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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مراقبت سلامت در ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مراقبت سلامت در ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%C3%A9_en_Iran" title="Santé en Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Santé en Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eron_sog%CA%BBliqni_saqlash_tizimi" title="Eron sogʻliqni saqlash tizimi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eron sogʻliqni saqlash tizimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Healthcare in Iran" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چاودێری تەندروستی لە ئێران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاودێری تەندروستی لە ئێران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஈரானில் சுகாதார பராமரிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈரானில் சுகாதார பராமரிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E5%81%A5" title="伊朗醫療保健 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊朗醫療保健" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals in Iran</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <i>For health issues in Iran see <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iran" title="Health in Iran">Health in Iran</a>.</i> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Life_expectancy_in_Iran.svg/350px-Life_expectancy_in_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Life_expectancy_in_Iran.svg/525px-Life_expectancy_in_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Life_expectancy_in_Iran.svg/700px-Life_expectancy_in_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical development of life expectancy in Iran</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Healthcare in Iran</b> is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BYI_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYI-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The healthcare and medical sector's market value in Iran was almost US$24 billion in 2002 and is forecast to rise to US$96 billion in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a population of 80 million (2017), <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> is one of the most populous countries in West Asia. The country faces the common problem of other <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">young demographic nations</a> in the region, which is keeping pace with growth of an already huge demand for various public services. The young population will soon be old enough to start new families, which will boost the population growth rate and subsequently the need for <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructures</a> and services. Total healthcare spending is expected to rise from $24.3 billion in 2008, to $96 billion by 2017, reflecting the increasing demand on medical services.<sup id="cite_ref-payvand.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payvand.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total health spending was equivalent to 6% of GDP in Iran in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 90% of Iranians have some form of <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arkanteb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arkanteb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran is also the only country with a <a href="/wiki/Organ_trade#Iran" title="Organ trade">legal organ trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tober2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tober2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the legal character of organ donations is deemed to be a gifting of organs and not their sale and purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), as of 2000, Iran ranks 58 in healthcare and 93 in <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health-system</a> performance.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> ranked Iran 30th most efficient healthcare system ahead of the United States and Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report shows life expectancy in Iran is 75.5 years and per capita spending on healthcare is $346.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The health status of Iranians has improved over the last two decades. Iran has been able to extend public health <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventive services</a> through the establishment of an extensive <a href="/wiki/Primary_health_centre" title="Primary health centre">Primary Health Care Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, child and maternal mortality rates have fallen significantly, and life expectancy at birth has risen remarkably. Infant (IMR) and under-five (U5MR) mortality have decreased to 28.6 and 35.6 per 1,000 live births respectively in 2000, compared to an IMR of 122 per 1,000 and a U5MR of 191 per 1,000 in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a> of children is accessible to most of the urban and rural population.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_services">Health services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Health services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Medical_Education" title="Ministry of Health and Medical Education">Ministry of Health and Medical Education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Iran">Demography of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran-age-pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Iran-age-pyramid.svg/300px-Iran-age-pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Iran-age-pyramid.svg/450px-Iran-age-pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Iran-age-pyramid.svg/600px-Iran-age-pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Iran">Demography of Iran</a> - <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">population pyramid</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>IRAN: Healthcare (Source: EIU)<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy, average (years) </td> <td>70.0 </td> <td>70.3 </td> <td>70.6 </td> <td>70.9 </td> <td>71.1 </td> <td>71.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Healthcare spending (% of GDP) </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Healthcare spending ($ per head) </td> <td>113 </td> <td>132 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>191 </td> <td>223 </td> <td>261 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The largest healthcare delivery network is owned and run by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Medical_Education" title="Ministry of Health and Medical Education">Ministry of Health and Medical Education</a> (MOHME) through its network of health establishments and medical schools in the country. MOHME is in charge of provision of healthcare services through its network, <a href="/wiki/Medical_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical insurance">medical insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">medical education</a>, supervision and regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare system">healthcare system</a> in the country, policymaking, production and distribution of pharmaceuticals, and research and development. Additionally, there are other parallel organisations such as Medical Services Insurance Organizations (MSIO) that have been established to act as a relief foundation as well as an <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> firm. Some hospitals, such as <a href="/wiki/Mahak" title="Mahak">Mahak</a> for children's cancer, are run by charitable foundations. </p><p>According to the last census that Statistical Centre of Iran undertook in 2003, Iran possesses 730 medical establishments (e.g. hospitals, clinics) with a total of 110,797 <a href="/wiki/Bed" title="Bed">beds</a>, of which 488 (77,300 beds) are directly affiliated and run by the MOHME and 120 (11,301 beds) owned by the private sector and the rest belong to other organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Organization_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security Organization (Iran)">Social Security Organization of Iran (SSO)</a>. There were about seven <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurses</a> and 17 hospital beds per 10,000 population.