cr%C3%A9mant_d%27Alsace_Ziegler_with_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cr%C3%A9mant_d%27Alsace_Ziegler_with_glass.jpg/170px-Cr%C3%A9mant_d%27Alsace_Ziegler_with_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cr%C3%A9mant_d%27Alsace_Ziegler_with_glass.jpg/255px-Cr%C3%A9mant_d%27Alsace_Ziegler_with_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Cr%C3%A9mant_d%27Alsace_Ziegler_with_glass.jpg/340px-Cr%C3%A9mant_d%27Alsace_Ziegler_with_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="2167" /></a><figcaption>A Crémant d'Alsace</figcaption></figure> <p>Sparkling wines designated Crémant ("creamy") were originally named because their lower <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> pressures were thought to give them a creamy rather than fizzy mouth-feel. Though they may have full pressures today, they are still produced using the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">traditional method</a>, and have to fulfill strict production criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Cremant_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Cremant-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, there are eight <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">appellations</a> for sparkling wine which include the designation Crémant in their name: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_wine_region#Crémant_d'Alsace_AOC" title="Alsace wine region">Crémant d'Alsace</a></li> <li>Crémant de Bordeaux</li> <li>Crémant de Bourgogne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairette_de_Die_AOC" title="Clairette de Die AOC">Crémant de Die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_wine_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jura wine regions">Crémant du Jura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoux_wine" title="Limoux wine">Crémant de Limoux</a></li> <li>Crémant de Loire</li> <li>Crémant de Savoie<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There are also Crémant designations outside France: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mant_de_Luxembourg" title="Crémant de Luxembourg">Crémant de Luxembourg</a></li> <li>Crémant de Wallonie (Belgium)</li></ul> <p>French appellation laws dictate that a Crémant must be <a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">harvested</a> by hand with yields not exceeding a set amount for their <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">AOC</a>. The wines must also be aged for a minimum of one year. The <a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a> is France's largest producer of sparkling wines outside of the Champagne region. The majority of these Crémant de Loire are produced around the city of <a href="/wiki/Saumur" title="Saumur">Saumur</a> and are a blend of the <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_franc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabernet franc">Cabernet franc</a>. AOC laws do allow <a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A9e" title="Cuvée">cuvées</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Côt">Côt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineau_d%27aunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineau d'aunis">Pineau d'aunis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grolleau_(grape)" title="Grolleau (grape)">Grolleau</a> but those grapes are rarely used in a significant amount. In <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, AOC laws require that Crémant de Bourgogne be composed of at least thirty percent Pinot noir, Chardonnay, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot gris</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a> is often used to fill out the remaining parts of the blend.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_207,_267-268_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_207,_267-268-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Languedoc_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Languedoc wine">Languedoc wine</a> Crémant de Limoux is produced in the forty one villages around the village of Limoux in the south of France. The wine is composed primarily of the indigenous grape <a href="/wiki/Mauzac_(grape)" title="Mauzac (grape)">Mauzac</a> with some Chenin blanc and Chardonnay. The wine must spend a minimum of nine months <a href="/wiki/Aging_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging (wine)">aging</a> on its lees. The sparkling <a href="/wiki/Blanquette_de_Limoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanquette de Limoux">Blanquette de Limoux</a> is composed predominately of Mauzac and is aged for nine months.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_302_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_302-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted above, the designation Crémant was previously used for sparkling wines from the Champagne region which were produced with slightly less carbon dioxide and somewhat lower bottle pressure (typically 2–3 atmospheres instead of 5–6).<sup id="cite_ref-OCW_Cremant_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCW_Cremant-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These wines were rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de <a href="/wiki/Vouvray_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vouvray wine">Vouvray</a>, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthode champenoise</i></span> being forbidden within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> as a designation for the traditional method, the term Crémant was given its present definition. This meant that the use of "Crémant" in the Champagne region was discontinued and additional French Crémant AOCs were created from 1990, starting with Bordeaux and Limoux. </p><p>Since the designation Crémant is not reserved exclusively for French use (as a result of it replacing <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthode champenoise</i></span>), it may also be used by producers in other EU countries which fulfill the production criteria. Although such usage is rare, for example in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a>, Crémant de Luxembourg is a designation within the <i>Moselle Luxembourgeoise</i> appellation, rather than a separate appellation, but otherwise follows the same rules as French Crémant.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sula_Vineyards" title="Sula Vineyards">Sula Vineyards</a> produce "Sula Brut Crémant de Nashik" (up To 80% Chenin Blanc, the remainder Riesling and Viognier) and "Sula Brut Tropicale Crémant de Nashik" (60% Chenin Blanc, 40% Shiraz, Viognier) in India, which they differentiate from their "Méthode Classique" and "Méthode Traditionnelle" products.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_French_sparkling_wine">Other French sparkling wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other French sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blanquette_de_Limoux_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blanquette_de_Limoux_II.jpg/170px-Blanquette_de_Limoux_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blanquette_de_Limoux_II.jpg/255px-Blanquette_de_Limoux_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Blanquette_de_Limoux_II.jpg/340px-Blanquette_de_Limoux_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Blanquette de Limoux wine from the Languedoc region of France</figcaption></figure> <p>There are also some other French appellations for sparkling wines, which do not carry the name Crémant. Some of these are exclusively sparkling wine appellations, and some are appellations allowing both still and sparkling wine to be made. The term <i>Mousseux</i> is French for "sparkling" and can refer to a sparkling wine made using methods other than the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthode champenoise</i></span> such as the Charmat method,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_460_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_460-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <i>Crémant</i> can only be used for wines that have been made using the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthode champenoise</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_p_209_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_p_209-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sparkling-only are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anjou_mousseux_AOC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anjou mousseux AOC (page does not exist)">Anjou