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published" datetime="2010-08-30T14:28:27+02:00">30 août 2010</time><time class="updated" datetime="2011-11-08T09:41:00+02:00">8 novembre 2011</time></a></div><h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/125" rel="bookmark">Die Gletschermumie aus der Kupferzeit 2. La mummia dell’età del rame 2 — Angelika Fleckinger (dir.)</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em><a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/08/RecensionOtzi-2.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-126" src="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/08/RecensionOtzi-2.jpg" alt="" width="95" height="125" srcset="https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/08/RecensionOtzi-2.jpg 95w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/08/RecensionOtzi-2-38x50.jpg 38w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/08/RecensionOtzi-2-60x80.jpg 60w, https://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/08/RecensionOtzi-2-76x100.jpg 76w" sizes="(max-width: 95px) 100vw, 95px" /></a>Neue Forschungsergebnisse zum Mann aus dem Eis – Nuove ricerche sull’Uomo venuto dal ghiaccio. Vienne/Bozen, Folio verlag/südtiroler archäologiemuseum, (Schriften des Südtitoler Archäologiemuseums, 3 / Collana del Museo Archeologico dell’alto Adige, 3), 135 p. 26,50 € . ISBN : 3-85256-244-X / 88-86857-41-1 </em><a href="http://www.folioverlag.com/"><em>http://www.folioverlag.com</em></a></p> <p>Le Musée Archéologique du Haut-Adige, à Bolzano, conserve et présente au public depuis 1998 la momie du glacier du Similaun –Ötzi ou Iceman– découverte et récupérée à plus de 3200 m d’altitude dans les Alpes de l’Ötztal en septembre 1991.</p> <p>Presque vingt ans après sa découverte, cette momie est devenue non seulement une sorte d’icône pour la Préhistoire alpine, mais aussi un champ d’investigations scientifique complet (archéométrie, biologie humaine, biogéochimie isotopique, génétique des populations, etc.) sans équivalent dans le monde. Quatre volumes publiés par <em>Springer verlag</em> (le premier dès 1992), ainsi que des dizaines d’articles scientifiques font l’état d’une extraordinaire moisson de résultats. Outre la dispersion des données, il faut convenir que certaines méthodologies et certaines disciplines peuvent s’avérer opaques aux préhistoriens. Le Musée de Bolzano publie, dans le troisième volume de sa collection de monographies, le second volume d’études consacrées à la momie du glacier (1). L’ouvrage est élégant, d’une maquette agréable qui accueille une iconographie abondante en couleur. Douze articles rédigés en allemand, en anglais ainsi qu’un en italien, constituent la matière de ce volume de 135 pages. Notons que les articles sont dotés de deux résumés dans les langues différentes de celle du texte. Malheureusement, la rédaction des légendes des illustrations n’est pas multilingue. Nous ne détaillerons pas les articles un à un, mais on peut dresser un court inventaire thématique : archéométallurgie cristallographique de la hache de cuivre (Artioli <em>et al.</em>) ; archéologie expérimentale de la cape végétale (Barth) ; écologie et répartition géographique des mousses végétales en association avec la momie (Dickson) ; dispositif muséal de conservation de la momie (Egarter Vigl) ; interprétation archéologique du mobilier métallique de la momie (Gleirscher) ; analyse de la découverte de la flèche dans le corps de la momie (Gostner et Egarter Vigl) ; analyse archéologique des chaussures (Malhotra) ; indices de mobilité géographique et analyse isotopique (Müller, McCulloch, Fricke, Halliday) ; taphonomie récente de la momie dans le glacier (Oeggl) ; processus de momification décrit par l’ADN bactérien (Rollo) ; distribution corporelle des tatouages (Sjøvold) ; microbiologie des organismes saprophytes actifs sur le corps momifiée (Tiefenbrunner).