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2.4 Free-to-play </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free-to-play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins:_1970s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins:_1970s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Origins: 1970s–1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins:_1970s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_first-person_shooters:_1987–1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_first-person_shooters:_1987–1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early first-person shooters: 1987–1992 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_first-person_shooters:_1987–1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_in_popularity:_1992–1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_in_popularity:_1992–1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Rise in popularity: 1992–1993 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_in_popularity:_1992–1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advances_in_3D_engines:_1993-1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advances_in_3D_engines:_1993-1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Advances in 3D engines: 1993-1997 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advances_in_3D_engines:_1993-1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_and_console_games:_1997-2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_and_console_games:_1997-2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Online and console games: 1997-2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_and_console_games:_1997-2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_VR_technology:_2020–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_VR_technology:_2020–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Rise of VR technology: 2020–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_VR_technology:_2020–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">First-person shooter</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="تصويب منظور الشخص الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصويب منظور الشخص الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoxuegu_de_disparos_en_primer_persona" title="Videoxuegu de disparos en primer persona – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Videoxuegu de disparos en primer persona" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_%C5%9F%C9%99xs_at%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="Birinci şəxs atıcı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci şəxs atıcı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="প্রথম-ব্যক্তি শুটার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম-ব্যক্তি শুটার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-it_j%C3%AEn-chheng_si%C4%81-chhi%C3%BA" title="Tē-it jîn-chheng siā-chhiú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-it jîn-chheng siā-chhiú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puca%C4%8Dina_u_prvom_licu" title="Pucačina u prvom licu – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pucačina u prvom licu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="First-person shooter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojoc_d%27acci%C3%B3_en_primera_persona" title="Videojoc d'acció en primera persona – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Videojoc d'acció en primera persona" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="First-person shooter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="First-person shooter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-Shooter" title="Ego-Shooter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ego-Shooter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPS-m%C3%A4ng" title="FPS-mäng – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="FPS-mäng" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9_%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Βιντεοπαιχνίδι βολών πρώτου προσώπου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιντεοπαιχνίδι βολών πρώτου προσώπου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videojuego_de_disparos_en_primera_persona" title="Videojuego de disparos en primera persona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Videojuego de disparos en primera persona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pafa_videoludo_el_mi-perspektivo" title="Pafa videoludo el mi-perspektivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pafa videoludo el mi-perspektivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehen_pertsonako_tiro_bideo-joko" title="Lehen pertsonako tiro bideo-joko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehen pertsonako tiro bideo-joko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5" title="تیراندازی اول شخص – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیراندازی اول شخص" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_de_tir_%C3%A0_la_premi%C3%A8re_personne" title="Jeu de tir à la première personne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jeu de tir à la première personne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_person_shooter" title="First person shooter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="First person shooter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%AD_%EC%8A%88%ED%8C%85_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84" title="1인칭 슈팅 게임 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1인칭 슈팅 게임" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%AB%D5%A3" title="Առաջին դեմքի հրաձիգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առաջին դեմքի հրաձիգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रथम-व्यक्ति शूटर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रथम-व्यक्ति शूटर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puca%C4%8Dina" title="Pucačina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pucačina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembak-menembak_orang-pertama" title="Tembak-menembak orang-pertama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tembak-menembak orang-pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrstu_pers%C3%B3nu_skotleikur" title="Fyrstu persónu skotleikur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrstu persónu skotleikur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparatutto_in_prima_persona" title="Sparatutto in prima persona – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sparatutto in prima persona" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="משחק ירי בגוף ראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משחק ירי בגוף ראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პირველი პირის შუტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პირველი პირის შუტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Биринчи киши аткан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биринчи киши аткан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aujamsp%C4%93le_no_pirm%C4%81s_personas_skatpunkta" title="Šaujamspēle no pirmās personas skatpunkta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šaujamspēle no pirmās personas skatpunkta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmojo_asmens_%C5%A1audykl%C4%97" title="Pirmojo asmens šaudyklė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pirmojo asmens šaudyklė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="First-person shooter" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Пукачка игра од прво лице – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пукачка игра од прво лице" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="تصويب منظور شخص اولانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تصويب منظور شخص اولانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penembak_orang_pertama" title="Penembak orang pertama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penembak orang pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="First-person shooter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ファーストパーソン・シューティングゲーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファーストパーソン・シューティングゲーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparatutto_mprimma_perzona" title="Sparatutto mprimma perzona – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sparatutto mprimma perzona" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rstepersonsskytespill" title="Førstepersonsskytespill – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Førstepersonsskytespill" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skytespel_i_f%C3%B8rsteperson" title="Skytespel i førsteperson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skytespel i førsteperson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzelanka_pierwszoosobowa" title="Strzelanka pierwszoosobowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strzelanka pierwszoosobowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiro_em_primeira_pessoa" title="Tiro em primeira pessoa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tiro em primeira pessoa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joc_shooter_first-person" title="Joc shooter first-person – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joc shooter first-person" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Шутер от первого лица – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шутер от первого лица" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First-person shooter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="First-person shooter" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvoosebna_strelska_videoigra" title="Prvoosebna strelska videoigra – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prvoosebna strelska videoigra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%82%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85" title="تەقەکەری کەسی یەکەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەقەکەری کەسی یەکەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Пуцачина из првог лица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пуцачина из првог лица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puca%C4%8Dina_iz_prvog_lica" title="Pucačina iz prvog lica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Video game genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">Light gun shooter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_shooter" title="Rail shooter">Rail shooter</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shooting_gallery_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting gallery game">Shooting gallery game</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="First-person shooter (disambiguation)">First-person shooter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Doom clone" redirects here. For the modern revival, see <a href="/wiki/Boomer_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Boomer shooter">Boomer shooter</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S.T.A.L.K.E.R.-_Call_of_Pripyat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/S.T.A.L.K.E.R.-_Call_of_Pripyat.jpg/220px-S.T.A.L.K.E.R.-_Call_of_Pripyat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/S.T.A.L.K.E.R.-_Call_of_Pripyat.jpg/330px-S.T.A.L.K.E.R.-_Call_of_Pripyat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/S.T.A.L.K.E.R.-_Call_of_Pripyat.jpg/440px-S.T.A.L.K.E.R.-_Call_of_Pripyat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>A screenshot of <a href="/wiki/S.T.A.L.K.E.R.:_Call_of_Pripyat" title="S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat">S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Call of Pripyat</a> showcasing the first-person perspective</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First-person shooters</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game genres">Subgenres</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_first-person_shooter" title="Massively multiplayer online first-person shooter">MMOFPS</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Gameplay</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_and_secure" title="Advance and secure">Advance and secure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_bot" title="Video game bot">Bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathmatch_(video_games)" title="Deathmatch (video games)">Deathmatch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_man_standing_(video_games)" title="Last man standing (video games)">Last man standing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitscan" title="Hitscan">Hitscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_jumping" title="Rocket jumping">Rocket jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interaction_and_first-person_shooters" title="Social interaction and first-person shooters">Social interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strafing_(video_games)" title="Strafing (video games)">Strafing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first-person_shooters" title="List of first-person shooters">List of FPSs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freeware_first-person_shooters" title="List of freeware first-person shooters">List of free FPSs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massively_multiplayer_online_first-person_shooter_games" title="List of massively multiplayer online first-person shooter games">List of MMOFPSs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_FPS" title="Template:Video FPS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_FPS" title="Template talk:Video FPS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_FPS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video FPS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A first-person shooter (FPS) is a <a href="/wiki/Video_game_genre" title="Video game genre">video game</a> centered on gun fighting and other weapon-based combat seen from a <a href="/wiki/First_person_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="First person (video games)">first-person perspective</a>, with the player experiencing the action directly through the eyes of the <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">main character</a>.<a href="#cite_note-routledge_chp31-1">[1]</a> This genre shares multiple common traits with other <a href="/wiki/Shooter_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooter video games">shooter games</a>, and in turn falls under the <a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">action games</a> category. Since the genre's inception, advanced <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> and <a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">pseudo-3D</a> graphics have proven fundamental to allow a reasonable level of immersion in the <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">game world</a>, and this type of game helped pushing technology progressively further, challenging hardware developers worldwide to introduce numerous innovations in the field of <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics processing units">graphics processing units</a>. <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer gaming</a> has been an integral part of the experience, and became even more prominent with the diffusion of internet connectivity in recent years. Although earlier games predate it by 20 years, <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D" title="Wolfenstein 3D">Wolfenstein 3D</a> (1992) was the highest-profile archetype upon which most subsequent first-person shooters were based. One such game, considered the progenitor of the genre's mainstream acceptance and popularity, was <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a> (1993), often cited as the most influential game in this category; for years, the term "Doom clone" was used to designate this type of game, due to Doom's enormous success.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Another common name for the genre in its early days was "corridor shooter", since processing limitations of that era's computer hardware meant that most of the action had to take place in enclosed areas, such as corridors and small rooms.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> During the 1990s, the genre was one of the main cornerstones for technological advancements of computer graphics, starting with the release of <a href="/wiki/Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a> in 1996. Quake was one of the first real-time 3D rendered video games in history, and quickly became one of the most acclaimed shooter games of all time.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics accelerator</a> hardware became essential to improve performances and add new effects such as full <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">texture mapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_lighting" title="Computer graphics lighting">dynamic lighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particle_system" title="Particle system">particle processing</a> to the 3D <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">engines</a> that powered the games of that period, such as the iconic <a href="/wiki/Quake_engine" title="Quake engine">id Tech 2</a>, the first iteration of the <a href="/wiki/Unreal_Engine" title="Unreal Engine">Unreal Engine</a>, or the more versatile <a href="/wiki/Build_(game_engine)" title="Build (game engine)">Build</a>. Other seminal games were released during the years, with <a href="/wiki/Marathon_(video_game)" title="Marathon (video game)">Marathon</a> enhancing the narrative and puzzle elements,<a href="#cite_note-marathon-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ign100-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D" title="Duke Nukem 3D">Duke Nukem 3D</a> introducing voice acting, complete interactivity with the environment, and city-life settings to the genre, and games like <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Rainbow_Six_(video_game)" title="Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six (video game)">Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Strike_(video_game)" title="Counter-Strike (video game)">Counter-Strike</a> starting to adopt a realistic and tactical approach aimed at simulating real life counter-terrorism situations. <a href="/wiki/GoldenEye_007_(1997_video_game)" title="GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)">GoldenEye 007</a>, released in 1997, was a landmark first-person shooter for <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">home consoles</a>, while the critical and commercial success of later titles like <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Dark" title="Perfect Dark">Perfect Dark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_(1999_video_game)" title="Medal of Honor (1999 video game)">Medal of Honor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halo (series)">Halo</a> series helped to heighten the appeal of this genre for the consoles market, straightening the road to the current tendency to release most titles as cross-platform, like many games in the <a href="/wiki/Far_Cry" title="Far Cry">Far Cry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty" title="Call of Duty">Call of Duty</a> series. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> First-person shooters are a type of <a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">shooter game</a><a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-9">[9]</a> that relies on a <a href="/wiki/First_person_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="First person (video games)">first-person</a> point of view with which the player experiences the action through the eyes of the <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">character</a>. They differ from <a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">third-person shooters</a> in that, in a third-person shooter, the player can see the character they are controlling (usually from behind, or above). The primary design focus is combat, mainly involving firearms or other types of long range weapons.<a href="#cite_note-geektrivia-10">[10]</a> A defining feature of the genre is "player-guided navigation through a three-dimensional space." This is a defining characteristic that clearly distinguishes the genre from other types of shooting games that employ a <a href="/wiki/First_person_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="First person (video games)">first-person perspective</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">light gun shooters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_shooters" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail shooters">rail shooters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooting_gallery_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting gallery game">shooting gallery games</a>, or older shooting <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game" title="Electro-mechanical game">electro-mechanical games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-routledge_chp31-1">[1]</a> First person-shooter games are thus categorized as being distinct from light gun shooters, a similar genre with a first-person perspective which uses dedicated <a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">light gun</a> peripherals, in contrast to the use of conventional input devices.