mousseux AOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquette_de_Limoux_AOC" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanquette de Limoux AOC">Blanquette de Limoux AOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquette_m%C3%A9thode_ancestrale_AOC" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanquette méthode ancestrale AOC">Blanquette méthode ancestrale AOC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourgogne_mousseux_AOC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bourgogne mousseux AOC (page does not exist)">Bourgogne mousseux AOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairette_de_Die_AOC" title="Clairette de Die AOC">Clairette de Die AOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saumur_mousseux_AOC" class="mw-redirect" title="Saumur mousseux AOC">Saumur mousseux AOC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Touraine_mousseux_AOC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Touraine mousseux AOC (page does not exist)">Touraine mousseux AOC</a></li></ul> <p>Either still or sparkling are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaillac_AOC" title="Gaillac AOC">Gaillac AOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-P%C3%A9ray_AOC" title="Saint-Péray AOC">Saint-Péray AOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vouvray_AOC" class="mw-redirect" title="Vouvray AOC">Vouvray AOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montlouis_AOC#Montlouis" class="mw-redirect" title="Montlouis AOC">Montlouis AOC</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_European_sparkling_wine">Other European sparkling wine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other European sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cava">Cava</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cava"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cava_(Spanish_wine)" title="Cava (Spanish wine)">Cava (Spanish wine)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semi_Seco_rosado_cava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Semi_Seco_rosado_cava.jpg/170px-Semi_Seco_rosado_cava.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Semi_Seco_rosado_cava.jpg/255px-Semi_Seco_rosado_cava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Semi_Seco_rosado_cava.jpg/340px-Semi_Seco_rosado_cava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <i>semi-seco</i> (semi-dry) rosado Cava</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Cava</b> is the name of a type of Spanish (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> but also in other regions such as <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rioja (Spain)">La Rioja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>) white or pink sparkling wine produced mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Alt_Pened%C3%A8s" title="Alt Penedès">Alto Penedés</a> in Catalonia, 40 km to the south west of Barcelona, with the <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_champenoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Méthode champenoise">méthode champenoise</a></i> but grape varieties different from grapes used in Champagne making. Cava is a Greek term that was used to refer to a "high end" table wine or wine cellar, and comes from the Latin word "cava" which means cave in English. Caves were used in the early days of Cava production for the preservation or aging of wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_143-144_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_143-144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today Cavas have become integrated with Catalan and also Spanish family traditions and is often consumed at any kind of celebrations (baptism, marriages, banquets, dinners and parties). The sparkling wine of Cava was created in 1872 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josep_Ravent%C3%B3s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josep Raventós (page does not exist)">Josep Raventós</a>. The vineyards of Penedés were devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a> plague, and the predominantly red vines were being replaced by large numbers of vines producing white grapes. After seeing the success of the Champagne region, Raventós decided to create the dry sparkling wine that has become the reason for the region's continued success. In the past the wine was referred to as <i>Spanish Champagne</i> (no longer permitted under EU law), or colloquially as <i>champaña</i> in Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_455-460_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_455-460-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cava is produced in varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">dryness of the wine</a> which are: brut nature, brut (extra dry), seco (dry), semiseco (medium) and dulce (sweet). Under Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Denominaci%C3%B3n_de_origen" title="Denominación de origen">denominación de origen</a></i> laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions and must be made according to the <i>Traditional Method</i> with second fermentation in the bottle and uses a selection of the grapes <a href="/wiki/Macabeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Macabeu">Macabeu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parellada" title="Parellada">Parellada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xarel%C2%B7lo" title="Xarel·lo">Xarel·lo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Subirat">Subirat</a>. Despite being a traditional Champagne grape, Chardonnay was not used in the production of Cava until the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_455-460_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_455-460-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_sparkling_wine"><span class="anchor" id="Espumante"></span><span class="anchor" id="Frizante"></span>Portuguese sparkling wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Portuguese sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espumante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espumante (page does not exist)">Espumante</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ɨʃpuˈmɐ̃tɨ]</a></span>) is the Portuguese version of a sparkling wine. Unlike Cava, which is produced solely in northern climates, Espumante is not only produced in the northern wet region of Vinho Verde, but also throughout Portugal all the way to the southern region of the Alentejo, known for its extreme temperatures and arid climate. </p><p>While Spain has one regulating body, DOC Cava, spread across several different political regions, quality Espumante is produced solely in DOC Bairrada, located just south of Vinho Verde. In order for a wine to be certified as a quality Espumante from DOC Bairrada, it must be made in the traditional champagne (indicating the year of harvest) and stamped with the VEQPRD (Vinho Espumante de Qualidade Produzido em Região Determinada) certification. </p><p>VFQPRD is a regional sparkling wine made in the traditional champagne, charmat or transfer method in one of the following determined regions: <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tejo_VR" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejo VR">Ribatejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rios_do_Minho_VR" class="mw-redirect" title="Rios do Minho VR">Minho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lisboa_VR" title="Lisboa VR">Estremadura</a>. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=VQPRD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VQPRD (page does not exist)">VQPRD</a> is a sparkling wine that can be made by injecting the wine with gas in the traditional champagne, charmat, transfer method anywhere in Portugal. </p><p>Espumoso is the cheapest and lowest level of sparkling wine, made by injecting the wine with CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>. </p><p>Top-quality Espumantes can be found in <a href="/wiki/Bairrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bairrada">Bairrada</a> region and in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1vora-Varosa_DOC" title="Távora-Varosa DOC">Távora-Varosa</a> sub region – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://murganheira.com/home/">Murganheira</a> is an example of high-quality Espumante from this region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_sparkling_wine"><span class="anchor" id="Spumante"></span><span class="anchor" id="Frizzante"></span>Italian sparkling wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italian sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Spumante" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Spumoni" title="Spumoni">Spumoni</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscato_d%27asti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Moscato_d%27asti.jpg/170px-Moscato_d%27asti.