CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-GB"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta http-equiv="Referrer-Policy" content="origin, strict-origin-when-cross-origin"> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://physicsworld.com/xmlrpc.php"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://use.typekit.net" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn-cookieyes.com/client_data/32a66075cd31d8fea8d5fadf/script.js" as="script" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com" crossorigin /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.ampproject.org" crossorigin /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://in.hotjar.com" crossorigin /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" >  <script src="//use.typekit.net/mfv1unu.js"></script> <script>try{Typekit.load({ async: true, active: function() { jQuery('body').addClass('typekit'); } });}catch(e){}</script>  <link href="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/static/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TQRT9K38');</script>  <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Mathematics and computation Archives – Physics World</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/why-ai-is-a-force-for-good-in-science-communication/" /> <link rel="next" href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/page/2/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Mathematics and computation Archives – Physics World" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Physics World" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@PhysicsWorld" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/","url":"https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/","name":"Mathematics and computation Archives – Physics World","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://physicsworld.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10.jpg","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/#primaryimage","url":"https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10.jpg","contentUrl":"https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10.jpg","width":1200,"height":818,"caption":"Fact and fiction AI is increasingly being used to generate information we consume, creating fears that scientific misinformation is on the rise. However, for science communicators who embrace AI, this new technology also has many advantages. (Courtesy: iStock/smartboy10)"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://physicsworld.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Mathematics and computation"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://physicsworld.com/#website","url":"https://physicsworld.com/","name":"Physics World","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://physicsworld.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"}]}</script>  <meta name="oas:category" content="mathematics-computation" /> <meta name="oas:article-topic" content="mathematics-computation" /><link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//players.brightcove.net' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://physicsworld.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <style id='powerpress-player-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='nine3-style-css' href='https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/dist/css/main.d85b8b6e29494c1a81f4c002bb8e1b11.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='brightcove-pip-css-css' href='https://players.brightcove.net/videojs-pip/1/videojs-pip.css?ver=2.8.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='brightcove-playlist-css' href='https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/brightcove-video-connect/assets/css/brightcove_playlist.min.css?ver=2.8.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script id="real3d-flipbook-forntend-js-extra"> var rootFolder = ["https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/real3d-flipbook\/"]; </script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/real3d-flipbook/js/frontend.js?ver=3.61" id="real3d-flipbook-forntend-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://physicsworld.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://physicsworld.com/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/165" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://physicsworld.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <script id="dzsap-main-settings" type="application/json">{"dzsap_site_url":"https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/","pluginurl":"https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/dzs-zoomsounds\/audioplayer\/","dzsap_curr_user":0,"version":"6.50","ajax_url":"https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","action_received_time_total":"send_total_time"}</script> <script type="text/javascript"> </script>  <meta name="onesignal" content="wordpress-plugin"/> <script> window.OneSignal = window.OneSignal || []; OneSignal.push( function() { OneSignal.SERVICE_WORKER_UPDATER_PATH = "OneSignalSDKUpdaterWorker.js.php"; OneSignal.SERVICE_WORKER_PATH = "OneSignalSDKWorker.js.php"; OneSignal.SERVICE_WORKER_PARAM = { scope: "/" }; OneSignal.setDefaultNotificationUrl("https://physicsworld.com"); var oneSignal_options = {}; window._oneSignalInitOptions = oneSignal_options; oneSignal_options['wordpress'] = true; oneSignal_options['appId'] = '7322d010-59eb-4b97-8b58-47d4ecec27f1'; oneSignal_options['allowLocalhostAsSecureOrigin'] = true; oneSignal_options['welcomeNotification'] = { }; oneSignal_options['welcomeNotification']['title'] = "Physics World"; oneSignal_options['welcomeNotification']['message'] = ""; oneSignal_options['path'] = "https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/onesignal-free-web-push-notifications/sdk_files/"; oneSignal_options['promptOptions'] = { }; oneSignal_options['notifyButton'] = { }; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['enable'] = true; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['position'] = 'bottom-right'; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['theme'] = 'default'; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['size'] = 'medium'; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['showCredit'] = true; oneSignal_options['notifyButton']['text'] = {}; OneSignal.init(window._oneSignalInitOptions); OneSignal.showSlidedownPrompt(); }); function documentInitOneSignal() { var oneSignal_elements = document.getElementsByClassName("OneSignal-prompt"); var oneSignalLinkClickHandler = function(event) { OneSignal.push(['registerForPushNotifications']); event.preventDefault(); }; for(var i = 0; i < oneSignal_elements.length; i++) oneSignal_elements[i].addEventListener('click', oneSignalLinkClickHandler, false); } if (document.readyState === 'complete') { documentInitOneSignal(); } else { window.addEventListener("load", function(event){ documentInitOneSignal(); }); } </script>  <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:788234,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); /* Hotjar user attributes */ window.hj( 'identify', null, { Language: window.navigator.language, }); </script> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> "use strict"; /** * Returns the OpenGraph type of this page (as set by Yoast) * * Cannot use `getMetaContent` for this as it uses the "property" attribute * instead of the expected "name". * * @return {string} OpenGraph type */ function getOgType() { let og_type = document.querySelector('meta[property="og:type"]'); return ( og_type && og_type.content ? og_type.content : '' ); } /** * Returns the content attribute of the named <meta> tag * * @param {string} name - Meta name * @return {string} Meta content */ function getMetaContent( name ) { let element = document.querySelector('meta[name="' + name + '"]'); return element ? element.content : ''; } /** * Defines a GA slot only if the slot actually exists * * @param {string} ref - Slot reference * @param {Array} dimensions - Target dimensions * @param {string} slot_id - Element ID * @param {PubAdsService} service - Service to bind to */ function defineIfSlot(ref, dimensions, slot_id, service) { const element = document.getElementById(slot_id); // No ad slot if (!element) return; return googletag.defineSlot(ref, dimensions, slot_id).addService(service); } window.googletag = ( window.googletag || { cmd: [] } ); googletag.cmd.push( function() { const pubads = googletag.pubads(); // Conditionally define slots only if the element actually exists defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_r2_ap', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1567436410454-0', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_m_ap', [[300,250]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-1', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x01_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-2', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x02_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-3', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x03_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-4', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x04_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-5', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x05_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-6', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x06_gs', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-7', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_r_ap', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1563268425067-0', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_r1_ap', [[300,250]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-11', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x10_ss', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-12', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x11_ss', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-13', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x12_ss', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-14', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x13_ss', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-15', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x14_ss', [160, 60], 'div-gpt-ad-1563269243507-0', pubads); defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_x15_ss', [[160,60]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-17', pubads); const leaderboard = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([970, 0], [[970, 90], [728, 90]]) // Larger screen ads .addSize([768, 0], [[728, 90]]) // Smaller (laptop) screen ads .addSize([0, 0], [[300, 250], [320, 50]]) // Mobile screen ads .build(); // Homepage & listing ads const t_1 = defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_t_hp', [[970,90],[728,90],[729,90],[300,250],[320,50]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-18', pubads); const t_2 = defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_t1_hp', [[970,90],[728,90],[729,90],[300,250],[320,50]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-19', pubads); const t_3 = defineIfSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_t2_hp', [[970,90],[728,90],[729,90],[300,250],[320,50]], 'div-gpt-ad-3759129-20', pubads); // Only map if they actually exist t_1 && t_1.defineSizeMapping(leaderboard); t_2 && t_2.defineSizeMapping(leaderboard); t_3 && t_3.defineSizeMapping(leaderboard); // Search results const headerSize = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([970, 0], [[970, 90]]) .addSize([0, 0], [[320, 50]]) .build() // Header ad (always appears) googletag.defineSlot('/21821800277/pw/pw_h_sw', [[970,90], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-5400963-20').defineSizeMapping(headerSize).addService(pubads); // Only apply targeting if values exist const article_og = getOgType(); if ( article_og ) { pubads.setTargeting( "articleTag", article_og ); } const article_type = getMetaContent( "oas:article-type" ); if ( article_type ) { pubads.setTargeting( "articleType", article_type ); } const article_category = getMetaContent( "oas:category" ); if ( article_category ) { pubads.setTargeting( "category", article_category ); } const article_sub = getMetaContent( "oas:sub-category" ); if ( article_sub ) { pubads.setTargeting( "subCategory", article_sub ); } // Add class to body if ads are visible pubads.addEventListener( "impressionViewable", function () { document.body.classList.add("has-ads"); }); pubads.enableSingleRequest(); pubads.collapseEmptyDivs(); // Start! googletag.enableServices(); }); </script>  </head> <body class="archive category category-mathematics-computation category-165 not-logged-in"> <a class="sr-only" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a>  <noscript aria-hidden="true"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TQRT9K38" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" > </iframe> </noscript>  <header class="physics-world-nav"> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-5400963-20' class="advert">  <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-5400963-20'); }); </script> </div> </span> <div class="top-bar"> <div class="top-bar__left"> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org/" class="top-bar__logo" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/static/img/iop-publishing-logo-white.png" width="198" height="31" alt="" /> <span class="sr-only">IOP Publishing site</span> </a> </div> <button class="top-bar__menu--mobile"> Menu </button> <div class="top-bar__right"> <div class="top-bar__user"> <ul class="top-bar__links"> <li><button class="sign-in-btn"><span class="top-bar__icon"></span>Sign in</button></li> <li><button class="register-btn">Register</button></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="physics-world-nav__wrapper"> <div class="physics-world-nav__left"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com" class="physics-world-nav__logo"> <span class="sr-only">Back to homepage</span> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/static/img/svg/logo-mathematics-computation.svg" alt="" width="217" height="40" /> </a> </div> <div class="physics-world-nav__right"> <nav class="nav-items__wrapper"> <button class="physics-world-nav__dropdown">Topics</button> <div class="topic-dropdown" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="topic-content-container"> <div><img width="798" height="449" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-1024x576.