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data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="dark" data-module-background="deep-blue" data-module-category="AnchoredHero" class="ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__SfYQE"><style></style><div data-component="mdc-c-background-image" class="mdc-c-bg-image___GJdv1_2734c4f background-image-article-default ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__parallax-container__fZ7Iq"></div><div class="ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__gradient__Uu21n"></div><div class="ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__wrapper-content__XOe9C"><div class="mck-o-container"><div class="mck-o-container--wrapped mck-o-container--mobile-spacing mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-lg-12"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-1 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-span-10"><div><h1 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-2 mck-u-animation-slide-down ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__heading__bv6rL"><div>Winning the (local) COVID-19 war</div></h1></div><div data-component="mdc-c-description" class="mdc-c-description___SrnQP_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-10 mck-u-animation-blur-in-800 ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__description__sjoe9"><div><time datetime="2020-04-06T00:00:00Z">April 6, 2020</time> | Article</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mck-o-container"><div class="mck-o-container--wrapped mck-o-container--mobile-spacing mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-xxl"><section data-layer-region="article-body-header" class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 mck-u-animation-blur-in-400 byline-share-container"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-8 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-8 mdc-u-ts-9"><span> </span><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__author__XdrlD"><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__no-wrap__Ced0j">Tom Latkovic </span></span><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__author__XdrlD"><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__no-wrap__Ced0j">Leah Pollack<span> </span></span></span><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__author__XdrlD"><span class="AuthorsByLine_mck-c-authors-byline__no-wrap__Ced0j">Jordan VanLare, MD</span></span></div><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-8 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-8 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11 ArticleContent_mck-c-article-content__share-tools__kWRRw"></div></section><section class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 mck-u-animation-blur-in-400"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11"><div data-component="mdc-c-description" class="mdc-c-description___SrnQP_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-5"><div class="mck-u-links-inline">As governors, mayors and other leaders work to protect lives and livelihoods, they will need to confront this enemy across six domains, pressing hard to safeguard industries, and using data to adapt based on ‘the facts on the ground’</div></div></div></section><main data-layer-region="article-body" class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-xxl"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-1 mdc-u-grid-col-md-12"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11"><div class="mdc-o-content-body mck-u-dropcap"> <p>Individuals and business leaders understandably want to know when life will return to normal, or at least when economic activity can resume unencumbered. We admit we do not know.</p> <p>We do know we face an enemy that is poorly understood, potentially adaptive, and has already attacked most of the United States. Most epidemiologists have concluded that there will likely be some degree of contagion across the country for at least 12 to 18 months. With that reality in mind, we offer three suggestions to help state and local leaders navigate the challenging set of choices required to safeguard lives and livelihoods in our communities.</p>  <p>We base our conclusions on analysis of the experience of certain Asian countries most often cited as successfully navigating the crisis; a review of the growing body of relevant literature; direct experience in the healthcare delivery system; and an analysis of previous economic crises.</p> <p><strong>1. Prepare to fight and win a war:</strong> Build a true command center with sufficient resources and authority; find talented people (within and beyond government) with the necessary skills, especially in operations and logistics; and invest in the most relevant data and information, as well as the capability to adapt based on the “facts on the ground.”</p> <p><strong>2. Engage across six domains and multiple theaters:</strong> The six key domains are (i) foundational public health, (ii) societal compliance, (iii) health system capacity, (iv) industry safeguarding, (v) protection of the vulnerable, and (vi) economic health. Theaters of the COVID-19 war will be in cities, counties, and, in some cases, neighborhoods. The command center needs to coordinate and integrate “joint operations” across these domains and theaters. At present, most cities and states are engaged in two or three domains, often independently, and with inadequate adaptation.</p> <p><strong>3. Execute well to earn flexibility:</strong> This war is unlikely to be fought in clearly delineated or linear “stages.” Rather, leaders will need to throttle up or down the intensity of interventions over time based on the facts as they emerge. A “composite index” based on the epidemiological reality in a community, its performance across domains, and the extent of effective treatment or a vaccine could help inform leaders when they can consider removing restrictions on economic activity (or put them in place).</p> <h2>1. Prepare to fight and win a war</h2> <p>Many state and local leaders have planned and executed their response with the same infrastructure, people, and approaches used to recover from either natural disasters or previous epidemiological outbreaks. While there is much to gain from those approaches, combating COVID-19 is much more analogous to fighting a war in at least four ways:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Indefinite end-date:</strong> There is near consensus among epidemiologists that most states will face some (maybe meaningful) virus outbreaks for an extended period, potentially up to 18 months or longer.</li> <li><strong>Distinct theaters:</strong> Given that communities vary in size, health system sophistication, resources, and economic composition, the timing and execution of known strategies will vary considerably, especially over time.</li> <li><strong>Relevance of operational logistics:</strong> Army General and President Dwight D. Eisenhower observed: “You will not find it difficult to prove that battles, campaigns, and even wars have been won or lost primarily because of logistics.” Combating COVID-19 requires dramatic and immediate requisitioning of millions of items, reskilling people at scale, and adapting millions of square feet of physical environments.</li> <li><strong>Adaptation:</strong> As in any war, a variety of favorable or unfavorable developments could evolve. The situation could change based on mutations of the virus, exogenous events, innovations, and unforeseen circumstances.</li> </ol> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="light" data-module-background="lightest-grey" data-module-category="" data-module-gradient-position="bottom-right" class="mck-c-inline-module-container SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__bgimg-wrapper__Qj4Dt mck-o-sm-left-span SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__sidebar-wrapper__Dpjw2 SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__sidebar-wrapper--istablet__IQ6ii mck-u-screen-only mck-c-module-wrapper" data-layer-region="sidebar"><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__epoAm mck-o-md-center"><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__share-icons-wrapper__9gB_c"><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f mdc-c-link-container--display-column___X0HDD_2734c4f SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__share-icons___eQy6"><div data-component="mdc-c-dropdown-menu" class="mdc-c-drop-down"><button data-component="mdc-c-button" aria-label="" type="button" id="button_id" class="mdc-c-button___U4iY2_2734c4f mdc-c-button--ghost mdc-c-button--size-medium mdc-c-drop-down__rootmenu___yJzvz_2734c4f" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu"><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_2734c4f mdc-c-icon--default___f-hQM_2734c4f mdc-c-icon--size-md___yi5fA_2734c4f mck-share2-icon"></span></button><div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="light" data-module-background="white" data-module-category="" class=""></div></div><button data-component="mdc-c-button" aria-label="Expandable Sidebar" type="button" id="button_id" class="mdc-c-button___U4iY2_2734c4f mdc-c-button--ghost mdc-c-button--size-medium SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__toggle-btn__EL8iE" aria-expanded="false" data-layer-event-prefix="UI Item" data-layer-action="click" data-layer-category="sidebar" data-layer-subcategory="open" data-layer-text="open sidebar"><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_2734c4f mdc-c-icon--radial___y3csX_2734c4f mdc-c-icon--size-xxl___cL3ZT_2734c4f mck-plus-no-circle-icon"></span></button></div></div><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content-outer__UdWCq"><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__eyebrow__5GSEq"></div><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content__raEwe"><h2 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-3 SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content-heading__NJekY"><div>Command Center Checklist</div></h2><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content-description__4p9iI mdc-u-ts-7"><div class="mdc-o-content-body"><ul> <li>Clear governance with agile decision-making processes</li> <li>Useful, accurate, current information across all domains and all theaters</li> <li>Each team/domain has clear, tangible objectives, necessary resources, and authority to act</li> <li>Clear mechanisms to interface and engage with public and private stakeholders</li> <li>Sufficient talent: large group of outcome-oriented leaders with mix of skills—operators, logisticians, strategists, analysts, clinicians, etc.</li> </ul></div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The implication is that states and cities can each benefit from a command center and leadership structure designed to last at least 18 months with the right resources and authority to act. Below we highlight a handful of fundamental requirements within a checklist that can be used as a guide to consider the right structure, processes, and people for the command center.</p> <h2>2. Engage across six domains and multiple theaters</h2> <h3>Domain 1: Foundational public health</h3> <p>McKinsey has assessed the myriad strategies intended to stop the spread of coronavirus based on four criteria: whether the strength of the evidence indicates that the interventions reduce disease spread; the degree of unfavorable economic impact; degree of unfavorable social impact; and the degree of implementation difficulty (Exhibit 1).</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 1</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-1-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-1-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <p>We conclude that five are most fundamental:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Protecting healthcare workers.</strong> Develop the ability to fully protect healthcare workers with personal protection equipment (PPE), including masks, gloves, and protective gowns.</li> <li><strong>Widespread, systematic, and accurate testing.</strong> South Korea implemented a holistic testing strategy across both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients at 1 percent per capita by allocated testing centers and drive-thru testing. US testing currently stands at 0.43 percent per capita (as of April 3, 2020).<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="1eb47056-1050-4f05-965a-e0e3c8e08ec5"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">1</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="1eb47056-1050-4f05-965a-e0e3c8e08ec5" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">“Most recent data,” The COVID Tracking Project, April 5, 2020, covidtracking.com.