<a href="#cite_note-concepts-11">[11]</a> Light-gun shooters (like <a href="/wiki/Virtua_Cop" title="Virtua Cop">Virtua Cop</a>) often feature "on-rails" (scripted) movement, whereas first-person shooters give the player complete freedom to roam the surroundings. The first-person shooter may be considered a distinct genre itself, or a type of shooter game, in turn a subgenre of the wider <a href="/wiki/Action_game" title="Action game">action game</a> genre.<a href="#cite_note-Rollings-12">[12]</a> Following the release of Doom in 1993, games in this style were commonly referred to as "Doom clones";<a href="#cite_note-clones-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica-14">[14]</a> over time this term has largely been replaced by "first-person shooter".<a href="#cite_note-britannica-14">[14]</a> Wolfenstein 3D, released in 1992, the year before Doom, has been often credited with introducing the genre, but critics have since identified similar, though less advanced, games developed as far back as 1973.<a href="#cite_note-geektrivia-10">[10]</a> There are occasional disagreements regarding the specific design elements which constitute a first-person shooter. For example, titles like <a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex_(video_game)" title="Deus Ex (video game)">Deus Ex</a> or <a href="/wiki/BioShock" title="BioShock">BioShock</a> may be considered as first-person shooters, but may also fit into the <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing games</a> category, as they borrow extensively from that genre.<a href="#cite_note-levine-15">[15]</a> Other examples, like <a href="/wiki/Far_Cry_(video_game)" title="Far Cry (video game)">Far Cry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rage_(video_game)" title="Rage (video game)">Rage</a>, could also be considered <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">adventure games</a>, because they focus more on exploration than simple action, they task players with multiple different objectives other than just killing enemies, and they often revolve around the construction of complex cinematic storylines with a well defined cast of <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">secondary characters</a> to interact with. Furthermore, certain puzzle or platforming games are also sometimes categorized as first-person shooters, in spite of lacking any direct combat or shooting element, instead using a first-person perspective to help players immerse within the game and better navigate 3D environments (for example, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Portal_(video_game)" title="Portal (video game)">Portal</a>, the 'gun' the player character carries is used to create portals through walls rather than fire projectiles).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Some commentators also extend the definition to include <a href="/wiki/Combat_flight_simulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat flight simulator">combat flight simulators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Space combat">space battle</a> games, whenever the cockpit of the aircraft is depicted from a first-person point of view.<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-geektrivia-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Game_design">Game design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Game design">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCP_Secret_Laboratory_(ff23d784855219466cb248575cc356e28b1ed348).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SCP_Secret_Laboratory_%28ff23d784855219466cb248575cc356e28b1ed348%29.gif/220px-SCP_Secret_Laboratory_%28ff23d784855219466cb248575cc356e28b1ed348%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SCP_Secret_Laboratory_%28ff23d784855219466cb248575cc356e28b1ed348%29.gif/330px-SCP_Secret_Laboratory_%28ff23d784855219466cb248575cc356e28b1ed348%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SCP_Secret_Laboratory_%28ff23d784855219466cb248575cc356e28b1ed348%29.gif/440px-SCP_Secret_Laboratory_%28ff23d784855219466cb248575cc356e28b1ed348%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>A player character examining their weapon in SCP: Secret Laboratory</figcaption></figure> Like most shooter games, first-person shooters involve an <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">avatar</a>, one or more ranged weapons, and a varying number of enemies.<a href="#cite_note-Rollings-12">[12]</a> Because they take place in a 3D environment, these games tend to be somewhat more realistic than <a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">2D shooter</a> games, and have more accurate representations of gravity, lighting, sound and collisions.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-9">[9]</a> First-person shooters played on <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> are most often controlled with a combination of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse</a>. This system has been claimed as superior to that found in console games,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> which frequently use two <a href="/wiki/Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">analog sticks</a>: one used for running and sidestepping, the other for <a href="/wiki/Free_look" title="Free look">looking and aiming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-noviceguide-19">[19]</a> It is common to display the character's hands and weaponry in the main view, with a <a href="/wiki/Heads-up_display_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads-up display (video games)">heads-up display</a> showing health, <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> and location details. Often, it is possible to overlay a map of the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_and_power-ups">Combat and power-ups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Combat and power-ups">edit</a>]</div> First-person shooters generally focus on action gameplay, with fast-paced combat and dynamic firefights being a central point of the experience, though certain titles may also place a greater emphasis on narrative, problem-solving and logic puzzles.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a> In addition to shooting, <a href="/wiki/Melee_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Melee phase">melee</a> combat may also be used extensively. In some games, melee weapons are especially powerful, as a reward for the risk the player must take in maneuvering his character into close proximity to the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In other games, instead, melee weapons may be less effective but necessary as a last resort.<a href="#cite_note-quakewars-23">[23]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Tactical_shooter" title="Tactical shooter">Tactical shooters</a>" tend to be more realistic, and require the players to use teamwork and strategy in order to succeed;<a href="#cite_note-noviceguide-19">[19]</a> the players can often command a squad of characters, which may be controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games" title="Artificial intelligence in video games">A.I.</a> or by human teammates,<a href="#cite_note-rainbow-24">[24]</a> and can be given different tasks during the course of the mission. First-person shooters typically present players with a vast arsenal of weapons, which can have a large impact on how they will approach the game.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-9">[9]</a> Some games offer realistic reproductions of actual existing (or even historical) firearms, simulating their rate of fire, magazine size, ammunition amount, recoil and accuracy. Depending on the context, other first-person shooters may incorporate some imaginative variations, including futuristic prototypes, alien-technology or magical weapons, and/or implementing a wide array of different projectiles, from lasers, to energy, plasma, rockets, and arrows. These many variations may also be applied to the tossing of grenades, bombs, spears and the like. Also, more unconventional modes of destruction may be employed by the playable character, such as flames, electricity, telekinesis or other supernatural powers, and traps. In the early era of first-person shooters, often designers allowed characters to carry a large number of different weapons with little to no reduction in speed or mobility. More modern games started to adopt a more realistic approach, where the player can only equip a handheld gun, coupled with a rifle, or even limiting the players to only one weapon of choice at a time, forcing them to swap between different alternatives according to the situation. In some games, there's the option to trade up or upgrade weapons, resulting in multiple degrees of customization. Thus, the standards of realism are extremely variable.<a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-9">[9]</a> The protagonist can generally get healing and equipment supplies by means of collectible items such as <a href="/wiki/First_aid_kit" title="First aid kit">first aid kits</a> or ammunition packs, simply by walking over, or interacting with them.<a href="#cite_note-cliches-25">[25]</a> Some games allow players to accumulate <a href="/wiki/Experience_point" title="Experience point">experience points</a> in a role-playing game fashion, that can generally be used to unlock new weapons, bonuses and skills.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_design">Level design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Level design">edit</a>]</div> First-person shooters may be structurally composed of <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Level (video gaming)">levels</a>, or use the technique of a continuous narrative in which the game never leaves the first-person perspective.<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a> Others feature large <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">sandbox</a> environments, which are not divided into levels and can be explored freely.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In first-person shooters, protagonists interact with the environment to varying degrees, from basics such as using doors, to problem solving puzzles based on a variety of interactive objects.<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a> In some games, the player can damage the environment, also to varying degrees: one common device is the use of barrels containing <a href="/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">explosive material</a> which the player can shoot, harming nearby enemies.<a href="#cite_note-cliches-25">[25]</a> Other games feature environments which are extensively destructible, allowing for additional visual effects.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The game world will often make use of science fiction, historic (particularly <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">modern military</a> themes, with such <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonists</a> as <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">aliens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorists</a> and soldiers of various types.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Games feature multiple difficulty settings; in harder modes, enemies are tougher, more aggressive and do more damage, and power-ups are limited. In easier modes, the player can succeed through reaction times alone; on more difficult settings, it is often necessary to memorize the levels through trial and error.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiplayer">Multiplayer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Multiplayer">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euskal_encounter_2004_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Euskal_encounter_2004_1.jpg/220px-Euskal_encounter_2004_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Euskal_encounter_2004_1.jpg/330px-Euskal_encounter_2004_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Euskal_encounter_2004_1.jpg/440px-Euskal_encounter_2004_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>More 21st century first-person shooters utilize the Internet for multiplayer features, but local area networks were commonly used in early games.</figcaption></figure> First-person shooters may feature a <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplayer">multiplayer</a> mode, taking place on specialized levels. Some games are designed specifically for multiplayer gaming, and have very limited single player modes in which the player competes against game-controlled characters termed "bots".<a href="#cite_note-bf2-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_first-person_shooters" class="mw-redirect" title="Massively multiplayer online first-person shooters">Massively multiplayer online first-person shooters</a> like those in the <a href="/wiki/PlanetSide" title="PlanetSide">PlanetSide</a> series allow thousands of players to compete at once in a <a href="/wiki/Persistent_world" title="Persistent world">persistent world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MMOFPS-32">[32]</a> Large scale multiplayer games allow multiple squads, with leaders issuing commands and a commander controlling the team's overall strategy.<a href="#cite_note-bf2-31">[31]</a> Multiplayer games have a variety of different styles of match. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xonotic_gameplay.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Xonotic_gameplay.png/220px-Xonotic_gameplay.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Xonotic_gameplay.png/330px-Xonotic_gameplay.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Xonotic_gameplay.png/440px-Xonotic_gameplay.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A player standing close to the blue flag in a "capture the flag" round of the 2023 game <a href="/wiki/Xonotic" title="Xonotic">Xonotic</a></figcaption></figure> The classic types are the <a href="/wiki/Deathmatch_(video_games)" title="Deathmatch (video games)">deathmatch</a> (and its team-based variant) in which players score points by killing other players' characters; and <a href="/wiki/Capture_the_flag" title="Capture the flag">capture the flag</a>, in which teams attempt to penetrate the opposing base, capture a flag and return it to their own base whilst preventing the other team from doing the same. Other game modes may involve attempting to capture enemy bases or areas of the map, attempting to take hold of an object for as long as possible while evading other players, or deathmatch variations involving limited lives or in which players fight over a particularly potent <a href="/wiki/Power-up" title="Power-up">power-up</a>. These match types may also be customizable, allowing the players to vary weapons, health and power-ups found on the map, as well as victory criteria.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Games may allow players to choose between various <a href="/wiki/Character_class" title="Character class">classes</a>, each with its own strengths, weaknesses, equipment and roles within a team.<a href="#cite_note-quakewars-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free-to-play">Free-to-play</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Free-to-play">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">Free-to-play</a></div> There are many free-to-play first-person shooters on the market now, including <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein:_Enemy_Territory" title="Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory">Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apex_Legends" title="Apex Legends">Apex Legends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Team_Fortress_2" title="Team Fortress 2">Team Fortress 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlanetSide_2" title="PlanetSide 2">PlanetSide 2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halo_Infinite" title="Halo Infinite">Halo Infinite Multiplayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Some games are released as free-to-play as their intended business model and can be highly profitable (League of Legends earned $2 billion in 2017),<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> but others such as <a href="/wiki/Warhammer_40,000:_Eternal_Crusade" title="Warhammer 40,000: Eternal Crusade">Warhammer 40,000: Eternal Crusade</a> begin their life as paid games and become free-to-play later to reach a wider audience after an initially disappointing reception.<a href="#cite_note-twinfinite.net-36">[36]</a> Some player communities complain about freemium first-person-shooters, fearing that they create unbalanced games, but many game designers have tweaked prices in response to criticism, and players can usually get the same benefits by playing longer rather than paying.<a href="#cite_note-twinfinite.net-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DETAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DETAIL">detail</a> that may interest only a particular audience. Specifically, Far too much detail on individual games without expressing their importance to the FPS genre development.. Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the history of light gun shooter, rail shooter and shooting gallery games that employ a first-person perspective, see <a href="/wiki/Shooter_game#History" title="Shooter game">Shooter game § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">Light gun shooter § History</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins:_1970s–1980s">Origins: 1970s–1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origins: 1970s–1980s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bradley_Trainer_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bradley_Trainer_screenshot.png/220px-Bradley_Trainer_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bradley_Trainer_screenshot.png/330px-Bradley_Trainer_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bradley_Trainer_screenshot.png/440px-Bradley_Trainer_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Before the popularity of first-person shooters, the first-person viewpoint was used in <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game" title="Vehicle simulation game">vehicle simulation games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Battlezone_(1980_video_game)" title="Battlezone (1980 video game)">Battlezone</a>.</figcaption></figure> The earliest two documented first-person shooter video games are <a href="/wiki/Maze_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze War">Maze War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spasim" title="Spasim">Spasim</a>. Maze War was originally developed in 1973 by Greg Thompson, Steve Colley and Howard Palmer, high-school students in a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> work-study program trying to develop a program to help visualize <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a> for spacecraft designs. The work became a maze game presented to the player in the first-person, and later included support for a second player and the ability to shoot the other player to win the game. Thompson took the game's code with him to <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, where with help from <a href="/wiki/Dave_Lebling" title="Dave Lebling">Dave Lebling</a> to create an eight-player version that could be played over <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, computer-run players using artificial intelligence, customizable maps, online scoreboards and a spectator mode.<a href="#cite_note-pcgamer_history-37">[37]</a> Spasim had a documented debut at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> in 1974 on the PLATO mainframe system. The game was a rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Space_flight_simulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Space flight simulator">space flight simulator</a> for up to 32 players, featuring a first-person perspective.<a href="#cite_note-geektrivia-10">[10]</a> Both games were distinct from modern first-person shooters, involving simple <a href="/wiki/Tile-based_video_game" title="Tile-based video game">tile-based movement</a> where the player could only move from square to square and turn in <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">90-degree</a> increments.<a href="#cite_note-IE2009-38">[38]</a> Such games spawned others that used similar visuals to display the player as part of a maze (such as <a href="/wiki/Akalabeth:_World_of_Doom" title="Akalabeth: World of Doom">Akalabeth: World of Doom</a> in 1979), and were loosely called "rat's eye view" games, since they gave the appearance of a rat running through a maze.<a href="#cite_note-pcgamer_history-37">[37]</a> Another crucial early game that influenced first-person shooters was <a href="/wiki/Wayout" title="Wayout">Wayout</a>. It featured the player trying to escape a maze, using <a href="/wiki/Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">ray casting</a> to render the environment, simulating visually how each wall segment would be rendered relative to the player's position and facing angle. This allowed more freeform movement compared to the grid-based and cardinal Maze War and Spasim.<a href="#cite_note-pcgamer_history-37">[37]</a> Among PLATO games, Witz and Boland's 1977 Futurewar, a dystopian 3D first-person dungeon shooter, has been argued to be the first true FPS. This is due to the combination of a fully perspective-shifting 3D maze with enemies ahead, and what may be the earliest representation of weapons appearing in perspective in front of the player.