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An extensive network of public clinics offers primary health care at low cost. In rural areas, each village or group of villages has a "health house" staffed by community health workers, locals trained in preventive healthcare methods such as nutrition, family planning, taking blood pressure, prenatal care, immunization, and monitoring environmental conditions such as water quality. Each health house is equipped with an examination room and sleeping quarters, and has a staff of one man and one or more women, all of whom are from the villages they serve. These are the population's first point of contact with the health care system. Those with more complex illnesses are referred to rural health centers, which are staffed by a physician, technician, and administrator. Similar primary health posts also exist in urban areas. Those in need of more complex care, including surgical services, are referred to hospitals. Iran's primary healthcare system has been rated as "excellent" by <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unicef_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Medical_Education" title="Ministry of Health and Medical Education">Ministry of Health and Medical Education</a> (MOHME) operates public hospitals, both general and specialty hospitals, throughout Iran. Public hospitals are typically under the direct management of universities.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most large cities, well-to-do persons use private clinics and hospitals that charge high fees.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, 94% of the population could access local health services, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>. Access ranged from 86% in rural areas to 100% in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 80% and 94% of the population could access affordable essential medicines in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coverage">Coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran#Insurance" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance in Iran § Insurance</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Organization_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security Organization (Iran)">Social Security Organization</a> is responsible for insuring employed citizens in urban areas and their dependents, with the exception of government workers. All salaried and wage workers are covered, as are self-employed persons who voluntarily join. It also insures many old-age pensioners. The Medical Service Insurance Organization covers government employees, students, and inhabitants of rural areas. The <a href="/wiki/Imam_Khomeini_Relief_Foundation" title="Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation">Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation</a> insures the poor who are not covered by other insurance schemes, while the Military Personnel Insurance Organization provides health insurance to members of the armed forces. Beyond these schemes, there are a number of private and semi-public insurance programs that cover the more affluent members of society.<sup id="cite_ref-arkanteb_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arkanteb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 90% of the population has health insurance, and the government has made universal coverage by 2018 a priority.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, health insurance covers 70% of the cost of drugs on the insurers' coverage list, and 90% of public hospital costs, with extra provision for those with rare diseases or in remote areas.<sup id="cite_ref-arkanteb_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arkanteb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2009, a new government plan called "the comprehensive insurance plan" provides basic coverage to all Iranians.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workforce">Workforce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Workforce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">Higher education in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran#Labor_force" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran § Labor force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIOC_dental_care.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NIOC_dental_care.jpg/220px-NIOC_dental_care.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NIOC_dental_care.jpg/330px-NIOC_dental_care.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NIOC_dental_care.jpg/440px-NIOC_dental_care.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Dental care facility in Iran (circa 1970)</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran has been very successful in training/educating the necessary human resources for its health system. The system of almost 30 years ago where the country was facing a shortage of all kinds of skilled personnel in the health and medical sector has been completely changed into one in which the necessary professionals now completely suffice the country's needs. There are now 488 government funded hospitals in Iran. There were 0.5-1.1 <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> per 1000 population in 2004 according to various estimates (about 46 percent of physicians were women).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Healthcare system in Iran (2011) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Medical Schools</td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medical Students</td> <td>1 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>Professors of Medicine</td> <td>20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hospital Beds</td> <td>120,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Village Clinics</td> <td>20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctors</td> <td>100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nurses</td> <td>170,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Iran" title="List of hospitals in Iran">List of hospitals in Iran</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TUMS3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TUMS3.jpg/225px-TUMS3.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TUMS3.jpg/338px-TUMS3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TUMS3.jpg/450px-TUMS3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Shariati Hospital</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasra_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kasra_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/225px-Kasra_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kasra_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/338px-Kasra_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kasra_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg/450px-Kasra_Hospital_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Kasra Hospital</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:149_(1ememe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/149_%281ememe%29.jpg/225px-149_%281ememe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/149_%281ememe%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>Imam Khomeini hospital</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atieh_Hospital_9931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atieh_Hospital_9931.jpg/225px-Atieh_Hospital_9931.