</span></span></span></a></span> Israel has employed batch testing of 60 people simultaneously (by pooling samples in a single test kit) followed by additional testing only if the sample is positive.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="4b44dda7-3101-40b7-90d9-9e4c3209865a"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">2</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="4b44dda7-3101-40b7-90d9-9e4c3209865a" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">“Israelis introduce method for accelerated COVID-19 testing,” ISRAEL21c, March 19, 2020, israel21c.org.</span></span></span></a></span></li> <li><strong>Scalable contact tracing.</strong> Digitally enabled centralized and decentralized contact tracing has played a large role in geographies that have “flattened the curve.” Hong Kong and South Korea have, for example, publicly available applications/text services to alert individuals to nearby cases and allow these individuals to take precautions. In practice, public communications will need to be ramped up digitally to focus on which people should be quarantined and how they should do it.</li> <li><strong>Effective quarantines of those infected and their close acquaintances.</strong> Detection and contact tracing are effective only if those at risk are safely separated from others. To date, most documented clusters of infection have occurred in families (78 to 85 percent of clusters), demonstrating the potential need to separate intrahousehold members and those with close acquaintances.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="5cb82e43-f7ce-43df-8fff-e3a880a8fba1"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">3</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="5cb82e43-f7ce-43df-8fff-e3a880a8fba1" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">“Report of the WHO–China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19),” WHO, February 2020, who.int.</span></span></span></a></span> Numerous countries and several US cities have used hotels for low-acuity infected patients for whom returning home could pose a transmission risk.</li> <li><strong>Use of masks in public places.</strong> There is ongoing debate about the effectiveness of widespread use of masks, such as outside of healthcare settings.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="b7b2e797-5d25-4505-bb9e-405ce933a63d"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">4</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="b7b2e797-5d25-4505-bb9e-405ce933a63d" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Burch J and Bunt C, “Can physical interventions help reduce the spread of respiratory viruses?,” Cochrane Clinical Answers, March 3, 2020, cochranelibrary.com.</span></span></span></a></span> While the evidence is inconclusive, we note that countries where masks (not necessarily N95 respirators) are more frequently worn in public have a 1 percent growth rate of the virus compared with a 17 percent growth rate<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="ed2424d3-9263-42d3-875f-8b2d2939ad97"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">5</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="ed2424d3-9263-42d3-875f-8b2d2939ad97" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Multiple recent articles from <em>Time </em>and <em>New York Times</em>.</span></span></span></a></span> in countries that do not. We hypothesize that the primary benefit of widespread use of masks in the United States may be in limiting the transmission from infected people to healthy people, especially in shared living spaces, retail settings, or workplaces and in conjunction with hand-washing.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="0616bd35-2b6c-461a-a0b7-df01dcc20978"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">6</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="0616bd35-2b6c-461a-a0b7-df01dcc20978" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Aiello AE et al., “Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: a randomized intervention trial,” <em>Journal of Infectious Diseases</em>, 2010, Volume 201, Number 4, pp. 491–8.</span></span></span></a></span> This strategy could prove particularly helpful in the United States, where aggressive screening (such as testing of asymptomatic people), contact tracing, and quarantines are not widely used. Any strategy that expands use of masks by the general population needs to ensure that healthcare workers are protected first.</li> </ol> <p>We classify the other public health strategies into three additional categories (Exhibit 2):</p> <ul> <li><strong>“Most painful, most effective”:</strong> Evidence suggests these approaches to be very effective, with a very high cost economically and socially. When applied, the management objective should be to execute with <em>as high a degree of compliance as possible</em> to limit the duration necessary.</li> <li><strong>“Close to no-regret”:</strong> These are strategies with at least some evidence of contagion reduction while having a relatively modest economic or social cost. The objective for these strategies should be to plan to operate them for the indefinite future. That means setting societal and stakeholder expectations.</li> <li><strong>“Effective, but painful”:</strong> These are strategies with at least some evidence to reduce contagion but with high economic and/or social cost. The objective should be to know (a) when to deploy these interventions, (b) when to stop, and (c) how best to mitigate their economic and social costs.</li> </ul> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 2</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-2-01.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="Winning the (local) COVID-19 war" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-2-01.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <h3>Domain 2: Societal compliance</h3> <p>Policies to limit transmission, especially quarantining, physical distancing, remote work requirements, and shelter-in-place orders are only effective to the extent the public adheres to them. We currently observe high variability in the approaches to activity restriction in the United States across communities. Some communities are using “sticks,” such as fines and arrests, to increase adherence. Others have not implemented penalties for noncompliance, and as a result, nonessential businesses and public gatherings in areas such as parks continue to operate as normal. Chicago and New York City are attempting to limit transmission within households and close or high-risk communities by providing temporary housing for infected individuals in hotels, but other urban areas are sending infected patients to self-quarantine in crowded apartments. Most municipalities are using some form of regular communication to the public through multiple channels.</p> <p>McKinsey has monitored the different approaches across locations and continues to examine the differences in outcomes (Exhibit 3). While no definitive conclusions can be made, we observe a steeper decline in infections where quarantine and distancing policies have been rapidly implemented and tightly enforced (for example, Lodi, Italy, where lockdown was rapid and penalties, including arrests, were implemented) compared with those communities that have been less intense in their enforcement (for example, Spain, where only fines were used). Conceptually, any lack of adherence to physical distancing and quarantine policies increases contact and therefore infections of susceptible people. Physical distancing and quarantine policies that are weakly enforced impose social and economic cost without extracting the full benefit of eliminating contact.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 3</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-3-vf-01.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-3-vf-01.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-disruptor1up mck-o-md-center mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom mck-u-screen-only" data-layer-region="disruptor-1up"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-md mdc-u-grid-col-lg-12 mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 "><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-span-12"><header data-component="mdc-c-header" class="mdc-c-header"><div class="mdc-c-header__block___i1Lg-_2734c4f"><h3 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f"><div>Would you like to learn more about our <a href="/industries/healthcare/how-we-help-clients">Healthcare Systems & Services Practice</a>?</div></h3></div></header><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f mdc-c-link-container--display-column___X0HDD_2734c4f mck-c-disruptor1up__content Disruptor1Up_mck-c-disruptor1up__content--links__VV4lE mdc-u-grid-gutter-md"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/industries/healthcare/how-we-help-clients/americas/provider-performance" class="mdc-c-link-cta___NBQVi_2734c4f"><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_2734c4f">Visit our Provider Performance page</span><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_2734c4f mck-link-arrow-right-icon"></span></a></div></div></div></div> <p><strong>Segmentation</strong></p> <p>As with any attempt to change behavior, segmentation is useful. Below we focus on three groups: older people, younger people, and lower-income people.</p> <p>To reduce the potential peak demand for scarce healthcare resources, it is particularly important to reduce contagion to segments of people that are more vulnerable, namely older people and those with high-risk health conditions. Hospital admission data from China, South Korea, and Germany (all places with extensive testing) show a much higher propensity among older individuals to require hospitalizations and intensive care unit (ICU) care. If the United States could better protect 40 percent of people over 60, roughly 6 percent of the US population, it could reduce peak consumption of critical care by 35 percent (Exhibit 4).</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 4</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-4-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-4-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <p>It is important to note that many of the strategies to protect older and higher-risk Americans also could create a myriad of challenges. Therefore, any approach must directly address the practical, social, and behavioral needs of people who may be in relative isolation for a long period of time and have sources of income compromised.</p> <p>Additionally, a growing body of evidence suggests that certain segments of people and those in certain communities have been less likely to comply with physical distancing.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="5d5baedf-c9d0-42a8-a54f-ea57591757db"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">7</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="5d5baedf-c9d0-42a8-a54f-ea57591757db" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Murad Y, “Most U.S. Adults Practice Some Degree of Social Distancing Amid Coronavirus Spread,” Morning Consult, March 20, 2020, morningconsult.com.</span></span></span></a></span><span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="8fd08bcc-2488-48c9-acd4-4ac5bf3775fc"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">8</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="8fd08bcc-2488-48c9-acd4-4ac5bf3775fc" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Cummins E, “’I’ll do what I want’: Why the people ignoring social distancing orders just won’t listen,” Vox, March 24, 2020, vox.com.</span></span></span></a></span> Recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="9a420170-a2f1-4255-bea2-71db77ecc439"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">9</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="9a420170-a2f1-4255-bea2-71db77ecc439" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">CDC COVID-19 Response Team, “Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)—United States, February 12–March 16, 2020,” <em>Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report</em>, 2020, Volume 69, Number 12, pp. 343–6, cdc.gov.</span></span></span></a></span> show higher rates of admission from younger people in the United States compared with other countries,<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="8eda674b-1c23-4f21-9b82-6a994ef42467"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">10</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="8eda674b-1c23-4f21-9b82-6a994ef42467" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Ferguson NM et al., “Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand,” Imperial College London, March 16, 2020, imperial.ac.uk.