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Moscato_d%27asti.jpg/255px-Moscato_d%27asti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Moscato_d%27asti.jpg/340px-Moscato_d%27asti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A lightly sparkling Moscato d'Asti</figcaption></figure><p> According to etymological sources, the term <i>spumante</i> was not used in a wine context until 1908, more than 40 years following the first Italian sparkling wine using the <i>méthode champenoise</i> produced by Carlo Gancia which was then sold as "Moscato Champagne".<sup id="cite_ref-wofw-franc_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wofw-franc-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sparkling wines are made throughout Italy but the Italian sparkling wines most widely seen on the world market are the <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> from <a href="/wiki/Venetian_wine" title="Venetian wine">Veneto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciacorta_DOCG" title="Franciacorta DOCG">Franciacorta</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lombardia_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lombardia (wine)">Lombardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asti_wine" title="Asti wine">Asti</a> from <a href="/wiki/Piemonte_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piemonte (wine)">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lambrusco" title="Lambrusco">Lambrusco</a> from <a href="/wiki/Emilia_(region)" title="Emilia (region)">Emilia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Trento_DOC" title="Trento DOC">Trento DOC</a> is also famous. Though Franciacorta wines are made according to the traditional method, most Italian sparkling wines, in particular Asti and Prosecco, are made with the <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production#Charmat_method" title="Sparkling wine production">Charmat method</a>. </p><p>Asti is a slightly sweet wine made from the <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape)" title="Muscat (grape)">Moscato</a> grape in the province of <a href="/wiki/Asti" title="Asti">Asti</a>. The wine is noted for its low alcohol levels around 8% and fresh, grapey flavors. <a href="/wiki/Moscato_d%27Asti" title="Moscato d'Asti">Moscato d'Asti</a> is a <i>frizzante</i> style slightly sparkling version of Asti;<sup id="cite_ref-Dummies_pp_61-62_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dummies_pp_61-62-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is sweeter and contains even less alcohol, typically around 5.5%. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_prosecco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Italian_prosecco.jpg/170px-Italian_prosecco.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Italian_prosecco.jpg/255px-Italian_prosecco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Italian_prosecco.jpg/340px-Italian_prosecco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> sparkling wine from Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The Franciacorta region, located northwest of <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, is home to the largest segment of Italian sparkling wine production. Made predominately from Chardonnay and <a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot bianco</a>, sparkling wine labeled under the Franciacorta DOCG is permitted to include no more than 15% Pinot nero. Both vintage and non-vintage Franciacorta sparkling wines are made which require 30 and 18 months, respectively, of aging on the lees.<sup id="cite_ref-wofw-franc_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wofw-franc-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dummies_pp_95-98_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dummies_pp_95-98-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Franciacorta Satèn, a <i>Blanc de blancs</i>, is produced with the reduced 4.5 <a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">atmospheres</a> of pressure instead of 6 for an expression of softness.<sup id="cite_ref-wofw-franc_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wofw-franc-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trento DOC is an appellation for white and rosé sparkling wines made according to the méthode traditionnelle. Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Pinot blanc and Pinot Meunier grapes are used. There is a maximum vine yield of 150 q.l. per hectare for all varietals, and a maximum grape yield of 70%. The wines must rest for a minimum of 15 months on their lees for non-vintage, 24 months for vintage, and 36 for riserva. Minimum alcohol content must be of 11.5%, or 12% for riserva. Trento DOC wines are distinguished by their straw-yellow color. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> is made in both fully sparkling (<i>spumante</i>) and lightly sparkling (<i>frizzante</i>) styles. The wine is produced in the cool hills around the town of <a href="/wiki/Valdobbiadene" title="Valdobbiadene">Valdobbiadene</a> and are generally dry but sweeter examples are produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Dummies_pp_129-130_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dummies_pp_129-130-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>v.f.q.p.r.d.</b> (Vini frizzanti di qualità prodotti in regioni determinate): <a href="/wiki/Quality_wines_produced_in_specified_regions" title="Quality wines produced in specified regions">quality <i>vini frizzanti</i> made within defined regions</a> are generally labeled as such. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sekt">Sekt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sekt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Sekt</b> is a German term for some sparkling wine. The majority of Sekt produced (around 95%) is made by the Charmat method with the remaining premium Sekt being made according to the <i>méthode traditionnelle</i>. Cheap sparkling wine made with CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> injection must not be called Sekt, but rather <i>Schaumwein</i> (German for sparkling wine, literally "foam wine"), while semi-sparkling wine is called <i>Perlwein</i>. According to CJEU (Court of Justice of the European Union) regulation, Sekt and the Term „Qualitätsschaumwein“ (German for quality sparkling wine) are the same. Quality sparkling wine is defined by means of precise specifications, including at least 10 per cent alcohol content and 3 bars (44 psi) pressure in the bottle, among other things. For quality sparkling wines PSR (produced in specified regions), additional geographical regions (storage sparkling wine) and vintage specifications (vintage sparkling wine) are permitted. Around 90 percent of Sekt is made at least partially from imported wines from <a href="/wiki/Italy_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (wine)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain (wine)">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="France (wine)">France</a>. Sekt labeled as <i>Deutscher Sekt</i> is made exclusively from German grapes, and <i>Sekt b.A.</i> (<i>bestimmter Anbaugebiete</i>, in parallel to <i><a href="/wiki/QbA" class="mw-redirect" title="QbA">Qualitätswein b.A.</a></i>) only from grapes from one of the 13 quality wine regions in Germany. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurzzeitfotografie_sektkorken_06-19-s02_2017-09-03_01_hinnerk-ruemenapf_exif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kurzzeitfotografie_sektkorken_06-19-s02_2017-09-03_01_hinnerk-ruemenapf_exif.jpg/170px-Kurzzeitfotografie_sektkorken_06-19-s02_2017-09-03_01_hinnerk-ruemenapf_exif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kurzzeitfotografie_sektkorken_06-19-s02_2017-09-03_01_hinnerk-ruemenapf_exif.jpg/255px-Kurzzeitfotografie_sektkorken_06-19-s02_2017-09-03_01_hinnerk-ruemenapf_exif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kurzzeitfotografie_sektkorken_06-19-s02_2017-09-03_01_hinnerk-ruemenapf_exif.jpg/340px-Kurzzeitfotografie_sektkorken_06-19-s02_2017-09-03_01_hinnerk-ruemenapf_exif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2653" data-file-height="4053" /></a><figcaption>Opening a bottle of <i>Sekt</i> (<a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">high-speed photography</a>). The sudden drop of pressure causes a huge drop of temperature. The mositure in the air freezes, creating a smoke of tiny ice crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the premium wines are often made using the <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot gris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> grapes, with much of it drunk locally rather than exported. These Sekts are usually vintage dated with the village and vineyards that the grapes are from.