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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Beam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deflecting_beam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deflecting_beam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Deflecting beam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deflecting_beam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slipper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slipper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Slipper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slipper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Click" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Click"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Click</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Click-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"No-hub"_wrench" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"No-hub"_wrench"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>"No-hub" wrench</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"No-hub"_wrench-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_torque_wrenches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_torque_wrenches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Electronic torque wrenches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_torque_wrenches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interchangeable_Head_Torque_Wrenches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interchangeable_Head_Torque_Wrenches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Interchangeable Head Torque Wrenches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interchangeable_Head_Torque_Wrenches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programmable_electronic_torque_/_angle_wrenches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programmable_electronic_torque_/_angle_wrenches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Programmable electronic torque / angle wrenches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programmable_electronic_torque_/_angle_wrenches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechatronic_torque_wrenches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechatronic_torque_wrenches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Mechatronic torque wrenches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechatronic_torque_wrenches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torque_wrench_standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torque_wrench_standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Torque wrench standardization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Torque_wrench_standardization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Torque wrench standardization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Torque_wrench_standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>ISO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASME" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASME"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>ASME</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASME-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_torque_wrenches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_torque_wrenches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Using torque wrenches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Using_torque_wrenches-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calibration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calibration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Calibration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calibration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Torque wrench</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ملوى عزم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملوى عزم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clau_dinamom%C3%A8trica" title="Clau dinamomètrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clau dinamomètrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drehmomentschl%C3%BCssel" title="Drehmomentschlüssel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drehmomentschlüssel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentv%C3%B5ti" title="Momentvõti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Momentvõti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llave_dinamom%C3%A9trica" title="Llave dinamométrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Llave dinamométrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آچارگشتاور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آچارگشتاور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clef_dynamom%C3%A9trique" title="Clef dynamométrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clef dynamométrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%ED%81%AC_%EB%A0%8C%EC%B9%98" title="토크 렌치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토크 렌치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiave_dinamometrica" title="Chiave dinamometrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiave dinamometrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Торк түлхүүр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Торк түлхүүр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentsleutel" title="Momentsleutel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Momentsleutel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81" title="トルクレンチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルクレンチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentn%C3%B8kkel" title="Momentnøkkel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Momentnøkkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torqu%C3%ADmetro" title="Torquímetro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torquímetro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87" title="Динамометрический ключ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Динамометрический ключ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%99%D1%83%D1%87" title="Момент кључ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Момент кључ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momenttiavain" title="Momenttiavain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Momenttiavain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentnyckel" title="Momentnyckel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Momentnyckel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ประแจวัดแรงบิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประแจวัดแรงบิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tork_anahtar%C4%B1" title="Tork anahtarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tork anahtarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87" title="Динамометричний ключ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Динамометричний ключ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E7%9F%A9%E6%89%B3%E6%89%8B" title="力矩扳手 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="力矩扳手" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tool used to apply a specific torque</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drehmomentschl%C3%BCssel_3360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Drehmomentschl%C3%BCssel_3360.jpg/50px-Drehmomentschl%C3%BCssel_3360.