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<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Irredentism - RationalWiki</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":!1,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"Z-0XbTpu4gmaJeetamtr4AAAAEg","wgCSPNonce":!1,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":!1,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Irredentism","wgTitle":"Irredentism","wgCurRevisionId":2673485,"wgRevisionId":2673485,"wgArticleId":163753,"wgIsArticle":!0,"wgIsRedirect":!1,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using DynamicPageList parser function","Imperialism","Fascism","Irredentism","International relations","Nationalism","Politics","War"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Irredentism","wgRelevantArticleId":163753,"wgIsProbablyEditable":!0, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":!0,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":!0,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":!0};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","noscript":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles.legacy":"ready","mediawiki.toc.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.legacy.js","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@1hzgi",function($,jQuery,require,module){/*@nomin*/mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); });});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cmediawiki.toc.styles%7Cskins.vector.styles.legacy&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.35.6"/> <meta name="description" content="Irredentism is the nationalist belief that a territory belonging to another country should be annexed for ethnic or historical reasons. 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W. Kirkegaard">Emil O. W. Kirkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperialism" title="Template:Imperialism">v</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Imperialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Imperialism (page does not exist)">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Imperialism&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>"Every national border in Europe," El Eswad added ironically, "marks the place where two gangs of bandits got too exhausted to kill each other anymore and signed a treaty. <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> is the delusion that one of these gangs of bandits is better than all the others."</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Robert Anton Wilson<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irredentism</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> belief that a territory belonging to another <a href="/wiki/Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Country">country</a> should be annexed for <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical">historical</a> reasons. The word derives from the Italian <i>irredenta</i>, meaning "unredeemed" or "unrecovered". It was first used in the 1880s in disputes over Trieste between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Irredentism is to be distinguished from territorial expansionism, in that irredentism claims to advocate taking back land that is "rightfully ours," while expansionism advocates annexation <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">regardless</a> of whether the territory was "ours" in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-3">[3]</a></sup> The name of the hypothetical country resulting from successful annexation frequently contains the word "Greater," such as in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Serbia" class="extiw" title="wp:Greater Serbia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Albania" class="extiw" title="wp:Greater Albania" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Greater Albania">Greater Albania</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Greater <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megali_Idea" class="extiw" title="wp:Megali Idea" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Megali Idea">Megali Idea</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>), Greater <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" class="extiw" title="wp:Greater Germanic Reich" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>), Greater <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" class="extiw" title="wp:Akhand Bharat" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>), Greater <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Iran" class="extiw" title="wp:Greater Iran" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Greater Iran">Irān-e Bozorg</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Russia" class="extiw" title="wp:Greater Russia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Greater Russia">Greater Russia</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Greater <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" class="extiw" title="wp:Hungarian irredentism" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Hungarian irredentism">Hungarian irredentism</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romania" class="extiw" title="wp:Greater Romania" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Greater Romania">Greater Romania</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="wp:Greater Bulgaria" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Greater Bulgaria">Greater Bulgaria</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Gimme.2C_gimme.2C_gimme.21"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Gimme, gimme, gimme!</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_goal_of_irredentism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">The goal of irredentism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Irredentism_in_education"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Irredentism in education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irredentism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>According to the political ideology of ethnolinguistic nationalism, a <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> must encompass all the speakers of a given language and have only one official language.<sup id="cite_ref-kamusella_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamusella-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:4-5</sup> The first principle meant that multiple nation-states would often clash over the same region, as completely monolingual regions are more the exception than the rule. The second meant that nation-states would pursue ethnic homogenization in their territories through deportations, population transfers, forced assimilation, or even massacres in order to destroy any existing linguistic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-kamusella_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamusella-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-inevitabletendency_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inevitabletendency-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Fortunately, irredentism usually does not receive the official support it once did.