</p> <p>La plupart des contributions revêtent un intérêt qui concerne l’ensemble des néolithiciens, soit parce qu’elles délivrent des informations totalement nouvelles sur le Néolithique – le rapport à l’espace qu’entretient un individu du Néolithique au cours de son existence par exemple – soit parce qu’elle met en œuvre des méthodes rares ou nouvelles dont l’application à d’autres découverte est possible. Relevons quelques exemples qui ne couvrent pas l’ensemble des contributions rassemblées.</p> <p>Les mousses végétales (bryophytes) sont des indicateurs écologiques précis que connaissent et exploitent les botanistes et les phytosociologues. Leur intérêt à déjà été utilisé en Préhistoire, par exemple pour cerner l’approvisionnement du matériau de calfatage des parois de maison sur le site de la station 3 de Chalain. L’étude présentée ici par J. H. Dickson, se fonde sur un relevé floristique actuel des mousses végétales du piémont alpin méridional. Ce relevé, comparé aux spécimens retrouvés sur la momie, permet de contribuer de manière originale à la reconnaissance des parcours effectués par Ötzi peu avant sa mort.</p> <p>Un bilan de la découverte, abondamment évoquée, d’une armature de flèche au niveau de la ceinture scapulaire de la momie fait l’objet d’un article de huit pages (p. 57-64) illustré d’images tomographiques et photographiques. L’essentiel était déjà publié par les mêmes auteurs dans une revue à plus large diffusion (Gostner et Egarter Vigl 2002).</p> <p>Les études isotopiques se multiplient depuis quelques années. L’étude présentée ici (Müller <em>et al.</em>) examine des sections fines réalisés sur les dents de la momie. Comparées à la géologie locale, ces analyses isotopiques (Plomb, Uranium, Strontium) autorisent une définition assez précise du territoire parcouru par cet individu. Mais loin de s’arrêter aux dernières années vécues par le sujet, la structure dentaire offre une approche biographique inédite – de l’enfance au décès – que l’on peut comparer aux résultats observés sur le squelette ou les intestins (p. 80-85).</p> <p>Un court article (Oeggl, p. 91-100) établit un bilan intéressant de ce que l’on peut désigner comme les phénomènes post-dépositionnels qui se sont déroulés entre le décès d’Ötzi et sa prise dans la glace. Son séjour dans de l’eau liquide pendant plusieurs mois est à l’origine de phénomènes taphonomiques (momification) et archéologiques (démantèlement de l’équipement, déplacement des objets et de quelques éléments du corps) particuliers qui sont ici recensés et cartographiés.</p> <p>Les tatouages d’Ötzi, qui ont fait l’objet de beaucoup de digressions, sont présentés d’une manière systématique avec une série de clichés infra-rouges. Il s’agit, à notre connaissance de la première présentation aussi exhaustive (Sjøvold).</p> <p>Voici donc un rapide aperçu d’un volume élégant, utile – puisqu’il donne un aperçu de nombreuses recherches très spécialisées et d’accès difficile – pour un prix assez réduit.</p> <p>Références citées :</p> <ul> <li>Gostner P., Egarter Vigl E., – Report of radiological-forensic findings on the Iceman. Journal of Archaeological Science, 29, 3, p. 323-326.</li> <li>Samadelli M. (ed.) 2006 : <em>The Chalcolithic mummy. In search of immortality. </em>Vienne/Bozen, Folio verlag/südtiroler archäologiemuseum, (Schriften des Südtitoler Archäologiemuseums, 4 / Collana del Museo Archeologico dell’alto Adige, 4), 175 p.</li> <li>Südtiroler Archäologiemuseum 1999 : <em>Die Gletschermumie aus der Kupferzeit. Neue Forschungsberichte zum Mann aus dem Eis.</em> Vienne/Bozen, Folio verlag/südtiroler archäologiemuseum, (Schriften des Südtitoler Archäologiemuseums, 1 / Collana del Museo Archeologico dell’alto Adige, 1), 125 p.</li> </ul> <p>Notes :</p> <p>(1) Nous ne présentons pas ici une recension des deux autres volumes publiés par le Musée de Bolzano. Le premier volume (Südtiroler Archäologiemuseum 1999) est constitué des actes d’un colloque qui s’est tenu au moment de l’inauguration du Musée. Il nous semble aujourd’hui obsolète. Le troisième volume (Samadelli 2006) est consacré principalement à la description du dispositif unique au monde de conservation de la momie. Il ne nous apparaît pas utile de le commenter ici.