</span></span></span></a></span> implying that older people may be more consistently physical distancing. We also observe considerable geographic variation across communities.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="8c3da50b-aaa1-4828-b3f5-1e31df0d4bf0"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">11</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="8c3da50b-aaa1-4828-b3f5-1e31df0d4bf0" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Glanz J et al., “Where America Didn’t Stay Home Even as the Virus Spread,” <em>The New York Times</em>, April 2, 2020, nytimes.com.</span></span></span></a></span> Successfully adapting the behavior of distinct segments, especially over time, will require a mix of segment-specific messaging, incentives, and potential enforcement.</p> <p>Physical distancing and quarantines could take an even higher toll on lower-income people and marginalized communities, such as undocumented workers.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="b02821ef-b0e7-452b-a876-4e5047febae3"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">12</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="b02821ef-b0e7-452b-a876-4e5047febae3" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Benfer EA and Wiley LF, “Health justice strategies to combat COVID-19: Protecting vulnerable communities during a pandemic,” Health Affairs, March 19, 2020, healthaffairs.org.</span></span></span></a></span> Many of these groups have less stable housing and are more likely to lose income or access to healthcare. Additionally, 34 million Americans have no paid sick leave, which correlates to a higher likelihood they will go to work with a contagious disease.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="bdbe33f7-c64b-4f9f-9e7b-bc1d897bb5a9"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">13</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="bdbe33f7-c64b-4f9f-9e7b-bc1d897bb5a9" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Benfer EA and Wiley LF, “Health justice strategies to combat COVID-19: Protecting vulnerable communities during a pandemic,” Health Affairs, March 19, 2020, healthaffairs.org.</span></span></span></a></span> Ensuring compliance will require specific strategies to address these concerns and ensure that these vulnerable communities are not disproportionately impacted.</p> <h3>Domain 3: Expanding health system capacity</h3> <p>The primary motive for public health interventions is to flatten the incidence curve and prevent demand for healthcare services from outstripping supply. Logically, communities and states that create and maintain (or have the potential to quickly create) more health system capacity will have more degrees of freedom. We believe that <strong>at least a doubling of critical care capacity is likely possible and necessary</strong>, at least temporarily, across most parts of the United States. More capacity may be needed in select communities.</p> <p>We describe the necessary bed infrastructure, workforce, clinical operations, and supplies needed to scale up capacity in our recent publication, <a href="/industries/healthcare/our-insights/critical-care-capacity-the-number-to-watch-during-the-battle-of-covid-19">Critical care capacity: The number to watch during the battle of COVID-19</a>. Select examples of capacity expansion are described below.</p> <ul> <li><strong>Bed capacity.</strong> New York City hospitals were charged with expanding capacity by 50 percent and advised to have a plan to reach 100 percent. Specialty hospitals are being converted to general medicine and ICU beds. New Jersey is bringing shuttered hospitals back online. The Armed Services are standing up field hospitals and mobilizing floating naval hospitals. Bed capacity is a solvable logistic challenge that the United States and others around the world have solved before in disaster zones and battlefields.</li> <li><strong>Workforce.</strong> Health systems are stretching staffing ratios; reskilling physicians, nurses, and other clinical staff to work with COVID-19 patients; redefining roles in team care (for example, intensivist leading a team of noncritical care physicians); deploying remote monitoring and telemedicine across the country; and bringing nonpracticing or retired healthcare workers back into the workforce. Recruiting and changing regulations and processes to licensing and credentialing former military medics, out-of-state professionals, and retired healthcare professionals are helping to buttress supply. However, addressing fatigue, infection, and growing demands in other geographies will likely pose greater challenges over time.</li> <li><strong>Clinical operations.</strong> Shifting Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Room, inpatient, and Intensive Care Unit operations to accommodate COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients is critical. Communities where health systems collaborate, coordinate, and share resources (to the extent permissible) to create a more integrated local response are likely to emerge stronger.</li> <li><strong>Supplies.</strong> Maintaining access to critical supplies, particularly personal protective equipment (PPE), testing equipment, and ventilators, will likely be a choke point for scale up. It is important that states understand the needs of their communities and coordinate logistics to direct supplies to areas of greatest need, most likely in deep partnership with state and local healthcare providers and their associations. In doing so, states should understand and coordinate best practices in demand management across the healthcare ecosystem, including for non-COVID-19 patients. States also may consider working with local manufacturers to ramp up production in existing factories, convert other factories where possible to manufacture supplies, and redirect existing inventory of non-healthcare businesses.</li> </ul> <h3>Domain 4: Industry safeguarding</h3> <p>If one believes the risk of contagion will continue for at least 12 to 18 months, the public and private sector leaders should collectively drive widespread use of the most effective adaptations and safeguards to economic activity (Exhibit 5). Examples include physical barriers, face guards, physical distancing, health screenings before entry, generous and flexible sick leave, and other approaches for limiting virus transmission. Widespread use of these safeguards and adaptations across Asia (for example, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea) provide evidence it may be possible to reactivate economic activity without large-scale reemergence of contagion.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 5</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-5-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-5-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <p>Safeguarding also could be critical to managing the psychological impact of the disease, restoring consumers' confidence, and ensuring that people engage in activities deemed safe. Given the intensity with which leaders are communicating the very real risks of exposure to COVID-19, it may prove challenging to adapt the physical distancing message at the appropriate time, especially if some degree of contagion is present. Leaders will need to consider strategies to bolster what the private sector can do on its own. For example, the government could consider visible certification for environments and/or the creation of clear safeguarding standards to reassure consumers.</p> <p>Enacting these measures will be more challenging for some industries, and policy makers will need to weigh the speed and completeness with which these practices can be adopted with the criticality of each sector. We assessed major sectors of the economy based on the intrinsic risk of spread given the nature of the activity, their ability to adopt safeguards, the extent to which they are essential for society to function, and their economic vulnerability (Exhibit 6).</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 6</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-6-v3-01.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-6-v3-01.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <p>We then aggregated each sector into one of five segments primarily based on how critical these activities are typically considered by states and how difficult it would be for each industry to safeguard. According to our analysis, 41 percent of GDP and 19 percent of employment are relatively easier to safeguard with limited changes to existing processes and approaches (Exhibit 7). These limited changes could include, for example, adopting physical distancing practices, maximizing telework, and developing hygiene protocols, as many companies did in China.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="de26e817-9767-48e3-b78b-9c8ff9d4e63b"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">14</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="de26e817-9767-48e3-b78b-9c8ff9d4e63b" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Huang X, Sawaya A, and Zipser D, “<a href="/industries/retail/our-insights/how-chinas-consumer-companies-managed-through-the-covid-19-crisis-a-virtual-roundtable">How China’s consumer companies managed through the COVID-19 crisis: A virtual roundtable</a>,” March 2020, Mckinsey.com.</span></span></span></a></span> On the other end of the spectrum, 20 percent of GDP and 37 percent of employment are activities that are quite difficult to safeguard and would require significant changes to “business as usual” to limit contagion.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 7</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg2-winning-the-war_exhibit-7-01.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg2-winning-the-war_exhibit-7-01.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <p>A more detailed description of each industry is provided below.</p> <p><strong>Critical (critical essential need; lower risk of transmission):</strong> Sectors typically considered critical to day-to-day functioning of society and can be safeguarded to mitigate contagion with relatively modest modifications. These sectors do not typically involve widespread direct engagement with others (for example, utilities providers) and may be safeguarded by reinforcing basic practices (for example, hand hygiene, physical distancing).</p> <p><strong>Critical but adaptable (critical essential need; medium risk of transmission):</strong> Sectors typically considered critical to day-to-day functions of society with a high risk of contagion and barriers to safeguarding (for example, retail grocery). These sectors and activities may require significant adaptation (for example, screening sick employees, face masks and gloves, physical dividers between some employees and customers) to ensure limited employee and customer exposure and to reduce the risk of virus spread. Safeguarding these sectors may require identifying and procuring a meaningful amount of physical materials and supplies.</p> <p><strong>Medium risk (less critical essential need; medium risk of transmission):</strong> Noncritical sectors that could be safeguarded with comparably basic changes in protocol or process. These could include implementing improved hand-washing requirements and/or drive-through access for bank branches, as well as remote working options. These sectors may be easier to keep open or reopen quickly.</p> <p><strong>Adaptable (less critical essential need; higher risk of transmission mitigated with major investments):</strong> Sectors with comparably high risk of contagion that can be safeguarded but only with meaningful adaptation (for example, constructing enclosures around desks in offices or schools). The timeline for safeguarding these industries will be governed by the speed at which institutions can make the required changes to operate safely.</p> <p><strong>Most challenging (low essential need; highest risk):</strong> Sectors comprised of less critical activities with a high risk for contagion that are very challenging to safeguard (for example, recreation). These activities often require significant interaction with people in an uncontrolled environment. Policy makers may want to focus particularly on ensuring economic support for organizations and employees in these sectors.</p> <p><strong>Safeguarding economic and social activity could be a considerable operational and logistical challenge.