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-inevitabletendency_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inevitabletendency-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>The former principle was a good idea in theory, as it would ensure that ethnolinguistic groups would be able to manage their own linguistic affairs, but in practice it meant that multilingual regions would be fought over by multiple nation-states. Historians were enlisted to provide historical justifications for their nation-states' claims by portraying their own nation as having inhabited the contested regions before all others and hence (so they alleged) being the only one with any right to live in it. These arguments were merely means to a political end, with the historical reality being secondary and irrelevant; each camp was <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatically</a> certain about its own antecedence, and any possibility that another group might have arrived "first", or that the historical record might be unclear as to the order of migration of the ethnicities in question, was categorically dismissed. Because of the existence of multilingual regions, nation-states also considered it necessary to carry out policies of active ethnic homogenization<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> through forced assimilation, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">violence</a>, or deportation in order to achieve the second principle (such as in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>). States would pursue the interests of one ethnolinguistic group exclusively, to the detriment of any others that might oppose it, leading to unjust double standards; while effecting such policies with impunity within their own borders, they would oppose the same actions when practiced by other states and even intervene militarily in order to prevent them. </p><p>Irredentism is closely associated with nationalism,<sup id="cite_ref-inevitabletendency_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inevitabletendency-5">[5]</a></sup> and because fascism requires nationalism, so too is fascism closely associated with irredentism: Nazi Germany (<a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>), <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">fascist Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">fascist Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> are historical examples. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, which has taken a fascistic turn since the rise to power of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-unfreedom_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfreedom-17">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:15-35</sup> has used the writings of fascist <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" class="extiw" title="wp:Ivan Ilyin" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ivan Ilyin">Ivan Ilyin</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> to justify the illegal annexation of Crimea, Russia's involvement in the Eastern Ukraine War,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> and later Russia's <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">full-scale invasion</a> of the country 8 years later. Ilyin, who has been frequently promoted by Putin, had denied that Ukrainians were a separate entity from Russians, and thus should be absorbed into a post-<a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-unfreedom_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unfreedom-17">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:23-24</sup> </p> <h2><span id="Gimme,_gimme,_gimme!"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Gimme.2C_gimme.2C_gimme.21">Gimme, gimme, gimme!</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irredentism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gimme, gimme, gimme!">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>If the American desires the greatness and prosperity of the States before all nations, and the Englishman desires the same for his nation, and the Russian, Turk, Dutchman, Abyssinian, Venezuelan, Boer, Armenian, Pole, Czech, each have a similar desire; if all are convinced that these desires ought not to be concealed and suppressed, but, on the contrary, are something to be proud of, and to be encouraged in oneself and in others; and if one country's greatness and prosperity can only be obtained at the expense of another, or at times of many other countries and nations; then how can war not be?<br /> <small> <table class="collapsible collapsed" border="0"> <tbody><tr> <th>Original in <a href="/wiki/Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian">Russian</a>: </th></tr> <tr> <td>Если американец желает предпочтительного пред всеми другими народами величия и благоденствия Америки, и точно того же желает англичанин, и того же желает русский, и турок, и голландец, и абиссинец, и гражданин Венецуэлы и Трансвааля, и армянин, и поляк, и чех, и все они убеждены, что эти желания не только не надо скрывать и подавлять, но что этими желаниями можно гордиться и должно развивать их в себе и других, и если величие и благоденствие одной страны или народа не может быть приобретено иначе, как в ущерб другой или иногда и многих других стран и народов, то как же не быть войне.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Leo Tolstoy, <i>Patriotism, or Peace?</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Irredentism often seeks to expand a given country to its maximum historical extent, regardless of whether the irredentists' ethnic group ever actually formed the majority in the territories in question. Examples include the irredentist claims by <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Extremist" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremist">extremists</a> to the entire <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" class="extiw" title="wp:Pannonian Basin" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, ultra-<a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionists</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, or irredentist claims by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> conservatives (including <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>) to the Baltic States, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (of which they already <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">shaved the eastern third</a>) <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (see previously listed affair), and Alaska<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> (which they sold at what was considered by some to be more than a fair price<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>), and more recently, historic forts in California and even Antarctica (on the basis that it was discovered by Russians and despite California being the epitome of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">everything</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">stands</a> <a href="/wiki/Secularism" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularism">against</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>. In a sense, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> had irredentist attitudes in claiming that <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> was a part of Germany, too. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_goal_of_irredentism">The goal of irredentism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irredentism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The goal of irredentism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Irredentists often provide lengthy justifications as to why a region rightly belongs to their country, but do not clarify how such transfer of land would be beneficial (and much less whether it would be worth the costs a war would bring). </p><p>There are numerous reasons why irredentism may fail to bring about desirable consequences. One might be that the territories claimed by irredentists may have no or a negligible presence of their ethnic group,<sup id="cite_ref-inevitabletendency_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inevitabletendency-5">[5]</a></sup> in which case irredentism would lead to little or no "liberation" of the local population. Furthermore, it is often the case that even when minorities are forcibly assimilated, the individuals themselves do not disappear; they merely begin speaking another language. In this situation, an irredentist war would cause loss of life and suffering far worse than any language shift or forced name changes. Even if the assimilatory policies consisted of violence, an irredentist conflict could cause an escalation of violence and thus increase, rather than diminish, death and suffering. Another issue is that if the irredentist country successfully waged an irredentist war, it might in turn implement similar assimilatory policies, but this time directed towards the other ethnic group, and it is unclear why this would be preferable to the pre-war situation. Irredentism may be harmful even in a moral framework where only the extent of the territory possessed by the irredentist's nation matters, since irredentist wars may backfire and lead to a <i>decrease</i> in territory, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" class="extiw" title="wp:Former eastern territories of Germany" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Former eastern territories of Germany">as Germany discovered after World War II.</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </p><p>Nor is irredentism necessary for the "survival" of a nation, since the very concept of irredentism presumes the existence of a nation-state whose purpose it is to safeguard a language. Even if the minority in the contested region were to become entirely assimilated, the language would in many cases still have a large number of speakers in its respective nation-state and be in no danger of dying out. The language would only cease to be spoken in one (often very small) area, but the continuance of the language as a whole would in no way be threatened. </p><p>Perhaps there are other reasons why one might support irredentism. The point of irredentism might not be to ensure the survival of the language, but rather to increase the number of its speakers, for whatever reason. But such a goal could be more easily (and peacefully) achieved by simply promoting higher birth rates or attracting immigrants through economic development. Or perhaps the goal might be to ensure that the language, regardless of its overall vitality, be spoken in <i>that</i> particular area. But why would it not be enough for the language to have an assured existence within the irredentist's currently existing nation-state? Surely it would be preferable for a language's speakers to live in peacetime in an unchanging area<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[note 1]</a></sup> than to be constantly tormented by war and bloodshed (the inevitable result of the endless cycle of irredentism) in exchange for the possibility of increasing the language's territorial range. Not to mention that changing the linguistic composition of an area would probably not ease poverty, lack of access to education or healthcare, or many other <i>real</i> problems that nationalists so often ignore<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> in favor of the much simpler (and pointless) goal of satisfying their urge to get rid of "foreigners".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[note 2]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Irredentism_in_education">Irredentism in education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irredentism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Irredentism in education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/165px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="120" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/248px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg/330px-The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11506" data-file-height="8400" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Geography_Lesson_or_%22The_Black_Spot%22.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>1887 painting of schoolboys being taught about the loss of Alsace-Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian war</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_history_textbooks" title="Nationalism in history textbooks">Nationalism in history textbooks</a></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>On this globe there are national boundaries marked, but on photographs of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> from space, there are no national boundaries to be seen, which is perhaps a useful lesson for politicians.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One cause of irredentism, both presently and historically, has been educational systems. Education is often used as a means of <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">instilling</a> nationalism, xenophobia, exclusionary ethnic loyalty, irredentist attitudes, and the idea that only one ethnic group has the "right" to live in a certain area. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irredentism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonization" title="Demonization">Demonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_pseudohistory" title="Nationalist pseudohistory">Nationalist pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other" title="Other">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li></ul></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irredentism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Just take a look at <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Lyndon B. Johnson's quote about politicians' manipulation of bigoted sentiments, "If you can convince the lowest white man he's better than the best colored man, he won't notice you're picking his pocket. Hell, give him somebody to look down on, and he'll empty his pockets for you."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irredentism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson">Robert Anton Wilson</a> <i>Wikiquote</i>. From: <i>The Earth Will Shake: The History of the Early Illuminati</i> (The Historical Illuminatus Chronicles Vol. 1) by Robert Anton Wilson (1982) New Falcon Publications. ISBN 1561841625. Page 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">irredentist, noun. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/21/the-way-we-were/">The Way We Were</a> by Frank Jacobs (November 21, 2011, 9:52 pm) <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kamusella-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kamusella_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kamusella_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817115159/http://inside-poland.com/t/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/KamusellaWeltCorrctdFeb2012_2.pdf">The Silesian Language in the Early 21<sup>st</sup> Century: A Speech Community on the Rollercoaster of Politics</a> by Tomasz Kamusella (2013) <i>Die Welt der Slaven</i> 58(1):1-35. Archived from August 17, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inevitabletendency-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-inevitabletendency_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-inevitabletendency_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-inevitabletendency_5-2">5.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-inevitabletendency_5-3">5.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reocities.com/Athens/8945/irre.html">Irredentism: An Inevitable Tendency of Ethnic Nationalism</a> by Dimostenis Yağcıoğlu (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reocities.com/Athens/8945/minor.html">Nation-States vis-a-vis Ethnocultural Minorities: Oppression and Assimilation versus Integration and Accomodation</a> by Dimostenis Yağcıoğlu (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010307212908/http://www.argentina-rree.com/1/1-007.htm">Los mitos de pérdidas territoriales de los Estados hispanoparlantes de la América meridional</a> Capítulo 1: La destrucción social de la protonacionalidad hispanoamericana (2000) <i>Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la República Argentina</i> (archived from March 7, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyarization" class="extiw" title="wp:Magyarization" rel="nofollow">Magyarization</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonization" class="extiw" title="wp:Polonization" rel="nofollow">Polonization</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarisation" class="extiw" title="wp:Bulgarisation" rel="nofollow">Bulgarisation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanianization" class="extiw" title="wp:Romanianization" rel="nofollow">Romanianization</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanisation" class="extiw" title="wp:Germanisation" rel="nofollow">Germanisation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbianisation" class="extiw" title="wp:Serbianisation" rel="nofollow">Serbianisation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatisation" class="extiw" title="wp:Croatisation" rel="nofollow">Croatisation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_irredentism" class="extiw" title="wp:Italian irredentism" rel="nofollow">Italian irredentism</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" class="extiw" title="wp:Spanish irredentism" rel="nofollow">Spanish irredentism</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unfreedom-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-unfreedom_17-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-unfreedom_17-1">17.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America</i> by Timothy Snyder (2018) Tim Duggan Books. ISBN 0525574468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Donbas" class="extiw" title="wp:War in Donbas" rel="nofollow">War in Donbas</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%3F_(%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9)">Патриотизм или мир? (Толстой)</a> "Patriotism or Peace?" by Leo Tolstoy (in Russian, January 5, 1896) <i>Wikisource</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Patriotism_and_Christianity/Patriotism,_or_Peace%3F">Patriotism and Christianity/Patriotism, or Peace?</a> by Leo Tolstoy (January 5, 1896) <i>Wikisource</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/russia-nationalists-want-alaska-sold-us-150-years-later-a7659941.html">Russian nationalists want Alaska back — 150 years after it was sold to the US: Czar Alexander II sold the north American territory in 1867 for $7.2 million</a> by Chloe Farand (31 March 2017 13:12 BST) <i>The Independent</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/sewards-folly">U.S. purchase of Alaska ridiculed as "Seward's Folly”</a> <i>This Day in History, History Channel</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adn.com/politics/2022/03/16/a-russian-lawmaker-wants-alaska-back-good-luck-with-that/">A Russian lawmaker wants Alaska back. ‘Good luck with that!’</a> <i>Iris Samuels, Anchorage Daily News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-feffer/the-hungarian-horseradish_b_5153419.html">The Hungarian Horseradish</a> by John Feffer (04/15/2014 12:32 pm ET Updated Jun 15, 2014) <i>Huffington Post</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> <i>WikiQuote</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdXtjNSDi4s">1977 Carl Sagan Christmas Lectures 1 — The Earth as a Planet</a> (Sep 2, 2013) <i>YouTube</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Irredentism&oldid=2673485">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Irredentism&oldid=2673485</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Imperialism" title="Category:Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Fascism</a></li><li><a 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