</p> <p><em>Maxence Bailly – <em>Maître de Conférence, LAMPEA – UMR 6636 – Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence</em></em></p> <p style="color: #e7172c"><strong>pdf</strong> : <a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/08/CPréhméd1-2010_Fleckinger2.pdf">CPréhméd1*-2010_Fleckinger(2)</a></p> <div class="wp-about-author-containter-top" style="background-color:#FFEAA8;"><div class="wp-about-author-pic"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' /></div><div class="wp-about-author-text" style="margin-left:140px"><h3><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='renault'>renault</a></h3><p></p><p><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='More posts by renault'>More Posts</a> </p></div></div> </div> </article> <article id="post-17" class="post-17 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-recensions tag-autriche tag-italie tag-neolithique tag-otzi tag-similaun tag-squelette tag-tatouages"> <header class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-meta"><span class="screen-reader-text">Publié le</span> <a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/17" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2010-02-12T10:08:08+02:00">12 février 2010</time><time class="updated" datetime="2011-11-08T09:43:06+02:00">8 novembre 2011</time></a></div><h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://pm.hypotheses.org/17" rel="bookmark">Ötzi, the Iceman. The full facts at a glance — Angelika Fleckinger</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-24" src="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/02/3-Ötzi-Couv1-129x150.jpg" alt="3-Ötzi-Couv" width="129" height="150" /><em>Vienne, Folio verlag, 2007, 120 p., 10 € — 3-85256-244-9. </em><a href="http://www.folioverlag.com/"><em>http://www.folioverlag.com</em></a></p> <p>Le musée archéologique de Bolzano, dans le Haut-Adige, assure depuis 1998 la conservation et la présentation muséographique de la fameuse momie du glacier du Similaun –Iceman ou Ötzi–, découverte et récupérée en septembre 1991 dans les Alpes de l’Ötztal, entre l’Autriche et l’Italie (Capasso L., La Verghetta M., D’Anastasio R. 1999). Dès 1999 le Musée publiait un ouvrage de synthèse à l’attention d’un public plus large. C’est la seconde édition mise à jour qui nous est proposée aujourd’hui par A. Fleckinger du Musée Archéologique de Bolzano. Publié en deux éditions différentes, une en langue anglaise et une en langue allemande, c’est un petit ouvrage (21×12 cm), d’une centaine de pages abondamment illustrées.</p> <p>Le plan de l’ouvrage rappelle tout d’abord les conditions de la découverte et de la récupération de la momie et des objets qui l’accompagnent. Le lieu de découverte ainsi que la “fouille” du glacier réalisée en 1992 sont ensuite décrits. Une photographie en double-page (p. 28-29) montre une vue plongeante du goulot glaciaire qui constitue le site de découverte et détaille avec précision l’emplacement topographique du corps et de l’essentiel des objets qui lui sont associés.</p> <p>C’est ensuite l’aspect biologique et “médico-légal” qui est présenté. Plusieurs points sont abordés successivement. Âge, analyse du squelette, dents et ongles, reconstitution faciale, ADN ancien, tatouages, etc., sont présentés de manière concise. Les dernières pages de ce thème sont consacrées à la mort d’Ötzi, dont la cause est connue depuis 2002 (Gostner et Egarter Vigl 2002) avec la découverte d’une pointe de flèche fichée dans le dos, entre l’épaule gauche et la colonne vertébrale.</p> <p>La troisième partie de l’ouvrage est consacrée à la culture matérielle à travers trois chapitres : les vêtements de peau, l’équipement, l’illustration de la vie quotidienne néolithique que retranscrit l’équipement d’Ötzi.</p> <p>Les dernières pages sont constituées, outre d’un glossaire, d’une description de la structure unique et très élaborée qui assure la conservation de la momie. Quelques pages sont consacrées au recyclage identitaire et mercantile de la momie, qui est rapidement devenue une icône du Haut-Adige ainsi qu’une source de produits dérivés. La troisième page de couverture se déplie et offre un tableau chronologique restreint qui replace la découverte dans son contexte.