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="487" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Drehmomentschl%C3%BCssel_3360.jpg/75px-Drehmomentschl%C3%BCssel_3360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Drehmomentschl%C3%BCssel_3360.jpg/100px-Drehmomentschl%C3%BCssel_3360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="2960" /></a><figcaption>A click torque wrench</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>torque wrench</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tool</a> used to apply a specific <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">fastener</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Nut_(hardware)" title="Nut (hardware)">nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(fastener)" title="Bolt (fastener)">bolt</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lag_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Lag screw">lag screw</a>. It is usually in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Socket_wrench" title="Socket wrench">socket wrench</a> with an indicating scale, or an internal mechanism which will indicate (as by 'clicking', a specific movement of the tool handle in relation to the tool head) when a specified (adjustable) torque value has been reached during application. </p><p>A torque wrench is used where the tightness of <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screws</a> and bolts is a crucial parameter of assembly or adjustment. It allows the operator to set the <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> applied to the fastener to meet the specification for a particular application. This permits proper <a href="/wiki/Tension_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tension (mechanics)">tension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structural_load" title="Structural load">loading</a> of all parts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Torque_screwdriver" title="Torque screwdriver">Torque screwdrivers</a> and torque wrenches have similar purposes and may have similar mechanisms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JHSharp-TorqueWrench-1931-Model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/JHSharp-TorqueWrench-1931-Model.jpg/220px-JHSharp-TorqueWrench-1931-Model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/JHSharp-TorqueWrench-1931-Model.jpg/330px-JHSharp-TorqueWrench-1931-Model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/JHSharp-TorqueWrench-1931-Model.jpg/440px-JHSharp-TorqueWrench-1931-Model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>Conceptual illustration of J. H. Sharp's patented wrench</figcaption></figure> <p>The first patent for a torque wrench was filed by John H. Sharp of Chicago in 1931. This wrench was referred to as a <i>torque measuring wrench</i> and would be classified today as an indicating torque wrench.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharp1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, Conrad Bahr and George Pfefferle patented an adjustable ratcheting torque wrench. The tool featured audible feedback and restriction of back-ratcheting movement when the desired torque was reached.<sup id="cite_ref-BahrPfefferle1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BahrPfefferle1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahr, who worked for the New York City Water Department, was frustrated at the inconsistent tightness of flange bolts he found while attending to his work. He claimed to have invented the first torque limiting tool in 1918 to alleviate these problems.<sup id="cite_ref-BMWMOC1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMWMOC1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bahr's partner, Pfefferle, was an engineer for <a href="/wiki/Dresser_Industries" title="Dresser Industries">S.R. Dresser Manufacturing Co</a> and held several patents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beam">Beam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_wrench_side_view_0691.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Torque_wrench_side_view_0691.jpg/200px-Torque_wrench_side_view_0691.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Torque_wrench_side_view_0691.jpg/300px-Torque_wrench_side_view_0691.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Torque_wrench_side_view_0691.jpg/400px-Torque_wrench_side_view_0691.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Beam-type torque wrench. The indicator bar remains straight while the main shaft bends proportionally to the force applied at the handle.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_wrench_reading_view_0688.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Torque_wrench_reading_view_0688.jpg/200px-Torque_wrench_reading_view_0688.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Torque_wrench_reading_view_0688.jpg/300px-Torque_wrench_reading_view_0688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Torque_wrench_reading_view_0688.jpg/400px-Torque_wrench_reading_view_0688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detailed view of the torque display scale on a beam type torque wrench. This one is displaying an applied torque of about 160 in.lbf or 18 N·m.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The most basic form of torque wrench consists of two beams. The first is a <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a> used to apply the torque to the fastener being tightened and serves also as the handle of the tool. When force is applied to the handle it will <a href="/wiki/Deflection_(engineering)" title="Deflection (engineering)">deflect</a> predictably and proportionally with said force in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Hooke%27s_law" title="Hooke's law">Hooke's law</a>. The second beam is only attached at one end to the wrench head and free on its other, this serves as the indicator beam. Both of these beams run parallel to each other when the tool is at rest, with the indicator beam usually on top. The indicator beam's free end is free to travel over a calibrated scale attached to the lever or handle, marked in units of torque. When the wrench is used to apply torque, the lever bends and the indicating beam stays straight. Thus, the end of the indicating beam points to the magnitude of the torque that is currently being applied.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of wrench is simple, inherently accurate, and inexpensive. </p><p>The beam type torque wrench was developed in between late 1920s and early 1930s by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Percy_Chrysler" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Percy Chrysler">Walter Percy Chrysler</a> for the Chrysler Corporation and a company known as Micromatic Hone. Paul Allen Sturtevant—a sales representative for the Cedar Rapids Engineering Company at that time—was licensed by Chrysler to manufacture his invention. Sturtevant patented the torque wrench in 1938 and became the first individual to sell torque wrenches. </p><p>A more sophisticated variation of the beam type torque wrench has a dial gauge indicator on its body that can be configured to give a visual or electrical indication when a preset torque is reached.