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/KR-centred-abstract-torus-of-lights.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px" /><h2>Browse articles by topic</h2></div> <ul class="topic-dropdown__list"> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/astronomy-space/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Astronomy_and_space_164193.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Astronomy and space</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/atomic-molecular/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Atomic_and_molecular__774E92.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Atomic and molecular</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/biophysics-bioengineering/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Biophysics_and_bioengineering__05958E-1.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Biophysics and bioengineering</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/condensed-matter/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Condensed_matter__774E92.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Condensed matter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/culture-history-society/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Culture.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Culture, history and society</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/environment-energy/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Environment_and_energy__85AD21-1.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Environment and energy</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/instrumentation-measurement/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Instrumentation_and_measurement__9D9D9C.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Instrumentation and measurement</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/materials/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Materials__0085C8.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Materials</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Mathematics_and_computation__EC660F.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Mathematics and computation</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/medical-physics/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Medical_physics__05958.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Medical physics</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/optics-photonics/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Optics_and_photonics__774E92.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Optics and photonics</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/particle-nuclear/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Particle_and_nuclear__774E92.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Particle and nuclear</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/people/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/People-icon-purple.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">People</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/quantum/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Quantum__774E92.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Quantum</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/scientific-enterprise/"> <span class="topic-dropdown__icon" style="background-color:;"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Enterprise-cogs.svg" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </span> <span class="topic-dropdown__title">Scientific enterprise</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> <div class='primary-nav'><ul class='menu'><li class='menu-item-has-children'><button class='menu-item-button' aria-expanded='false'>Latest content</button><ul class='sub-menu'><li class='menu-item__featured-content'><div><img width="798" height="394" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-1024x506.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-1024x506.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-211x104.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-317x157.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-768x380.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-809x400.jpg 809w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-732x362.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-720x356.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-635x314.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-350x173.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-257x127.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-300x148.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-160x79.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB-128x63.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/big-data-concept-2055335264-shutterstock_greenbutterfly-WEB.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px" /><h2>Browse articles by content type</h2></div></li><li><h2>Short reads</h2><ul class='sub-menu'><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/'>Research updates</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/news/'>News</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/blog/'>Blog</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/innovation-showcases/'>Innovation showcases</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/events/'>Events</a></li></ul></li><li><h2>Long reads</h2><ul class='sub-menu'><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/features/'>Features</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/opinion-reviews/'>Opinion and reviews</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/interviews/'>Interviews</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/analysis/'>Analysis</a></li></ul></li><li><h2>Multimedia</h2><ul class='sub-menu'><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/audio/'>Podcasts</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/videos/'>Video</a></li><li><a href='https://physicsworld.com/l/webinars/'>Webinars</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=''><a href='https://physicsworld.com/p/magazine/archive/'>Magazine</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://physicsworld.com/p/physics-world-live/'>Physics World Live</a></li></ul></div> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com" target="_blank" class="nav__link-img link-img--pw-jobs"> <span class='screen-reader-text'>IOP Physics World Jobs logo</span> <svg width="121" height="18" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g clip-path="url(#a)"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M84.433 9.612V7.308c0-.324-.105-.792-.281-1.08-.352-.864-1.02-1.44-1.97-1.44-1.971 0-2.183 2.52-2.183 4.032 0 1.584.176 4.176 2.288 4.176.492 0 .915-.144 1.302-.468.844-.72.844-1.836.844-2.916Zm1.478 4.428h-1.337V12.6c-.598 1.116-1.443 1.656-2.71 1.656-2.815 0-3.554-2.88-3.554-5.256 0-2.34.775-5.508 3.59-5.508 1.196 0 2.006.504 2.533 1.62V.9h1.478v13.14Z" fill="#9460A4"/><path d="M8.879 8.783c0-2.124-.563-5.22-3.237-5.22-1.197 0-1.725.72-2.288 1.692V3.707H.75V17.53h2.78v-4.248c.528.613 1.091.937 1.936.937 2.815-.037 3.413-3.133 3.413-5.436Zm-2.92-.072c0 .755.034 2.34-.388 2.987-.211.36-.457.468-.88.468-1.302 0-1.196-1.296-1.196-2.268v-2.52c0-.864.211-1.907 1.267-1.907 1.302 0 1.196 2.196 1.196 3.095v.144ZM17.29 14.04V7.164c0-1.908-.211-3.672-2.534-3.672-1.126 0-1.83.324-2.463 1.296V.9H9.478v13.14h2.815V7.488c0-.936.105-1.728 1.196-1.728 1.056 0 .986.792.986 1.692v6.588h2.815ZM25.207 3.709H22.78l-1.302 6.3-1.372-6.3H17.29l2.885 10.152c-.317 1.116-.492 1.476-1.654 1.476a5.65 5.65 0 0 1-.81-.072v2.268c.423.108.81.18 1.197.18 2.288 0 2.71-1.62 3.273-3.492l3.026-10.512ZM32.387 10.872c0-2.016-1.408-2.592-2.992-3.168-.316-.108-.95-.324-1.267-.54-.281-.216-.422-.468-.422-.864 0-.54.352-.9.88-.9.88 0 1.232.648 1.478 1.404l2.006-.612c-.458-1.764-1.654-2.7-3.414-2.7-1.935 0-3.59 1.188-3.59 3.276 0 1.944 1.409 2.7 3.027 3.24.352.108.88.288 1.197.504.317.216.422.468.422.864 0 .684-.528.936-1.09.936-.986 0-1.408-.612-1.62-1.548l-2.217.36c.317 2.196 1.69 3.06 3.801 3.06 2.006.072 3.8-1.08 3.8-3.312ZM35.8 3.709h-2.816v10.332H35.8V3.709ZM35.8.9h-2.816v1.908H35.8V.9ZM44.527 10.188l-2.64-.18c-.035.792-.175 1.908-1.16 1.908-1.373 0-1.338-2.232-1.338-3.168 0-.972.035-3.096 1.408-3.096.95 0 1.055 1.224 1.09 1.944l2.64-.108c-.106-1.224-.211-2.052-1.091-2.952-.774-.792-1.654-1.044-2.71-1.044-3.132 0-4.187 2.52-4.187 5.364 0 2.772.914 5.4 4.047 5.4 2.568 0 3.66-1.584 3.94-4.068ZM52.34 10.872c0-2.016-1.408-2.592-2.992-3.168-.316-.108-.95-.324-1.267-.54-.281-.216-.422-.468-.422-.864 0-.54.352-.9.88-.9.88 0 1.231.648 1.478 1.404l2.006-.612c-.458-1.764-1.654-2.7-3.414-2.7-1.935 0-3.59 1.188-3.59 3.276 0 1.944 1.408 2.7 3.027 3.24.352.108.88.288 1.197.504.316.216.422.468.422.864 0 .684-.528.936-1.09.936-.986 0-1.409-.612-1.62-1.548l-2.217.36c.317 2.196 1.69 3.06 3.8 3.06 2.007.072 3.802-1.08 3.802-3.312Z" class="svg-fill-colour"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M63.002 3.709h-1.231l-1.83 7.848-1.865-7.848h-1.091l-1.69 7.74-1.759-7.74h-1.478l2.499 10.332h1.372l1.619-7.272 1.724 7.272h1.267l2.463-10.332ZM70.568 9c0-2.664-.739-5.58-3.87-5.58-3.062 0-3.872 2.844-3.872 5.472 0 2.628.81 5.436 3.836 5.436 3.027 0 3.906-2.7 3.906-5.328Zm-1.654-.108c0 1.476-.21 4.14-2.217 4.14-2.005 0-2.217-2.664-2.217-4.176s.247-4.14 2.217-4.14c2.006 0 2.217 2.664 2.217 4.176ZM75.495 5.184V3.456c-.106-.036-.211-.036-.352-.036-.563 0-1.055.288-1.443.612-.598.54-.809 1.08-1.09 1.836v-2.16h-1.338V14.04h1.513V8.712c0-1.584.458-3.564 2.358-3.564.07 0 .246 0 .352.036Z" fill="#9460A4"/><path d="M77.712.9h-1.513v13.14h1.513V.9Z" fill="#9460A4"/><path d="M89.395.9h-.352v15.948h.352V.9ZM92.844 16.848c-.422 0-.774-.072-1.161-.18v-1.26c.351.108.668.18 1.02.18 1.161 0 1.161-.828 1.161-1.764V3.924h1.478v9c.036 1.944 0 3.924-2.498 3.924ZM93.829 2.7V.9h1.619v1.8h-1.619ZM100.339 14.545c-3.026 0-3.836-2.808-3.836-5.436s.81-5.472 3.871-5.472c3.132 0 3.871 2.88 3.871 5.58-.035 2.592-.915 5.328-3.906 5.328Zm0-9.612c-1.97 0-2.217 2.628-2.217 4.14 0 1.512.211 4.176 2.217 4.176 1.971 0 2.217-2.664 2.217-4.14 0-1.512-.211-4.176-2.217-4.176ZM108.926 14.473c-1.372 0-1.935-.432-2.569-1.656-.14.468-.246.972-.387 1.44h-.774V.29h1.478v5.004c.633-1.008 1.337-1.584 2.569-1.584 2.815 0 3.519 2.988 3.519 5.328 0 2.628-.809 5.436-3.836 5.436Zm.035-9.468c-1.654 0-2.252 1.836-2.252 3.276v1.584c0 1.584.317 3.348 2.217 3.348 2.112 0 2.182-2.628 2.182-4.212 0-1.62-.07-3.996-2.147-3.996ZM116.739 14.544c-2.006 0-3.203-.936-3.625-2.952l1.408-.324c.281 1.332.985 1.98 2.322 1.98.986 0 2.041-.54 2.041-1.692 0-1.872-3.237-1.728-4.504-2.88a2.592 2.592 0 0 1-.845-1.908c0-1.872 1.549-3.096 3.308-3.096.915 0 1.795.324 2.428 1.008.423.468.563.972.739 1.62l-1.302.324c-.316-.972-.879-1.656-1.97-1.656-.915 0-1.725.576-1.725 1.584 0 .828.599 1.224 1.302 1.476 1.725.54 4.118 1.008 4.118 3.384-.036 2.052-1.83 3.132-3.695 3.132Z" class="svg-fill-colour"/></g><defs><clipPath id="a"><path fill="#fff" transform="translate(.75)" d="M0 0h120v18H0z"/></clipPath></defs></svg> </a> </nav> <button class="physics-world-nav__search-btn"> <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i> Search<span class="sr-only">Open Search Dialog</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="homepage-search" aria-expanded="false"> <form action="https://physicsworld.com"> <label for="input-home-search">Search by content type, topic, person, research area and more</label> <div class="homepage-search__form-container"> <input id="input-home-search" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search..." value="" /> <button type="submit"> <i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i>Search<span class="sr-only">Submit search</span> </button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="other-sites"> <ul class="items"> <li> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> IOP Publishing </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="top-bar__social"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/physicsworld/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/PhysicsWorld" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/physics-world" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/PhysicsWorldTV" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-youtube-play" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Watch