</strong></p> <p>Early evidence suggests that efforts to safeguard activity are highly variable across states, communities, and individual institutions. Some companies are rapidly innovating; others are slower to move. Driving high degrees of compliance with the most critical strategies for each type of work will be exceptionally challenging.</p> <p>To cite one example, adapting K–12 schools in the United States to operate the way Taiwan kept schools open through the crisis would require changing dozens of protocols across 130,000 distinct schools, training 3.2 million teachers, and adapting 50 million desks to have protective shields.</p> <p>It is possible to facilitate more rapid safeguarding through three efforts: first, by creating clear safeguarding protocols to guide businesses in creating appropriate practices and processes; second, by developing robust audit and compliance capabilities to ensure safeguarding protocols are being followed; and third, by considering programs or approaches to support and assist institutions, especially small and midsize businesses.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-disruptor1up mck-o-md-center mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom mck-u-screen-only" data-layer-region="disruptor-1up"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-md mdc-u-grid-col-lg-12 mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 "><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-lg-span-4 mdc-u-grid-col-md-span-5 Disruptor1Up_mck-c-disruptor1up__image___2Gc4"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture"><img alt="Critical-care capacity: The number to watch during the battle of COVID-19" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/critical%20care%20capacity/hero-critical-care-capacity.jpg?cq=50&mh=145&car=16:9&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-lg-span-8 mdc-u-grid-col-md-span-7"><header data-component="mdc-c-header" class="mdc-c-header"><div class="mdc-c-header__block___i1Lg-_2734c4f"><h3 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f"><div>Critical care capacity: The number to watch during the battle of COVID-19</div></h3></div></header><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f mdc-c-link-container--display-column___X0HDD_2734c4f mck-c-disruptor1up__content Disruptor1Up_mck-c-disruptor1up__content--links__VV4lE mdc-u-grid-gutter-md"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/industries/healthcare/our-insights/critical-care-capacity-the-number-to-watch-during-the-battle-of-covid-19" class="mdc-c-link-cta___NBQVi_2734c4f"><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_2734c4f">Read the article</span><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_2734c4f mck-link-arrow-right-icon"></span></a></div></div></div></div> <h3>Domain 5: Protection of the vulnerable</h3> <p>COVID-19 is especially destabilizing for vulnerable populations. This includes individuals who were vulnerable before the pandemic (for example, due to chronic physical or behavioral health conditions, limited mobility, advanced age, and existing unmet health-related social needs such as food and housing insecurity) as well as those who have become vulnerable as a result of the pandemic (for example, being newly unemployed, experiencing social isolation). Certain vulnerable populations may be at particular risk of being adversely affected by COVID-19 or spreading it to others due to potentially limited or delayed testing or high rates of underlying chronic disease. They also may have more limited ability to quarantine. Further, individuals who are economically vulnerable and concerned about losing their jobs may be reluctant to get tested or follow quarantine protocols to help contain the spread because they cannot afford to stop working.</p> <p>In addition, the pandemic’s adverse effects (for example, uncertainty, stress, economic strain, rates of morbidity and mortality) and associated mitigation measures (for example, physical distancing, quarantines) can lead to the onset or exacerbation of depression, anxiety, excessive substance use, and other signs of distress. Public health efforts to contain COVID-19 have also further limited the availability of critical behavioral health support services. These include in-person therapy, group therapy, residential services, and support groups. Additionally, increased demand may strain social services support, including supply within food banks, while simultaneously facing decreased volunteer and employee availability.</p> <p>As the pandemic worsens, state and local leaders can proactively track data related to health-related basic needs (for example, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program enrollment, eviction rates). In addition, they can consider actions to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations directly or by coordinating with and supporting private sector and social sector institutions. Other ideas include exploring telehealth for behavioral health, alternative sites for acute psychiatric care (where inpatient beds are reprioritized for COVID-19 cases), temporary eviction moratoriums, and changing eligibility for food assistance programs (Exhibit 8).</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 8</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-8-01.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="Winning the (local) COVID-19 war" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-8-01.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <h3>Domain 6: Economic health</h3> <p>COVID-19 is already having profound effects on the economy. The economic ramifications are projected to be significantly worse than those in the 2008 financial crisis. Unemployment claims spiked to 3.3 million in mid-March, with an additional 6.6 million added in early April. The previous record for weekly unemployment claims was 695,000, set in 1982. Most forecasts suggest that additional claims will be filed throughout April. While some relief efforts will be coordinated at the federal level, there is much that state and local policy makers can consider to reduce the economic pain caused by COVID-19, as well as to enable rapid recovery.</p> <p>First, develop the analytical fact base required to target interventions appropriately. State and local leaders will benefit from a comprehensive and dynamic understanding of which of their populations, industry sectors, business sizes, and local regions are most vulnerable to the economic effects of COVID-19. The economic impact will vary by a state or city’s specific economic mix as well as by the intensity of the virus’ spread in that geography.</p> <p>Second, work with industry to operationalize the federal economic supports as quickly as possible. Coordinating with large businesses and industries to bolster key employers and their workforce is essential. Equally important is providing support to small business owners in navigating, applying, and obtaining some of the $350 billion in Small Business Administration (SBA) loans. The planned legislation is more than ten times the expansion of SBA’s historical annual total loan volumes of around $25 billion, creating significant need to scale to meet the needs of the 30 million-plus small businesses in the United States, 80 percent of which are self-employed individuals and more than a quarter owned by minorities.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="6f372508-e94a-4b40-ba15-0d27bb133172"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">15</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="6f372508-e94a-4b40-ba15-0d27bb133172" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">U.S. Small Business Administration website, sba.gov.</span></span></span></a></span> Small businesses collectively employ around 60 million US workers, and the median small business has only a 27-day cash buffer. This fact alone underscores how many businesses are at risk.</p> <p>Third, ensure that state and local governments are ready and able to get payments from both new federal programs and existing safety net programs into the hands of citizens quickly and easily. Given that 78 percent of US workers live paycheck to paycheck, there is not a lot of time to help individuals most in need. In our recent publication, ”COVID-19: How American states can manage the surge in unemployment services,” we highlight the ability to dramatically expedite unemployment benefits through a series of five levers.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="fb480e3e-a6ec-4d91-9c4d-c28e41e6842e"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">16</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="fb480e3e-a6ec-4d91-9c4d-c28e41e6842e" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">Fahs R, Mehta N, Pallotta J, Riley R, Tucker-Ray S, Vuppala H, and Whiteman R, “<a href="/industries/public-sector/our-insights/covid-19-how-american-states-can-manage-the-surge-in-unemployment-services">COVID-19: How American states can manage the surge in unemployment services</a>,” March 2020, Mckinsey.com.</span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>Fourth, states could develop and implement a set of economic recovery interventions that would not only provide immediate relief to people and businesses, but also build a path to a more resilient and inclusive post-pandemic economy. The interventions they identify should be influenced by the populations and businesses most at risk in the coming months and years, lessons learned from prior pandemics and global economic crises, and lessons from other countries that are beginning to emerge from COVID-19’s shadow.</p> <p>State and local leaders are rightly focused on near-term solutions to provide immediate relief, some of which are outlined in Exhibit 9, below. It is also important to focus on establishing today the infrastructure, capabilities, and talent needed to recover and succeed in the post-COVID-19 economy.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 9</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-9-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-9-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <h2>3. Execute well to earn greater flexibility</h2> <p>This war is unlikely to be fought in clearly delineated “stages.” It is more likely that leaders will need to ramp up and down the intensity of interventions (or the resources dedicated to them) over time. At present, many leaders are asking when it will be safe to relax some of the most intense restrictions on activity, such as shelter-in-place orders. Ultimately these decisions are judgments. That said, at least three aspects of this war could inform those judgments: the epidemiological reality in the community, domain performance, and the science.</p> <h3>Epidemiological reality</h3> <p>Leaders could enjoy increasing flexibility as the three conditions described below occur.</p> <ol> <li>The <strong>portion of the population that is actively contagious</strong>, especially those not effectively quarantined, is sufficiently low for leaders to accept the risks associated with relaxing restrictions.</li> <li>The <strong>rate of new infections</strong> is sufficiently low that leaders are confident that the total of active cases will decline in the near future. Preliminary analysis of outbreaks in Wuhan, China, Lodi, Italy, and South Korea suggest that containing the rate of new infections below 6 percent may stabilize the population over the course of 17 to 24 days.</li> <li>Confidence there is sufficient <strong>health system capacity</strong> to meet three types of potential demand. First, health systems will be able to treat new and existing COVID-19 patients with a proper and consistent standard of care.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="a452fbc1-b4e6-4c45-998e-e67403de2b81"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">17</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="a452fbc1-b4e6-4c45-998e-e67403de2b81" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">What is a proper standard of care? At a minimum, this includes fully protected healthcare workers, sufficient bed capacity allocated to patients with highest need (e.g., critical care at quaternary hospitals), and supply of essential supplies (e.g., ventilators, masks).</span></span></span></a></span> Second, health systems have the capacity to treat emergent non-COVID-19 patients with an appropriate standard of care. Third, health systems have enough capacity to accommodate a potential surge in cases should the virus reemerge—this may mean maintaining surge beds and supplies ready for reactivation.