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A slightly more sophisticated first-person shooting mainframe game was <a href="/wiki/Panther_(1975_video_game)" title="Panther (1975 video game)">Panther</a> (1975), a <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game" title="Vehicle simulation game">tank simulator</a> for the <a href="/wiki/PLATO_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PLATO system">PLATO system</a>. Atari's first-person tank shooter <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a> <a href="/wiki/Battlezone_(1980_video_game)" title="Battlezone (1980 video game)">Battlezone</a> (1980), modeled closely after PLATO Panther, was released for <a href="/wiki/Video_arcade" class="mw-redirect" title="Video arcade">arcades</a> and presented using a <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> <a href="/wiki/Vector_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector display">display</a>, with the game designed by Ed Rotberg. It is considered to be the first successful first-person shooter video game, making it a milestone for the genre. It was primarily inspired by Atari's top-down arcade <a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">shooter game</a> <a href="/wiki/Tank_(video_game)" title="Tank (video game)">Tank</a> (1974).<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a> The original <a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">arcade cabinet</a> also employed a <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscope</a> viewfinder similar to <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> shooting <a href="/wiki/Arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade games">arcade games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Midway_Games" title="Midway Games">Midway</a>'s video game <a href="/wiki/Sea_Wolf_(video_game)" title="Sea Wolf (video game)">Sea Wolf</a> (1976) and <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game" title="Electro-mechanical game">electro-mechanical game</a> <a href="/wiki/Periscope_(arcade_game)" title="Periscope (arcade game)">Periscope</a> (1966).<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a> Battlezone became the first successful mass-market game featuring a first-person viewpoint and <a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">wireframe</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-3D">3D graphics</a>, with a version later released for home computers in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-educational-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_first-person_shooters:_1987–1992">Early first-person shooters: 1987–1992</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early first-person shooters: 1987–1992">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/MIDI_Maze" title="MIDI Maze">MIDI Maze</a>, a first-person shooter released in 1987 for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ign_midi-45">[45]</a> featured <a href="/wiki/List_of_maze_video_games" title="List of maze video games">maze-based gameplay</a> and character designs similar to <a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a>, but displayed in a first-person perspective.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-gamesradar_midi-47">[47]</a> Later ported to various systems—including the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_NES" class="mw-redirect" title="Super NES">Super NES</a> under the title <a href="/wiki/Faceball_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Faceball 2000">Faceball 2000</a>—it featured the first network multiplayer <a href="/wiki/Deathmatch_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deathmatch (gaming)">deathmatches</a>, using a <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> interface.<a href="#cite_note-1UP-Faceball-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-gamesradar_midi-47">[47]</a> Despite the inconvenience of connecting numerous machines together, it gained a cult following; <a href="/wiki/1UP.com" class="mw-redirect" title="1UP.com">1UP.com</a> called it the "first multi-player 3D shooter on a mainstream system" and the first "major LAN action game".<a href="#cite_note-1UP-Faceball-48">[48]</a> In 1986, MacroMind released a version of the game for the Apple Macintosh titled Maze Wars+, which was playable on the AppleTalk local network by up to 30 players. The game featured five different character avatars, including an eyeball similar to that found in the Xerox version of the game, four different types of robot players, additional maze features such as teleporters, and walls made of lines rather than blocks. Id Software's <a href="/wiki/Hovertank_3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovertank 3D">Hovertank 3D</a> pioneered <a href="/wiki/Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">ray casting</a> technology in May 1991 to enable faster gameplay than 1980s vehicle simulators,<a href="#cite_note-educational-44">[44]</a> though it was preceded by 3 years by the FPS <a href="/wiki/The_Colony_(video_game)" title="The Colony (video game)">The Colony</a> in doing so and <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_3-D" title="Catacomb 3-D">Catacomb 3-D</a> introduced another advance, <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">texture mapping</a>, in November 1991. The second game to use texture mapping was <a href="/wiki/Ultima_Underworld:_The_Stygian_Abyss" title="Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss">Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss</a>, a March 1992 <a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">action role-playing game</a> by <a href="/wiki/Looking_Glass_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Looking Glass Technologies">Looking Glass Technologies</a> that featured a first-person viewpoint and an advanced graphics engine. In October 1990, id developer John Romero learned about texture mapping from a phone call to Paul Neurath. Romero described the texture mapping technique to id programmer <a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a>, who remarked, "I can do that.",<a href="#cite_note-salondoom-49">[49]</a> and would feel motivated by Looking Glass's example to do the same in Catacomb 3-D.<a href="#cite_note-educational-44">[44]</a> Catacomb 3-D also introduced the display of the protagonist's hand and weapon (in this case, magical spells) on the screen, whereas previously aspects of the player's avatar were not visible.<a href="#cite_note-educational-44">[44]</a> The experience of developing Ultima Underworld would make it possible for Looking Glass to create the <a href="/wiki/Thief_(series)" title="Thief (series)">Thief</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_Shock" title="System Shock">System Shock</a> series years later.<a href="#cite_note-cavg_uuw-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_in_popularity:_1992–1993">Rise in popularity: 1992–1993</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rise in popularity: 1992–1993">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf3d_pc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/Wolf3d_pc.png/220px-Wolf3d_pc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/Wolf3d_pc.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Although it was not the earliest <a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">shooter game</a> with a <a href="/wiki/First_person_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="First person (video games)">first-person</a> perspective, <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D" title="Wolfenstein 3D">Wolfenstein 3D</a> is often credited with establishing the first-person shooter genre and many of its staples.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D" title="Wolfenstein 3D">Wolfenstein 3D</a> was the first episodic FPS game developed by <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a>, as a successor to the successful 1980s 2D infiltration video-games <a href="/wiki/Castle_Wolfenstein" title="Castle Wolfenstein">Castle Wolfenstein</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Castle_Wolfenstein" title="Beyond Castle Wolfenstein">Beyond Castle Wolfenstein</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Muse_Software" title="Muse Software">Muse Software</a>, and published by <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee Software">Apogee Software</a> the 5th of May 1992<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> in which the player had to explore mazes while battling <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> to find keys required to unlock doors to reach each floor's exit all while searching every wall for secret areas filled with treasures for a higher <a href="/wiki/Score_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Score (game)">score</a> until each episode's last floor's <a href="/wiki/Boss_(video_games)" title="Boss (video games)">boss</a> and was an instant success because of its first episode's distribution and spread as <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> whereas the second and the third available after registration; and the three last prequel episodes available as a separate mission pack, to the point that it has since been credited for having single-handedly invented the <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> of first-person-shooter as a genre of video-games.<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-geektrivia-10">[10]</a> It was built on <a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ray_casting" title="Ray casting">ray casting technology</a> already experimented into id's previous games <a href="/wiki/Hovertank_One" title="Hovertank One">Hovertank One</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_3-D" title="Catacomb 3-D">Catacomb 3D</a> to create a new standard for first-person-shooter video-games widely emulated, improved, and still applied to this day.<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-geektrivia-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hall" title="Tom Hall">Tom Hall</a> originally designed it to be a first-person infiltration game including stealth, hiding dead bodies, disguises and alarms, following the legacy of its predecessors, and the game engine does include these original features, however <a href="/wiki/John_Romero" title="John Romero">John Romero</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a> wanted a simple shooter and Tom Hall had to fight hard to even include the secret areas.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Despite its violent themes, Wolfenstein largely escaped the controversy generated by the later <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a>, although it was banned from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> due to the use of <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">iconography</a> which is a sensitive topic there where Wolfenstein has been forbidden until 2022<a href="#cite_note-controversy-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> too required id Software to remove <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, gore, and all Nazi iconography as well as replace the enemy <a href="/wiki/Attack_dog" title="Attack dog">attack dogs</a> with giant <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> to allow it to be released on <a href="/wiki/SNES" class="mw-redirect" title="SNES">SNES</a> because of their anti-violence policy.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> id Software released a <a href="/wiki/Map_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Map editor">map editor</a> to let players create and share online their own home-made <a href="/wiki/Map_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Map (video game)">maps</a> for the game which started the players' <a href="/wiki/Modding" title="Modding">modding communities</a> who blossomed with Doom and maintain their games alive continuously sustaining new content for them. During Doom's development, id Software quickly developed a short extension for Wolfenstein 3D titled <a href="/wiki/Spear_of_Destiny_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spear of Destiny (computer game)">Spear of Destiny</a> released the 19th of September 1992<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> to tease the players with the Hell to come in Doom as Spear of Destiny concluded into Hell,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> then two years later, Doom 2 included two <a href="/wiki/Secret_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret level">secret levels</a> featuring Wolfenstein in Hell while re-using Spear of Destiny's Hell final level's music to close the loop.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Silverman" title="Ken Silverman">Ken Silverman</a> decided to develop his own <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</a> after he played <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D" title="Wolfenstein 3D">Wolfenstein 3D</a> in 1992. His first <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">game</a>, that he named Walken as in "Ken's Walking simulator", was close to <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfenstein 3D engine">Wolf3D engine</a>. Then he improved his game with his friend Andrew Cotter, added <a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">narration</a> to each <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">floor</a>, renamed it <a href="/wiki/Ken%27s_Labyrinth" title="Ken's Labyrinth">Ken's Labyrinth</a>, and released it on <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> as <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a> under his brother's company <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Systems">Advanced Systems</a> on 1 January 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Ken's_Labyrinth_Releases-68">[68]</a> The game was about escaping a bizarre dream labyrinth full of people shooting projectiles at the player while projectiles were more balls than bullets, meaning they had limited range and were slow enough to dodge them as opposite to Wolfenstein 3D whose weapons were <a href="/wiki/Hitscan" title="Hitscan">hitscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>, some walls reflected projectiles, killed enemies vanished without any death animation nor remnant body on the floor, and Ken himself voiced the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> and filled his game with pictures of himself which hurt the player if they dared to shoot them, which made his game personal. <a href="/wiki/Epic_MegaGames" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic MegaGames">Epic MegaGames</a>, then Wolfenstein 3D's <a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">publisher</a> <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee Software">Apogee Software</a>'s main competitor, noticed it, saw potential, then signed a commercial agreement with Ken's father, as Ken was still minor. However, the original Advanced Systems' Ken's Labyrinth was made from Ken and Andrew's limited resources to the point that Ken made the <a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">sound effects</a> with his mouth, therefore Epic MegaGames made use of their resources to revamp the game, replaced the projectiles balls with <a href="/wiki/Bubble_gum" title="Bubble gum">bubble gum balls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starburst_(symbol)" title="Starburst (symbol)">starbursts</a> which bounced off walls, and <a href="/wiki/Homing_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Homing missile">homing missiles</a>, while collecting more of the same weapon increased their range and collecting <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">thunderbolts</a> increased the range of all weapons at once, also replaced the original <a href="/wiki/Final_boss_(video_games)" class="mw-redirect" title="Final boss (video games)">final boss</a> with Ken himself, added diverse monsters, temporary <a href="/wiki/Power-up" title="Power-up">power-ups</a> such as reflecting enemies' projectiles, kill enemies on contact, and invincibility, as well as treasures for buying these power-ups from <a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending-machines</a> and for paying doors' toll, <a href="/wiki/Slot_machine" title="Slot machine">slot-machines</a> to win <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> instead of finding treasures in secret areas, death-traps such as holes in floors which were the only way to get rid of some <a href="/wiki/Invulnerable" class="mw-redirect" title="Invulnerable">invulnerable</a> enemies, water fountains which slowly restored health (much like in <a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D" title="Duke Nukem 3D">Duke Nukem 3D</a> three years later), changed the goal from the original's merely escaping the labyrinth to rescue the player's abducted <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> Sparky and save the world, added the requirement to have Sparky follow the player to the exit of each floor to be able to reach the next floor, which made the player have to pay attention to another character beside their own, and commercialized Ken's Labyrinth v2 still as shareware the 21st of March 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Ken's_Labyrinth_Releases-68">[68]</a> All versions of Ken's Labyrinth got to be <a href="/wiki/Source_port" title="Source port">source-ported</a> many times and even onto <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a> by a fan.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> As soon as <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a> showed off some previews of <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a> in the middle of its development, Ken Silverman started to develop his own game engine to rival with <a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a> once again, used a <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">thesaurus</a> to search <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a> for the word "<a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>", and named his new game engine "Build". Apogee Software wanted Build since id Software went their own way and didn't want to license their new <a href="/wiki/Doom_engine" title="Doom engine">Doom engine</a> (yet). Both Epic MegaGames and Apogee Software attempted to <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> Ken Silverman who chose Apogee Software which he never explained his reasons however Epic Games expressed no <a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">regret</a> since not relying on Ken Silverman <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivated</a> them to develop their own technologies, which paid off.<a href="#cite_note-Ken_Silverman's_Build_Engine_Page-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Most shooters in this period were developed for IBM PC compatible computers. On the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a> side, <a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a> released its first shooter, <a href="/wiki/Pathways_into_Darkness" title="Pathways into Darkness">Pathways into Darkness</a> in August 1993,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> which featured more adventure and narrative elements alongside first-person shooter gameplay. Pathways had been inspired by Wolfenstein 3D, and born out of an attempt to take their previous top-down dungeon exploration game <a href="/wiki/Minotaur:_The_Labyrinths_of_Crete" title="Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete">Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete</a> into a 3D setting.<a href="#cite_note-polygon_bungie-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-img-making_of-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/ShadowCaster" title="ShadowCaster">ShadowCaster</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Raven_Software" title="Raven Software">Raven Software</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/Origin_Systems" title="Origin Systems">Origin Systems</a> the 27th of October 1993,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> used a heavily modified version of <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfenstein 3D engine">Wolf3D engine</a> made by <a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a> during summer 1992 who offered it to Raven Software after he was impressed with their first <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">RPVG</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Crypt" title="Black Crypt">Black Crypt</a> because he was curious about how Raven would use his <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</a> to make a RPVG instead of a FPSG. ShadowCaster was the first commercial game released with classic "2.5D <a href="/wiki/Doom_engine" title="Doom engine">Doom engine</a>" improvements such as distance fogging, non-orthogonal walls, textured ceilings and floors, etc. before <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a> itself came out. It introduced some <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">RPG</a> elements into a <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter_engine" title="First-person shooter engine">FPS game engine</a> as well as a customizable <a href="/wiki/HUD_(video_games)" title="HUD (video games)">HUD</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Automap" class="mw-redirect" title="Automap">auto-map</a>, jumping, swimming, flying, <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">shapeshifting</a> with each metamorphosis featuring its own characteristics to adapt to each situation.