us on Youtube</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/feed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-rss" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">RSS Feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="items"> <li> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> Jobs </a> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="popup sign-in"> <div class="popup__tabs"> <button class="popup__tab popup__tab--active" data-tab="0">Sign in</button> </h4> <button class="popup__tab" data-tab="1">Register</button> <i class="fa fa-times-circle btn--close popup__close"></i> </div> <div class="popup__content"> <div class="sign-in__content popup__row popup__row--active ajax_container"> <form action="#" method="POST" data-ajax="login" class="login-form ajax__content" data-dest=".sign-in__content" data-keep="1"> <div class="flex flex--rows popup__row__content"> <div class="popup__col"> <input type="hidden" name="redirect" value="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation"> <ul class="sign-in__inputs"> <li> <label for="input-signin-email">Enter e-mail address</label> <input id="input-signin-email" type="email" name="user-email" required oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Please enter a valid e-mail address')" oninput="this.setCustomValidity('')"/> </li> <li class="password-input"> <label for="input-signin-password">Enter password</label> <input type="password" name="user-password" id="input-signin-password" class="password-field" required oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Please enter a password')" oninput="this.setCustomValidity('')"/> <input type="checkbox" name="password" id="show-pw" /> <label for="show-pw" class="password-label">Show</label> </li> <li> <div> <input type="checkbox" name="remember-me" id="form-checkbox" class="form-checkbox" /> <label for="form-checkbox"><span></span>Remember me</label> </div> <div> <a href="#" class="forgot-btn">Forgot your password?</a> </div> </li> </ul> <aside class="register__benefits"> <strong>Are you an IOP member?</strong> <p>Sign into your <em>Physics World</em> account to get access to all available digital issues of the monthly magazine. Your <em>Physics World</em> account is separate to any IOP accounts you may have</p> </aside> </div> <div class="popup__col"> <div class="field__attempts"> <strong>Sign in to</strong> <ul> <li>Access more than 20 years of online content</li> <li>Manage which e-mail newsletters you want to receive</li> <li>Read about the big breakthroughs and innovations across 13 scientific topics</li> <li>Explore the key issues and trends within the global scientific community</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="popup__actions"> <input type="submit" value="Sign in" class="btn btn--green" /> </div> </form> </div> <div class="register__form popup__row"> <form action="/" class="form-register ajax__content " method="POST" data-ajax="register" data-dest=".register__form" data-keep="1"> <div class="flex flex--rows popup__row__content"> <ul class="register__email gutter "> <li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <label for="input-register-email">Enter e-mail address</label> <input id="input-register-email" type="email" name="user-email" required oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Please enter a valid e-mail address')" oninput="this.setCustomValidity('')"/> <div class="tooltip"> <span class="fa fa-question-circle"></span> <span class="tooltip__content">This e-mail address will be used to create your account</span> </div> <aside class="register__benefits"> <strong>Are you an IOP member?</strong> <p>Create a <em>Physics World</em> account to get access to all available digital issues of the monthly magazine. Your <em>Physics World</em> account is separate to any IOP accounts you may have.</p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The verification e-mail to complete your account registration should arrive immediately. However, in some cases it takes longer. Don't forget to check your spam folder.</p> <p>If you haven't received the e-mail in 24 hours, please contact <a href="mailto:customerservices@ioppublishing.org">customerservices@ioppublishing.org</a>.</p> </aside> </li> <li class="register__info col-xs-12 col-sm-6"> <strong>Registration is free, quick and easy</strong> <br /> <ul> <li>Access more than 20 years of online content</li> <li>Choose which e-mail newsletters you want to receive</li> <li>Read about the big breakthroughs and innovations across 13 scientific topics</li> <li>Explore the key issues and trends within the global scientific community</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="popup__actions"> <input type="submit" value="Register" class="btn btn--green" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="popup forgot-password "> <div class="popup__tabs"> <h4 class="popup__tab popup__tab--full">Reset your password</h4> <i class="fa fa-times-circle btn--close popup__close"></i> </div> <div class="popup__content forgot-parent ajax__container"> <form class="popup__row popup__row--active ajax__content forgot-form " action="/" method="POST" data-ajax="forgot" data-dest=".forgot-parent" data-keep="1"> <div class="popup__row__content"> <p>Please enter the e-mail address you used to register to reset your password</p> <p><strong>Note:</strong> The verification e-mail to change your password should arrive immediately. However, in some cases it takes longer. Don't forget to check your spam folder.</p> <p>If you haven't received the e-mail in 24 hours, please contact <a href="mailto:customerservices@ioppublishing.org">customerservices@ioppublishing.org</a></p> <label for="input-ajax-forgotten-email">Enter e-mail address</label> <input id="input-ajax-forgotten-email" type="email" name="user-email" required oninvalid="this.setCustomValidity('Please enter a valid e-mail address')" oninput="this.setCustomValidity('')"/> </div> <div class="popup__actions"> <input type="submit" value="Reset my password" class="btn btn--green" /> </div> </form> <div class="ajax__content forgot__message popup__row--active"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="popup popup-message autoclose "> <div class="popup__tabs"> <h4 class="popup__tab popup__tab--full">Registration complete</h4> <i class="fa fa-times-circle btn--close popup__close"></i> </div> <div class="popup__content ajax__container"> <div class="popup__row__content"> <p><strong>Thank you for registering with <em>Physics World</em></strong><br /> If you'd like to change your details at any time, please visit My account</p> </div> <div class="popup__actions"> <a class="btn btn--green" href="/">Close</a> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="overlay "></div> <main class="site-window" id="main-content"> <div class="type-bar category-background-color"> <div class="type-bar__icon"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Mathematics_and_computation__EC660F.svg" alt="Mathematics and computation" loading="lazy" /> </div> <h1 class="type-bar__heading"> Mathematics and computation </h1> <button class="type-bar__explore">Explore</button> <div class="type-bar__categories category-background-color"> <div class="wrapper"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/artificial-intelligence/">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/complex-systems/">Complex systems</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/data-acquisition-analysis/">Data acquisition and analysis</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/mathematical-physics/">Mathematical physics</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/modelling-simulation/">Modelling and simulation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <style> .category-background-color { background-color: #eb6608; } .category-border-color { border-color: #eb6608; } .category-text-color { color: #eb6608; } .the-content a, .share-panel a { color: #eb6608!important; } .share-panel a:hover { border-color: #eb6608!important; } .author-byline__info a { color: #eb6608!important; } .entry-content blockquote::before { color: #eb6608!important; } .entry-content figure { color: #eb6608!important; } </style> <div class="wrapper m26"> <div class="section-breaks"> <h2 class="section-breaks__heading">Latest articles</h2> </div> <div class="row"> <div class='col-md-8 col-sm-7'> <article class="article article--f"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/why-ai-is-a-force-for-good-in-science-communication/" class="article__image object-fit-element"> <img width="604" height="412" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-604x412.jpg" class="attachment-featured-category-medium size-featured-category-medium wp-post-image" alt="Collage styled urban graphic for Artificial Intelligence concept. Large robotic figure looms over crowd of silhouetted people" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-604x412.jpg 604w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-211x144.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-1024x698.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-317x216.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-768x524.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-587x400.jpg 587w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-601x410.jpg 601w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-635x433.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-289x197.jpg 289w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-257x175.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-300x205.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-132x90.jpg 132w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10-128x87.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-11-Malone-AI-bot-looming-over-society-2063425288-iStock_smartboy10.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px" /> <span class="icon icon--features"></span> </a> <div class="article__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category category--has-background-color"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/artificial-intelligence/" style="background: #eb6608;">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/features/" style="background: #eb6608;">Feature</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="article__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/why-ai-is-a-force-for-good-in-science-communication/"> <span>Why AI is a force for good in science communication</span> </a> </h3> </div> </article> </div><div class='col-md-4 col-sm-5'> <article class="article article--c"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/universes-lifespan-too-short-for-monkeys-to-type-out-shakespeares-works-finds-study/" class="article__image object-fit-element"> <img width="539" height="412" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-539x412.jpg" class="attachment-featured-category-medium size-featured-category-medium wp-post-image" alt="chimp looking at a laptop" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-539x412.jpg 539w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-211x161.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-1024x783.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-317x242.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-768x587.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-523x400.jpg 523w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-537x410.jpg 537w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-635x485.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-258x197.jpg 258w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-253x193.jpg 253w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-300x229.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-118x90.jpg 118w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP-128x98.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/chimp-with-laptop-92236499-iStock_GlobalP.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 539px) 100vw, 539px" /> <span class="icon icon--blog"></span> </a> <div class="article__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category category--has-background-color"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/mathematical-physics/" style="background: #eb6608;">Mathematical physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/blog/" style="background: #eb6608;">Blog</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="article__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/universes-lifespan-too-short-for-monkeys-to-type-out-shakespeares-works-finds-study/"> <span>Universe’s lifespan too short for monkeys to type out Shakespeare’s works, finds study</span> </a> </h3> <p>About 200,000 monkeys could type out “I chimp, therefore I am” before the universe ends, however</p> </div> </article> <article class="listing-block no-image"> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/environment-energy/" style="color: #83aa26;">Environment and energy</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #83aa26;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/bursts-of-embers-play-outsized-role-in-wildfire-spread-say-physicists/" title="Bursts of embers play outsized role in wildfire spread, say physicists"> <b>Bursts of embers play outsized role in wildfire spread, say physicists</b> </a> </h3> <p>Experiments on tracking firebrands could improve predictions of spot-fire risks</p> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="banner-ad"> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-18' class="advert" > <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-18'); }); </script> </div></span></div> <div class="wrapper m04"> <div class="section-breaks"> <h2 class="section-breaks__heading">Research headlines</h2> </div> <div class='row'> <div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="article article--a"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/physics-based-model-helps-pedestrians-and-cyclists-avoid-city-pollution/" class="article__image object-fit-element"> <img width="350" height="197" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-350x197.jpg" class="attachment-1-3-cols size-1-3-cols wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-21-brake-pollution-2.