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_528-529,_583_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_528-529,_583-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Premium Sekt b.A. produced in smaller lots is often referred to as <i>Winzersekt</i> (winegrower's Sekt), since it is typically produced by a producer which has vineyards of his own, rather than by the large Sekt-producing companies (<i>Sektkellereien</i>) which buy grapes or base wine on a large scale for their production. In Austria, the corresponding term is <i>Hauersekt</i>. </p><p>German production of sparkling wines dates back to 1826, when G. C. Kessler & Co. was founded in <a href="/wiki/Esslingen_am_Neckar" title="Esslingen am Neckar">Esslingen am Neckar</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Christian_Kessler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Christian Kessler (page does not exist)">Georg Christian Kessler</a> (1787–1842), who had previously worked at the Champagne house <a href="/wiki/Veuve_Clicquot" title="Veuve Clicquot">Veuve Clicquot</a> from 1807 to 1826. The names used by the German producers for their sparkling wines in the 19th century were "Mousseux", "Sect" or "Champagne" (or <i>Champagner</i>), although "Sekt" already appears as a term and spelling in 1805 (see <a href="/wiki/Weltsekttag" title="Weltsekttag">Weltsekttag</a>) and from the late 18th century onwards begins to appear in technical manuals published for the use of wine merchants, vintners and <a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">oenophiles</a> in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Schedel_p_306_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schedel_p_306-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> forbade Germany the use of this name, long before European Union regulations prohibited its use outside the Champagne region. Sekt was initially an informal German name for sparkling wine, coined in Berlin 1825, but was in common use by the 1890s. Germany long attempted to have the name Sekt reserved for sparkling wine from countries with German as an official language, but these regulations were annulled by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> in 1975. Another legal decision in the 1970s abolished the large producers' monopoly on Sekt production, allowing <a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">winemaking cooperatives</a> and individual winegrowers to produce and sell their own sparkling wines. Together, these two decision produced the situation of the name Sekt being possible to apply to sparkling wines of varying quality level. </p><p>Sekt typically comes with a <i><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">muselet</a></i> (safety cage) to hold the cork in place despite its considerable CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> pressure. It also comes with a <i>Schaumwein</i> tax, which since 2005 has been €136 per hectolitre (€5.15/US gal; €6.18/imp gal), corresponding to €1.02 per 0.75-litre (25 US fl oz) bottle.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tax was famously introduced by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Emperor Wilhelm II</a> in 1902 to fund the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserliche Marine">Imperial Navy</a>. </p><p>Germans also call some similar foreign wines <i>Sekt</i>, like <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krimsekt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krimsekt (page does not exist)">Krimsekt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimsekt" class="extiw" title="de:Krimsekt">de</a>]</span></i> (often red) from <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. </p><p>In Austria, Sekt is often made in the <i>méthode champenoise</i> with the <a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a> grapes giving the wine a golden hue color. Sparkling <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> are made from the <a href="/wiki/Blaufr%C3%A4nkisch" title="Blaufränkisch">Blaufränkisch</a> grape.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_528-529,_583_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_528-529,_583-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria's history of producing sparkling wine dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian empire">Austro-Hungarian empire</a>. Most Austrian Sekt producers are based in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and source their grapes from the <a href="/wiki/Weinviertel" title="Weinviertel">Weinviertel</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>. Like its German counterpart, Austrian Sekt can be made <a href="/wiki/Trocken" title="Trocken">trocken</a> (dry) or <a href="/wiki/Halbtrocken" class="mw-redirect" title="Halbtrocken">halbtrocken</a> (medium dry).<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_p_620_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_p_620-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Austrian producer of sparkling wine was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Alwin_Schlumberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Alwin Schlumberger">Robert Alwin Schlumberger</a>, who presented his first sparkling wine in 1846 under the name <i>Vöslauer weißer Schaumwein</i> (White sparkling wine of Vöslau). It was produced from <a href="/wiki/Blauer_Portugieser" title="Blauer Portugieser">Blauer Portugieser</a> grapes growing in vineyards in <a href="/wiki/Bad_V%C3%B6slau" title="Bad Vöslau">Bad Vöslau</a> which Schlumberger bought in 1843, and the sparkling wine was an immediate success. <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>-born Schlumberger had worked in the Champagne house <a href="/wiki/Ruinart_(champagne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruinart (champagne)">Ruinart</a> before he moved to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first facility to produce Sekt following the original French recipe was founded in 1825 in <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>) by Johann Fischer and Michael Schönbauer, both local burghers. The company, later renamed <i>Hubert J.E.</i> after J.E. Hubert of the Hubert family, which bought the company from Johann Fischer in 1877, continues to produce sekt until today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pezsgő"><span id="Pezsg.C5.91"></span>Pezsgő</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pezsgő"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian (wine)">Hungarian</a> equivalent for sparkling wine is <b><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">pezsgő</i></span></b>. The beginning of significant sparkling wine production in Hungary is dated back to the first half of the 19th century. The first wineries of sparkling wine were founded near <a href="/wiki/Pozsony" class="mw-redirect" title="Pozsony">Pozsony</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia) by Johann Fischer and Dr. Michael Schönbauer in 1825 (the first in Central-Europe) and Esch és Társa in 1835. A couple of decades later the main producers moved to the <a href="/wiki/Buda_Hills" title="Buda Hills">Buda Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budafok" title="Budafok">Budafok</a> nearby the capital creating a new center of production, the so-called "Hungarian Champagne" still existing nowadays. At the end of the 19th century the two most important wineries were <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6rley" title="Törley">József Törley és Társa</a> moving from <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, France to Budafok in 1882 and Louis és César-François founded in 1886. After the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Soviet era</a> the Hungarian wine sector was reborn. New and old wineries are seeking for the forgotten roots. Most of the Hungarian sparkling wines are made by the charmat and transvasée methods and a small but steadily growing amount by the traditional, <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">champagneois</i></span> method. The