<sup id="cite_ref-Kress1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kress1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDI1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDI1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deflecting_beam">Deflecting beam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deflecting beam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dual-signal deflecting beam torque wrench was patented by the Australian <a href="/wiki/Warren_and_Brown" title="Warren and Brown">Warren and Brown</a> company in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-WB1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It employs the principle of applying torque to a deflecting beam rather than a coil spring. This is claimed to help prolong the accuracy of the wrench throughout its working life, with a greater safety margin on maximum loading and provides more consistent and accurate readings throughout the range of each wrench. The operator can both hear the signal click and see (and feel) a physical indicator when the desired torque is reached.<sup id="cite_ref-WB2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deflecting_torque_concept.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Deflecting_torque_concept.png/220px-Deflecting_torque_concept.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Deflecting_torque_concept.png/330px-Deflecting_torque_concept.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Deflecting_torque_concept.png/440px-Deflecting_torque_concept.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Simplified diagram of a deflecting beam torque wrench</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_W%26B_torque_wrenches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Two_W%26B_torque_wrenches.jpg/220px-Two_W%26B_torque_wrenches.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Two_W%26B_torque_wrenches.jpg/330px-Two_W%26B_torque_wrenches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Two_W%26B_torque_wrenches.jpg/440px-Two_W%26B_torque_wrenches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Two W&B torque wrenches</figcaption></figure> <p>The wrench functions in the same general way as an ordinary beam torque wrench. There are two beams both connected to the head end but only one through which torque is applied. The load carrying beam is straight and runs from head to handle, it deflects when torque is applied. The other beam (indicating beam) runs directly above the deflecting beam for about half of the length then bends away to the side at an angle from the deflecting beam. The indicating beam retains its orientation and shape during operation. Because of this, there is relative displacement between the two beams. The deflecting beam torque wrench differs from the ordinary beam torque wrench in how it utilizes this relative displacement. Attached to the deflecting beam is a scale and onto that is fitted a wedge which can be slid along the length of the scale parallel to the flexing beam. This wedge is used to set the desired torque. Directly facing this wedge is the side of the angled indicating beam. From this side protrudes a pin, which acts as a trigger for another pin, the latter pin is spring loaded, and fires out of the end of the indicating beam once the trigger pin contacts the adjustable wedge. This firing makes a loud click and gives a visual and tactile indication that the desired torque has been met. The indicator pin can be reset by simply pressing it back into the indicating beam.<sup id="cite_ref-WB2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kincrome1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kincrome1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slipper">Slipper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Slipper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slipper_torque_concept.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Slipper_torque_concept.png/220px-Slipper_torque_concept.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Slipper_torque_concept.png/330px-Slipper_torque_concept.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Slipper_torque_concept.png/440px-Slipper_torque_concept.png 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>Simplified principle of a slipper type head</figcaption></figure> <p>A slipper type torque wrench consists of a roller and cam (or similar) mechanism. The cam is attached to the driving head, the roller pushes against the cam locking it in place with a specific force which is provided by a spring (which is in many cases adjustable). If a torque which is able to defeat the holding force of the roller and spring is applied, the wrench will slip and no more torque will be applied to the bolt. A slipper torque wrench will not overtighten the fastener by continuing to apply torque beyond a predetermined limit.<sup id="cite_ref-Pouliot1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pouliot1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Click">Click</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Click"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Click-torque-wrench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Click-torque-wrench.jpg/200px-Click-torque-wrench.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Click-torque-wrench.jpg/300px-Click-torque-wrench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Click-torque-wrench.jpg/400px-Click-torque-wrench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Click-type torque wrench with <a href="/wiki/Socket_wrench" title="Socket wrench">socket</a> attached, adjusted by turning the <a href="/wiki/Knurling" title="Knurling">knurled</a> handle</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Direct_pawl_clicker_torque_concept.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Direct_pawl_clicker_torque_concept.png/200px-Direct_pawl_clicker_torque_concept.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Direct_pawl_clicker_torque_concept.png/300px-Direct_pawl_clicker_torque_concept.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Direct_pawl_clicker_torque_concept.png/400px-Direct_pawl_clicker_torque_concept.png 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Conceptual drawing of the operation of a click type torque wrench</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A more sophisticated method of presetting torque is with a calibrated <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutch</a> mechanism. One common form uses a <a href="/wiki/Ball_detent" title="Ball detent">ball detent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">spring</a>, with the spring preloaded by an adjustable <a href="/wiki/Screw_thread" title="Screw thread">screw thread</a>, calibrated in torque units. The ball detent transmits force until the preset torque is reached, at which point the force exerted by the spring is overcome and the ball "clicks" out of its socket. This design yields greater precision as well as giving tactile and audible feedback. The wrench will not start slipping once the desired torque is reached, it will only click and bend slightly at the head; the operator can continue to apply torque to the wrench without any additional action or warnings from the wrench.<sup id="cite_ref-Tegger1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tegger1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grabovac1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grabovac1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of variations of this design exist for different applications and different torque ranges. A modification of this design is used in some <a href="/wiki/Drills" class="mw-redirect" title="Drills">drills</a> to prevent gouging the heads of screws while tightening them. The drill will start slipping once the desired torque is reached. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""No-hub"_wrench"><span id=".22No-hub.22_wrench"></span>"No-hub" wrench</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "No-hub" wrench"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> These are specialized torque wrenches used by plumbers to tighten the clamping bands on hubless <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_pipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil pipe (page does not exist)">soil pipe</a> couplings. They are usually T-handled wrenches with a one-way combination <a href="/wiki/Ratchet_(device)" title="Ratchet (device)">ratchet</a> and clutch. They are preset to a fixed torque designed to secure the coupling adequately but insufficient to damage it.<sup id="cite_ref-Raptor1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raptor1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DAZ-T50.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DAZ-T50.JPG/220px-DAZ-T50.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DAZ-T50.JPG/330px-DAZ-T50.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/DAZ-T50.JPG/440px-DAZ-T50.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Electronic torque wrench</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_torque_wrenches">Electronic torque wrenches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electronic torque wrenches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battery_torque_wrench" title="Battery torque wrench">Battery torque wrench</a></div> <p>With electronic (indicating) torque wrenches, measurement is by means of a <a href="/wiki/Strain_gauge" title="Strain gauge">strain gauge</a> attached to the torsion rod. The signal generated by the transducer is converted to the required unit of torque (e.g. N·m or lb<sub>f</sub>·ft) and shown on the digital display. A number of different joints (measurement details or limit values) can be stored. These programmed limit values are then permanently displayed during the tightening process by means of LEDs or the display. At the same time, this generation of torque wrenches can store all the measurements made in an internal readings memory. This reading's memory can then be easily transferred to a PC via the interface (RS232) or printed. A popular application of this kind of torque wrench is for in-process documentation or quality assurance purposes. Typical accuracy level would be ±0.5% to 4%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interchangeable_Head_Torque_Wrenches">Interchangeable Head Torque Wrenches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interchangeable Head Torque Wrenches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interchangeable head torque wrenches are designed to connect several different types of wrench heads, thereby reducing the number of torque wrenches needed. These wrenches are ideal for applications that require multiple fastening tools. They typically have a standard mounting interface that allows for quick changeover from one wrench head to another while ensuring that the torque applied remains accurate. Common interface sizes include 9×12mm and 12×14mm, and interchangeable heads include open-end, ring-end, adjustable, ratchet, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmable_electronic_torque_/_angle_wrenches"><span id="Programmable_electronic_torque_.2F_angle_wrenches"></span>Programmable electronic torque / angle wrenches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Programmable electronic torque / angle wrenches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Torque-angle_tension_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Torque-angle tension control">Torque-angle tension control</a></div> <p>Torque measurement is conducted in the same way as with an electronic torque wrench but the tightening angle from the snug point or threshold is also measured. The angle is measured by an angle sensor or electronic gyroscope. The angle measurement process enables joints which have already been tightened to be recognized. The inbuilt readings memory enables measurements to be statistically evaluated. Tightening curves can be analyzed using the software via the integrated tightening-curve system (force/path graph). This type of torque wrench can also be used to determine breakaway torque, prevail torque and the final torque of a tightening job. Thanks to a special measuring process, it is also possible to display the yield point (yield controlled tightening). This design of torque wrench is highly popular with automotive manufacturers for documenting tightening processes requiring both torque and angle control because, in these cases, a defined angle has to be applied to the fastener on top of the prescribed torque (e.g. 50 N⋅m or 37 lbf⋅ft + 90° – here the 50 N⋅m or 37 lbf⋅ft means the snug point/threshold and +90° indicates that an additional angle has to be applied after the threshold). </p><p>In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Saltus-Werk_Max_Forst_GmbH" title="Saltus-Werk Max Forst GmbH">Saltus-Werk Max Forst GmbH</a> applied for an international patent for the first electronic torque wrench with angle measurement which did not require a reference arm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechatronic_torque_wrenches">Mechatronic torque wrenches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mechatronic torque wrenches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DC-0-MA_SDM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/DC-0-MA_SDM.jpg/220px-DC-0-MA_SDM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/DC-0-MA_SDM.jpg/330px-DC-0-MA_SDM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/DC-0-MA_SDM.jpg/440px-DC-0-MA_SDM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Mechatronic torque wrench</figcaption></figure> <p>Torque measurement is achieved in the same way as with a click-type torque wrench but, at the same time, the torque is measured as a digital reading (click and final torque) as with an electronic torque wrench. This is, therefore, a combination of electronic and mechanical measurements. All the measurements are transferred and documented via wireless data transmission. Users will know they have achieved the desired torque setting when the wrench "beeps". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Torque_wrench_standardization">Torque wrench standardization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Torque wrench standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISO">ISO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: ISO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> maintains standard ISO 6789. This standard covers the construction and calibration of hand-operated torque tools. They define two types of torque tool encompassing twelve classes, these are given by the table below. Also given is the percentage allowable deviation from the desired torque.