</li> </ol> <p>In addition, leaders would benefit from understanding the scale and degree of potential immunity to COVID-19 developing among the populations in their communities.</p> <h3>Domain performance</h3> <p>All else being equal, the stronger the performance achieved across domains the greater the flexibility leaders may have to relax restrictions. For example, leaders may feel more confident about relaxing restrictions on certain types of activity as they become confident those activities are sufficiently safeguarded and the necessary public health capabilities are in place. It may also be true that the stronger the performance in one domain, the less resource or intensity will be needed in the others.</p> <h3>The science</h3> <p>While effective treatment, prophylaxis, and vaccines would be the most welcome innovations, leaders will likely need to navigate choices well before the science is definitive.</p> <p>That said, the pace and scope of research across the public and private sectors appears to be growing rapidly. Moreover, the diversity in approaches observed across the Unites States (and globally) is fertile ground for analysis of real-world evidence.</p> <p>Monitoring, understanding, and applying the rapidly growing body of science could make a considerable difference in the approach of states and cities. These locales would benefit by most closely monitoring three issues:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Ability to limit new infection</strong>, including the expected timeline to effective vaccination and pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis</li> <li><strong>Treatment efficacy</strong>, to reduce disease severity and decrease healthcare resource need</li> <li><strong>Transmission</strong>, most importantly the extent to which asymptomatic people transmit the disease and the relative role of direct (i.e., person-to-person) versus indirect (for example, from contaminated surfaces) transmission.</li> </ol> <p>To assist leaders in making these choices, we have created an illustrative COVID-19 War Dashboard (Exhibit 10). This dashboard highlights the most critical measures of success in each domain and the key interventions that can be “activated” to achieve these results (for example, adding resources, increasing intensity, improving execution). Leaders could also create and use a “composite index” to empirically measure the epidemiological reality in their communities, domain performance, and the state of the science.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 10</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-10-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="" src="/~/media/mckinsey/industries/healthcare%20systems%20and%20services/our%20insights/winning%20the%20local%20covid19%20war/svg-winning-the-war_exhibit-10-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <hr/> <p>We hope that these perspectives are useful in fighting the COVID-19 war. Protecting our lives and our livelihoods may be the challenge of our time. We will update these perspectives and data regularly to reflect new information.</p></div><div class="container-placeholder"></div></div></div><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-xl"><section role="contentinfo" data-layer-region="article-about-authors" class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 AboutAuthor_mck-c-about-author__nRJzu"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11"><h5 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-c-heading--title___5qyOB_2734c4f mdc-c-heading--border___K8dj3_2734c4f mdc-u-align-center"></h5><div data-component="mdc-c-description" class="mdc-c-description___SrnQP_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-8 mck-u-links-inline mck-u-links-inline--secondary mdc-u-mt-5"><div><p><a href="/sitecore/service/notfound.aspx?item=web%3a%7b4fa01a51-89d2-4d92-a0a0-86436a0127be%7d%40en"><strong>Tom Latkovic</strong></a> is a senior partner in McKinsey’s Memphis office. <strong>Leah Pollack</strong> is a partner in the Washington, DC, office. <strong>Jordan VanLare, MD</strong>, is a partner in the New Jersey office.</p> <p>The authors would like to thank Brendan Buescher, Erica Coe, Andre Dua, Kweilin Ellingrud, Daniel Kasbhom, Meredith Langstaff, Jonathan Law, Keith Otis, Jordan Rohrlich, Navjot Singh, Tim Ward, and Ashley Rezai for their contributions to this article.</p></div></div></div></section><section class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 mck-u-screen-only"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-5 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-9"><h5 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-c-heading--title___5qyOB_2734c4f mdc-c-heading--border___K8dj3_2734c4f mdc-u-align-center">Explore a career with us</h5><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f mdc-c-link-container--align-center___ar3mu_2734c4f"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/careers/search-jobs" class="mdc-c-button___U4iY2_2734c4f mdc-c-button--secondary___Boipq_2734c4f mdc-c-button--size-large___jwpUy_2734c4f" aria-label="Search Openings" data-layer-event-prefix="CTA Link" data-layer-action="click" data-layer-category="careers" data-layer-subcategory="search" data-layer-text="Search Openings"><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_2734c4f">Search Openings</span></a></div></div></section></div></main></div></div></main></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"locale":"en","dictionary":{},"sitecoreContext":{"route":{"name":"Winning the local COVID 19 war","displayName":"Winning the local COVID 19 war","fields":null,"databaseName":"web","deviceId":"fe5d7fdf-89c0-4d99-9aa3-b5fbd009c9f3","itemId":"d09912bb-34a6-4a96-a114-81cfd5db474f","itemLanguage":"en","itemVersion":1,"layoutId":"ae753eb4-a035-40b4-83bf-4b4438df6742","templateId":"683910db-02ba-40ba-92e7-726c880160a9","templateName":"ArticleJSS","placeholders":{"jss-main":[{"uid":"232bb7e9-289f-492d-a916-2b6185e44a84","componentName":"ArticleTemplate","dataSource":"","fields":{"data":{"articleTemplate":{"title":{"jsonValue":{"value":"Winning the (local) COVID-19 war"}},"sEOTitle":{"value":"Winning the coronavirus war"},"description":{"jsonValue":{"value":"As governors, mayors and other leaders work to protect lives and livelihoods, they will need to confront this enemy across six domains, pressing hard to safeguard industries, and using data to adapt based on \u0026lsquo;the facts on the ground\u0026rsquo;"}},"sEODescription":{"value":"As governors, mayors, and other leaders work to protect lives and livelihoods, they will need to confront this enemy across six domains to win the coronavirus war."},"displayDate":{"jsonValue":{"value":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z"}},"body":{"value":"[[MostPopularArticles 5]]\n\n\u003cp\u003eIndividuals and business leaders understandably want to know when life will return to normal, or at least when economic activity can resume unencumbered. We admit we do not know.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWe do know we face an enemy that is poorly understood, potentially adaptive, and has already attacked most of the United States. Most epidemiologists have concluded that there will likely be some degree of contagion across the country for at least 12 to 18 months. With that reality in mind, we offer three suggestions to help state and local leaders navigate the challenging set of choices required to safeguard lives and livelihoods in our communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[Ceros covid]]\n\n\u003cp\u003eWe base our conclusions on analysis of the experience of certain Asian countries most often cited as successfully navigating the crisis; a review of the growing body of relevant literature; direct experience in the healthcare delivery system; and an analysis of previous economic crises.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Prepare to fight and win a war:\u003c/strong\u003e Build a true command center with sufficient resources and authority; find talented people (within and beyond government) with the necessary skills, especially in operations and logistics; and invest in the most relevant data and information, as well as the capability to adapt based on the \u0026ldquo;facts on the ground.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Engage across six domains and multiple theaters:\u003c/strong\u003e The six key domains are (i) foundational public health, (ii) societal compliance, (iii) health system capacity, (iv) industry safeguarding, (v) protection of the vulnerable, and (vi) economic health. Theaters of the COVID-19 war will be in cities, counties, and, in some cases, neighborhoods. The command center needs to coordinate and integrate \u0026ldquo;joint operations\u0026rdquo; across these domains and theaters. At present, most cities and states are engaged in two or three domains, often independently, and with inadequate adaptation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Execute well to earn flexibility:\u003c/strong\u003e This war is unlikely to be fought in clearly delineated or linear \u0026ldquo;stages.\u0026rdquo; Rather, leaders will need to throttle up or down the intensity of interventions over time based on the facts as they emerge. A \u0026ldquo;composite index\u0026rdquo; based on the epidemiological reality in a community, its performance across domains, and the extent of effective treatment or a vaccine could help inform leaders when they can consider removing restrictions on economic activity (or put them in place).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003e1. Prepare to fight and win a war\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMany state and local leaders have planned and executed their response with the same infrastructure, people, and approaches used to recover from either natural disasters or previous epidemiological outbreaks. While there is much to gain from those approaches, combating COVID-19 is much more analogous to fighting a war in at least four ways:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndefinite end-date:\u003c/strong\u003e There is near consensus among epidemiologists that most states will face some (maybe meaningful) virus outbreaks for an extended period, potentially up to 18 months or longer.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistinct theaters:\u003c/strong\u003e Given that communities vary in size, health system sophistication, resources, and economic composition, the timing and execution of known strategies will vary considerably, especially over time.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelevance of operational logistics:\u003c/strong\u003e Army General and President Dwight D. Eisenhower observed: \u0026ldquo;You will not find it difficult to prove that battles, campaigns, and even wars have been won or lost primarily because of logistics.\u0026rdquo; Combating COVID-19 requires dramatic and immediate requisitioning of millions of items, reskilling people at scale, and adapting millions of square feet of physical environments.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdaptation:\u003c/strong\u003e As in any war, a variety of favorable or unfavorable developments could evolve. The situation could change based on mutations of the virus, exogenous events, innovations, and unforeseen circumstances.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\n[[sidebar 1]]\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe implication is that states and cities can each benefit from a command center and leadership structure designed to last at least 18 months with the right resources and authority to act. Below we highlight a handful of fundamental requirements within a checklist that can be used as a guide to consider the right structure, processes, and people for the command center.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch2\u003e2. Engage across six domains and multiple theaters\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eDomain 1: Foundational public health\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMcKinsey has assessed the myriad strategies intended to stop the spread of coronavirus based on four criteria: whether the strength of the evidence indicates that the interventions reduce disease spread; the degree of unfavorable economic impact; degree of unfavorable social impact; and the degree of implementation difficulty (Exhibit 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[exhibit 1]]\n\n\u003cp\u003eWe conclude that five are most fundamental:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtecting healthcare workers.\u003c/strong\u003e Develop the ability to fully protect healthcare workers with personal protection equipment (PPE), including masks, gloves, and protective gowns.