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /> <span class="icon icon--research-updates"></span> </a> <div class="article__info equalize-me" style="background: #ec660f"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category category--has-background-color"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/modelling-simulation/" style="background: #ec660f;">Modelling and simulation</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="background: #ec660f;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="article__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/physics-based-model-helps-pedestrians-and-cyclists-avoid-city-pollution/"> <span>Physics-based model helps pedestrians and cyclists avoid city pollution</span> </a> </h3> </div> </article> </div><div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="article article--a"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/genetically-engineered-bacteria-solve-computational-problems/" class="article__image object-fit-element"> <img width="350" height="197" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-350x197.jpg" class="attachment-1-3-cols size-1-3-cols wp-post-image" alt="Genetically engineered bacteria solve computational problems" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-712x400.jpg 712w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-257x144.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/27-09-24-Bacterial-computation-SB-Graphical_Abstract.jpg 1201w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /> <span class="icon icon--research-updates"></span> </a> <div class="article__info equalize-me" style="background: #eb6608"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category category--has-background-color"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/" style="background: #eb6608;">Mathematics and computation</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="background: #eb6608;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="article__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/genetically-engineered-bacteria-solve-computational-problems/"> <span>Genetically engineered bacteria solve computational problems</span> </a> </h3> </div> </article> </div><div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="article article--a"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/air-powered-computers-make-a-comeback/" class="article__image object-fit-element"> <img width="319" height="197" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-319x197.jpg" class="attachment-1-3-cols size-1-3-cols wp-post-image" alt="Close up of the air-powered sensing device" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-319x197.jpg 319w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-211x130.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-1024x631.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-317x195.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-768x474.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-649x400.jpg 649w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-668x412.jpg 668w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-665x410.jpg 665w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-635x392.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-257x158.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-300x185.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-146x90.jpg 146w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit-128x79.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-09-24-air-powered-circuit.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px" /> <span class="icon icon--research-updates"></span> </a> <div class="article__info equalize-me" style="background: #eb6608"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category category--has-background-color"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/" style="background: #eb6608;">Mathematics and computation</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="background: #eb6608;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="article__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/air-powered-computers-make-a-comeback/"> <span>Air-powered computers make a comeback</span> </a> </h3> </div> </article> </div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="listing-block no-image"> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/artificial-intelligence/" style="color: #eb6608;">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #eb6608;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/electro-active-material-learns-to-play-pong/" title="Electro-active material ‘learns’ to play Pong"> <b>Electro-active material ‘learns’ to play Pong</b> </a> </h3> <p>Memory-like behaviour emerges in a polymer gel</p> </div> </article> </div><div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="listing-block no-image"> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/quantum/" style="color: #764992;">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #764992;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/open-problem-in-quantum-entanglement-theory-solved-after-nearly-25-years/" title="Open problem in quantum entanglement theory solved after nearly 25 years"> <b>Open problem in quantum entanglement theory solved after nearly 25 years</b> </a> </h3> <p>Non-existence of universal maximally entangled isospectral mixed states has implications for research on quantum technologies</p> </div> </article> </div><div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="listing-block no-image"> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/" style="color: #eb6608;">Mathematics and computation</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #eb6608;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/sunflowers-dance-together-to-share-sunlight/" title="Sunflowers ‘dance’ together to share sunlight"> <b>Sunflowers ‘dance’ together to share sunlight</b> </a> </h3> <p>Zigzag patterns created by circular motion of growing stems</p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="listing-block no-image"> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/optics-photonics/detectors-sensors/" style="color: #764992;">Detectors and sensors</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #764992;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/ai-assisted-photonic-detector-identifies-fake-semiconductor-chips/" title="AI-assisted photonic detector identifies fake semiconductor chips"> <b>AI-assisted photonic detector identifies fake semiconductor chips</b> </a> </h3> <p>New technique could reduce risks of unwanted surveillance, chip failure and theft, say researchers</p> </div> </article> </div><div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="listing-block no-image"> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/" style="color: #eb6608;">Mathematics and computation</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #eb6608;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/kirigami-cubes-make-a-novel-mechanical-computer/" title="Kirigami cubes make a novel mechanical computer"> <b>Kirigami cubes make a novel mechanical computer</b> </a> </h3> <p>New device can store, retrieve and erase data</p> </div> </article> </div><div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="listing-block no-image"> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/modelling-simulation/" style="color: #ec660f;">Modelling and simulation</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #ec660f;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/classical-models-of-gravitational-field-show-flaws-close-to-the-earth/" title="Classical models of gravitational field show flaws close to the Earth"> <b>Classical models of gravitational field show flaws close to the Earth</b> </a> </h3> <p>New gravitational field model quantifies the "divergence problem" identified in 2022</p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class="row"> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper m16a"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12 marketing-collateral"> <div class="marketing-collateral__item"> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org/publications/journals/machine-learning-series/?utm_campaign=MLseries-PWbox&utm_medium=pw&utm_source=box_ad" class="marketing-collateral__image object-fit-element"> <img width="350" height="197" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/J-ML-Series-BN-0924-PW-466x262-2-350x197.jpg" class="attachment-1-3-cols size-1-3-cols wp-post-image" alt="New Machine Learning series" loading="lazy" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/J-ML-Series-BN-0924-PW-466x262-2-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/J-ML-Series-BN-0924-PW-466x262-2-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/J-ML-Series-BN-0924-PW-466x262-2-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/J-ML-Series-BN-0924-PW-466x262-2-257x144.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/J-ML-Series-BN-0924-PW-466x262-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/J-ML-Series-BN-0924-PW-466x262-2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/J-ML-Series-BN-0924-PW-466x262-2-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/J-ML-Series-BN-0924-PW-466x262-2.jpg 466w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /> <div class="journal-ad__content"> </div> </a> <div class="marketing-collateral__info" style="background-color: #b2b6c7"> <a href="https://ioppublishing.org/publications/journals/machine-learning-series/?utm_campaign=MLseries-PWbox&utm_medium=pw&utm_source=box_ad"> <h3 class="marketing-collateral__title" >New Machine Learning series <i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></h3> </a> <p>Discover IOPP’s new Machine Learning series™ the world’s first open access journal series dedicated to the application and development of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) for the sciences.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper m2">  <div class="section-breaks"> <h2 class="section-breaks__heading">Opinion and reviews</h2> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="article article--a"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/confused-by-the-twin-paradox-maybe-philosophy-can-help/" class="article__image object-fit-element"> <img width="350" height="197" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-350x197.jpg" class="attachment-1-3-cols size-1-3-cols wp-post-image" alt="Abstract concept of time" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-10-CP-clocks-bendy-time-2016598412-Shutterstock_klee048.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /> <span class="icon icon--opinion-reviews"></span> </a> <div class="article__info equalize-me" style="background: #eb6608"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category category--has-background-color"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/mathematical-physics/" style="background: #eb6608;">Mathematical physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/opinion-reviews/" style="background: #eb6608;">Opinion and reviews</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="article__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/confused-by-the-twin-paradox-maybe-philosophy-can-help/"> <span>Confused by the twin paradox? Maybe philosophy can help</span> </a> </h3> </div> </article> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="article article--a"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/goats-sports-cars-and-game-shows-the-unexpected-science-behind-machine-learning-and-ai/" class="article__image object-fit-element"> <img width="350" height="197" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-350x197.jpg" class="attachment-1-3-cols size-1-3-cols wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-257x144.