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO6789_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO6789-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Torque wrench types </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Torque wrench tolerance </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight: bold;">Type </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">Class </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">Description </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">≤ 10 Nm </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">>10 Nm </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Type 1: Indicating </td> <td>Class A </td> <td>Wrench with torsion or flexing bar </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">±6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class B </td> <td>Wrench with rigid body and indicator </td> <td>±6% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class C </td> <td>Wrench with rigid body and electronic measurement </td> <td>±6% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class D </td> <td>Screwdriver with indicator / with dial or display </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">±6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class E </td> <td>Screwdriver with electronic measurement </td> <td>±6% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">Type 2: Setting </td> <td>Class A </td> <td>Adjustable wrench with indicator </td> <td>±6% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class B </td> <td>Fixed torque wrench </td> <td>±6% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class C </td> <td>Adjustable wrench without indicator </td> <td>±6% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class D </td> <td>Adjustable screwdriver with indicator </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">±6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class E </td> <td>Fixed screwdriver </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">±6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class F </td> <td>Adjustable screwdriver without indicator </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">±6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class G </td> <td>Adjustable wrench with flexing bar and indicator </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">±6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ISO standard also states that even when overloaded by 25% of the maximum rating, the tool should remain reliably usable after being re-calibrated. Re-calibration for tools used within their specified limits should occur after 5000 cycles of torquing or 12 months, whichever is soonest. In cases where the tool is in use in an organization which has its own quality control procedures, then the calibration schedule can be arranged according to company standards.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO6789_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO6789-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tools should be marked with their torque range and the unit of torque as well as the direction of operation for unidirectional tools and the maker's mark. If a calibration certificate is provided, the tool must be marked with a serial number that matches the certificate or a calibration laboratory should give the tool a reference number corresponding with the tool's calibration certificate.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO6789_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO6789-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASME">ASME</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: ASME"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a> maintains standard ASME B107.300. This standard has the same type designation as the ISO standard with the addition of the type 3, (limiting) torque tool. This type will release the drive once the desired torque is met so that no more torque can be applied. This standard, however, uses different class designations within each type as well as additional style and design variants within each class. The standard also separates manual and electronic tools into different sections and designations. The ASME and ISO standards cannot be considered compatible. The table below gives some of the types and tolerances specified by the standard for manual torque tools. <sup id="cite_ref-ASMEB107.300_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASMEB107.300-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ASME2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASME2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Torque wrench types </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">Torque wrench tolerance </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight: bold;">Type </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">Class </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">Style </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;"><20% max rating </td> <td style="font-weight: bold;">20–100% max rating </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14">Type 1: Indicating </td> <td rowspan="3">Class A: Deflecting beam </td> <td>Style 1: Plain scale </td> <td rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;">±0.8% </td> <td rowspan="14" style="text-align: center;">±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 2: Scale with signal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 3: Scale with memory </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Class B: Deflecting beam, changeable head </td> <td>Style 1: Plain scale </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 2: Scale with signal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 3: Scale with memory </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Class C: Rigid housing </td> <td>Style 1: Plain scale </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 2: Scale with signal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 3: Scale with memory </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Class D: Rigid housing, changeable head </td> <td>Style 1: Plain scale </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 2: Scale with signal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 3: Scale with memory </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Class E: Screwdriver, indicating </td> <td>Style 1: Plain scale </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 2: Scale with signal </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">Type 2: Setting<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="4">Class A: With graduation </td> <td>Style 1: Without ratchet </td> <td>±0.8% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 2: With ratchet </td> <td>±0.8% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 3: Changeable head </td> <td>±0.8% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 4: Flexible head with ratchet </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">See standard </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Class B: Without graduation </td> <td>Style 1: Without ratchet </td> <td>±0.8% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 2: With ratchet </td> <td>±0.8% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 3: Changeable head </td> <td>±0.8% </td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 4: Flexible head with ratchet </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">See standard </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Type 3: Limiting </td> <td rowspan="2">Class A: Screwdriver </td> <td>Style 1: Without graduation </td> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;">±1.2% </td> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;">±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 2: With graduation </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Class B: T handle </td> <td>Style 1: Without graduation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style 2: With graduation </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tools should be marked with the model number of the tool, the unit of torque and the maker's mark. For unidirectional tools, the word "TORQUES" or "TORQUE" and the direction of operation must also be marked.