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWidespread, systematic, and accurate testing.\u003c/strong\u003e South Korea implemented a holistic testing strategy across both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients at 1 percent per capita by allocated testing centers and drive-thru testing. US testing currently stands at 0.43 percent per capita (as of April 3, 2020).[[footnote 1]] Israel has employed batch testing of 60 people simultaneously (by pooling samples in a single test kit) followed by additional testing only if the sample is positive.[[footnote 2]]\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScalable contact tracing.\u003c/strong\u003e Digitally enabled centralized and decentralized contact tracing has played a large role in geographies that have \u0026ldquo;flattened the curve.\u0026rdquo; Hong Kong and South Korea have, for example, publicly available applications/text services to alert individuals to nearby cases and allow these individuals to take precautions. In practice, public communications will need to be ramped up digitally to focus on which people should be quarantined and how they should do it.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffective quarantines of those infected and their close acquaintances.\u003c/strong\u003e Detection and contact tracing are effective only if those at risk are safely separated from others. To date, most documented clusters of infection have occurred in families (78 to 85 percent of clusters), demonstrating the potential need to separate intrahousehold members and those with close acquaintances.[[footnote 3]] Numerous countries and several US cities have used hotels for low-acuity infected patients for whom returning home could pose a transmission risk.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUse of masks in public places.\u003c/strong\u003e There is ongoing debate about the effectiveness of widespread use of masks, such as outside of healthcare settings.[[footnote 4]] While the evidence is inconclusive, we note that countries where masks (not necessarily N95 respirators) are more frequently worn in public have a 1 percent growth rate of the virus compared with a 17 percent growth rate[[footnote 5]] in countries that do not. We hypothesize that the primary benefit of widespread use of masks in the United States may be in limiting the transmission from infected people to healthy people, especially in shared living spaces, retail settings, or workplaces and in conjunction with hand-washing.[[footnote 6]] This strategy could prove particularly helpful in the United States, where aggressive screening (such as testing of asymptomatic people), contact tracing, and quarantines are not widely used. Any strategy that expands use of masks by the general population needs to ensure that healthcare workers are protected first.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWe classify the other public health strategies into three additional categories (Exhibit 2):\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Most painful, most effective\u0026rdquo;:\u003c/strong\u003e Evidence suggests these approaches to be very effective, with a very high cost economically and socially. When applied, the management objective should be to execute with \u003cem\u003eas high a degree of compliance as possible\u003c/em\u003e to limit the duration necessary.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Close to no-regret\u0026rdquo;:\u003c/strong\u003e These are strategies with at least some evidence of contagion reduction while having a relatively modest economic or social cost. The objective for these strategies should be to plan to operate them for the indefinite future. That means setting societal and stakeholder expectations.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ldquo;Effective, but painful\u0026rdquo;:\u003c/strong\u003e These are strategies with at least some evidence to reduce contagion but with high economic and/or social cost. The objective should be to know (a) when to deploy these interventions, (b) when to stop, and (c) how best to mitigate their economic and social costs.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\n[[exhibit 2]]\n\n\u003ch3\u003eDomain 2: Societal compliance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePolicies to limit transmission, especially quarantining, physical distancing, remote work requirements, and shelter-in-place orders are only effective to the extent the public adheres to them. We currently observe high variability in the approaches to activity restriction in the United States across communities. Some communities are using \u0026ldquo;sticks,\u0026rdquo; such as fines and arrests, to increase adherence. Others have not implemented penalties for noncompliance, and as a result, nonessential businesses and public gatherings in areas such as parks continue to operate as normal. Chicago and New York City are attempting to limit transmission within households and close or high-risk communities by providing temporary housing for infected individuals in hotels, but other urban areas are sending infected patients to self-quarantine in crowded apartments. Most municipalities are using some form of regular communication to the public through multiple channels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMcKinsey has monitored the different approaches across locations and continues to examine the differences in outcomes (Exhibit 3). While no definitive conclusions can be made, we observe a steeper decline in infections where quarantine and distancing policies have been rapidly implemented and tightly enforced (for example, Lodi, Italy, where lockdown was rapid and penalties, including arrests, were implemented) compared with those communities that have been less intense in their enforcement (for example, Spain, where only fines were used). Conceptually, any lack of adherence to physical distancing and quarantine policies increases contact and therefore infections of susceptible people. Physical distancing and quarantine policies that are weakly enforced impose social and economic cost without extracting the full benefit of eliminating contact.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[exhibit 3]]\n\n[[disruptor1up learnmore]]\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSegmentation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs with any attempt to change behavior, segmentation is useful. Below we focus on three groups: older people, younger people, and lower-income people.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo reduce the potential peak demand for scarce healthcare resources, it is particularly important to reduce contagion to segments of people that are more vulnerable, namely older people and those with high-risk health conditions. Hospital admission data from China, South Korea, and Germany (all places with extensive testing) show a much higher propensity among older individuals to require hospitalizations and intensive care unit (ICU) care. If the United States could better protect 40 percent of people over 60, roughly 6 percent of the US population, it could reduce peak consumption of critical care by 35 percent (Exhibit 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[exhibit 4]]\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt is important to note that many of the strategies to protect older and higher-risk Americans also could create a myriad of challenges. Therefore, any approach must directly address the practical, social, and behavioral needs of people who may be in relative isolation for a long period of time and have sources of income compromised.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, a growing body of evidence suggests that certain segments of people and those in certain communities have been less likely to comply with physical distancing.[[footnote 7]][[footnote 8]] Recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data[[footnote 9]] show higher rates of admission from younger people in the United States compared with other countries,[[footnote 10]] implying that older people may be more consistently physical distancing. We also observe considerable geographic variation across communities.[[footnote 11]] Successfully adapting the behavior of distinct segments, especially over time, will require a mix of segment-specific messaging, incentives, and potential enforcement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003ePhysical distancing and quarantines could take an even higher toll on lower-income people and marginalized communities, such as undocumented workers.[[footnote 12]] Many of these groups have less stable housing and are more likely to lose income or access to healthcare. Additionally, 34 million Americans have no paid sick leave, which correlates to a higher likelihood they will go to work with a contagious disease.[[footnote 13]] Ensuring compliance will require specific strategies to address these concerns and ensure that these vulnerable communities are not disproportionately impacted.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eDomain 3: Expanding health system capacity\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary motive for public health interventions is to flatten the incidence curve and prevent demand for healthcare services from outstripping supply. Logically, communities and states that create and maintain (or have the potential to quickly create) more health system capacity will have more degrees of freedom. We believe that \u003cstrong\u003eat least a doubling of critical care capacity is likely possible and necessary\u003c/strong\u003e, at least temporarily, across most parts of the United States. More capacity may be needed in select communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWe describe the necessary bed infrastructure, workforce, clinical operations, and supplies needed to scale up capacity in our recent publication, \u003ca href=\"/industries/healthcare/our-insights/critical-care-capacity-the-number-to-watch-during-the-battle-of-covid-19\"\u003eCritical care capacity: The number to watch during the battle of COVID-19\u003c/a\u003e. Select examples of capacity expansion are described below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBed capacity.\u003c/strong\u003e New York City hospitals were charged with expanding capacity by 50 percent and advised to have a plan to reach 100 percent. Specialty hospitals are being converted to general medicine and ICU beds. New Jersey is bringing shuttered hospitals back online. The Armed Services are standing up field hospitals and mobilizing floating naval hospitals. Bed capacity is a solvable logistic challenge that the United States and others around the world have solved before in disaster zones and battlefields.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorkforce.\u003c/strong\u003e Health systems are stretching staffing ratios; reskilling physicians, nurses, and other clinical staff to work with COVID-19 patients; redefining roles in team care (for example, intensivist leading a team of noncritical care physicians); deploying remote monitoring and telemedicine across the country; and bringing nonpracticing or retired healthcare workers back into the workforce. Recruiting and changing regulations and processes to licensing and credentialing former military medics, out-of-state professionals, and retired healthcare professionals are helping to buttress supply. However, addressing fatigue, infection, and growing demands in other geographies will likely pose greater challenges over time.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical operations.\u003c/strong\u003e Shifting Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Room, inpatient, and Intensive Care Unit operations to accommodate COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients is critical. Communities where health systems collaborate, coordinate, and share resources (to the extent permissible) to create a more integrated local response are likely to emerge stronger.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSupplies.\u003c/strong\u003e Maintaining access to critical supplies, particularly personal protective equipment (PPE), testing equipment, and ventilators, will likely be a choke point for scale up. It is important that states understand the needs of their communities and coordinate logistics to direct supplies to areas of greatest need, most likely in deep partnership with state and local healthcare providers and their associations. In doing so, states should understand and coordinate best practices in demand management across the healthcare ecosystem, including for non-COVID-19 patients. States also may consider working with local manufacturers to ramp up production in existing factories, convert other factories where possible to manufacture supplies, and redirect existing inventory of non-healthcare businesses.