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/2024-08-Hodgson_montyhall_feature.jpg 1277w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /> <span class="icon icon--opinion-reviews"></span> </a> <div class="article__info equalize-me" style="background: #eb6608"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category category--has-background-color"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/artificial-intelligence/" style="background: #eb6608;">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/opinion-reviews/" style="background: #eb6608;">Opinion and reviews</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="article__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/goats-sports-cars-and-game-shows-the-unexpected-science-behind-machine-learning-and-ai/"> <span>Goats, sports cars and game shows: the unexpected science behind machine learning and AI</span> </a> </h3> </div> </article> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <article class="article article--a"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/a-love-of-triangles-the-physics-of-spin-volcanic-science-and-pascals-papers-micro-reviews-of-the-best-recent-books/" class="article__image object-fit-element"> <img width="263" height="197" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-263x197.jpg" class="attachment-1-3-cols size-1-3-cols wp-post-image" alt="Triangles and light" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-263x197.jpg 263w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-211x158.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-317x238.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-768x576.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-533x400.jpg 533w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-549x412.jpg 549w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-547x410.jpg 547w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-635x476.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-257x193.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-300x225.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-120x90.jpg 120w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe-128x96.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/triangles-and-light-1854376968-iStock_asbe.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 263px) 100vw, 263px" /> <span class="icon icon--opinion-reviews"></span> </a> <div class="article__info equalize-me" style="background: #ca991b"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category category--has-background-color"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/culture-history-society/everyday-science/" style="background: #ca991b;">Everyday science</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/opinion-reviews/" style="background: #ca991b;">Opinion and reviews</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="article__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/a-love-of-triangles-the-physics-of-spin-volcanic-science-and-pascals-papers-micro-reviews-of-the-best-recent-books/"> <span>A love of triangles, the physics of spin, volcanic science and Pascal’s papers: micro reviews of the best recent books</span> </a> </h3> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="banner-ad"> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-19' class="advert"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-19'); }); </script> </div></span></div> <div class="wrapper m18b" data-root> <div class="section-breaks"> <h2 class="section-breaks__heading">Explore more in mathematics and computation</h2> </div> <div class="row"> <div class='col-md-6 page-item' > <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/ai-enters-the-fold-with-the-2024-nobel-prize-for-physics/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="140" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-140x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-140x90.jpg 140w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-211x136.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-1024x660.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-317x204.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-768x495.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-620x400.jpg 620w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-639x412.jpg 639w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-636x410.jpg 636w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-635x410.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-305x197.jpg 305w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-257x166.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-300x194.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-128x83.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: AI enters the fold with the 2024 Nobel Prize for Physics:</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/artificial-intelligence/" style="color: #eb6608;">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/blog/" style="color: #eb6608;">Blog</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/ai-enters-the-fold-with-the-2024-nobel-prize-for-physics/" title="AI enters the fold with the 2024 Nobel Prize for Physics:"> <b>AI enters the fold with the 2024 Nobel Prize for Physics:</b> </a> </h3> <p><strong>Matin Durrani</strong> is pleased that the 2024 Nobel Prize for Physics brings AI under physicists' wing</p> </div> </article> </div><div class='col-md-6 page-item' > <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/flocking-together-the-physics-of-sheep-herding-and-pedestrian-flows/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Aerial photo of a crowd of people in Frankfurt, Germany" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/crowd-Frankfurt-472237637-iStock-Meinzahn_crop.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Flocking together: the physics of sheep herding and pedestrian flows</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/modelling-simulation/" style="color: #ec660f;">Modelling and simulation</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/audio/" style="color: #ec660f;">Podcasts</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/flocking-together-the-physics-of-sheep-herding-and-pedestrian-flows/" title="Flocking together: the physics of sheep herding and pedestrian flows"> <b>Flocking together: the physics of sheep herding and pedestrian flows</b> </a> </h3> <p>Learn how the science of crowd movements can help shepherds and urban designers</p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class='row'><div class='col-md-6 page-item' > <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/deep-connections-why-two-ai-pioneers-won-the-nobel-prize-for-physics/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="140" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-140x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-140x90.jpg 140w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-211x136.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-1024x660.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-317x204.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-768x495.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-620x400.jpg 620w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-639x412.jpg 639w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-636x410.jpg 636w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-635x410.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-305x197.jpg 305w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-257x166.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-300x194.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam-128x83.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/brain-computer-intelligence-concept-landscape-1027941874-Shutterstock_Jackie-Niam.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Deep connections: why two AI pioneers won the Nobel Prize for Physics</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/artificial-intelligence/" style="color: #eb6608;">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/audio/" style="color: #eb6608;">Podcasts</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/deep-connections-why-two-ai-pioneers-won-the-nobel-prize-for-physics/" title="Deep connections: why two AI pioneers won the Nobel Prize for Physics"> <b>Deep connections: why two AI pioneers won the Nobel Prize for Physics</b> </a> </h3> <p>Our podcast guest is Anil Ananthaswamy, author of <em>Why Machines Learn</em></p> </div> </article> </div><div class='col-md-6 page-item' > <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/study-finds-preschool-children-form-social-droplets-when-moving-around-the-classroom/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="135" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-135x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Toddlers playing outside" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-135x90.jpg 135w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-211x141.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-317x211.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-768x512.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-600x400.jpg 600w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-618x412.jpg 618w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-615x410.jpg 615w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-635x423.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-296x197.jpg 296w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-257x171.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-300x200.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images-128x85.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/young-children-play-outside-794064370-Shutterstock_Monkey-Business-Images.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Study finds preschool children form ‘social droplets’ when moving around the classroom</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/modelling-simulation/" style="color: #ec660f;">Modelling and simulation</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/blog/" style="color: #ec660f;">Blog</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/study-finds-preschool-children-form-social-droplets-when-moving-around-the-classroom/" title="Study finds preschool children form ‘social droplets’ when moving around the classroom"> <b>Study finds preschool children form ‘social droplets’ when moving around the classroom</b> </a> </h3> <p>The movement of preschool children results in two distinct phases, find study</p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class='row'><div class='col-md-6 page-item' > <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/field-work-the-physics-of-sheep-from-phase-transitions-to-collective-motion/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="135" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-135x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Flock of sheep being herded" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-135x90.jpg 135w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-211x141.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-317x211.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-768x512.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-600x400.jpg 600w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-618x412.jpg 618w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-615x410.jpg 615w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-635x423.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-296x197.jpg 296w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-257x171.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-300x200.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR-128x85.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2024-09-Ball-sheep-flock-aerial-FRONTIS-colourKR.