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Then it got enhanced with <a href="/wiki/Redbook_audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbook audio">redbook audio</a> <a href="/wiki/Narration" title="Narration">narration</a>, voiced dialogues which replaced the text boxes, two new levels, and 3D rendered <a href="/wiki/Cutscene" title="Cutscene">cutscenes</a>, then re-released on <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> ShadowCaster started a durable close friendship between id Software and Raven Software as id will always share their technologies with Raven who will continuously use and upgrade them. <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee Software">Apogee Software</a>, the publisher of <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D" title="Wolfenstein 3D">Wolfenstein 3D</a>, followed up its success and released another FPS game based on its <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">engine</a> titled <a href="/wiki/Blake_Stone:_Aliens_of_Gold" title="Blake Stone: Aliens of Gold">Blake Stone: Aliens of Gold</a> from another developer Jam Productions 5 December 1993<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> which featured a <a href="/wiki/Sci-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sci-fi">sci-fi</a> <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">setting</a> about a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret agent">secret agent</a> named Blake Stone pursuing a <a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">mad scientist</a> through his facilities like a sci-fi <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a>, a similar Wolf3D's <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">gameplay</a> of exploring mazes while battling various foes to find <a href="/wiki/Key_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Key Card">keycards</a> required to unlock doors to reach each floor's exit all while searching every wall for secret areas filled with treasures for a higher <a href="/wiki/Score_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Score (game)">score</a> until each episode's last floor's <a href="/wiki/Boss_(video_games)" title="Boss (video games)">boss</a> but with a far wider diversity of enemies,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and added textured floors and ceilings, switches to find and to press to open new areas, traps, an <a href="/wiki/Automap" class="mw-redirect" title="Automap">auto-map</a>, stats tracking, a grenade launcher, limited-use <a href="/wiki/Vending_machine" title="Vending machine">vending-machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleporters">teleporters</a>, enemies spawners, back-tracking to previous levels as well as some friendly <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">NPCs</a> in the form of scientists who would give the player hints and supplies provided the player didn't kill them.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The game was initially well-received but sales rapidly declined in the wake of the success of id's Doom, released a week later.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> It still got a sequel <a href="/wiki/Blake_Stone:_Planet_Strike" title="Blake Stone: Planet Strike">Blake Stone: Planet Strike</a> the 28th of October 1994<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> which integrated the auto-map into the <a href="/wiki/HUD_(video_games)" title="HUD (video games)">HUD</a> as a rotating mini-map which revealed secret doors at the cost of consuming auto-mapper charges and added some enemies who <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged into the environment</a> or were <a href="/wiki/Cloaking_device" title="Cloaking device">cloaked</a> to surprise the player though.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advances_in_3D_engines:_1993-1997">Advances in 3D engines: 1993-1997</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advances in 3D engines: 1993-1997">edit</a>]</div> During the Doom & Quake's era from 1993 to 1997, FPS games were still all about their game engines as original and innovative games were ignored for the only reason that their game engine was outdated. FPS games were simplistic, such as shooting everything without any complex plot. However their gameplay started to evolve, and the combo id Software & Raven Software still dominated the market, while a challenger Captone Software persisted at attempting to be original, and competed with them and failed every time for diverse reasons,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] when another challenger LucasArts succeeded, and Bungie Software made FPS games featuring a complex plot.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The modding communities who sustain life into their games blossomed starting from Doom, 2D sprites were replaced with 3D polygons starting from Descent then Quake, and Apogee Software returned on the market as 3D Realms thanks to Ken Silverman.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a>, released the 10th of December 1993,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> refined Wolfenstein 3D's template by adding support for higher resolution, improved textures, variations in height (e.g., stairs and platforms the player's character could climb upon), more intricate level design (Wolfenstein 3D was limited to a grid based system where walls had to be orthogonal to each other, whereas Doom allowed for any inclination) and rudimentary illumination effects such as flickering lights and areas of darkness, creating a far more believable 3D environment than Wolfenstein 3D's levels, all of which had a flat-floor space and corridors.<a href="#cite_note-gamespotgreatestever-103">[103]</a> Doom allowed competitive matches between multiple players, termed "deathmatches", and the game was responsible for the word's subsequent entry into the video gaming lexicon.<a href="#cite_note-gamespotgreatestever-103">[103]</a> According to creator <a href="/wiki/John_Romero" title="John Romero">John Romero</a>, the game's deathmatch concept was inspired by the competitive multiplayer of <a href="/wiki/Fighting_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighting games">fighting games</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_II" title="Street Fighter II">Street Fighter II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatal_Fury" title="Fatal Fury">Fatal Fury</a>. Doom became so popular that its multiplayer features began to cause problems for companies whose <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">networks</a> were used to play the game, causing frequent bandwidth reductions.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-gamespotgreatestever-103">[103]</a> Doom has been considered the most important first-person shooter ever made.<a href="#cite_note-nerd_burglars-105">[105]</a> It was highly influential not only on subsequent shooter games but on video gaming in general,<a href="#cite_note-gamespotgreatestever-103">[103]</a> and has been made available on almost every video gaming system since.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a> Multiplayer gaming, which is now integral to the first-person shooter genre, was first successfully achieved on a large scale by Doom.<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-gamespotgreatestever-103">[103]</a> While its combination of <a href="/wiki/Graphic_violence" title="Graphic violence">gory violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dark_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark humor">dark humor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hellish</a> imagery garnered acclaim from critics,<a href="#cite_note-gamespotgreatestever-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> these attributes also generated criticism from religious groups and censorship committees, with many commentators labelling the game a "murder simulator".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> There was further controversy when it emerged that the <a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">perpetrators</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine High School massacre</a> were fans of the game; the families of several victims later unsuccessfully attempted to sue numerous video game companies - among them id Software - whose work the families claimed inspired the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-controversy-59">[59]</a> John Carmack explained how he designed his Doom engine to <a href="/wiki/Ken_Silverman" title="Ken Silverman">Ken Silverman</a> that he considered his only equal which inspired Ken who was in the process of developing his <a href="/wiki/Build_(game_engine)" title="Build (game engine)">Build engine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ken_Silverman's_Build_Engine_Page-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Body_Count" title="Operation Body Count">Operation Body Count</a>, developed on <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfenstein 3D engine">Wolf3D engine</a> and released by <a href="/wiki/Capstone_Software" title="Capstone Software">Capstone Software</a> on 1 January 1994,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> was Capstone's first FPS game, was all about a <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> attack on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UNO</a> tower, and was an early attempt at making a tactical FPS game since the player was in command of an anti-terrorist squad that they could order around and even switch to any of their body at any time as long as they were not dead and featured some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitized_graphics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitized graphics (page does not exist)">digitized graphics</a>, transparent textures such as breakable glass, <a href="/wiki/Randomization" title="Randomization">randomization</a> of enemies and items' placement, <a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">body armors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby-traps</a>, and a nearly fully <a href="/wiki/Destructible_environment" title="Destructible environment">destructible environment</a> since the flamethrower could set people and environments on fire, which could make movement extremely hazardous for the player, especially since the fire randomly spread, and the grenade-launcher too could destroy any wall (with some <a href="/wiki/Hard_coded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard coded">hard coded</a> exceptions). OBC also featured textured floors and ceilings and an <a href="/wiki/Automap" class="mw-redirect" title="Automap">auto-map</a> like <a href="/wiki/Blake_Stone:_Aliens_of_Gold" title="Blake Stone: Aliens of Gold">Blake Stone</a> however, unlike BS, OBC featured more than one floor texture per level although its floors and ceilings' <a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">graphics</a> were partially <a href="/wiki/Parallax_scrolling" title="Parallax scrolling">parallax</a> meaning that they appeared to "warp" as the player moved around.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Despite some of its <a href="/wiki/Original" class="mw-redirect" title="Original">original</a> <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a>, it was badly made, the terrorists were <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arabian</a> people, the <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> was not smart enough to make nor the enemies pose any challenge nor the squad's teammates be actually useful, and being based on Wolf3D engine after <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a> was released made it already technologically outdated and "doomed" from the start as opposite to Blake Stone which did enjoy one week of glory before Doom was released.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> OBC still got to be <a href="/wiki/Source_port" title="Source port">source-ported</a> into <a href="/wiki/GZDoom" class="mw-redirect" title="GZDoom">GZDoom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remaster" title="Remaster">remastered</a> by its <a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">modding community</a> eventually though.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corridor_7:_Alien_Invasion" title="Corridor 7: Alien Invasion">Corridor 7: Alien Invasion</a>, developed and published by <a href="/wiki/Capstone_Software" title="Capstone Software">Capstone Software</a> the 1st of March 1994,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> was their second attempt to make a FPS game. Still based on <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfenstein 3D engine">Wolf3D engine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plot_(narrative)" title="Plot (narrative)">plot</a> reminds strikingly of <a href="/wiki/Half-Life_(video_game)" title="Half-Life (video game)">Half-Life</a>'s, four years later, since it was about <a href="/wiki/Scientific_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific experiments">scientific experiments</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma beam</a> on an alien artifact brought from <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> by a team of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a> which opened a portal and connected <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> to another world from which an alien <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">invasion</a> started into the <a href="/wiki/Research_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Research facility">research facility</a>. Corridor 7 added animated <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">textures</a> such as computer screens, distant shading which darkened distant areas to limit the player's sight's distance, dark areas and <a href="/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">night vision</a> mode to see into them, some invisible aliens and traps which could only be seen through <a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">thermal vision</a> mode, some energy stations to recharge the visor's battery, some aliens who <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged into the environments</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Blake_Stone:_Planet_Strike" title="Blake Stone: Planet Strike">Blake Stone: Planet Strike</a> released half a year later), <a href="/wiki/Jump_scare" title="Jump scare">screen jumpscares</a> whenever the player was idle for 10 seconds, <a href="/wiki/Body_armor" title="Body armor">body armors</a>, limited-use healing chambers, <a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">force fields</a> which hurt the player if they walked into them, <a href="/wiki/Anti-personnel_mine" title="Anti-personnel mine">mines</a> to trap corridors, maps of the floors, and replaced keys with security computer screens which unlocked all doors of the same color within the floor whereas some computers were traps which triggered an <a href="/wiki/Alarm_device" title="Alarm device">alarm</a> which attracted nearby enemies to the player. Capstone Software released Corridor 7 first as <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a>, then as a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> the 6th of May 1995 which featured a different <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randomization" title="Randomization">randomization</a> of placements within floors, and added 10 more <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">levels</a> into the alien homeworld with new weapons and alien types along with <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer</a> in the form of up to 12 players' <a href="/wiki/Deathmatch_(video_games)" title="Deathmatch (video games)">deathmatch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Team_deathmatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Team deathmatch">team deathmatch</a> modes (believed to be the first FPS game to allow that many players) and 8 additional maps made specially for it. In deathmatch, the player could choose among 12 of the game's <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">characters</a> both <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and aliens who had different speed and health stats, however all characters used the same weapons though.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Corridor 7 was a significant improvement after Capstone's previous FPS game <a href="/wiki/Operation_Body_Count" title="Operation Body Count">Operation Body Count</a> (read above), the atmosphere was gripping, the aliens were more appreciated than the <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arabian</a> people, the <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> was improved with some enemies patrolling routes and some others camouflaging into environments or being invisible and not attacking until the player was close enough to ambush them, providing an actual challenge to players, and the game was considerably more evolved than <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D" title="Wolfenstein 3D">Wolfenstein 3D</a> and Blake Stone, however it was still based on the then <a href="/wiki/Outdated" class="mw-redirect" title="Outdated">outdated</a> Wolf3D engine after <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a> was released and therefore was "doomed" from the start too even if it did better than its predecessor, it was still not technologically on par with Doom and Capstone moved onto another new <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</a> after this game.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Still, Corridor 7 was so appreciated that it got to be <a href="/wiki/Source_port" title="Source port">source-ported</a> only five years after its original release into the <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doomsday Engine">Doomsday engine</a> and completely <a href="/wiki/Remaster" title="Remaster">remastered</a> by its <a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">modding community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The 12th of March 1994, the Japanese company Exact released <a href="/wiki/Geograph_Seal" title="Geograph Seal">Geograph Seal</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sharp_X68000" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp X68000">Sharp X68000</a> home computer.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> An obscure import title as far as the Western market is concerned, it was nonetheless an early example of a <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> polygonal first-person shooter, with innovative <a href="/wiki/Platform_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform game">platform game</a> mechanics and <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">free-roaming</a> outdoor environments. <a href="/wiki/CyClones" title="CyClones">CyClones</a> was begun in February 1994 and published by <a href="/wiki/Raven_Software" title="Raven Software">Raven Software</a> the 1st of November 1994,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> marking the beginning of a new period for Raven who split into two groups: One which worked with <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Doom_engine" title="Doom engine">DOOM engine</a> to create Mage, a fantasy action game, which would eventually evolve into the game <a href="/wiki/Heretic_(video_game)" title="Heretic (video game)">Heretic</a>. The other team started on a project that was to use the <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">engine</a> from <a href="/wiki/ShadowCaster" title="ShadowCaster">ShadowCaster</a> to create a futuristic missions-based FPS game called CyClones. The name referred to <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">Clones</a>, the minions of aliens who had ravaged and devastated <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. The game was in <a href="/wiki/First-person_(video_games)" title="First-person (video games)">first person</a> <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a>, as was most other Raven games, so reusing the ShadowCaster engine and its tools was a natural choice. But within a short time, the team found that they wanted to do more with the game and engine than they had done before. A new, 100% in-house engine was created that could handle moving platforms, catwalks, sloped areas, and transparent textures. The engine, by Carl Stika, was nicknamed STEAM. A small budget was granted for <a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">full-motion video sequences</a> to be created for the game, to be presented between missions as briefings. CyClones allowed to use the mouse to aim without moving, as opposite to other FPS games from the time which bound the mouse to both aiming and moving simultaneously, and without turning either, as the <a href="/wiki/Crosshair" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosshair">crosshair</a> was not fixed at the center of the screen on which it could move freely as opposite to nowadays standard fixed aiming, CyClones's aiming was comparable to <a href="/wiki/Metroid_Prime" title="Metroid Prime">Metroid Prime</a>'s years later. CyClones used the mouse not only for aiming but also for picking up objects and interacting with the environment such as doors and switches and even revealed <a href="/wiki/Secret_doors" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret doors">secret doors</a> since the crosshair changed color upon pointing a secret door. It also included vertical aiming, jumping, various missions objectives as well as one of the first training modes in a FPS game.