sorts of grape used during production can be international like Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Riesling, <a href="/wiki/Muscat_Ottonel" title="Muscat Ottonel">Muscat Ottonel</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscat_Lunel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muscat Lunel (page does not exist)">Muscat Lunel</a> or natives like <a href="/wiki/Olaszrizling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaszrizling">Olaszrizling</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9kfrankos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kékfrankos">Kékfrankos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furmint" title="Furmint">Furmint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kir%C3%A1lyle%C3%A1nyka" class="mw-redirect" title="Királyleányka">Királyleányka</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1rslevel%C5%B1" title="Hárslevelű">Hárslevelű</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9knyel%C5%B1" title="Kéknyelű">Kéknyelű</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juhfark" title="Juhfark">Juhfark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovetskoye_Shampanskoye">Sovetskoye Shampanskoye</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sovetskoye Shampanskoye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sovetskoye_Shampanskoye" title="Sovetskoye Shampanskoye">Sovetskoye Shampanskoye</a></div> <p>In the Soviet Union, sparkling wine was produced under the name Soviet Champagne, or <a href="/wiki/Sovetskoye_Shampanskoye" title="Sovetskoye Shampanskoye">Sovetskoye Shampanskoye</a>. Most of this variety is sweet. This designation continued to be used for sparkling wine produced in several countries formerly part of the Soviet Union, including <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, Russia and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Most likely, the name has stuck since Sovetskoye Shampanskoye was one of the few products or brands of the Soviet era which were seen as luxurious.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Often the names have been altered to fit the exact country, e.g. Georgian Champagne. Nowadays, it is more common to encounter Sovetskoye Shampanskoye produced in a dry or semi-dry style. The products have some international popularity, thus Russian made dry and semi-dry versions can be found in the European markets and Moldovan made semi-sweet version from <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape)" title="Muscat (grape)">Muscat grapes</a> has been regularly available in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanian_sparkling_wine">Romanian sparkling wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Romanian sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sparkling_wine" title="Special:EditPage/Sparkling wine">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Romania, sparkling wine is mostly made in <a href="/wiki/Panciu" title="Panciu">Panciu</a>. The same traditional method is used in <a href="/wiki/Azuga" title="Azuga">Azuga</a>, where the mountain climate is perfect for the second fermentation of white and rose sparkling wines in passively cooled above-ground cellars. Grapes used (obviously not grown in this climate) are <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> and a mix of <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> and a Romanian variety called <a href="/wiki/Feteasc%C4%83_Regal%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetească Regală">Fetească Regală</a>. Rhein Azuga Cellars, now owned by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dar1892.com/">Domeniile Alexandrion Rhein 1892</a>, was established in 1892 and still uses the same methods and even tools from that era. In 2006, they have become once again official supplier to the <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen of Romania">Royal House of Romania</a>, after having this honor between 1920 and 1947. Their Rhein Extra, still produced in the same building, was served at the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">King Ferdinand I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a> in October 1922. Another well known producer of sparkling wine is Carastelec; their brand is called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carastelecwinery.com/en/carassia-en">Carassia</a>, they use traditional method and they make Blanc de Blanc Classic Brut, Rose Classic Brut (from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir & Meunier), a Classic Brut (from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir & Meunier) and Carassia Vintage 773 Brut. All their sparkling wines received numerous medals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_sparkling_wine">English sparkling wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: English sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_sparkling_wine" title="English sparkling wine">English sparkling wine</a></div> <p>Commercial production of bottle fermented sparkling wines from grapes grown in England started in the 1960s, although there has been a longer history of sparkling wines made in the UK from imported grapes. In the 1980s, some English winemakers started to grow the grape varieties as used in Champagne – Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier – and in the ensuing decades availability of English sparkling wines made from these varieties increased. Today, there are over 100 vineyards in England producing sparkling wines with Nyetimber, Ridgeview and Chapel Down being some of the largest producers.<sup id="cite_ref-UKVA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKVA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Chardonnay and Pinot noir were the two most commonly planted grape varieties in English vineyards. Along with Pinot Meunier, the three varieties combined accounted for around 40% of vines planted, which appears to reflect a significant growth in interest in English sparkling wines. Other varietals used are <a href="/wiki/Auxerrois_blanc" title="Auxerrois blanc">Auxerrois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seyval_blanc" title="Seyval blanc">Seyval blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichensteiner" title="Reichensteiner">Reichensteiner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bacchus_(grape)" title="Bacchus (grape)">Bacchus</a>. To put that in context, the current yield for all types of English wine averages to around 2 million bottles annually.<sup id="cite_ref-FSA--stats_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSA--stats-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukrainian_sparkling_wine">Ukrainian sparkling wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ukrainian sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ukraine, sparkling wine (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">ігристе вино</span>, <span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">ihryste vyno</i></span>) is mostly being produced in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">south</a> of the country, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, Prychornomoria and <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. Those regions are located around the <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_north" title="46th parallel north">46th parallel north</a>, just as Champagne in France, which allows the production of the highest quality wine. <a href="/wiki/Transcarpathian_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcarpathian Oblast">Transcarpathia</a> is also an important wine-making region in Ukraine. The varietal diversity of grapes in Ukraine is represented by the international and autochthonous varieties. The most renowned autochthonous variety is Telti Kuruk, cultivated on the <a href="/wiki/Shabo,_Odessa_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabo, Odessa Oblast">Shabo</a> terroir. The most widely planted selected variety is Odeskyi Chornyi (Alibernet) and Sukholymanskyi Bilyi, while Saperavi, Aligote, Rkatsiteli, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Riesling are the most popular international varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most popular Ukrainian sparkling wine manufacturers is Artwinery, which is the largest manufacturer in Eastern Europe of sparkling wines created according to the traditional (Champenoise) method. Another famous Ukrainian winery, Shabo, has a sparkling wine house near its terroir that covers a total area of 1.4 hectares and ensures quality at all stages of production.