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 135px) 100vw, 135px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Field work – the physics of sheep, from phase transitions to collective motion</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/modelling-simulation/" style="color: #ec660f;">Modelling and simulation</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/features/" style="color: #ec660f;">Feature</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/field-work-the-physics-of-sheep-from-phase-transitions-to-collective-motion/" title="Field work – the physics of sheep, from phase transitions to collective motion"> <b>Field work – the physics of sheep, from phase transitions to collective motion</b> </a> </h3> <p>Physics sheds a new insight on the behaviour of sheep flocks, helping with new tips on shepherding </p> </div> </article> </div><div class='col-md-6 page-item' > <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/spot-the-knot-using-ai-to-untangle-the-topology-of-molecules/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="107" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-107x90.png" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Knot 3D vector" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-107x90.png 107w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-211x178.png 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-1024x864.png 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-317x268.png 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-768x648.png 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-474x400.png 474w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-488x412.png 488w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-486x410.png 486w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-635x536.png 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-233x197.png 233w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-229x193.png 229w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-296x250.png 296w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531-128x108.png 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/24-08-Michieletto-knot-COLOUR-shutterstock_527071531.png 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 107px) 100vw, 107px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Spot the knot: using AI to untangle the topology of molecules</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/condensed-matter/topological-matter/" style="color: #774e92;">Topological matter</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/features/" style="color: #774e92;">Feature</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/spot-the-knot-using-ai-to-untangle-the-topology-of-molecules/" title="Spot the knot: using AI to untangle the topology of molecules"> <b>Spot the knot: using AI to untangle the topology of molecules</b> </a> </h3> <p>Solving a centuries-old mathematical puzzle could hold the key to understanding the function of many of the molecules of life </p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class='row'> </div> </div> <div class="banner-ad"> <span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-20'class="advert"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-20'); }); </script> </div></span></div> <div class="wrapper m18b" data-not="117436,117819,117782,117565,116977,116911,116611,116537,116449,116361,115963,115237,117115,115804,115020,117696,117558,116910,117253,116797,115847" data-cat="165" data-type="" data-uid="6742644234ffd"> <div class="m18b__container" data-id="6742644234ffd"> <div class="row"> <div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/the-eyes-have-it-how-to-spot-the-difference-between-a-deepfake-portrait-and-a-real-picture/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="53" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DeepFakes_19-07-2024-160x53.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Deepfake eyes" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DeepFakes_19-07-2024-160x53.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DeepFakes_19-07-2024-211x69.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DeepFakes_19-07-2024-317x104.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DeepFakes_19-07-2024-635x209.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DeepFakes_19-07-2024-350x115.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DeepFakes_19-07-2024-257x84.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DeepFakes_19-07-2024-300x99.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DeepFakes_19-07-2024-128x42.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/DeepFakes_19-07-2024.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: The eyes have it: how to spot the difference between a deepfake portrait and a real picture</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/artificial-intelligence/" style="color: #eb6608;">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/blog/" style="color: #eb6608;">Blog</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/the-eyes-have-it-how-to-spot-the-difference-between-a-deepfake-portrait-and-a-real-picture/" title="The eyes have it: how to spot the difference between a deepfake portrait and a real picture"> <b>The eyes have it: how to spot the difference between a deepfake portrait and a real picture</b> </a> </h3> <p>How do you spot a deepfake image of a person? The answer might be to look into their eyes.</p> </div> </article> </div><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/why-north-america-has-a-tornado-alley-and-south-america-doesnt/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="128" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-128x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Image of a tornado and dark clouds against a bright horizon" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-128x90.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-211x149.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-1024x723.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-317x224.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-768x542.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-567x400.jpg 567w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-584x412.jpg 584w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-581x410.jpg 581w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-635x448.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-279x197.jpg 279w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-257x181.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven-300x212.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/tornado-149065043-Shutterstock_solarseven.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 128px) 100vw, 128px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Why North America has a ‘tornado alley’ and South America doesn’t</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/environment-energy/earth-sciences/" style="color: #83aa26;">Earth sciences</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/blog/" style="color: #83aa26;">Blog</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/why-north-america-has-a-tornado-alley-and-south-america-doesnt/" title="Why North America has a ‘tornado alley’ and South America doesn’t"> <b>Why North America has a ‘tornado alley’ and South America doesn’t</b> </a> </h3> <p>There’s a scientific reason why <em>Twisters</em> is set in the US Great Plains rather than Argentina, and it has to do with the Gulf of Mexico</p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class='row'><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/deep-transfer-learning-detects-six-different-cancers-on-pet-ct-scans/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Deep transfer learning-predicted tumour segmentations" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/SNMMI-Leung-featured.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Deep transfer learning detects six different cancers on PET/CT scans</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/medical-physics/nuclear-medicine/" style="color: #009589;">Nuclear medicine</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #009589;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/deep-transfer-learning-detects-six-different-cancers-on-pet-ct-scans/" title="Deep transfer learning detects six different cancers on PET/CT scans"> <b>Deep transfer learning detects six different cancers on PET/CT scans</b> </a> </h3> <p>A generalizable AI tool performs fully automated tumour segmentation on whole-body PET/CT images</p> </div> </article> </div><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/simple-equation-predicts-how-quickly-animals-flap-their-wings/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="158" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-158x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Montage of four photos showing a dragonfly, the tail of a whale rising out of water, a bat and a hummingbird" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-158x90.jpg 158w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-211x121.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-317x181.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-768x439.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-700x400.jpg 700w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-721x412.jpg 721w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-718x410.jpg 718w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-635x363.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-345x197.jpg 345w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-257x147.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-300x171.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage-128x73.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/05-06-2024-animals-montage.jpg 1400w" sizes="(max-width: 158px) 100vw, 158px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Simple equation predicts how quickly animals flap their wings</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/culture-history-society/everyday-science/" style="color: #ca991b;">Everyday science</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #ca991b;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/simple-equation-predicts-how-quickly-animals-flap-their-wings/" title="Simple equation predicts how quickly animals flap their wings"> <b>Simple equation predicts how quickly animals flap their wings</b> </a> </h3> <p>Relationship between mass, wing area and wingbeat frequency holds true for insects, bats, birds, whales and even a flapping robot</p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class='row'><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/nuclear-physicists-tame-radius-calculation-problem/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nuclei-size-list-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Image showing three clusters of spheres, representing nucleons, within a 3D grid" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nuclei-size-list-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nuclei-size-list-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nuclei-size-list-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nuclei-size-list-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nuclei-size-list-257x144.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nuclei-size-list-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nuclei-size-list-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/nuclei-size-list.jpg 582w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Nuclear physicists tame radius calculation problem</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/particle-nuclear/nuclear-physics/" style="color: #764992;">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #764992;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/nuclear-physicists-tame-radius-calculation-problem/" title="Nuclear physicists tame radius calculation problem"> <b>Nuclear physicists tame radius calculation problem</b> </a> </h3> <p>New "wavefunction matching" method correctly predicts nuclear radii of elements with atomic numbers from 2 to 58</p> </div> </article> </div><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/micro-tornadoes-help-transport-nutrients-within-egg-cells/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Low-Res_CellTwistersStillImage-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="A snapshot from a simulation of how microtubules bend and direct material in a maturing egg cell into a twister-like flow. The simulated egg cell looks like an upturned blue dish with swirling patterns" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Low-Res_CellTwistersStillImage-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Low-Res_CellTwistersStillImage-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Low-Res_CellTwistersStillImage-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Low-Res_CellTwistersStillImage-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Low-Res_CellTwistersStillImage-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Low-Res_CellTwistersStillImage-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Low-Res_CellTwistersStillImage-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Low-Res_CellTwistersStillImage-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Low-Res_CellTwistersStillImage.jpg 700w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Micro-tornadoes help transport nutrients within egg cells</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/biophysics-bioengineering/biophysics/" style="color: #009589;">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #009589;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/micro-tornadoes-help-transport-nutrients-within-egg-cells/" title="Micro-tornadoes help transport nutrients within egg cells"> <b>Micro-tornadoes help transport nutrients within egg cells</b> </a> </h3> <p>New work sheds light on vortex flows involved in mixing and transporting ooplasmic components that cells need to develop</p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class='row'><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/will-future-radiotherapy-be-delivered-entirely-by-ai-bots/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="157" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-157x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Will radiotherapy ultimately be delivered by AI bots?" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-157x90.jpg 157w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-211x121.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-1024x586.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-317x181.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-768x440.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-699x400.jpg 699w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-720x412.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-716x410.jpg 716w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-635x364.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-344x197.jpg 344w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-257x147.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-300x172.