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee Software">Apogee Software</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Triad" title="Rise of the Triad">Rise of the Triad: Dark War</a>, released the 21th of December 1994,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> began as a sequel to Wolfenstein 3D, but was soon altered and became a stand-alone game . The game included "ludicrous" gibs, bullet holes persisted, and sheets of glass could be shattered by shooting or running through them.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie Software</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Sci-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sci-fi">sci-fi</a> FPS game <a href="/wiki/Marathon_(video_game)" title="Marathon (video game)">Marathon</a> the 21th of December 1994 still exclusively on <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> which streamlined concepts from their previous game Pathways Into Darkness by eliminating role-playing elements in favor of the shooter action spurred by <a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a>'s success. Marathon was highly successful, leading to two sequels <a href="/wiki/Marathon_2:_Durandal" title="Marathon 2: Durandal">Marathon 2: Durandal</a> released the 24th of November 1995<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> then <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Infinity" title="Marathon Infinity">Marathon: Infinity</a> released the 15th of October 1996<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Trilogy" title="Marathon Trilogy">Marathon Trilogy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> and becoming the standard for FPS games on Mac which pioneered or was an early adopter of several new <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">gameplay</a> features such as default <a href="/wiki/Freelook" class="mw-redirect" title="Freelook">freelook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clip_(firearms)" title="Clip (firearms)">ammo clips</a> and weapons reloading though not manually, forcing the player to keep an eye on their ammo clips to anticipate the next reloading, dual-wielded and dual-function weapons, a <a href="/wiki/Motion_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion sensor">motion sensor</a> to detect both enemies and allies in the area, <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> alterations, swimming, interactive environments such as healing stations, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> stations, <a href="/wiki/Save_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Save point">save points</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleporters">teleporters</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">computer terminals</a> spread all around the <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">levels</a> as <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot devices</a> which provided messages, informations, various objectives and maps to the <a href="/wiki/Player_character" title="Player character">player's character</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> as well as friendly defense drones and <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-player characters</a> (NPCs), versatile multiplayer modes (such as King of the Hill, Kill the Man with the Ball, and cooperative campaign) and a <a href="/wiki/Map_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Map editor">map editor</a> for players to create and share their own maps for the games. The Marathon games also had a strong emphasis on storytelling in addition to the action, which revolved around evolving relationships between the human player's character and some <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AIs</a> during a surprise invasion and subsequent war against a hostile alien <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a> which already conquered and enslaved some other alien species, much like Bungie's future projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Halo_(franchise)" title="Halo (franchise)">Halo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destiny_(video_game)" title="Destiny (video game)">Destiny</a> series which took a lot from the Marathon trilogy<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-polygon_bungie-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> which is no more exclusive to Mac since Bungie Software <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-sourced</a> it in 2000 then released the original trilogy as <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> in 2005, some fans have <a href="/wiki/Source_port" title="Source port">source-ported</a> it to Windows and Linux as well as <a href="/wiki/Remaster" title="Remaster">remastered</a> them using the open-source engine <a href="/wiki/Aleph_One_(computer_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph One (computer game)">Aleph One</a> and have even been developing many new scenarios, total conversions, and multiplayer maps sustaining a still active community.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Many sci-fi games both from Bungie themselves and from other studios have cited the Marathon trilogy as a huge influence on their stories and settings such as the series Halo, Destiny, <a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect" title="Mass Effect">Mass Effect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warframe" title="Warframe">Warframe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> After having provided a modified <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfenstein 3D engine">Wolfenstein 3D engine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Raven_Software" title="Raven Software">Raven Software</a> for <a href="/wiki/ShadowCaster" title="ShadowCaster">ShadowCaster</a> and being impressed by the final result, <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a> requested that Raven develop a medieval-themed/dark fantasy game using a modified version of id's <a href="/wiki/Doom_engine" title="Doom engine">Doom engine</a>. Raven considered themselves as typical <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">D&D</a> fans and initially drafted the game with <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">role-playing</a> elements. They then took instruction from id <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a> to simply "do it like Doom, and add the fantasy flavor."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raven_Software" title="Raven Software">Raven Software</a> then used and upgraded the <a href="/wiki/Doom_engine" title="Doom engine">Doom engine</a> and released <a href="/wiki/Heretic_(video_game)" title="Heretic (video game)">Heretic</a> the 23th of December 1994<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> which introduced larger <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">maps</a>, vertical aiming, flying, <a href="/wiki/Gib_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gib (video gaming)">gibs</a>, randomized ambient sound effects, interactive environments such as rushing water and winds which push the player along, an inventory system to store and select many different items which range from health potions to the "morph ovum" which transforms enemies into chickens and one of the most notable item that can be found is the "Tome of Power" which acts as a secondary firing mode for certain weapons, resulting in a much more powerful projectile for each weapon, some of which change the look of the projectile entirely,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> then Raven added two more episodes and re-released it as <a href="/wiki/Heretic:_Shadow_of_the_Serpent_Riders" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretic: Shadow of the Serpent Riders">Heretic: Shadow of the Serpent Riders</a> the 31st of March 1996.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Super_3D_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Super 3D Noah's Ark">Super 3D Noah's Ark</a>, developed on <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfenstein 3D engine">Wolf3D engine</a> and published by the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">christian</a> video-games company <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Tree" title="Wisdom Tree">Wisdom Tree</a> (formerly named <a href="/wiki/Color_Dreams" title="Color Dreams">Color Dreams</a>) the 1st of January 1995,<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">non-violent FPS game</a> along with being the first <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> FPS game (<a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a> was already based on <a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">christian mythology</a> as well since the enemy was christian's Hell however unlike Super 3D Noah's Ark, it merely used it as a <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">setting</a> and didn't attempt to teach religion) which featured <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> from <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic mythology">Abrahamic mythology</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> and re-used <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D" title="Wolfenstein 3D">Wolfenstein 3D</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">gameplay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Level_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Level design">level-design</a> while replacing enemies' death animations by seemingly friendly animals falling asleep upon being hit by the player's weapon which was a <a href="/wiki/Slingshot" title="Slingshot">slingshot</a> shooting food to feed the unresting hungry animals aboard <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> filled Noah's Ark made of the recycled original <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">maps</a> from Wolfenstein 3D including the same items' placements and even the <a href="/wiki/SNES" class="mw-redirect" title="SNES">SNES</a> version was itself a mere reskin from Wolfenstein 3D's SNES version as well however the PC version did upgrade some things upon Wolfenstein 3D such as textured floors (like <a href="/wiki/Blake_Stone:_Aliens_of_Gold" title="Blake Stone: Aliens of Gold">Blake Stone</a>) along with higher resolutions graphics and <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> music, and added a new gameplay feature such as <a href="/wiki/Quiz" title="Quiz">quizzes</a> which tested the player's religious knowledge whose rewards were more ammo to keep playing the game along with some <a href="/wiki/Score_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Score (game)">score</a>'s points. This is not what Wisdom Tree had originally designed though, since they originally designed a FPS game based on the horror movies <a href="/wiki/Hellraiser_(franchise)" title="Hellraiser (franchise)">Hellraiser</a> themselves adapted from <a href="/wiki/Clive_Barker" title="Clive Barker">Clive Barker</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, until they realized that this was in <a href="/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction">contradiction</a> with their christian <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a> image then designed Super 3D Noah's Ark instead. A popular <a href="/wiki/Rumor" title="Rumor">rumor</a> has it that Wolf3D engine was given to Wisdom Tree by <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a> as a kind of "<a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">revenge</a>" against <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> for all the <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> that Wolfenstein 3D had to go through to be on the Super Nintendo. However, there's no proof of this, and Wisdom Tree bought a license for the <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</a> like everybody else instead of having it "given" to them.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The SNES version was not licensed by Nintendo and therefore couldn't be played on a SNES by itself which is why the SNES <a href="/wiki/Game_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Game cartridge">game cartridge</a> was actually an adapter cartridge which required another licensed SNES game cartridge to be inserted into it in order to get Super 3D Noah's Ark to work despite being unlicensed.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Dark_Forces" title="Star Wars: Dark Forces">Star Wars: Dark Forces</a> was released the 6th of February 1995<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> after <a href="/wiki/LucasArts" class="mw-redirect" title="LucasArts">LucasArts</a> decided <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> would make appropriate material for a game in the style of Doom. However, Star Wars: Dark Forces improved on several technical features that Doom lacked, such as the ability to crouch, jump, or look and aim up and down.<a href="#cite_note-clones-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Dark Forces also was one of the first games to incorporate 3D-designed objects rendered into the game's 2.5D graphics engine.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The game's success launched the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Jedi_Knight" title="Star Wars: Jedi Knight">Star Wars: Jedi Knight</a> series, beginning with the direct sequel <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Jedi_Knight:_Dark_Forces_II" title="Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II">Star Wars Jedi Knight: Dark Forces II</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> the 9th of October 1997.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Descent_(video_game)" title="Descent (video game)">Descent</a> (released by <a href="/wiki/Parallax_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallax Software">Parallax Software</a> the 17th of March 1995<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a>), a game in which the player pilots a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> around caves and factory ducts, was among the earliest truly three-dimensional first-person shooters. It abandoned <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a> and ray casting in favour of <a href="/wiki/Polygon_(computer_graphics)" title="Polygon (computer graphics)">polygonal models</a> and allowed movement through all of the <a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">six possible degrees of freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a> The 28th of April 1995, the Japanese company Exact released the successor to <a href="/wiki/Geograph_Seal" title="Geograph Seal">Geograph Seal</a> for the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> console, called <a href="/wiki/Jumping_Flash!" title="Jumping Flash!">Jumping Flash!</a>, which placed more emphasis on its platform elements.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Witchaven" title="Witchaven">Witchaven</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Capstone_Software" title="Capstone Software">Capstone Software</a> and published by their <a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">parent company</a> <a href="/wiki/IntraCorp" title="IntraCorp">IntraCorp</a> the 20th of September 1995,<a href="#cite_note-pcgamingwiki.com-175">[175]</a> was the first commercial game licensed on <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee Software">Apogee Software</a> rebranded <a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">3D Realms</a>' <a href="/wiki/Ken_Silverman" title="Ken Silverman">Ken Silverman</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Build_(game_engine)" title="Build (game engine)">Build engine</a> to rival <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Doom_engine" title="Doom engine">Doom engine</a> and was a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval fantasy">medieval fantasy</a> First Person Slasher game as in a <a href="/wiki/Melee_(game_terminology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melee (game terminology)">melee</a>-focused FPS game, reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Raven_Software" title="Raven Software">Raven Software</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heretic_(video_game)" title="Heretic (video game)">Heretic</a> including an inventory system, both a single-player campaign and multiplayer, but far harder as it was far more <a href="/wiki/Tactic_(method)" title="Tactic (method)">tactical</a>, making use of environmental hazards such as <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> and traps against enemies, while implementing more of a <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Role-playing game (video game)">RPG</a> <a href="/wiki/Gameplay" title="Gameplay">gameplay</a> such as weapons' durability which broke after many uses, requiring the player to find other weapons and save the strongest weapons for the strongest foes, evolving stats from earned experience where each level up unlocked new spells and abilities such as <a href="/wiki/Lock_picking" title="Lock picking">lockpicking</a> in the form of an unlocking spell as well as <a href="/wiki/Dual_wielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual wielding">dual wielding</a> some weapons.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The campaign involved a knight on an epic <a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">quest</a> to defeat a <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witch</a> who cast a <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">curse</a> of never-ending <a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">darkness</a> onto his land. In order to complete this quest, he had to battle hordes of minions with both medieval weapons and magical spells to reach the witch on her <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> It featured <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitized_graphics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitized graphics (page does not exist)">digitized graphics</a>, however the characters made of clay didn't appeal to everyone and the environments were empty, as well as adjustable level of gore, the same <a href="/wiki/Corridor_7:_Alien_Invasion" title="Corridor 7: Alien Invasion">Corridor 7</a>'s trick to spawn a <a href="/wiki/Jump_scare" title="Jump scare">screen jumpscare</a> whenever the player is idle, and it is known for game logic issues, dumb <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a>, hazardous <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">map</a> triggers and <a href="/wiki/Game_physics" title="Game physics">game physics</a> that cause slippery player movement, sudden deaths, and faulty hit detection.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Witchaven was <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-sourced</a> in 2006 then <a href="/wiki/Source_port" title="Source port">source-ported</a> into JFBuild by JonoF and into BuildGDX by its community which fixed most of its original issues in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-pcgamingwiki.com-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Shatner%27s_TekWar" title="William Shatner's TekWar">William Shatner's TekWar</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Capstone_Software" title="Capstone Software">Capstone Software</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/SoftKey_Multimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="SoftKey Multimedia">SoftKey Multimedia Inc.</a> the 30th of September 1995,<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> barely ten days after <a href="/wiki/Witchaven" title="Witchaven">Witchaven</a> (read above), was the second commercial game licensed on <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee Software">Apogee Software</a> rebranded <a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">3D Realms</a>' <a href="/wiki/Ken_Silverman" title="Ken Silverman">Ken Silverman</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Build_(game_engine)" title="Build (game engine)">Build engine</a> to rival <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Doom_engine" title="Doom engine">Doom engine</a> and was a FPS game adapted from <a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a>'s TekWar <a href="/wiki/TekWar" title="TekWar">novels</a> and <a href="/wiki/TekWar_(TV_series)" title="TekWar (TV series)">TV series</a> who personally contributed to the video-game to the point of live-acting the player's boss during briefings and debriefings. William Shatner's TekWar, both novels, TV series and video-game, is a <a href="/wiki/Sci-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sci-fi">sci-fi</a> story revolving around a neural drug named Tek and the Matrix, a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> (four years before <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">the first Matrix movie</a>).