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atieh_Hospital_9931.jpg/338px-Atieh_Hospital_9931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atieh_Hospital_9931.jpg/450px-Atieh_Hospital_9931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>Atieh hospital</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_INI_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Iran_INI_01.jpg/225px-Iran_INI_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Iran_INI_01.jpg/338px-Iran_INI_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Iran_INI_01.jpg/450px-Iran_INI_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>INI hospital</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Razavihospital_faz2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Razavihospital_faz2.jpg/225px-Razavihospital_faz2.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Razavihospital_faz2.jpg/338px-Razavihospital_faz2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Razavihospital_faz2.jpg/450px-Razavihospital_faz2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption>Razavi hospital</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghods_Hospital_-_Arak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ghods_Hospital_-_Arak.jpg/225px-Ghods_Hospital_-_Arak.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ghods_Hospital_-_Arak.jpg/338px-Ghods_Hospital_-_Arak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ghods_Hospital_-_Arak.jpg/450px-Ghods_Hospital_-_Arak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>Ghods hospital</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shomalhospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shomalhospital.jpg/225px-Shomalhospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shomalhospital.jpg/338px-Shomalhospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Shomalhospital.jpg/450px-Shomalhospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5465" data-file-height="3684" /></a><figcaption>Shomal hospital</figcaption></figure> <p>However, access and <a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">availability</a> of health care continues to be somewhat limited in <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">lesser developed provinces</a> where the health indices are also lower as compared to national averages. The country is in an epidemiologic transition and faces double burden of the diseases. New emerging threats should also be considered. The <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Iran">demographic</a> and epidemiological transition underway will have a significant effect on the pattern of morbidity and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">mortality</a> in the near and distance future, especially as it affects the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-communicable_disease" title="Non-communicable disease">non-communicable diseases</a> and the health problems of an <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a> population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></div> <p>Although overall improvements have been achieved in all health areas since the 1979 revolution, the present challenging economic conditions of the country, combined with rapid advances in medical technology and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, individuals’ expectations, and the young <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">demographic</a> of the population will undoubtedly challenge the sustainability of past improving trends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_tourism">Medical tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Medical tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism in Iran</a></div> <p>Medical tourism in Iran, has a high potential of attracting tourists for medical services. Apart from the price which is considerably lower, comparing to other countries being in the same region, the quality of medical services in Iran are quite pleasing. Iran has a really well educated and experienced medical staff. Medical specialists are highly professional and supported by a qualified nursing system. Iran also has a really active team of medical researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, 30,000 people visited Iran each year to receive medical treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most health tourists were from <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, Turkey, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pharmaceuticals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Formulary" title="Iranian National Formulary">Iranian National Formulary</a></div> <p>The pharmaceutical industry in Iran began in its modern form in 1920 when the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute_of_Iran" title="Pasteur Institute of Iran">Pasteur Institute of Iran</a> was founded. Iran has a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> production capability, however, the country still relies on imports for raw materials and many specialized drugs. The standards regarding pharmaceutical products are determined and modified by the <i>Pharmacopeia Council</i>. As of 2019, Iran says it produces 80-90% of the raw materials needed inside the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include microplates, omeprazole, tamsulosin hydrochloride, naltrexone base, sitagliptin phosphate, and pioglitazone in various sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Medical_Education" title="Ministry of Health and Medical Education">Ministry of Health and Medical Education</a> (MOHME) has a mission to provide access to sufficient quantities of safe, effective and high quality medicines that are affordable for the entire population. Since the 1979 revolution, Iran has adopted a full generic-based <a href="/wiki/National_Drug_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Drug Policy">National Drug Policy</a> (NDP), with local production of <a href="/wiki/Essential_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential drugs">essential drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaccines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccines">vaccines</a> as one of the main goals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although over 85 percent of the population use an insurance system to reimburse their drug expenses, the government heavily subsidizes pharmaceutical production/importation in order to increase affordability of medicines, which tends also to increase overconsumption, overprescription and misuse of drugs, much like the abuse of pharmaceutical <a href="/wiki/Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">opioids</a> in Iran such as the heavily prescribed <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a> for moderate to severe pain. The regulatory environment of the country is rather strict on the import of drugs and pharmaceuticals towards companies that intend to enter into the market for the first time. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education is the main stakeholder of pharmaceutical affairs in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market">Market</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_targeted_subsidy_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian targeted subsidy plan">Iranian targeted subsidy plan</a></div> <p>In 2006, 55 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_companies#Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian companies">pharmaceutical companies</a> in Iran produce more than 96 percent (quantitatively) of medicines on the market, worth $1.2 billion annually.