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eDomain 4: Industry safeguarding\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIf one believes the risk of contagion will continue for at least 12 to 18 months, the public and private sector leaders should collectively drive widespread use of the most effective adaptations and safeguards to economic activity (Exhibit 5). Examples include physical barriers, face guards, physical distancing, health screenings before entry, generous and flexible sick leave, and other approaches for limiting virus transmission. Widespread use of these safeguards and adaptations across Asia (for example, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea) provide evidence it may be possible to reactivate economic activity without large-scale reemergence of contagion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[exhibit 5]]\n\n\u003cp\u003eSafeguarding also could be critical to managing the psychological impact of the disease, restoring consumers' confidence, and ensuring that people engage in activities deemed safe. Given the intensity with which leaders are communicating the very real risks of exposure to COVID-19, it may prove challenging to adapt the physical distancing message at the appropriate time, especially if some degree of contagion is present. Leaders will need to consider strategies to bolster what the private sector can do on its own. For example, the government could consider visible certification for environments and/or the creation of clear safeguarding standards to reassure consumers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEnacting these measures will be more challenging for some industries, and policy makers will need to weigh the speed and completeness with which these practices can be adopted with the criticality of each sector. We assessed major sectors of the economy based on the intrinsic risk of spread given the nature of the activity, their ability to adopt safeguards, the extent to which they are essential for society to function, and their economic vulnerability (Exhibit 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[exhibit 6]]\n\n\u003cp\u003eWe then aggregated each sector into one of five segments primarily based on how critical these activities are typically considered by states and how difficult it would be for each industry to safeguard. According to our analysis, 41 percent of GDP and 19 percent of employment are relatively easier to safeguard with limited changes to existing processes and approaches (Exhibit 7). These limited changes could include, for example, adopting physical distancing practices, maximizing telework, and developing hygiene protocols, as many companies did in China.[[footnote 14]] On the other end of the spectrum, 20 percent of GDP and 37 percent of employment are activities that are quite difficult to safeguard and would require significant changes to \u0026ldquo;business as usual\u0026rdquo; to limit contagion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[exhibit 7]]\n\n\u003cp\u003eA more detailed description of each industry is provided below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCritical (critical essential need; lower risk of transmission):\u003c/strong\u003e Sectors typically considered critical to day-to-day functioning of society and can be safeguarded to mitigate contagion with relatively modest modifications. These sectors do not typically involve widespread direct engagement with others (for example, utilities providers) and may be safeguarded by reinforcing basic practices (for example, hand hygiene, physical distancing).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCritical but adaptable (critical essential need; medium risk of transmission):\u003c/strong\u003e Sectors typically considered critical to day-to-day functions of society with a high risk of contagion and barriers to safeguarding (for example, retail grocery). These sectors and activities may require significant adaptation (for example, screening sick employees, face masks and gloves, physical dividers between some employees and customers) to ensure limited employee and customer exposure and to reduce the risk of virus spread. Safeguarding these sectors may require identifying and procuring a meaningful amount of physical materials and supplies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedium risk (less critical essential need; medium risk of transmission):\u003c/strong\u003e Noncritical sectors that could be safeguarded with comparably basic changes in protocol or process. These could include implementing improved hand-washing requirements and/or drive-through access for bank branches, as well as remote working options. These sectors may be easier to keep open or reopen quickly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdaptable (less critical essential need; higher risk of transmission mitigated with major investments):\u003c/strong\u003e Sectors with comparably high risk of contagion that can be safeguarded but only with meaningful adaptation (for example, constructing enclosures around desks in offices or schools). The timeline for safeguarding these industries will be governed by the speed at which institutions can make the required changes to operate safely.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMost challenging (low essential need; highest risk):\u003c/strong\u003e Sectors comprised of less critical activities with a high risk for contagion that are very challenging to safeguard (for example, recreation). These activities often require significant interaction with people in an uncontrolled environment. Policy makers may want to focus particularly on ensuring economic support for organizations and employees in these sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSafeguarding economic and social activity could be a considerable operational and logistical challenge.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eEarly evidence suggests that efforts to safeguard activity are highly variable across states, communities, and individual institutions. Some companies are rapidly innovating; others are slower to move. Driving high degrees of compliance with the most critical strategies for each type of work will be exceptionally challenging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo cite one example, adapting K\u0026ndash;12 schools in the United States to operate the way Taiwan kept schools open through the crisis would require changing dozens of protocols across 130,000 distinct schools, training 3.2 million teachers, and adapting 50 million desks to have protective shields.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIt is possible to facilitate more rapid safeguarding through three efforts: first, by creating clear safeguarding protocols to guide businesses in creating appropriate practices and processes; second, by developing robust audit and compliance capabilities to ensure safeguarding protocols are being followed; and third, by considering programs or approaches to support and assist institutions, especially small and midsize businesses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[disruptor1up readnext]]\n\n\u003ch3\u003eDomain 5: Protection of the vulnerable\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 is especially destabilizing for vulnerable populations. This includes individuals who were vulnerable before the pandemic (for example, due to chronic physical or behavioral health conditions, limited mobility, advanced age, and existing unmet health-related social needs such as food and housing insecurity) as well as those who have become vulnerable as a result of the pandemic (for example, being newly unemployed, experiencing social isolation). Certain vulnerable populations may be at particular risk of being adversely affected by COVID-19 or spreading it to others due to potentially limited or delayed testing or high rates of underlying chronic disease. They also may have more limited ability to quarantine. Further, individuals who are economically vulnerable and concerned about losing their jobs may be reluctant to get tested or follow quarantine protocols to help contain the spread because they cannot afford to stop working.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the pandemic\u0026rsquo;s adverse effects (for example, uncertainty, stress, economic strain, rates of morbidity and mortality) and associated mitigation measures (for example, physical distancing, quarantines) can lead to the onset or exacerbation of depression, anxiety, excessive substance use, and other signs of distress. Public health efforts to contain COVID-19 have also further limited the availability of critical behavioral health support services. These include in-person therapy, group therapy, residential services, and support groups. Additionally, increased demand may strain social services support, including supply within food banks, while simultaneously facing decreased volunteer and employee availability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAs the pandemic worsens, state and local leaders can proactively track data related to health-related basic needs (for example, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program enrollment, eviction rates). In addition, they can consider actions to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations directly or by coordinating with and supporting private sector and social sector institutions. Other ideas include exploring telehealth for behavioral health, alternative sites for acute psychiatric care (where inpatient beds are reprioritized for COVID-19 cases), temporary eviction moratoriums, and changing eligibility for food assistance programs (Exhibit 8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[exhibit 8]]\n\n\u003ch3\u003eDomain 6: Economic health\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eCOVID-19 is already having profound effects on the economy. The economic ramifications are projected to be significantly worse than those in the 2008 financial crisis. Unemployment claims spiked to 3.3 million in mid-March, with an additional 6.6 million added in early April. The previous record for weekly unemployment claims was 695,000, set in 1982. Most forecasts suggest that additional claims will be filed throughout April. While some relief efforts will be coordinated at the federal level, there is much that state and local policy makers can consider to reduce the economic pain caused by COVID-19, as well as to enable rapid recovery.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFirst, develop the analytical fact base required to target interventions appropriately. State and local leaders will benefit from a comprehensive and dynamic understanding of which of their populations, industry sectors, business sizes, and local regions are most vulnerable to the economic effects of COVID-19. The economic impact will vary by a state or city\u0026rsquo;s specific economic mix as well as by the intensity of the virus\u0026rsquo; spread in that geography.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eSecond, work with industry to operationalize the federal economic supports as quickly as possible. Coordinating with large businesses and industries to bolster key employers and their workforce is essential. Equally important is providing support to small business owners in navigating, applying, and obtaining some of the $350 billion in Small Business Administration (SBA) loans. The planned legislation is more than ten times the expansion of SBA\u0026rsquo;s historical annual total loan volumes of around $25 billion, creating significant need to scale to meet the needs of the 30 million-plus small businesses in the United States, 80 percent of which are self-employed individuals and more than a quarter owned by minorities.[[footnote 15]] Small businesses collectively employ around 60 million US workers, and the median small business has only a 27-day cash buffer. This fact alone underscores how many businesses are at risk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThird, ensure that state and local governments are ready and able to get payments from both new federal programs and existing safety net programs into the hands of citizens quickly and easily. Given that 78 percent of US workers live paycheck to paycheck, there is not a lot of time to help individuals most in need. In our recent publication, \u0026rdquo;COVID-19: How American states can manage the surge in unemployment services,\u0026rdquo; we highlight the ability to dramatically expedite unemployment benefits through a series of five levers.