<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The video-game featured FMVs, digitized live-actors and actresses, a stun gun to neutralize people in a <a href="/wiki/Non-lethal_weapon" title="Non-lethal weapon">non-lethal fashion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gib_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gib (video gaming)">gibs</a> and dropped the player into a lively <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open-world</a> future <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, making it the first FPS game which featured an open-world modern city, full of civilians, cops and enemies where civilians panicked if the player drew a weapon who they begged to not shoot while holding their hands up and ran away for their life whereas cops drew their gun onto the player and ordered him to drop their weapon and enemies shot him on sight from everywhere without the cops ever reacting whereas they shot the player if he dared to shoot back at the enemies, which is the main issue with this game: everyone is allowed to shoot you but you are not allowed to shoot anyone.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Some civilians were actually kamikaze <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">androids</a> who self-destructed when close to the player, taking them into their <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a>. Half of the game also took place into the Matrix.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> William Shatner's TekWar was the worst of Capstone's FPS games however it still got to be <a href="/wiki/Source_port" title="Source port">source-ported</a> into BuildGDX.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raven_Software" title="Raven Software">Raven Software</a> upgraded the <a href="/wiki/Doom_engine" title="Doom engine">Doom engine</a> further and released <a href="/wiki/Hexen:_Beyond_Heretic" title="Hexen: Beyond Heretic">Hexen: Beyond Heretic</a> the 30th of October 1995<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> which added jumping, more <a href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">immersive</a> environments with effects such as swirling <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> or scattering <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> upon the player's approach, weather effects, some destructible objects, scripted environmental changes such as earthquakes, different <a href="/wiki/Character_class" title="Character class">character classes</a> to allow different playstyles as well as interconnected maps through hub maps instead of the standard linear succession of maps which granted a taste of <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open-world</a> in a FPS game.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apogee Software">Apogee Software</a>, then renamed <a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">3D Realms</a>, followed up with <a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D" title="Duke Nukem 3D">Duke Nukem 3D</a> (sequel to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Platform_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform game">platformers</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_(video_game)" title="Duke Nukem (video game)">Duke Nukem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_II" title="Duke Nukem II">Duke Nukem II</a>), released as shareware the 29th of January 1996,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> which ran on the then new <a href="/wiki/Build_(game_engine)" title="Build (game engine)">Build engine</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Silverman" title="Ken Silverman">Ken Silverman</a> with the support of <a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">John Carmack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Duke Nukem 3D won acclaim for its humour based around stereotyped <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">machismo</a> as well as its adrenalinic gameplay and graphics. However, some found the game's (and later the whole series') treatment of women to be derogatory and tasteless.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-controversy-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Witchaven_II:_Blood_Vengeance" title="Witchaven II: Blood Vengeance">Witchaven 2: Blood Vengeance</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Capstone_Software" title="Capstone Software">Capstone Software</a> and published by their <a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">parent company</a> <a href="/wiki/IntraCorp" title="IntraCorp">IntraCorp</a> the 6th of May 1996,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-198">[198]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">sequel</a> to the first <a href="/wiki/Witchaven" title="Witchaven">Witchaven</a> which set the knight from the first game onto an even more perilous <a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">quest</a> to rescue the princess abducted by the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witch</a>'s sister seeking vengeance, still licensed on <a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">3D Realms</a>' <a href="/wiki/Build_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Build engine">Build engine</a>, it added <a href="/wiki/Dual_wielding" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual wielding">dual weapons wielding</a> or wielding a <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a> in the place of the second weapon as well as a <a href="/wiki/Map_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Map editor">map editor</a> to let players create and share their own <a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)" title="Level (video games)">maps</a>,<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> however Capstone didn't fix the first game's issues<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> and it was their last game before going extinct as they were developing a Build-based sequel to their previous <a href="/wiki/Wolfenstein_3D_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfenstein 3D engine">Wolf3D</a>-based game <a href="/wiki/Corridor_7:_Alien_Invasion" title="Corridor 7: Alien Invasion">Corridor 7</a> when their parent company IntraCorp went <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankrupt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Witchaven 2 was <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open-sourced</a> in 2006 then <a href="/wiki/Source_port" title="Source port">source-ported</a> into BuildGDX by its community which fixed most of its original issues in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> The game <a href="/wiki/PowerSlave" title="PowerSlave">PowerSlave</a> was initially designed using the <a href="/wiki/Build_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Build engine">Build engine</a> for <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, but was later spun off into releases for <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Sega Saturn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony_PlayStation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony PlayStation">Sony PlayStation</a> using developer <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy_Software" title="Lobotomy Software">Lobotomy Software</a>'s in-house SlaveDriver engine. While the PC version is a traditional linear first-person shooter, the console versions feature non-linear progression and unlockable player abilities reminiscent of a <a href="/wiki/Metroidvania" title="Metroidvania">metroidvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strife_(1996_video_game)" title="Strife (1996 video game)">Strife</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Rogue_Entertainment" title="Rogue Entertainment">Rogue Entertainment</a> and published by Velocity Inc. the 15th of May 1996,<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> was the last commercial game which used and modified the <a href="/wiki/Doom_engine" title="Doom engine">Doom engine</a> before <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id</a> released the new <a href="/wiki/Quake_engine" title="Quake engine">Quake engine</a> the following month<a href="#cite_note-Quake_Releases-207">[207]</a> and it introduced some <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">RPVG</a>'s features into the standard FPS formula such as an actual lively <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open-world</a> filled with <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">NPCs</a>, dialogues with choices of answers, some of them were even voiced, trade, reinforcements who engage the enemies in battle, mandatory and optional quests, character's evolution of his abilities, an intriguing plot branching into different routes and conclusions according to the player's choices and actions, some burning effects as well as some infiltration gameplay such as stealth, disguises and alarms. The plot takes place in a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> world struck by a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> which released a <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> which wiped out almost all <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> and corrupted most of the remaining people who created a <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high-tech</a> <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a> new world order known as "The Order" whereas the few remaining free people organized into an underground resistance known as "The Front" and the player is an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> (sometimes referred to as the Strifeguy) who joins the Front to fight the Order's oppressive rule while being remotely assisted by a Front's radio operative woman nicknamed Blackbird who occasionally comments with humor the situations that the player encounters.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> However, despite all of its innovations, Strife went relatively unnoticed because it was released right between the two other overwhelmingly popular games <a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D" title="Duke Nukem 3D">Duke Nukem 3D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a> which made the Doom engine already outdated by then.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Still, players who discovered it many years after its original release appreciated its originality for its time and even compared it to <a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex" title="Deus Ex">Deus Ex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Trilogy" title="Marathon Trilogy">Marathon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doom_modding" title="Doom modding">Doom's modding community</a> <a href="/wiki/Source_port" title="Source port">source-ported</a> Strife into <a href="/wiki/GZDoom" class="mw-redirect" title="GZDoom">GZDoom</a> to update and upgrade it from its original version to modern standards.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Shortly after the release of Duke Nukem 3D, id Software released the much anticipated <a href="/wiki/Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a> the 22nd of June 1996.<a href="#cite_note-Quake_Releases-207">[207]</a> Like Doom, Quake was influential and genre-defining, featuring fast-paced, gory gameplay, within a completely 3D game environment, and making use of real-time rendered polygonal models instead of sprites. It was centered on <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online gaming</a> and featured multiple match types still found in first-person shooter games today. It was the first FPS game to gain a cult following of player <a href="/wiki/Clan_(computer_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan (computer gaming)">clans</a> (although the concept had existed previously in <a href="/wiki/MechWarrior_2" class="mw-redirect" title="MechWarrior 2">MechWarrior 2</a>'s Netmech, with its <a href="/wiki/Battletech" class="mw-redirect" title="Battletech">Battletech</a> lore as well as amongst <a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUD</a> players), and would inspire popular <a href="/wiki/LAN_party" title="LAN party">LAN parties</a> and events such as <a href="/wiki/QuakeCon" title="QuakeCon">QuakeCon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ddreamers_a-220">[220]</a> The game's popularity and use of 3D polygonal graphics also helped to expand the growing market for <a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">video card</a> hardware;<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> and the additional support and encouragement for <a href="/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (video gaming)">game modifications</a> attracted players who wanted to tinker with the game and create their own modules.<a href="#cite_note-ddreamers_a-220">[220]</a> According to creator John Romero, Quake's 3D world was inspired by the 3D fighting game <a href="/wiki/Virtua_Fighter" title="Virtua Fighter">Virtua Fighter</a>. Quake was also intended to expand the genre with Virtua Fighter influenced <a href="/wiki/Beat_%27em_up" title="Beat 'em up">melee brawling</a>, but this element was eventually scrapped from the final game.<a href="#cite_note-nextgen-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-edge-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Warrior_(1997_video_game)" title="Shadow Warrior (1997 video game)">Shadow Warrior</a>, developed and published by <a href="/wiki/3D_Realms" title="3D Realms">3D Realms</a> the 13th of May 1997,<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Voxel" title="Voxel">3D voxels</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">2D sprites</a> for weapons and inventory items as well as weapons' secondary firing mode, climbable ladders, true <a href="/wiki/Room-over-room" class="mw-redirect" title="Room-over-room">room-over-room</a> situations, transparent water, some vehicles to drive, and a brand new Asian hero named Lo Wang into a brand new Asian setting in contrast to its predecessor Duke Nukem 3D's occidental atmosphere and Shadow Warrior, just as its predecessor, features deliberately immature and politically incorrect humor, as well as a protagonist who delivers regular <a href="/wiki/One_liners" class="mw-redirect" title="One liners">one-liners</a>, commenting upon the situation at hand. Much of the humor is derived from over-the-top, <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypical</a> portrayals of <a href="/wiki/Asian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian culture">Asian culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_and_console_games:_1997-2020">Online and console games: 1997-2020</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Online and console games: 1997-2020">edit</a>]</div> Based on the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> <a href="/wiki/GoldenEye" title="GoldenEye">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rare_(company)" title="Rare (company)">Rare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/GoldenEye_007_(1997_video_game)" title="GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)">GoldenEye 007</a> was released in 1997, and as of 2004 it was still the best-selling <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> game in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-hollis-speech-226">[226]</a> It has been the first landmark first-person shooter for console gamers and was highly acclaimed for its atmospheric single-player campaign and well designed multiplayer maps. It featured a <a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">sniper rifle</a>, the ability to perform head-shots, and the incorporation of stealth elements<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> (all of these aspects were also included in the game's spiritual sequel, <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Dark" title="Perfect Dark">Perfect Dark</a>) as well as some <a href="/wiki/Virtua_Cop" title="Virtua Cop">Virtua Cop</a>-inspired features such as weapon reloading, position-dependent hit reaction animations, penalties for killing innocents, and a newly designed aiming system that allowed players to aim at a precise spot on the screen.<a href="#cite_note-hollis-speech-226">[226]</a> Though not the first of its kind, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy%27s_Rainbow_Six_(video_game)" title="Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six (video game)">Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six</a> started a popular trend of <a href="/wiki/Tactical_first-person_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical first-person shooter">tactical first-person shooters</a> in 1998. It featured a team-based, realistic design and themes based around <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a>, requiring missions to be planned before execution and in it, a single hit was sometimes enough to kill a character.<a href="#cite_note-rainbow-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-gamecollector-229">[229]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor_(1999_video_game)" title="Medal of Honor (1999 video game)">Medal of Honor</a>, released in 1999, gave birth to a long running proliferation of simulative first-person shooters set during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valve_Corporation" title="Valve Corporation">Valve</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Half-Life_(video_game)" title="Half-Life (video game)">Half-Life</a> was released in 1998, based upon Quake's graphics technology.<a href="#cite_note-ddreamers_b-230">[230]</a> Initially met with only mild anticipation, it went on to become a commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-halflife10-231">[231]</a> While most of the previous first-person shooters on the IBM PC platform had focused on visceral gameplay with relatively weak or irrelevant plots, Half-Life placed a far bigger focus on strong narrative; the game featured no <a href="/wiki/Cut_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cut scene">cut scenes</a> but remained in the first-person perspective at all times. It capitalized heavily on the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-enemy characters</a> (previously featured in many other titles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Trilogy" title="Marathon Trilogy">Marathon series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strife:_Quest_for_the_Sigil" class="mw-redirect" title="Strife: Quest for the Sigil">Strife</a>)<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> and wider in-game interactivity (as first introduced by the likes of Duke Nukem 3D and System Shock) but did not employ <a href="/wiki/Power-up" title="Power-up">power-ups</a> in the traditional sense,<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a> making for a somewhat more believable overall experience. The game was praised for its <a href="/wiki/Game_artificial_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Game artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, selection of weapons and attention to detail and "has since been recognized as one of the greatest games of all time" according to GameSpot. Its sequel, <a href="/wiki/Half-Life_2" title="Half-Life 2">Half-Life 2</a>, (released in 2004), was less influential though "arguably a more impressive game".<a href="#cite_note-halflifegreatest-233">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Starsiege:_Tribes" title="Starsiege: Tribes">Starsiege: Tribes</a>, also released in 1998, was a multiplayer online shooter allowing more than 32 players in a single match. It featured team-based gameplay with a variety of specialized roles, and an unusual <a href="/wiki/Jet_pack" title="Jet pack">jet pack</a> feature. The game was highly popular and later imitated by many other titles such as the <a href="/wiki/Battlefield_(video_game_series)" title="Battlefield (video game series)">Battlefield</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-quantum-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ign100-8">[8]</a> Id's <a href="/wiki/Quake_III_Arena" title="Quake III Arena">Quake III Arena</a> and Epic's <a href="/wiki/Unreal_Tournament" title="Unreal Tournament">Unreal Tournament</a>, both released in 1999, became the real milestones for multiplayer gaming, thanks to their incredible graphics and frenetic, yet accessible and perfectly balanced online modes; on the other hand, both games only featured a very limited single player campaign designed for a more "disposable" <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade</a> approach.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Strike" title="Counter-Strike">Counter-Strike</a> was also released in 1999, a Half-Life <a href="/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (video gaming)">modification</a> with a counter-terrorism theme copied from Rainbow Six. The game and later version <a href="/wiki/Counter-Strike:_Source" title="Counter-Strike: Source">Counter-Strike: Source</a> (2004) went on to become the most popular multiplayer game modification ever, with over 90,000 players competing online at any one time during its peak.