<sup id="cite_ref-ASMEB107.300_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASMEB107.300-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Using_torque_wrenches">Using torque wrenches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Using torque wrenches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precision">Precision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Precision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Click type torque wrenches are precise when properly calibrated—however the more complex mechanism can result in loss of <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibration</a> sooner than the beam type, where there is little to no malfunction, (however the thin indicator rod can be accidentally bent out of true). Beam type torque wrenches are impossible to use in situations where the scale cannot be directly read—and these situations are common in <a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">automotive</a> applications. The scale on a beam type wrench is prone to <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> error, as a result of the large distance between indicator arm and scale (on some older designs). There is also the issue of increased user error with the beam type—the torque has to be read at every use and the operator must use caution to apply loads only at the floating handle's pivot point. Dual-beam or "flat" beam versions reduce the tendency for the pointer to rub, as do low-friction pointers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensions">Extensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Cheater_bar" title="Cheater bar">cheater bars</a> that extend from the handle end can damage the wrench, so only manufacturer specified equipment should be used.<sup id="cite_ref-ASG1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASG1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_wrench_extension_3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagrammatic torque wrench with extensions. Showing lengths and torques referenced in the section text."><img alt="Diagrammatic torque wrench with extensions. Showing lengths and torques referenced in the section text." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Torque_wrench_extension_3.png/300px-Torque_wrench_extension_3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Torque_wrench_extension_3.png/450px-Torque_wrench_extension_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Torque_wrench_extension_3.png/600px-Torque_wrench_extension_3.png 2x" data-file-width="2347" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Diagrammatic torque wrench with extensions. Showing lengths and torques referenced in the section text.</figcaption></figure> <p>Using socket extensions requires no adjustment of the torque setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Boeing1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using a crow's foot or similar extension requires the use of the following equation:<sup id="cite_ref-Boeing1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{w}={\frac {T_{d}A}{A+B}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{w}={\frac {T_{d}A}{A+B}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/05de93de561d3f719c9acc4ac2960d319876cca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:13.049ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{w}={\frac {T_{d}A}{A+B}}}"></span> </p><p>using a combination of handle and crow's foot extensions requires the use of the following equation:<sup id="cite_ref-Boeing1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{w}={\frac {T_{d}(A+C)}{A+B+C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{w}={\frac {T_{d}(A+C)}{A+B+C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c7b9f582a8469af5ff985cd2bb26e4b91eaf48b9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:17.655ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{w}={\frac {T_{d}(A+C)}{A+B+C}}}"></span> </p><p>where: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{w}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>w</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{w}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/682c5503266b2bd8cb0f71761d841021301fab9c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.767ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{w}}"></span> is the wrench indicated torque (setting torque),</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{d}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{d}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/70cadcc969636b990957852f205868f9f7178840" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.45ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{d}}"></span> is the desired torque,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span> is the length of the torque wrench, from the handle to the center of the head,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"></span> is the length of the crow's foot extension, from the center of the torque wrench head to the center line of the bolt,</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> is the length of the handle extension, from the extension end to the torque wrench handle.</li></ul> <p>These equations only apply if the extension is colinear with the length of the torque wrench. In other cases, the distance from the torque wrench's head to the bolt's head, as if it were in line, should be used. If the extension is set at 90° then no adjustment is required. These methods are not recommended except for extreme circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Boeing1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Howto plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#NOTHOWTO" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">instructions, advice, or how-to content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit">rewrite the content</a> so that it is more encyclopedic or <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">move</a> it to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="v:">Wikiversity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="b:">Wikibooks</a>, or <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="voy:">Wikivoyage</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For click (or other micrometer) types, when not in use, the force acting on the spring should be removed by setting the scale to its minimum rated value in order to prevent permanent set in the spring. Never set a micrometer style torque wrench to zero as the internal mechanism requires a small amount of tension in order to prevent components shifting and reduction of accuracy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calibration">Calibration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Calibration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with any precision tool, torque wrenches should be periodically re-calibrated. As previously stated, according to ISO standards calibration should happen every 5000 operations or every year, whichever comes first.