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_World_sparkling_wine">New World sparkling wine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New World sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_sparkling_wine">American sparkling wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: American sparkling wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sparkling wines produced in the United States can be made in both the méthode traditionnelle and the charmat method. Lower cost sparkling wines, such as <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="André (wine)">André</a>, often employ the latter method with more premium sparkling wines utilizing the former. The history of producing quality sparkling wine in California can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian River Valley">Russian River Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoma County">Sonoma County</a> where, in 1892, the <a href="/wiki/Korbel_Champagne_Cellars" title="Korbel Champagne Cellars">Korbel brothers</a> (emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> in 1852) began producing sparkling wine according to the méthode champenoise. The first wines produced were made from Riesling, <a href="/wiki/Muscatel" title="Muscatel">Muscatel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Traminer">Traminer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chasselas" title="Chasselas">Chasselas</a> grapes. Partly aided by foreign influence,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2015)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> the overall quality of Californian sparkling wine increased<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2015)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> with the introduction of the more traditional sparkling wine grapes of Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Pinot Meunier and Pinot blanc into production. US <a href="/wiki/American_Viticultural_Area" title="American Viticultural Area">AVA</a> requirements and wine laws do not regulate sugar levels and <a href="/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine" title="Sweetness of wine">sweetness of wine</a> though most producers tend to follow European standards with Brut wine having less than 1.5% sugar up to Doux having more than 5%. As the sparkling wine industry in California grew, foreign investments from some of the Champagne region's most noted <a href="/wiki/List_of_champagne_producers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of champagne producers">champagne houses</a> came to set up wineries in the area. These include <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_et_Chandon" class="mw-redirect" title="Moët et Chandon">Moët et Chandon</a>'s Domaine Chandon, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Roederer" title="Louis Roederer">Louis Roederer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Roederer_Estate" title="Roederer Estate">Roederer Estate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taittinger" title="Taittinger">Taittinger</a>'s Domaine Carneros.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_652-655_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_652-655-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many top American sparkling wine producers utilize the traditional methods of production, there are distinct differences in their <a href="/wiki/Wine_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine making">wine making</a> techniques that have a considerable effect on the taste of the wines. In Champagne, the <a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A9e" title="Cuvée">cuvée</a> blend will rarely have less than 30 wines and sometimes as many as 60 that are taken from grapes spanning 4–6 years of different <a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintages</a>. In California, cuvees are typically derived from around 20 wines taken from 1 to 2 years worth of vintages. Champagne laws require that the wine spend a minimum of 15 months on the <a href="/wiki/Lees_(fermentation)" title="Lees (fermentation)">lees</a> for non-vintage and minimum 3 years for vintage Champagne. It is not uncommon for a premium Champagne to age for 7 years or more prior to release. In the US, there are no minimum requirements, and aging length can vary from 8 months to 6 years. Another distinct difference for Californian sparkling wines is the favorable Californian climate which allows a vintage wine to be produced nearly every year.<sup id="cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_652-655_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacNeil_pp_652-655-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Current US regulations ban the use of the term "champagne" on any wines not produced in Champagne except if the label was in use before 2006. No new labels including the term "champagne" will be approved by the US Government for wines produced outside of the Champagne region of France after 2006. Those "grandfathered labels" can only use the term on a wine label if there appears next to that name the appellation of "the actual place of origin".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growth of the <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a> wine industry in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York (state)</a> and the success of <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> wines from the region has resulted in an increasing number of producers making <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthode champenoise</i></span> sparkling wines from primarily or 100% Riesling.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a> producers such as Glenora and Casa Larga are also producing <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthode champenoise</i></span> sparkling wine from other grapes such as the traditional Chardonnay and Pinot noir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada's sparkling wine producers are found in Southern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, where growing conditions mirror that of <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In particular, Ontario's appellations are emerging as strong producers of dry sparkling wines as their cooler climate conditions are very conducive to producing excellent, flavourful and not-too-ripe grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-VQA_Ontario_Wines_–_Overview_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VQA_Ontario_Wines_–_Overview-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While traditionally aimed at the domestic market, Canadian sparkling wines have recently gained prominence internationally. In 2011, L'Acadie Vineyards won a silver medal at an international competition for sparkling wines in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and in 2012, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Bridge">Benjamin Bridge</a> winery's 2004 Brut Reserve placed higher than a <a href="/wiki/Louis_Roederer" title="Louis Roederer">Louis Roederer</a> 2004 <a href="/wiki/Cristal_(wine)" title="Cristal (wine)">Cristal (wine)</a> champagne at a blind tasting held with noted critics, bringing attention to the country's wine industry.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ontario, wineries recognized for their sparkling wines include <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Pelham_Winery" title="Henry of Pelham Winery">Henry of Pelham Winery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackson-Triggs" title="Jackson-Triggs">Jackson-Triggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inniskillin" title="Inniskillin">Inniskillin</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a>, is the largest wine growing region in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Approximately 26 of the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula_wineries" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara Peninsula wineries">Niagara Peninsula wineries</a> produce some sparkling wine, where annual production averages about 55,000 cases (500,000 litres).<sup id="cite_ref-Sparkling_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparkling-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sparkling wine is largely produced in the Traditional Method (65%), and a smaller proportion is produced in the <a href="/wiki/Charmat" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmat">Charmat</a> method (35%).