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran's pharmaceutical market is estimated to be worth $1.87 billion (2008), $2.31 billion (2009), $3.26 billion (2011), $3,57 billion (2013) and $3.65bn by 2013 (projected).<sup id="cite_ref-payvand.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payvand.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-companiesandmarket_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companiesandmarket-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The drug market in Iran is heavily in favour of <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic medicines</a>, which contributed US$1.23bn to the total in 2009, with patented drugs at US$817mn and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">OTC</a> medicines at US$262mn.<sup id="cite_ref-companiesandmarket_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companiesandmarket-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The market share of local production (value-wise) has declined from 85.2% to 63.4% over the past 8 (Iranian) years (2009). In this period the value of importation has jumped from 14.8% to 36.6%. <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran#Customs" title="Taxation in Iran">The government imposes 90% tariff on the import of drugs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2009, 1.8 million units of pharmaceutical products worth $1.2 billion were imported into Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-turquoisepartners.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turquoisepartners.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015, Iran's share of global <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> products market is half a billion US dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, 50% of raw materials and chemicals used in the drug manufacturing sector were imported.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Iranian companies were able to produce 80-90% of the raw materials needed inside the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Products">Products</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry of Iran</a></div> <p>Iran has produced a wide range of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, infection and depression.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran is the first country in the East Mediterranean region which has the technical and scientific capability to export vaccines to various world countries.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran will gain self-sufficiency in vaccine production by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, Iran produced 8 out of the 18 main vaccines for humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020-2021, amid the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic in Iran</a>, Iran developed multiple <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with five that have received emergency use authorization (<a href="/wiki/COVIran_Barekat" title="COVIran Barekat">COVIran Barekat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pasteurcovac" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteurcovac">Pasteurcovac</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/FAKHRAVAC" title="FAKHRAVAC">FAKHRAVAC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/COVAX-19" title="COVAX-19">COVAX-19</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars" title="Razi Cov Pars">Razi Cov Pars</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>The new drugs launched in Iran for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">MS</a> include an <a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon beta">interferon beta</a>-1b by <a href="/wiki/CinnaGen" class="mw-redirect" title="CinnaGen">CinnaGen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iranian researchers have developed 41 types of anti-cancer medications, overcoming the need for importing pricey <a href="/wiki/Cancer_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer drug">cancer drugs</a> from abroad (2011).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Food and Drug Administration</i> in 2014, trade in counterfeit commercial drugs has become more lucrative than dealing in illegal narcotics. Most of which come from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Drugs for sexual enhancement, weight control, aesthetics, height enhancement, hair growth and body building are among the more prevalent <a href="/wiki/Fake_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake drug">fake drugs</a> on the market. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Innovation">Innovation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_in_Iran#Science_in_modern_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Iran">Science and technology in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife in Iran">Flora in Iran</a></div> <p>In recent years several drugmakers are gradually developing the ability to innovate, away from <a href="/wiki/Generic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic drugs">generic drugs</a> production itself.<sup id="cite_ref-companiesandmarket_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-companiesandmarket-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran has around 8000 species of plant life and researches indicate that more than 2300 species have remedial characteristics or can be used as cosmetic products;<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only 100-300 of which are being used in <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> industries at present.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran has 80 percent of the world medicinal herbs. Due to lack of required technology, they are exported raw and in limited quantities to foreign markets.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceutical_companies">Pharmaceutical companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian companies">List of Iranian companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Petrochemical_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Iranian Petrochemical Company">National Iranian Petrochemical Company</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_Aryogen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Inside Aryogen, production line for AryoSeven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Inside_Aryogen.jpg/220px-Inside_Aryogen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Inside_Aryogen.jpg/330px-Inside_Aryogen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Inside_Aryogen.jpg/440px-Inside_Aryogen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Inside <a href="/wiki/AryoGen" title="AryoGen">AryoGen</a> company's production line.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, 92 companies were active in the pharmaceutical industry of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-turquoisepartners.com_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turquoisepartners.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Social Security Investment Co. (SSIC)</i>, which is affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Welfare_and_Social_Security_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Welfare and Social Security (Iran)">Ministry of Welfare</a>, was reported in 2008 to be Iran's largest holding company, owning and controlling 22 pharmaceutical manufacturing companies and possessing a 40% share of Iran's total pharmaceutical production.