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO6789_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO6789-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that torque wrenches can fall up to 10% out of calibration in the first year of use.<sup id="cite_ref-ASME2011_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASME2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calibration, when performed by a specialist service which follows ISO standards, follows a specific process and constraints. The operation requires specialist torque wrench calibration equipment with an accuracy of ±1% or better. The temperature of the area where calibration is being performed should be between 18 °C and 28 °C with no more than a 1 °C fluctuation and the <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> should not exceed 90%.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO6789_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO6789-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before any calibration work can be done, the tool should be preloaded and torqued without measure according to its type. The tool is then connected to the tester and force is applied to the handle (at no more than 10° from perpendicular) for values of 20%, 60% and 100% of the maximum torque and repeated according to their class. The force should be applied slowly and without jerky or irregular motion. The table below gives more specifics regarding the pattern of testing for each class of torque wrench.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO6789_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO6789-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Pre-calibration </th> <th>Calibration procedure </th></tr> <tr> <td>Type 1 </td> <td>All classes </td> <td>Preload once at the highest certified value </td> <td>5 measurements in a row for all values </td></tr> <tr> <td>Type 2 </td> <td>Class A </td> <td rowspan="7">Preload five times at the highest certified value </td> <td>5 measurements in a row for all values </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Class B </td> <td>5 measurements at nominal value </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Class C </td> <td>10 measurements in a row for all values </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Class D </td> <td>5 measurements in a row for all values </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Class E </td> <td>5 measurements at nominal value </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Class F </td> <td>10 measurements in a row for all values </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Class G </td> <td>5 measurements in a row for all values </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While professional calibration is recommended, for some people it would be out of their means. It is possible to calibrate a torque wrench in the home shop or garage. The process generally requires that a certain mass is attached to a lever arm and the torque wrench is set to the appropriate torque to lift said mass. The error within the tool can be calculated and the tool may be able to be altered or any work done adjusted for this error.<sup id="cite_ref-wikiHow1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikiHow1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ivy1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivy1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SG1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SG1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_torque_wrench" title="Dental torque wrench">Dental torque wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot-pound_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot-pound force">Foot-pound force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_torque_wrench" title="Battery torque wrench">Battery torque wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_torque_wrench" title="Hydraulic torque wrench">Hydraulic torque wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_wrench" title="Impact wrench">Impact wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">Micrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_metre" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton metre">Newton metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">Torque converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_limiter" title="Torque limiter">Torque limiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_screwdriver" title="Torque screwdriver">Torque screwdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_tester" title="Torque tester">Torque tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_(mechanics)" title="Torsion (mechanics)">Torsion (mechanics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrench" title="Wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ASME Type 2 is somewhat complicated and cannot be elaborated on in depth without the table becoming too large for the article.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torque_wrench&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sharp1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFSharp_John_H.1935"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2007880.html">US 2007880</a>, Sharp John H., "Torque-measuring wrench", published July 9, 1935</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2007880&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Torque-measuring+wrench&rft.inventor=Sharp+John+H.&rft.pubdate=July 9, 1935"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_(tool)" title="Brace (tool)">Brace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradawl" title="Bradawl">Bradawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaker_bar" title="Breaker bar">Breaker bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_paw_(tool)" title="Cat's paw (tool)">Cat's paw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulk" title="Caulk">Caulking gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)#Electrical_crimp" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowbar" title="Crowbar">Crowbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-blow_hammer" title="Dead-blow hammer">Dead-blow hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_tape" title="Fish tape">Fish tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_breaker" title="Glass breaker">Glass breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_gun" title="Grease gun">Grease gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_tacker" title="Hammer tacker">Hammer tacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk_(plasterer%27s_tool)" title="Hawk (plasterer's tool)">Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">Headlamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_key" title="Hex key">Hex key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">Hole punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(device)" title="Jack (device)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locking_pliers" title="Locking pliers">Locking pliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_wrench" title="Lug wrench">Lug wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_wrench" title="Monkey wrench">Monkey wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-tool" title="Multi-tool">Multi-tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_driver" title="Nut driver">Nut driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_roller" title="Paint roller">Paint roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush#paintbrushes" title="Brush">Paintbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil_sharpener" title="Pencil