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto-128x73.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cyborg-doctor-future-medicine-1347164483-iStock_PhonlamaiPhoto.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 157px) 100vw, 157px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Will future radiotherapy be delivered entirely by AI bots?</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/medical-physics/radiotherapy/" style="color: #05958e;">Radiotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/analysis/" style="color: #05958e;">Analysis</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/will-future-radiotherapy-be-delivered-entirely-by-ai-bots/" title="Will future radiotherapy be delivered entirely by AI bots?"> <b>Will future radiotherapy be delivered entirely by AI bots?</b> </a> </h3> <p>The ESTRO 2024 closing debate saw speakers discuss whether the radiation therapy care pathway will be delivered entirely by bots by 2040</p> </div> </article> </div><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/data-science-cdt-puts-industry-collaboration-at-its-heart/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="LIVINNO launch" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/LIVINNO-Kickoff-group-web.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Data science CDT puts industry collaboration at its heart</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/people/education-outreach/" style="color: #764992;">Education and outreach</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/analysis/" style="color: #764992;">Analysis</a></li> <li><span style="color: #764992;">SPONSORED</span></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/data-science-cdt-puts-industry-collaboration-at-its-heart/" title="Data science CDT puts industry collaboration at its heart"> <b>Data science CDT puts industry collaboration at its heart</b> </a> </h3> <p>The Liverpool Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) for Innovation in Data Intensive Science is preparing the next generation of physicists for their future careers</p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class='row'><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/artificial-intelligence-developing-useful-tools-that-scientists-can-trust/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="artificial-intelligence illustration" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/9-4-24-artificial-intelligence-square-801569396-iStock_iMrSquid-list.jpg 867w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Artificial intelligence: developing useful tools that scientists can trust</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/artificial-intelligence/" style="color: #eb6608;">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/audio/" style="color: #eb6608;">Podcasts</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/artificial-intelligence-developing-useful-tools-that-scientists-can-trust/" title="Artificial intelligence: developing useful tools that scientists can trust"> <b>Artificial intelligence: developing useful tools that scientists can trust</b> </a> </h3> <p>Computer scientist Rick Stevens is our podcast guest</p> </div> </article> </div><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/sound-and-light-waves-combine-to-create-advanced-optical-neural-networks/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="Artist’s impression of optoacoustic computing" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/6-5-24-optoacoustic-computing.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Sound and light waves combine to create advanced optical neural networks</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/optics-photonics/optical-components/" style="color: #774e92;">Optical components</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/research-updates/" style="color: #774e92;">Research update</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/sound-and-light-waves-combine-to-create-advanced-optical-neural-networks/" title="Sound and light waves combine to create advanced optical neural networks"> <b>Sound and light waves combine to create advanced optical neural networks</b> </a> </h3> <p>Researchers demonstrate a novel computation architecture based on the interaction of optical and acoustic waves</p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class='row'><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/in-real-world-social-networks-your-enemys-enemy-is-indeed-your-friend-say-physicists/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="157" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-157x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="An artist's representation of social networks, showing outlines of human figures coloured light pink, pale blue and pale yellow, with lines showing connections between them" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-157x90.jpg 157w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-211x121.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-317x181.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-768x439.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-700x400.jpg 700w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-721x412.jpg 721w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-717x410.jpg 717w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-635x363.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-345x197.jpg 345w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-257x147.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-300x172.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx-128x73.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Social-Connections-849234128-iStock_iLexx.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 157px) 100vw, 157px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: In real-world social networks, your enemy’s enemy is indeed your friend, say physicists</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/complex-systems/" style="color: #eb6608;">Complex systems</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/blog/" style="color: #eb6608;">Blog</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/in-real-world-social-networks-your-enemys-enemy-is-indeed-your-friend-say-physicists/" title="In real-world social networks, your enemy’s enemy is indeed your friend, say physicists"> <b>In real-world social networks, your enemy’s enemy is indeed your friend, say physicists</b> </a> </h3> <p>New work validates key elements of balance theory put forward nearly 80 years ago</p> </div> </article> </div><div class='col-md-6'> <article class="listing-block "> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/statistical-physics-provides-powerful-insights-into-the-living-world/" class="listing-block__image object-fit-element"> <img width="160" height="90" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-160x90.jpg" class="attachment-list-image size-list-image wp-post-image" alt="2-04-24 Tannie Liverpool li" decoding="async" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-160x90.jpg 160w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-211x119.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-317x178.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-768x432.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-711x400.jpg 711w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-732x412.jpg 732w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-720x405.jpg 720w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-635x357.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-350x197.jpg 350w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-257x145.jpg 257w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-300x169.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list-128x72.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2-04-24-Tannie-Liverpool-list.jpg 1883w" sizes="(max-width: 160px) 100vw, 160px" /> <span class="sr-only">Read article: Statistical physics provides powerful insights into the living world</span> </a> <div class="listing-block__info"> <ul class="hero-top-banner__category"> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/c/mathematics-computation/mathematical-physics/" style="color: #eb6608;">Mathematical physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://physicsworld.com/l/audio/" style="color: #eb6608;">Podcasts</a></li> </ul> <h3 class="listing-block__title"> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/a/statistical-physics-provides-powerful-insights-into-the-living-world/" title="Statistical physics provides powerful insights into the living world"> <b>Statistical physics provides powerful insights into the living world</b> </a> </h3> <p>The theoretical physicist Tannie Liverpool talks about the mathematics of wound healing, and much more</p> </div> </article> </div></div><div class='row'> <nav class="pagination col-sm-12"> <ul class="pagination-list"> <li class="active"> <a href="#" data-ajax="m18b-more" data-dest=".m18b__container[data-id='6742644234ffd']" ajax-page="1">1</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#" data-ajax="m18b-more" data-dest=".m18b__container[data-id='6742644234ffd']" ajax-page="2">2</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#" data-ajax="m18b-more" data-dest=".m18b__container[data-id='6742644234ffd']" ajax-page="3">3</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#" data-ajax="m18b-more" data-dest=".m18b__container[data-id='6742644234ffd']" ajax-page="4">4</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#" data-ajax="m18b-more" data-dest=".m18b__container[data-id='6742644234ffd']" ajax-page="5">5</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#" data-ajax="m18b-more" data-dest=".m18b__container[data-id='6742644234ffd']" ajax-page="6">6</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#" data-ajax="m18b-more" data-dest=".m18b__container[data-id='6742644234ffd']" ajax-page="7">7</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#" data-ajax="m18b-more" data-dest=".m18b__container[data-id='6742644234ffd']" ajax-page="8">8</a> </li> <li> <span>...</span> </li> <li class="next"> <a href="#" data-ajax="m18b-more" data-dest=".m18b__container[data-id='6742644234ffd']" ajax-page="2">Next</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="#" data-ajax="m18b-more" data-dest=".m18b__container[data-id='6742644234ffd']" ajax-page="68">Last</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class='m21b wrapper'> <div class='row'> <div class="corporate-partners col-md-12"> <ul> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-2'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-2'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-3'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-3'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-4'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-4'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-5'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-5'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-6'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-6'); }); </script> </div> </span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-7'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-7'); }); </script> </div></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper m08b"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-6"> <div class="section-breaks"> <h2 class="section-breaks__heading">Related jobs</h2> </div> <div class="bright-recruits"> <ul class='bright-recruits__jobs'> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/job/19646/cyber-security-engineer-active-security-clearance-required/?trackid=9&utm_source=RestAPI&utm_medium=Referral" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-id="19646" > <span class="bright-recruits__location"> United States | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory </span> <h4 class="bright-recruits__title">Cyber Security Engineer - ACTIVE SECURITY CLEARANCE REQUIRED</h4> </a> </li> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/job/19644/architected-responsive-materials-engineer-materials-research-staff-member/?trackid=9&utm_source=RestAPI&utm_medium=Referral" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-id="19644" > <span class="bright-recruits__location"> United States | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory </span> <h4 class="bright-recruits__title">Architected Responsive Materials Engineer - Materials Research Staff Member</h4> </a> </li> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <a href="https://www.physicsworldjobs.com/job/19648/applied-physicist-ep-cmd-2024-202-grap-/?trackid=9&utm_source=RestAPI&utm_medium=Referral" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-id="19648" > <span class="bright-recruits__location"> Switzerland | CERN </span> <h4 class="bright-recruits__title">Applied Physicist (EP-CMD-2024-202-GRAP)</h4> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class='col-xs-6'> <div class="section-breaks"> <h2 class="section-breaks__heading">Related events</h2> </div> <div class="bright-recruits"> <ul class='bright-recruits__jobs'> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <span class="bright-recruits__location">Medical physics | Course</php></span> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/event/hybrid-teaching-course-particle-therapy/" class="bright-recruits__title related-title"> Hybrid Teaching Course Particle Therapy </a> <span class="bright-recruits__date">14 October — 29 November 2024 | Heidelberg, Germany</span> </li> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <span class="bright-recruits__location">Medical physics | Meeting</php></span> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/event/medical-physics-group-translational-techniques-in-medical-physics/" class="bright-recruits__title related-title"> Medical Physics Group Translational Techniques in Medical Physics </a> <span class="bright-recruits__date">29 November 2024 | London, UK</span> </li> <li class="bright-recruits__item"> <span class="bright-recruits__location">Mathematics and computation | Virtual event</php></span> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/event/comprehensive-online-casaxps-short-course/" class="bright-recruits__title related-title"> Comprehensive online CasaXPS short course </a> <span class="bright-recruits__date">27—28 March 2025</span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class='m21 wrapper'> <div class='row'> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="corporate-partners col-md-12"> <ul> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-12'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-12'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-13'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-13'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-14'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-14'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-15'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-15'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-1563269243507-0' > <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1563269243507-0'); }); </script> </div></span></li> <li><span class="mpu align-none" aria-hidden="true"><div id='div-gpt-ad-3759129-17' > <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-3759129-17'); }); </script> </div></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="printer-only push-me">Copyright © 2024 by IOP Publishing Ltd and individual contributors</div> </main> <footer class="footer hide-for-printer"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="row"> <div class="footer__container"> <div class="pw__info footer__grid-col--1"> <img src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/src/svg/pw-logo-white-red-text.svg" alt="Physics World logo" width="228px" height="42px"> <ul class="footer__social"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/physicsworld/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" alt="Follow us on Facebook"> <i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/PhysicsWorld" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" alt="Follow us on X"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 512 462.799"><path fill-rule="nonzero" fill="currentColor" d="M403.229 0h78.506L310.219 196.04 512 462.799H354.002L230.261 301.007 88.669 462.799h-78.56l183.455-209.683L0 0h161.999l111.856 147.88L403.229 0zm-27.556 415.805h43.505L138.363 44.527h-46.68l283.99 371.278z"/></svg> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on X</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/physics-world" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" alt="Follow us on LinkedIn"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Follow us on LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/PhysicsWorldTV" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" alt="Watch us on Youtube"> <i class="fa fa-youtube-play" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">Watch us on Youtube</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/feed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" alt="RSS Feed"> <i class="fa fa-rss" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="sr-only">RSS Feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/account/sign-in/" class="btn btn--sign-in">Sign in</a> <a href="https://physicsworld.com/account/register/" class="btn">Register</a> </div> <div class="col__border-top footer__grid-col--2"> <h4 class="footer__heading">Our mission</h4> <p><i>Physics World</i> represents a key part of IOP Publishing’s mission to communicate world-class research and innovation to the widest possible audience. The website forms part of the <a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/our-portfolio/"><i>Physics World</i> portfolio</a>, a collection of online, digital and print information services for the global scientific community.</p> <div class="footer__podcasts"> <h4 class="footer__heading">Podcasts</h4> <a href="https://blubrry.com/physicsworldweeklypodcast/" class="footer__podcast" target="_blank" > <img width="150" height="150" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1.jpg" class="attachment-profile_150 size-profile_150" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1.jpg 1500w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-317x317.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-211x211.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-400x400.jpg 400w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-410x410.jpg 410w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-635x635.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-197x197.jpg 197w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-250x250.jpg 250w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-90x90.jpg 90w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-193x193.jpg 193w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-128x128.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-196x196.jpg 196w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PW-Podcast-WEEKLY-comp-1-412x412.jpg 412w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> <div class="podcast-details"> <h4>Physics World Weekly</h4> </div> </a> <a href="https://blubrry.com/physics_world_science_podcast/" class="footer__podcast" target="_blank" > <img width="150" height="150" src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-profile_150 size-profile_150" alt="Physics World Stories podcast logo" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-150x150.jpg 150w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-211x211.jpg 211w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-317x317.jpg 317w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-768x768.jpg 768w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-400x400.jpg 400w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-410x410.jpg 410w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-635x635.jpg 635w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-197x197.jpg 197w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-250x250.jpg 250w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-90x90.jpg 90w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-193x193.jpg 193w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-128x128.jpg 128w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-196x196.jpg 196w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-412x412.jpg 412w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-24x24.jpg 24w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-48x48.jpg 48w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-96x96.jpg 96w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized-300x300.jpg 300w, https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/PW-podcast-logo-STORIES-resized.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /> <div class="podcast-details"> <h4>Physics World Stories</h4> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="col__border-top footer__grid-col--3"> <h4 class="footer__heading">Explore</h4> <div class="menu-footer-1-container"><ul id="menu-footer-1" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-65637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-65637"><a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/about-us/">About us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65638" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-65638"><a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/our-team/">Our team</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65639" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-65639"><a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/our-portfolio/">Our portfolio</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65640" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-65640"><a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/advertising/">Advertising</a></li> <li id="menu-item-67467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-67467"><a href="https://physicsworld.com/p/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-67496" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-67496"><a rel="noreferrer" href="mailto:pwld@ioppublishing.org">Feedback</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="col__border-top footer__grid-col--4"> <h4 class="footer__heading">More information</h4> <div class="menu-footer-2-container"><ul id="menu-footer-2" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-65641" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-65641"><a rel="noreferrer" href="http://www.iop.org/">Institute of Physics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-67295" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-67295"><a rel="noreferrer" href="https://membership.iop.org/">Join the Institute</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66155" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66155"><a rel="noreferrer" href="https://www.iop.org/slavery-and-human-trafficking-statement-financial-year-ending-31-december-2020">Modern Slavery Act</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66151" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66151"><a rel="noreferrer" href="https://physicsworld.com/p/cookies-privacy-policy/">Privacy and cookies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-65642" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-65642"><a rel="noreferrer" href="http://ioppublishing.org/">IOP Publishing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66154" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66154"><a rel="noreferrer" href="http://ioppublishing.org/copyright/">Copyright</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66153" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66153"><a rel="noreferrer" href="http://ioppublishing.org/legal-statements/terms-conditions/">Terms and conditions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66152" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66152"><a rel="noreferrer" href="http://ioppublishing.org/legal-statements/disclaimer/">Disclaimer</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="back-to-top">Back to top</button> </footer> <script id="js-onesignal-ga"> "use strict"; window.OneSignal = window.OneSignal || []; // In some browsers the console might be undefined const log = function (message) { console && console.log(message); }; const callback = function (payload) { log("OneSignal notification opened!"); OneSignal.getUserId(function (user_id) { ga("send", { hitType: "event", eventCategory: 'OSNotification', eventAction: 'u_id ' + user_id, eventLabel: 'n_id ' + payload.id }); }); // Allow future opens to also trigger the callback OneSignal.addListenerForNotificationOpened(callback); }; // Defer function until OneSignal has finished loading OneSignal.push(function () { log("OneSignal loaded!"); // Listen for notification opened OneSignal.addListenerForNotificationOpened(callback); }); </script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/leaky-paywall/js/micromodal.min.js?ver=4.21.5" id="zeen101_micromodal-js"></script> <script id="leaky_paywall_validate-js-extra"> var leaky_paywall_validate_ajax = {"ajaxurl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","register_nonce":"154c1dcdf8","password_text":"Passwords do not match."}; </script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/leaky-paywall/js/leaky-paywall-validate.js?ver=4.21.5" id="leaky_paywall_validate-js"></script> <script id="leaky_paywall_script-js-extra"> var leaky_paywall_script_ajax = {"ajaxurl":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","stripe_pk":""}; </script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/plugins/leaky-paywall/js/script.js?ver=4.21.5" id="leaky_paywall_script-js"></script> <script id="nine3-script-js-extra"> var nine3 = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"14158938c8","marker":"https:\/\/physicsworld.com\/wp-content\/themes\/iopp\/images\/marker.png","debug":""}; </script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/dist/js/main.07e93a0f6d984f4fc58037a5e7bc9a89.js?ver=6.6.1" id="nine3-script-js"></script> <script src="https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/themes/iopp/static/js/sticky.min.js?ver=1645453936640" id="stickykit-js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/mathjax/MathJax@2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=MML_CHTML&ver=1645453936640" id="mathjax-js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.onesignal.com/sdks/OneSignalSDK.js?ver=1.0.0" id="remote_sdk-js" async data-wp-strategy="async"></script> </body> </html>