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-ddreamers_b-230">[230]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Entertainment Expo">E3</a> game show in 1999, <a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a> unveiled a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">real-time strategy</a> game called <a href="/wiki/Halo:_Combat_Evolved" title="Halo: Combat Evolved">Halo</a>; aka Halo CE at the following E3, an overhauled <a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">third-person shooter</a> version was displayed. In 2000, Bungie was bought by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Halo was then revamped and released as a first-person shooter; it was one of the <a href="/wiki/Launch_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch game">launch titles</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_(console)" title="Xbox (console)">Xbox</a> console. It was a runaway critical and commercial success, and is considered a premier console first-person shooter. It featured narrative and storyline reminiscent of Bungie's earlier <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Trilogy" title="Marathon Trilogy">Marathon</a> series but now told largely through in-game dialog and cut scenes. It also received acclaim for its characters, both the protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Master_Chief_(Halo)" title="Master Chief (Halo)">Master Chief</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(Halo)" title="Covenant (Halo)">alien antagonists</a>. The sequel, <a href="/wiki/Halo_2" title="Halo 2">Halo 2</a> (2004), brought the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online gaming</a> to the console market through the medium of <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Live">Xbox Live</a>, on which it was the most played game for almost two years.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deus_Ex_(video_game)" title="Deus Ex (video game)">Deus Ex</a>, released by <a href="/wiki/Ion_Storm" title="Ion Storm">Ion Storm</a> in 2000, featured a levelling system similar to that found in role-playing games; it also had multiple narratives depending on how the player completed missions and won acclaim for its serious, artistic style.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a> games <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil_Survivor" title="Resident Evil Survivor">Survivor</a> in 2000 and <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil:_Dead_Aim" title="Resident Evil: Dead Aim">Dead Aim</a> in 2003 attempted to combine the <a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">light gun</a> and first-person shooter genres along with <a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">survival horror</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metroid_Prime" title="Metroid Prime">Metroid Prime</a>, released in 2002 for the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>, a highly praised first-person shooter, incorporated <a href="/wiki/Action-adventure_game" title="Action-adventure game">action adventure</a> elements such as <a href="/wiki/Jumping_puzzle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumping puzzle">jumping puzzles</a> and built on the <a href="/wiki/Metroid" title="Metroid">Metroid</a> series of <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a> <a href="/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game" title="Side-scrolling video game">side-scrolling</a> <a href="/wiki/Metroidvania" title="Metroidvania">platform-adventures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a> Taking a "massive stride forward for first-person games", the game emphasized its adventure elements rather than shooting and was credited by journalist Chris Kohler with "breaking the genre free from the clutches of Doom".<a href="#cite_note-wired_influential-235">[235]</a> Efforts to develop early <a href="/wiki/Handheld_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld video game">handheld video games</a> with 3-D graphics have eventually led to the dawn of ambitious handheld first-person shooter games, starting with two <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a> ports of <a href="/wiki/Back_Track" title="Back Track">Back Track</a> and Doom not long after the system was launched in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> The GBA eventually saw the release of several first-person shooter games specifically tailored for it, including <a href="/wiki/Duke_Nukem_Advance" title="Duke Nukem Advance">Duke Nukem Advance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecks_vs._Sever" title="Ecks vs. Sever">Ecks vs. Sever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dark_Arena" title="Dark Arena">Dark Arena</a>, with a sizable amount of them being praised for pushing the hardware to the limit while providing satisfying gameplay.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Despite their varying reception, they would demonstrate the viability of first-person shooters on handhelds, which became more apparent with new technological advances that accompanied future handheld systems.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Online" title="World War II Online">World War II Online</a>, released in 2001, featured a persistent and "massively multiplayer environment", although <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a> said that "the full realization of that environment is probably still a few years away."<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Battlefield_1942" title="Battlefield 1942">Battlefield 1942</a>, another World War II shooter released in 2002, featured large scale battles incorporating aircraft, naval vessels, land vehicles and infantry combat.<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/PlanetSide_(video_game)" title="PlanetSide (video game)">PlanetSide</a> allowed hundreds of players at once to compete in a persistent world,<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> and was also promoted as the "world's first massively multiplayer online first person shooter."<a href="#cite_note-MMOFPS-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Serious_Sam" title="Serious Sam">Serious Sam</a> series, first released in 2001, and <a href="/wiki/Painkiller_(video_game)" title="Painkiller (video game)">Painkiller</a>, released in 2004, both emphasized fighting waves of enemies in large open arenas, in an attempt to hearken back to the genre's roots.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doom_3" title="Doom 3">Doom 3</a>, released in 2004, placed a greater emphasis on horror and frightening the player than previous games in the series and was a critically acclaimed best seller,<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> though some commentators felt it lacked gameplay substance and innovation, putting too much emphasis on impressive graphics.<a href="#cite_note-levine-15">[15]</a> In 2005, a <a href="/wiki/Doom_(film)" title="Doom (film)">film based on Doom</a> featured a sequence that emulated the viewpoint and action of the first-person shooter, but was critically derided as deliberately unintelligent and gratuitously violent.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/F.E.A.R._(video_game)" title="F.E.A.R. (video game)">F.E.A.R.</a> was acclaimed<a href="#cite_note-IGNevolution-248">[248]</a> for successfully combining first-person shooter gameplay with a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a> atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-designerdiary-249">[249]</a> Later in 2007, <a href="/wiki/Irrational_Games" title="Irrational Games">Irrational Games</a>' <a href="/wiki/BioShock" title="BioShock">BioShock</a> would be acclaimed by some commentators as the best game of that year for its innovation in artistry, narrative and design,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> with some calling it the "<a href="/wiki/Spiritual_successor" title="Spiritual successor">spiritual successor</a>" to Irrational's earlier <a href="/wiki/System_Shock_2" title="System Shock 2">System Shock 2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Crytek" title="Crytek">Crytek</a> games <a href="/wiki/Far_Cry" title="Far Cry">Far Cry</a> (2004) and <a href="/wiki/Crysis" title="Crysis">Crysis</a> (2007) as well as <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Far_Cry_2" title="Far Cry 2">Far Cry 2</a> (2008) would break new ground in terms of graphics and large, <a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">open-ended</a> level design,<a href="#cite_note-guidetofps-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty_4:_Modern_Warfare" title="Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare">Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare</a> (2007), <a href="/wiki/Resistance:_Fall_of_Man" title="Resistance: Fall of Man">Resistance: Fall of Man</a> (2006) and its sequel <a href="/wiki/Resistance_2" title="Resistance 2">Resistance 2</a> (2008) presented increasingly refined linear levels and narratives,<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> with the fast pace and linearity of the <a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty" title="Call of Duty">Call of Duty</a> games bearing a resemblance to rail shooters.<a href="#cite_note-Howarth-256">[256]</a> BLACK in 2006 was considered to be a leader in cinematic game design, with strong sound design and destructible environments.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Portal_(video_game)" title="Portal (video game)">Portal</a> popularized the concept of puzzles mechanics in first-person perspective.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2006, Gamasutra reported the first-person shooter as one of the biggest and fastest growing video game genres in terms of revenue for publishers.<a href="#cite_note-attractive-258">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Team_Fortress_2" title="Team Fortress 2">Team Fortress 2</a>, originally a user-made mod for Quake but made into an official product by Valve by its release in 2007, launched a new type of team-based subgenre called <a href="/wiki/Hero_shooter" title="Hero shooter">hero shooters</a>, which consist of first-person and third-person shooters where players selected from one of several pre-made characters with existing weapons and skill sets, using those different characters effectively to complete objectives against their opponents.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> The hero shooter genre had significant growth following the release of <a href="/wiki/Overwatch_(video_game)" title="Overwatch (video game)">Overwatch</a> in which refined the hero shooter formula by adding unique characters and larger narrative as they expanded the game in future updates.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> The use of motion-detecting <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">game controllers</a> – particularly the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>'s – "promised to make FPS controls more approachable and precise with an interface as simple as literally pointing to aim" and thus "dramatically reshape the first-person shooter." However, technical difficulties pertinent to functions other than aiming – such as maneuvering or reloading – prevented their widespread use among first-person shooters.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pointman_(user_interface)" title="Pointman (user interface)">Pointman</a> user interface combines a motion-sensitive gamepad, head tracker and sliding foot pedals to increase the precision and level of control over one's avatar<a href="#cite_note-Templeman_IITSEC-262">[262]</a> in military first-person shooter games. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xonotic_0.8.2_rocket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Xonotic_0.8.2_rocket.jpg/220px-Xonotic_0.8.2_rocket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Xonotic_0.8.2_rocket.jpg/330px-Xonotic_0.8.2_rocket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Xonotic_0.8.2_rocket.jpg/440px-Xonotic_0.8.2_rocket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>2011 shooter <a href="/wiki/Xonotic" title="Xonotic">Xonotic</a></figcaption></figure> In the late 2010s, first-person and third-person shooters enjoyed a surge in popularity with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Battle_royale_game" title="Battle royale game">battle royale games</a>, in which many players battle for survival on a large map to be the last man or team standing through intense action-packed combat, and <a href="/wiki/PlayerUnknown%27s_Battlegrounds" class="mw-redirect" title="PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds">PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds</a> (2017) reached the highest number of concurrent players ever to be recorded on <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Its <a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">free-to-play</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">mobile game</a> version, <a href="/wiki/PUBG_Mobile" title="PUBG Mobile">PUBG Mobile</a> (2018), reached over 1 billion downloads worldwide by early 2021<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> and grossed over $8 billion by early 2022.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_VR_technology:_2020–present">Rise of VR technology: 2020–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rise of VR technology: 2020–present">edit</a>]</div> As <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> (VR) technologies are being developed, FPS games are being developed right alongside the various <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_game" title="Virtual reality game">VR gaming platforms</a>. The new immersive 3D environments using VR headsets and motion controllers enable some entirely unique experiences and mechanics for FPS games, such as physically ducking / dodging, precise control for throwing objects, and individual finger control, enhancing the interactivity with in-game wearables and other objects in the environment. VR Games naturally have a greater focus on the players' spatial presence and the 3D environment itself rather than the actual challenge / competitiveness of the game,<a href="#cite_note-:0-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-266">[266]</a> which also extends to first-person shooters, especially in the horror sub-genre.<a href="#cite_note-:0-265">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Half-Life:_Alyx" title="Half-Life: Alyx">Half-Life Alyx</a>, released in 2020, is to date (2023) the highest grossing VR first-person shooter and is usually considered the first <a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA title</a> in VR.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> While there is much hype in the Virtual Reality arena, it is still an emerging technology, and it has yet to be determined if VR FPS titles will become mainstream competitive or how these platforms will influence the genre in the future.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> In 2010, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> showed that playing first-person shooter video games is associated with superior mental flexibility. Compared to non-players, players of such games were found to require a significantly shorter reaction time while switching between complex tasks, possibly because they are required to develop a more responsive mindset to rapidly react to fast-moving visual and auditory stimuli, and to shift back and forth between different sub-duties.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter_engine" title="First-person shooter engine">First-person shooter engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first-person_shooters" title="List of first-person shooters">List of first-person shooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interaction_and_first-person_shooters" title="Social interaction and first-person shooters">Social interaction and first-person shooters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_video_games" title="Violence and video games">Violence and video games</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=First-person_shooter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-routledge_chp31-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_chp31_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-routledge_chp31_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVoorhees2014" class="citation book cs1">Voorhees, Gerald (2014). 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August 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Gaming+World+Issue+145&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FComputer_Gaming_World_Issue_145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/nextgen-issue-020">NEXT Generation Issue #20 August 1996</a>. Imagine Media. August 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NEXT+Generation+Issue+%2320+August+1996&rft.pub=Imagine+Media&rft.date=1996-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnextgen-issue-020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961018103343/http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Aug96/strife896.html">"Strife"</a>. October 18, 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcgamesmag.com/games/Aug96/strife896.html">the original</a> on October 18, 1996. 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Retrieved July 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strife+Review&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdmag.com%2Farticles%2F009%2F125%2Fstrife_review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doomwiki.org/wiki/Strife">"Strife"</a>. DoomWiki.org. July 18, 2024. 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Retrieved July 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=This+underappreciated+FPS+from+1996+was+a+step+on+the+path+that+led+to+games+like+Deus+Ex&rft.date=2022-05-21&rft.au=Richard+Cobbett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Fsaturday-crapshoot-strife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFupdated2013" class="citation news cs1">updated, Paul Dean last (August 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamer.com/reinstall-strife/">"Strife was merging shooter and RPG years before Deus Ex"</a>. PC Gamer. Retrieved July 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=Strife+was+merging+shooter+and+RPG+years+before+Deus+Ex&rft.date=2013-08-04&rft.aulast=updated&rft.aufirst=Paul+Dean+last&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Freinstall-strife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209012246/https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/198834-strife-trust-no-one/index.html">"Strife: Trust no one for PC - GameRankings"</a>. December 9, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/198834-strife-trust-no-one/index.html">the original</a> on December 9, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strife%3A+Trust+no+one+for+PC+-+GameRankings&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamerankings.com%2Fpc%2F198834-strife-trust-no-one%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.zdoom.org/viewtopic.php?t=52614">"Strife Uncut [Updated to 1.5!] - ZDoom"</a>. forum.zdoom.org. 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May 2, 1997. pp. 18–23. <q>John Romero: My original idea was to do something like Virtua Fighter in a 3D world, with full-contact fighting, but you'd also be able to run through a world, and do the same stuff you do in Quake, only when you got into these melees, the camera would pull out into a third-person perspective. It would've been great, but nobody else had faith in trying it. The project was taking too long, and everybody just wanted to fall back on the safe thing – the formula.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edge&rft.atitle=An+Audience+with+John+Romero&rft.issue=45+%28May+1997%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1997-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEDGE.N045.1997.05%2Fpage%2Fn17%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mobygames.com/game/387/shadow-warrior/releases/">"Shadow Warrior Releases"</a>. MobyGames. Retrieved July 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MobyGames&rft.atitle=Shadow+Warrior+Releases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobygames.com%2Fgame%2F387%2Fshadow-warrior%2Freleases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mobygames.com/game/387/shadow-warrior/">"Shadow Warrior (1997)"</a>. MobyGames. Retrieved July 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MobyGames&rft.atitle=Shadow+Warrior+%281997%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobygames.com%2Fgame%2F387%2Fshadow-warrior%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hollis-speech-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hollis-speech_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hollis-speech_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Hollis2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hollis_(video_game_designer)" title="Martin Hollis (video game designer)">Martin Hollis</a> (September 2, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160021/http://www.zoonami.com/briefing/2004-09-02.php">"The Making of GoldenEye 007"</a>. Zoonami. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+GoldenEye+007&rft.pub=Zoonami&rft.date=2004-09-02&rft.au=Martin+Hollis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoonami.com%2Fbriefing%2F2004-09-02.