</p> <p>Si l’ouvrage est essentiellement destiné aux visiteurs du musée ainsi qu’au public intéressé par l’archéologie, il s’avère également pratique pour faire rapidement le tour d’une découverte aussi spectaculaire que méconnue. En effet, après le déferlement sensationnel des premières semaines, Ötzi est devenu un champs d’investigation très vaste et sans équivalent. La bibliographie qui relate les découvertes est presque impossible à embrasser. Ce petit ouvrage est très utile dans cette optique.</p> <p>Quelques bémols tout de même. Outre une coquille regrettable qui afflige au squelette africain de Lucy une datation de 300 millions d’années! (p. 21), on relevera quelques appréciations discutables sur le Néolithique. La tombe Talheim (Bade-Wurtemberg) ne date pas de la fin du Néolithique, mais du Néolithique ancien (p. 48). La mention d’une “mode” préhistorique pour expliquer ces vêtements détourne l’intérêt de ces documents exceptionnels vers l’anecdotique. Quant au filet employé pour la chasse (p. 85), on peut admettre la chasse au lièvre (ainsi que tout autre animal à fourrure) mais plus difficilement la chasse au lapin pour une date aussi ancienne et surtout pour une altitude aussi élevée . Mais il faut féliciter l’auteur pour ce petit ouvrage qui atteint non seulement son objectif éditorial –fournir une synthèse facile à lire et bien illustrée pour le grand public– mais constitue également un outil pratique pour les chercheurs.</p> <p><em>Références citées :</em></p> <ul> <li>Capasso L., La Verghetta M., D’Anastasio R. 1999 – L’homme du Similaun. Une synthèse anthropologique et palethnologique. <em>L’Anthropologie</em> ,103, 3, p. 447-470.</li> <li>Gostner P., Egarter Vigl E. (2002) – INSIGHT – Report of radiological-forensic findings on the Iceman. <em>Journal of Archaeological Science,</em> 29, 3, p. 323-326.</li> </ul> <p style="text-align: left">Maxence Bailly – <em>Maître de Conférence, LAMPEA – UMR 6636 – Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence</em></p> <p style="color: #e7172c;text-align: left"><strong>pdf</strong> : <a href="http://pm.hypotheses.org/files/2010/02/CPréhméd1-2010_Fleckinger.pdf">CPréhméd1*-2010_Fleckinger</a></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;font: 12.0px Times"> <div class="wp-about-author-containter-top" style="background-color:#FFEAA8;"><div class="wp-about-author-pic"><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=100&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4d8f237084a4adf043d1ef9cc547eabe?s=200&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-100 photo' height='100' width='100' /></div><div class="wp-about-author-text" style="margin-left:140px"><h3><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='renault'>renault</a></h3><p></p><p><a href='https://pm.hypotheses.org/author/renault' title='More posts by renault'>More Posts</a> </p></div></div> </div> </article> </main> </div> <aside id="secondary" class="widget-area" aria-label="Colonne latérale du blog"> <section id="search-1" class="widget widget_search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://pm.hypotheses.org/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Recherche pour : </span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Recherche…" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"><svg class="icon icon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="img"> <use href="#icon-search" xlink:href="#icon-search"></use> </svg><span class="screen-reader-text"> Recherche </span></button> </form> </section><section id="text-3" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget">L’équipe de rédaction de la revue "Préhistoires méditerranéennes" ouvre un espace d’informations scientifiques "Les Chroniques de Préhméd". 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