sharpener">Pencil sharpener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_drill" title="Persian drill">Persian drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincers_(tool)" title="Pincers (tool)">Pincers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">Pipe wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber_wrench" title="Plumber wrench">Plumber wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">Plumber's snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">Plunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podger_spanner" title="Podger spanner">Podger spanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(tool)" title="Punch (tool)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_down_tool" title="Punch down tool">Punch down tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_awl" title="Scratch awl">Scratch awl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">Screwdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer" title="Sledgehammer">Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_hammer" title="Slide hammer">Slide hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socket_wrench" title="Socket wrench">Socket wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_maul" title="Spike maul">Spike maul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_gun" title="Staple gun">Staple gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Stitching awl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap_wrench" title="Strap wrench">Strap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">Tactical light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_iron" title="Tire iron">Tire iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue-and-groove_pliers" title="Tongue-and-groove pliers">Tongue-and-groove pliers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Torque wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweezers" title="Tweezers">Tweezers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upholstery_hammer" title="Upholstery hammer">Upholstery hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrench" title="Wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_tools" title="Template:Types of tools">Types of tools</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cleaning_tools" title="Template:Cleaning tools">Cleaning</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cutting_and_abrasive_tools" title="Template:Cutting and abrasive tools">Cutting and abrasive</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry_tools" title="Template:Forestry tools">Forestry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Garden_tools" title="Template:Garden tools">Garden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hand_tools" title="Template:Hand tools">Hand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Kitchen_tools" title="Template:Kitchen tools">Kitchen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Machine_and_metalworking_tools" title="Template:Machine and metalworking tools">Machine and metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Masonry_tools" title="Template:Masonry tools">Masonry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Measuring_and_alignment_tools" title="Template:Measuring and alignment tools">Measuring and alignment</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mining_equipment" title="Template:Mining equipment">Mining</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_tools" title="Template:Power tools">Power</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_tools" title="Template:Textile tools">Textile</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking">Woodworking</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Measuring_and_alignment_tools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Measuring and alignment tools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Measuring_and_alignment_tools738" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">Measuring</a> and alignment tools</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect%27s_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect's scale">Architect's scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_compass" title="Beam compass">Beam compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calipers" title="Calipers">Calipers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_line" title="Chalk line">Chalk line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_(drawing_tool)" title="Compass (drawing tool)">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate-measuring_machine" title="Coordinate-measuring machine">Coordinate-measuring machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagonal scale">Diagonal scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_machine" title="Drafting machine">Drafting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineer's scale">Engineer's scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeler_gauge" title="Feeler gauge">Feeler gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_spline" title="Flat spline">Flat spline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_curve" title="French curve">French curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter%27s_chain" title="Gunter's chain">Gunter's chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_level" title="Laser level">Laser level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_line_level" title="Laser line level">Laser line level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_rangefinder#Laser_measuring_tools" title="Laser rangefinder">Laser measuring tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_rule" title="Lesbian rule">Lesbian rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_gauge" title="Marking gauge">Marking gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measuring_rod" title="Measuring rod">Measuring rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meterstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Meterstick">Meterstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">Micrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumb_bob" title="Plumb bob">Plumb-bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goniometer#Protractor" title="Goniometer">Protractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_gauge" title="Radius gauge">Radius gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">Ruler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_square" title="Set square">Set square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirret_(tool)" title="Skirret (tool)">Skirret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_T_bevel" title="Sliding T bevel">Sliding T bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_level" title="Spirit level">Spirit level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Steel square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stencil" title="Stencil">Stencil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-square" title="T-square">T-square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">Tape measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodolite" title="Theodolite">Theodolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_pitch_gauge" title="Thread pitch gauge">Thread pitch gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">Vernier 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