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leading pharmaceuticals company is <a href="/wiki/Darou_Pakhsh" title="Darou Pakhsh">Darou Pakhsh</a>, which is majority-owned by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Organization_(Iran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security Organization (Iran)">Social Security Organization</a>. The company manufactures, distributes, imports and exports finished products and pharmaceutical raw materials. <a href="/wiki/Darou_Pakhsh" title="Darou Pakhsh">Darou Pakhsh</a> has an annual turnover of US$400m and claims to have the largest research and development operation of any Iranian drug firm. The company formed a <a href="/wiki/Plasmapheresis" title="Plasmapheresis">plasmapheresis</a> joint venture with a German medical firm, Biotest AG, in early 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Iran_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iran-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Razi_Vaccine_and_Serum_Research_Institute" title="Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute">Razi Institute for Serums and Vaccines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Institute_of_Iran" title="Pasteur Institute of Iran">Pasteur Institute of Iran</a> are leading regional facilities in the development and manufacture of vaccines.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Barkat_Pharmaceutical_Group" title="Barkat Pharmaceutical Group">Barkat Pharmaceutical Group</a> is a major pharmaceutical holding that supplied 14% of the pharmaceutical market of Iran in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iranian pharmaceutical manufacturers are reported to be disadvantaged by the government's poor <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_copyright_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran and copyright issues">intellectual property protection regime</a> and lack of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment in Iran">foreign direct investment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-payvand.com_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payvand.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_equipment">Medical equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medical equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry of Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment in Iran">Foreign Direct Investment in Iran</a></div> <p>The Department of Medical Equipments in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Medical_Education" title="Ministry of Health and Medical Education">Ministry of Health and Medical Education</a> (MOHME) is responsible for supervising imports in this segment, but the import and distribution of such equipment is mostly handled by the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tehran_International_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran International Fair">Iran MED and Iran LAB</a> are the main annual exhibitions relating to medical and laboratory equipment in Tehran.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, approximately $3.1 billion worth of drugs and medical products were consumed in Iran. This shows an 80% increase from 3 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-turquoisepartners.com_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turquoisepartners.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran's per capita consumption is $21, as opposed to the global average of $94 because <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan#Subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Iran subsidizes heavily its medical and pharmaceutical industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-turquoisepartners.com_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turquoisepartners.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Iran exported $74 million worth of "medical products" to countries such as <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-turquoisepartners.com_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turquoisepartners.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/U.S._sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. sanctions against Iran">U.S. sanctions against Iran</a> do not apply to medical equipment or pharmaceuticals. </p><p>There are over 100 Iranian companies representing the international suppliers in this market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_in_Iran" title="Family planning in Iran">Family planning in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Iran" title="List of hospitals in Iran">List of hospitals in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_Iran#Medical_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Iran">Medicine in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Welfare_Organization_of_Iran" title="State Welfare Organization of Iran">State Welfare Organization of Iran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BYI-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BYI_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAyseNashLeland2013" class="citation book cs1">Ayse, Valentine; Nash, Jason John; Leland, Rice (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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London, U.K.: The Business Year. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908180-11-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908180-11-7"><bdi>978-1-908180-11-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investiniran.ir/en/filepool/26?redirectpage=%2fen%2febook">the original</a> on 2016-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Tribune&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Giant+Pharma+Holding+Listed+on+TSE&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Feconomy-business-and-markets%2F54773%2Firan-s-giant-pharma-holding-listed-on-tse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614050041/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3421/html/science.htm">"Iran Daily - Science - 06/11/09"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3421/html/science.htm#s385215">the original</a> on June 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+Daily+-+Science+-+06%2F11%2F09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-daily.com%2F1388%2F3421%2Fhtml%2Fscience.htm%23s385215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHealthcare+in+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Afghanistan" title="Healthcare in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Azerbaijan" title="Healthcare in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Bahrain" title="Healthcare in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_China" title="Healthcare in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia" title="Healthcare in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iraq" title="Healthcare in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Israel" title="Healthcare in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kazakhstan" title="Healthcare in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Korea" title="Healthcare in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kuwait" title="Healthcare in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malaysia" title="Healthcare in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Oman" title="Healthcare in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Qatar" title="Healthcare in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a 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Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Healthcare in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan" title="Healthcare in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healthcare_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healthcare in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a 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