<sup id="cite_ref-Sparkling_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparkling-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Niagara Peninsula region's micro-climate is well suited for the growth of <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidal_Blanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidal Blanc">Vidal Blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinot Noir">Pinot Noir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a> grapes, which are the prominent varietals for Ontario sparkling wine.<sup id="cite_ref-Sparkling_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparkling-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontario sparkling wines are often noted for having a character and aroma comparable to that of traditional <a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne</a>, including biscuit, subtle yeast and palate cleansing bubbles.<sup id="cite_ref-VQA_Ontario_Wines_–_Overview_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VQA_Ontario_Wines_–_Overview-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An emerging sparkling wine-focused region in Ontario is <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Ontario" title="Prince Edward County, Ontario">Prince Edward County, Ontario</a>. The county is noted for its <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward County Wine">Prince Edward County Wine</a> and is the fourth and newest Designated Viticultural Area (DVA) in the Province. Like the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</a>, Prince Edward County's <a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a> and micro-climate are well suited for cool climate grapes where wineries, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hinterland_Wine_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Hinterland Wine Company (page does not exist)">The Hinterland Wine Company</a>, specialize in the production of sparkling wines.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sparkling icewine in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> was first crafted by Canadian wine writer Konrad Ejbich in his home cellar in Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unique to Ontario and generally referred to as Icewine Dosage, this sparkling wine is produced by topping a Traditional Method dry sparkling wine with a <a href="/wiki/Dose_(biochemistry)" title="Dose (biochemistry)">dosage</a> of Icewine, which is slightly off-dry with a hint of Icewine.<sup id="cite_ref-VQA_Ontario_Wines_–_Overview_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VQA_Ontario_Wines_–_Overview-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_Chandon_sparkling_wines_and_still_pinot_noir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Australia_Chandon_sparkling_wines_and_still_pinot_noir.JPG/220px-Australia_Chandon_sparkling_wines_and_still_pinot_noir.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Australia_Chandon_sparkling_wines_and_still_pinot_noir.JPG/330px-Australia_Chandon_sparkling_wines_and_still_pinot_noir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Australia_Chandon_sparkling_wines_and_still_pinot_noir.JPG/440px-Australia_Chandon_sparkling_wines_and_still_pinot_noir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Australian sparkling wines from Domaine Chandon in the <a href="/wiki/Yarra_Valley_(wine)" title="Yarra Valley (wine)">Yarra Valley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Australian sparkling wine production has come a long way in a very short period of time, according to Wine Australia's 2014–2015 annual report<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with several notable French Champagne houses investing in production. </p><p>Tasmania is a centre of Australian sparkling wine production. Wine commentator James Halliday states "the clear majority of the best sparkling wines are now solely sourced from Tasmania",<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tyson Stelzer says "Tasmania confidently holds its place as Australia's sparkling capital"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with both the traditional grape varieties and method of secondary fermentation being employed. </p><p>Whilst most sparkling wine is produced from Chardonnay, Pinot noir and possibly Pinot Meuniere, an Australian speciality is <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_Shiraz" title="Sparkling Shiraz">sparkling Shiraz</a>, a red sparkling wine produced from <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz (grape)">Shiraz</a> grapes. Most sparkling Shiraz is traditionally somewhat sweet, but some producers make it dry, full-bodied and tannic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chile produces around 12 million bottles of sparkling wine per year of which only around 1.6 million bottles are exported to overseas markets.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although sparkling wines have been made since 1879, they have not yet established a significant place in Chile's wine portfolio.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp_163-167_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp_163-167-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Pais_(grape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pais (grape)">Pais</a> grape variety has been creatively employed on its own or in blends, to make modern wines that have received favorable reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rise in consumer demand and an ever-broadening selection of cool climate grapes has led to an increase in fresh and delightful sparkling wines ranging from bone dry extra brut to off-dry demi-secs, from blanc de blanc to blanc de noir to sparkling rosé. Valdivieso produce 60% of all sparkling wine in Chile. Most is inexpensive tank method fizz, but 20% is very good quality Champagne method from Pinot and Chardonnay. There is also a product made from a blend of sparkling Pinot wine and fresh handpicked strawberry pulp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Méthode Cap Classique or MCC is any sparkling wine made by the classic method of undergoing second fermentation in the bottle. There are quality standards that all producers adhere to voluntarily, apart from the minimum time on the lees (nine months) and the bars of pressure, which are mandatory in order to use MCC on the label.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Champagne varieties such as <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a> are mostly used for MCC production, however the use of other varieties are becoming increasingly popular and local MCC labels are seen with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sparkling wine is also made according to the <a href="/wiki/Charmat" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmat">Charmat</a> method and red sparkling <a href="/wiki/Pinotage" title="Pinotage">Pinotage</a> can also be found.<sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby_pp_442-448_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby_pp_442-448-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methode Cap Classique tends to be very fruity due to the high temperatures of the South African Wine lands. The quality of MCC in South Africa can be compared to the wines produced in Champagne.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pp_656-660-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_656-660_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed) <i>"The Oxford Companion to Wine"</i> Third Edition pp 656–660, Oxford University Press 2006 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson_pp_169-178-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp_169-178_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Stevenson, ed. <i>The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia (4th Edition)</i> pp 169–178, Dorling Kindersley 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-3740-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7513-3740-4">0-7513-3740-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kladstrup_p_25-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kladstrup_p_25_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. & P. Kladstrup <i>Champagne</i> p. 25, Harper Collins Publisher <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-073792-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-073792-1">0-06-073792-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kladstrup_pp_46–47-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kladstrup_pp_46–47_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. & P. Kladstrup <i>Champagne</i> pp 46–47, Harper Collins Publisher <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-073792-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-073792-1">0-06-073792-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S Clarke <i>1000 Years of Annoying the French</i> p. 179, Bantam Press 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593062722" title="Special:BookSources/9780593062722">9780593062722</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pp_272-273-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_272-273_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_272-273_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed.) <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i> (third ed.), pp. 272–273. Oxford University Press 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacNeil_pp_790-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacNeil_pp_790_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. MacNeil (2001). <i>The Wine Bible</i>, p. 790. Workman Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5">1-56305-434-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-winefolly/sparkling-made-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winefolly/sparkling-made_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winefolly.com/deep-dive/how-sparkling-wine-is-made/">"How Sparkling Wine is Made"</a>. <i>Wine Folly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_p_209-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_p_209_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed.). <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i> (3rd ed.), p. 209. 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MacNeil <i>The Wine Bible</i> pp 455–460 Workman Publishing 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56305-434-5">1-56305-434-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wofw-franc-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wofw-franc_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wofw-franc_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wofw-franc_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2008" class="citation web cs1">Stevenson, Tom, <i>The World of Fine Wine</i> (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713102047/http://www.jeremyparzen.com/publications/franciacorta.pdf">"Savor: Franciacorta de Meglio in Meglio"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governor%27s+Cup+goes+to+Swedish+Hill+Riesling+Cuvee+%E2%80%93+Penn+Yan%2C+NY+%E2%80%93+Penn+Yan+Chronicle-Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle-express.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fx279156168%2FGovernors-Cup-goes-to-Swedish-Hill-Riesling-Cuvee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VQA_Ontario_Wines_–_Overview-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VQA_Ontario_Wines_–_Overview_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VQA_Ontario_Wines_–_Overview_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VQA_Ontario_Wines_–_Overview_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqaontario.ca/Wines">"VQA Ontario Wines – Overview"</a>. <i>vqaontario.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vqaontario.ca&rft.atitle=VQA+Ontario+Wines+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqaontario.ca%2FWines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/society/life/canadas-bubbly-personality">"Canada's bubbly personality"</a>. <i>macleans.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=macleans.ca&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+bubbly+personality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fsociety%2Flife%2Fcanadas-bubbly-personality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparkling-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sparkling_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparkling_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparkling_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winecountryontario.ca/media-centre/sparkling">"Sparkling"</a>. <i>winecountryontario.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=winecountryontario.ca&rft.atitle=Sparkling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwinecountryontario.ca%2Fmedia-centre%2Fsparkling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinterlandwine.com/pages/about-us">"Hinterland Wine Company, About Us"</a>. <i>hinterlandwine.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hinterlandwine.com&rft.atitle=Hinterland+Wine+Company%2C+About+Us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinterlandwine.com%2Fpages%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sommelierscribbler.wordpress.com/2012/03/13/sparkling-icewine-uniquely-canadian/">"Sparkling Icewine – Uniquely Canadian"</a>. 14 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sparkling+Icewine+%E2%80%93+Uniquely+Canadian&rft.date=2012-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsommelierscribbler.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F03%2F13%2Fsparkling-icewine-uniquely-canadian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043152/https://www.winecompanion.com.au/wines/best-of-sparkling-2016">"Best of sparkling 2016 | Australian Wine Companion"</a>. <i>winecompanion.com.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winecompanion.com.au/wines/best-of-sparkling-2016">the original</a> on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=winecompanion.com.au&rft.atitle=Best+of+sparkling+2016+%26%23124%3B+Australian+Wine+Companion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winecompanion.com.au%2Fwines%2Fbest-of-sparkling-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tysonstelzer.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Australian-Sparkling-Report-2017-1.pdf">"Australian report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tysonstelzer.com</i>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tysonstelzer.com&rft.atitle=Australian+report&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tysonstelzer.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F11%2FAustralian-Sparkling-Report-2017-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data provided by Vielle internationale des techniques effervescents. (www.veille.viteff.com) Accessed 31 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pp_163-167-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp_163-167_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robinson (ed.) <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i> (3rd ed.), pp. 163–167. Oxford University Press, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6">0-19-860990-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tapia P (2011), Descorchados, Santiago, Planeta.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wosa.co.za/The-Industry/Varieties-and-Styles/Wine-Styles/">"Wine styles"</a>. Wosa.co.za<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wine+styles&rft.pub=Wosa.co.za&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wosa.co.za%2FThe-Industry%2FVarieties-and-Styles%2FWine-Styles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vinlab.com/mcc-part-1-viticulture/">"Méthode Cap Classique, Part 1: Viticulture – Vinlab"</a>. 11 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9thode+Cap+Classique%2C+Part+1%3A+Viticulture+%E2%80%93+Vinlab&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvinlab.com%2Fmcc-part-1-viticulture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sotheby_pp_442-448-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby_pp_442-448_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Stevenson (2005). <i>The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia</i>, pp. 442–448. Dorling Kindersley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8">0-7566-1324-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stellenrust.co.za/News.aspx?NEWSID=27156&CLIENTID=5088">"South Africa's Stellenrust Clement de Lure MCC wins World Sparkling Wine Challenge"</a>. <i>Stellenrust Wine Estate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stellenrust+Wine+Estate&rft.atitle=South+Africa%27s+Stellenrust+Clement+de+Lure+MCC+wins+World+Sparkling+Wine+Challenge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stellenrust.co.za%2FNews.aspx%3FNEWSID%3D27156%26CLIENTID%3D5088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASparkling+wine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparkling_wine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span 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