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerstmann1997" class="citation web cs1">Gerstmann, Jeff (August 19, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120715075641/http://uk.gamespot.com/n64/action/goldeneye007/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;read-review">"GoldenEye 007 Review"</a>. GameSpot UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.gamespot.com/n64/action/goldeneye007/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;read-review">the original</a> on July 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot+UK&rft.atitle=GoldenEye+007+Review&rft.date=1997-08-19&rft.aulast=Gerstmann&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.gamespot.com%2Fn64%2Faction%2Fgoldeneye007%2Freview.html%3Fom_act%3Dconvert%26om_clk%3Dgssummary%26tag%3Dsummary%3Bread-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Berghammer, Billy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3171143">A Rare Look at Rare</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605194920/http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=1&cId=3171143">Archived</a> June 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1UP, Accessed February 19, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-gamecollector-229"><a href="#cite_ref-gamecollector_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com:80/gamespot/features/pc/gamecollector/0907/">"Get your hands on the games you owe to yourself"</a>. GameSpot. September 7, 2001. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040907023005/http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/features/pc/gamecollector/0907/">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2009. <q>Welcome to another installment of Game Collector, where GameSpot hunts for great deals on games so that you don't have to. This week we present 10 great games focusing on warfare, from small-scale to epic-scale. Half of these are first-person shooters, while the other half are strategy games. Two popular PC gaming genres--one all-important, always-relevant subject. So if you're interested in modern or historical warfare and other military maneuverings, or if you just want some great games to add to your collection, then this week's Game Collector is for you.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Get+your+hands+on+the+games+you+owe+to+yourself&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2001-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%3A80%2Fgamespot%2Ffeatures%2Fpc%2Fgamecollector%2F0907%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ddreamers_b-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ddreamers_b_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ddreamers_b_230-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="borlanddd" class="citation book cs1">King, Brad; Borland, John M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvxOAAAAMAAJ">Dungeons and Dreamers: The Rise of Computer Game Culture from Geek to Chic</a>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill/Osborne</a>. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-222888-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-222888-5"><bdi>978-0-07-222888-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514122054/http://books.google.com/books?id=CvxOAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved September 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dungeons+and+Dreamers%3A+The+Rise+of+Computer+Game+Culture+from+Geek+to+Chic&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2FOsborne&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-222888-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft.au=Borland%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvxOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-halflife10-231"><a href="#cite_ref-halflife10_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2008" class="citation web cs1">Ocampo, Jason (November 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/932/932067p1.html">"Half-Life 10th Anniversary"</a>. IGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100810140325/http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/932/932067p1.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Half-Life+10th+Anniversary&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.pc.ign.com%2Farticles%2F932%2F932067p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/strife/review.html?tag=quicklinks%3Breviews">Strife Review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211107084259/https://www.gamespot.com/games/strife/">Archived</a> November 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>, June 27, 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-halflifegreatest-233"><a href="#cite_ref-halflifegreatest_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527131510/http://uk.gamespot.com/features/greatest-games-of-all-time-half-life-6171044/">"Greatest Games of All Time: Half-Life"</a>. GameSpot. May 18, 2007. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.gamespot.com/features/greatest-games-of-all-time-half-life-6171044/">the original</a> on May 27, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Greatest+Games+of+All+Time%3A+Half-Life&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2007-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.gamespot.com%2Ffeatures%2Fgreatest-games-of-all-time-half-life-6171044%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Ryan (November 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429100856/http://uk.gamespot.com/wii/action/residentevilseries/review.html">"Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles Review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.gamespot.com/wii/action/residentevilseries/review.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resident+Evil%3A+The+Umbrella+Chronicles+Review&rft.pub=GameSpot&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.gamespot.com%2Fwii%2Faction%2Fresidentevilseries%2Freview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wired_influential-235"><a href="#cite_ref-wired_influential_235-0">^</a> Kohler, Chris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/gamelife/2009/12/the-15-most-influential-games-of-the-decade/all/1">The 15 Most Influential Games of the Decade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908015101/http://www.wired.com/gamelife/2009/12/the-15-most-influential-games-of-the-decade/all/1">Archived</a> September 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a> December 24, 2009, Accessed September 10, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/11/02/backtrack">"BackTrack – IGN"</a>. November 2, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809124419/https://www.ign.com/articles/2001/11/02/backtrack">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BackTrack+%E2%80%93+IGN&rft.date=2001-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2001%2F11%2F02%2Fbacktrack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141115070609/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=37633&tab=review">"Duke Nukem Advance Review"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=37633&tab=review">the original</a> on November 15, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duke+Nukem+Advance+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allgame.com%2Fgame.php%3Fid%3D37633%26tab%3Dreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041001123408/http://www.gamepro.com/nintendo/gameboy_advance/games/reviews/18500.shtml">"Ecks vs. Sever Review"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamepro.com/nintendo/gameboy_advance/games/reviews/18500.shtml">the original</a> on October 1, 2004. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecks+vs.+Sever+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamepro.com%2Fnintendo%2Fgameboy_advance%2Fgames%2Freviews%2F18500.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111002712/http://gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200204/R03.0804.1137.51142.htm">"Dark Arena Review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200204/R03.0804.1137.51142.htm">the original</a> on January 11, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Game+Informer&rft.atitle=Dark+Arena+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgameinformer.com%2FGames%2FReview%2F200204%2FR03.0804.1137.51142.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/166/166406p1.html">"Ecks vs. Sever"</a>. December 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120821205953/http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/166/166406p1.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ecks+vs.+Sever&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgameboy.ign.com%2Farticles%2F166%2F166406p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Butts, Steve, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pc.ign.com/articles/165/165364p1.html">World War II Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130205210/http://pc.ign.com/articles/165/165364p1.html">Archived</a> January 30, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IGN, August 6, 2001, Accessed March 11, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Bramwell, Tom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/article_46937">Sign-up for PlanetSide beta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227184931/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/article_46937">Archived</a> December 27, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, EuroGamer, November 4, 2002, Accessed March 10, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Butts2004" class="citation web cs1">Steve Butts (April 12, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/506/506091p1.html">"Painkiller Review"</a>. IGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080926111145/http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/506/506091p1.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Painkiller+Review&rft.pub=IGN&rft.date=2004-04-12&rft.au=Steve+Butts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.pc.ign.com%2Farticles%2F506%2F506091p1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst-person+shooter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Kasavin2001" class="citation web cs1">Greg Kasavin (April 26, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/serious-sam-the-first-encounter-review/1900-2701181/">"Serious Sam: The First Encounter Review"</a>. Gamespot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107061005/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/serious-sam-the-first-encounter-review/1900-2701181/">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017. 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Frontiers in Psychology. 1: 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2010.00008">10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153740">3153740</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21833191">21833191</a>.</cite><span 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shooter_game" title="Shooter game">Shooter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_shooter" title="Arena shooter">Arena</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First-person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_shooter" title="Hero shooter">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun_shooter" class="mw-redirect" title="Light gun shooter">Light gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up" title="Shoot 'em up">Shoot 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hell" title="Bullet hell">Bullet hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_shooter" title="Rail shooter">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-stick_shooter" title="Twin-stick shooter">Twin-stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_shooter" title="Tactical shooter">Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">Third-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Survival_game" title="Survival game">Survival</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_royale_game" title="Battle royale game">Battle royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_%27em_up" title="Beat 'em up">Beat 'em up</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">Hack and slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platform_fighter" title="Platform fighter">Platform fighter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_video_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze video game">Maze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pac-Man_clones" title="List of Pac-Man clones">Pac-Man clone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_(video_game_genre)" title="Snake (video game genre)">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_game" title="Stealth game">Stealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg/60px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deck-building_game" title="Deck-building game">Deck-building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_collectible_card_game" title="Digital collectible card game">Digital collectible card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puzzle_video_game" title="Puzzle video game">Puzzle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_object_game" title="Hidden object game">Hidden object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoban" title="Sokoban">Sokoban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-matching_video_game" title="Tile-matching video game">Tile-matching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">Role-playing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_role-playing_game" title="Action role-playing game">Action role-playing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Looter_shooter" title="Looter shooter">Looter shooter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulslike" title="Soulslike">Soulslike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_crawl" title="Dungeon crawl">Dungeon crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game" title="Massively multiplayer online role-playing game">MMORPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster-taming_game" title="Monster-taming game">Monster-taming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike" title="Roguelike">Roguelike</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roguelike_deck-building_game" title="Roguelike deck-building game">Roguelike deck-building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simulation_video_game" title="Simulation video game">Simulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_simulation_game" title="Life simulation game">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dating_sim" title="Dating sim">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_life_sim" title="Farm life sim">Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_game" title="God game">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_simulation_game" title="Social simulation game">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_pet" title="Virtual pet">Virtual pet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_and_management_simulation" title="Construction and management simulation">CMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_simulation_game" title="Business simulation game">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-building_game" title="City-building game">City-building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_simulation_game" title="Government simulation game">Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_video_game" title="Sports video game">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_video_game" title="Fishing video game">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">Racing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing_game" title="Kart racing game">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_racing" title="Sim racing">Sim racing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game" title="Vehicle simulation game">Vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_simulation_video_game" title="Flight simulation video game">Flight simulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_flight_simulation_game" title="Combat flight simulation game">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(video_game_genre)" title="Lunar Lander (video game genre)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_flight_simulation_game" title="Space flight simulation game">Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_simulator" title="Submarine simulator">Submarine simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_simulator" title="Train simulator">Train simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game" title="Vehicular combat game">Vehicular combat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falling-sand_game" title="Falling-sand game">Falling-sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersive_sim" title="Immersive sim">Immersive sim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4X" title="4X">4X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_battler" title="Auto battler">Auto battler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">MOBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">Real-time strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_management_game" title="Time management game">Time management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_tactics" title="Real-time tactics">Real-time tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game" title="Tactical role-playing game">Tactical role-playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_defense" title="Tower defense">Tower defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn-based strategy">Turn-based strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn-based_tactics" title="Turn-based tactics">Turn-based tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_game" title="Artillery game">Artillery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_wargame" title="Computer wargame">Wargame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame" title="Grand strategy wargame">Grand strategy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cozy_game" title="Cozy game">Cozy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_game" title="Fitness game">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_game" title="Horror game">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survival_horror" title="Survival horror">Survival horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_game" title="Incremental game">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video_game" title="Music video game">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game" title="Rhythm game">Rhythm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_video_game" title="Party video game">Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_game" title="Photography game">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_game" title="Programming game">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typing_game" title="Typing game">Typing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">Advergame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo_game" title="Bishōjo game">Bishōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_video_game" title="Christian video game">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_video_games" title="Comedy in video games">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_video_games" title="Girls' video games">Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensed_game" title="Licensed game">Licensed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otome_game" title="Otome game">Otome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_content_in_video_games" title="Sexual content in video games">Sexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eroge" title="Eroge">Eroge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_video_game" title="Personalized video game">Personalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_video_game" title="Science fiction video game">Sci-fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_video_game" title="Climate change video game">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgame" title="Newsgame">News</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Player modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">Multiplayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_video_game" title="Cooperative video game">Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">MMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_versus_player" title="Player versus player">PVP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-player_video_game" title="Single-player video game">Single-player</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft">Doujin soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercasual_game" title="Hypercasual game">Hypercasual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_gameplay" title="Emergent gameplay">Emergent gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-motion_video" title="Full-motion video">FMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game">Gacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaizo" title="Kaizo">Kaizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masocore" title="Masocore">Masocore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay" title="Nonlinear gameplay">Nonlinear gameplay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_world" title="Open world">Open world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_game" title="Sandbox game">Sandbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-scrolling_video_game" title="Side-scrolling video game">Side-scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitch_gameplay" title="Twitch gameplay">Twitch gameplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_scrolling_video_game" title="Vertically scrolling video game">Vertically scrolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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