[[footnote 16]]\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eFourth, states could develop and implement a set of economic recovery interventions that would not only provide immediate relief to people and businesses, but also build a path to a more resilient and inclusive post-pandemic economy. The interventions they identify should be influenced by the populations and businesses most at risk in the coming months and years, lessons learned from prior pandemics and global economic crises, and lessons from other countries that are beginning to emerge from COVID-19\u0026rsquo;s shadow.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eState and local leaders are rightly focused on near-term solutions to provide immediate relief, some of which are outlined in Exhibit 9, below. It is also important to focus on establishing today the infrastructure, capabilities, and talent needed to recover and succeed in the post-COVID-19 economy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[exhibit 9]]\n\n\u003ch2\u003e3. Execute well to earn greater flexibility\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThis war is unlikely to be fought in clearly delineated \u0026ldquo;stages.\u0026rdquo; It is more likely that leaders will need to ramp up and down the intensity of interventions (or the resources dedicated to them) over time. At present, many leaders are asking when it will be safe to relax some of the most intense restrictions on activity, such as shelter-in-place orders. Ultimately these decisions are judgments. That said, at least three aspects of this war could inform those judgments: the epidemiological reality in the community, domain performance, and the science.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eEpidemiological reality\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eLeaders could enjoy increasing flexibility as the three conditions described below occur.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eportion of the population that is actively contagious\u003c/strong\u003e, especially those not effectively quarantined, is sufficiently low for leaders to accept the risks associated with relaxing restrictions.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003erate of new infections\u003c/strong\u003e is sufficiently low that leaders are confident that the total of active cases will decline in the near future. Preliminary analysis of outbreaks in Wuhan, China, Lodi, Italy, and South Korea suggest that containing the rate of new infections below 6 percent may stabilize the population over the course of 17 to 24 days.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eConfidence there is sufficient \u003cstrong\u003ehealth system capacity\u003c/strong\u003e to meet three types of potential demand. First, health systems will be able to treat new and existing COVID-19 patients with a proper and consistent standard of care.[[footnote 17]] Second, health systems have the capacity to treat emergent non-COVID-19 patients with an appropriate standard of care. Third, health systems have enough capacity to accommodate a potential surge in cases should the virus reemerge\u0026mdash;this may mean maintaining surge beds and supplies ready for reactivation.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, leaders would benefit from understanding the scale and degree of potential immunity to COVID-19 developing among the populations in their communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eDomain performance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eAll else being equal, the stronger the performance achieved across domains the greater the flexibility leaders may have to relax restrictions. For example, leaders may feel more confident about relaxing restrictions on certain types of activity as they become confident those activities are sufficiently safeguarded and the necessary public health capabilities are in place. It may also be true that the stronger the performance in one domain, the less resource or intensity will be needed in the others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003ch3\u003eThe science\u003c/h3\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile effective treatment, prophylaxis, and vaccines would be the most welcome innovations, leaders will likely need to navigate choices well before the science is definitive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eThat said, the pace and scope of research across the public and private sectors appears to be growing rapidly. Moreover, the diversity in approaches observed across the Unites States (and globally) is fertile ground for analysis of real-world evidence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eMonitoring, understanding, and applying the rapidly growing body of science could make a considerable difference in the approach of states and cities. These locales would benefit by most closely monitoring three issues:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbility to limit new infection\u003c/strong\u003e, including the expected timeline to effective vaccination and pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment efficacy\u003c/strong\u003e, to reduce disease severity and decrease healthcare resource need\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTransmission\u003c/strong\u003e, most importantly the extent to which asymptomatic people transmit the disease and the relative role of direct (i.e., person-to-person) versus indirect (for example, from contaminated surfaces) transmission.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eTo assist leaders in making these choices, we have created an illustrative COVID-19 War Dashboard (Exhibit 10). This dashboard highlights the most critical measures of success in each domain and the key interventions that can be \u0026ldquo;activated\u0026rdquo; to achieve these results (for example, adding resources, increasing intensity, improving execution). Leaders could also create and use a \u0026ldquo;composite index\u0026rdquo; to empirically measure the epidemiological reality in their communities, domain performance, and the state of the science.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n[[exhibit 10]]\n\n\u003chr /\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003eWe hope that these perspectives are useful in fighting the COVID-19 war. Protecting our lives and our livelihoods may be the challenge of our time. We will update these perspectives and data regularly to reflect new information.\u003c/p\u003e"},"isFullScreenInteractive":{"boolValue":false},"hideStickySocialShareBar":{"boolValue":false},"desktopID":{"value":""},"mobileID":{"value":""},"desktopURL":{"value":""},"mobileURL":{"value":""},"desktopPaddingPercentage":{"value":""},"mobilePaddingPercentage":{"value":""},"desktopOverrideHeight":{"value":""},"mobileOverrideHeight":{"value":""},"cerosOembedURL":{"value":""},"cerosRenderMode":{"targetItem":null},"cerosBackgroundColor":{"targetItem":null},"hideByLine":{"boolValue":false},"tableOfContentsTitle":{"value":"TABLE OF CONTENTS"},"accessStatus":{"targetItem":{"key":{"value":"RegisteredUsers"},"value":{"value":"Registered Users"}}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"displayName":"Article"}},"hasSpecialReport":{"boolValue":false},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"displayName":"Article"}},"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"externalPublication":{"value":""},"mobileReady":{"boolValue":true},"forClientsOnly":{"boolValue":false},"excludeFromClientLink":{"boolValue":false},"originalPublishDate":{"jsonValue":{"value":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z"}},"footnotes":{"value":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;Most recent data,\u0026rdquo; The COVID Tracking Project, April 5, 2020, covidtracking.com.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;Israelis introduce method for accelerated COVID-19 testing,\u0026rdquo; ISRAEL21c, March 19, 2020, israel21c.org.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;Report of the WHO\u0026ndash;China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19),\u0026rdquo; WHO, February 2020, who.int.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBurch J and Bunt C, \u0026ldquo;Can physical interventions help reduce the spread of respiratory viruses?,\u0026rdquo; Cochrane Clinical Answers, March 3, 2020, cochranelibrary.com.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMultiple recent articles from \u003cem\u003eTime \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eNew York Times\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAiello AE et al., \u0026ldquo;Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: a randomized intervention trial,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eJournal of Infectious Diseases\u003c/em\u003e, 2010, Volume 201, Number 4, pp. 491\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMurad Y, \u0026ldquo;Most U.S. Adults Practice Some Degree of Social Distancing Amid Coronavirus Spread,\u0026rdquo; Morning Consult, March 20, 2020, morningconsult.com.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCummins E, \u0026ldquo;\u0026rsquo;I\u0026rsquo;ll do what I want\u0026rsquo;: Why the people ignoring social distancing orders just won\u0026rsquo;t listen,\u0026rdquo; Vox, March 24, 2020, vox.com.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCDC COVID-19 Response Team, \u0026ldquo;Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)\u0026mdash;United States, February 12\u0026ndash;March 16, 2020,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eMorbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\u003c/em\u003e, 2020, Volume 69, Number 12, pp. 343\u0026ndash;6, cdc.gov.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFerguson NM et al., \u0026ldquo;Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand,\u0026rdquo; Imperial College London, March 16, 2020, imperial.ac.uk.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGlanz J et al., \u0026ldquo;Where America Didn\u0026rsquo;t Stay Home Even as the Virus Spread,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eThe New York Times\u003c/em\u003e, April 2, 2020, nytimes.com.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBenfer EA and Wiley LF, \u0026ldquo;Health justice strategies to combat COVID-19: Protecting vulnerable communities during a pandemic,\u0026rdquo; Health Affairs, March 19, 2020, healthaffairs.org.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBenfer EA and Wiley LF, \u0026ldquo;Health justice strategies to combat COVID-19: Protecting vulnerable communities during a pandemic,\u0026rdquo; Health Affairs, March 19, 2020,\u0026nbsp;healthaffairs.org.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHuang X, Sawaya A, and Zipser D, \u0026ldquo;\u003ca href=\"/industries/retail/our-insights/how-chinas-consumer-companies-managed-through-the-covid-19-crisis-a-virtual-roundtable\"\u003eHow China\u0026rsquo;s consumer companies managed through the COVID-19 crisis: A virtual roundtable\u003c/a\u003e,\u0026rdquo; March 2020, Mckinsey.com.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eU.S. Small Business Administration website, sba.gov.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFahs R, Mehta N, Pallotta J, Riley R, Tucker-Ray S, Vuppala H, and Whiteman R, \u0026ldquo;\u003ca href=\"/industries/public-sector/our-insights/covid-19-how-american-states-can-manage-the-surge-in-unemployment-services\"\u003eCOVID-19: How American states can manage the surge in unemployment services\u003c/a\u003e,\u0026rdquo; March 2020, Mckinsey.com.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWhat is a proper standard of care? At a minimum, this includes fully protected healthcare workers, sufficient bed capacity allocated to patients with highest need (e.g., critical care at quaternary hospitals), and supply of essential supplies (e.g., ventilators, masks).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},"contributoryPractice":{"targetItems":[{"displayName":"Healthcare"}]},"aboutTheAuthors":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/sitecore/service/notfound.aspx?item=web%3a%7b4fa01a51-89d2-4d92-a0a0-86436a0127be%7d%40en\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTom Latkovic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e is a senior partner in McKinsey\u0026rsquo;s Memphis office. \u003cstrong\u003eLeah Pollack\u003c/strong\u003e is a partner in the Washington, DC, office. \u003cstrong\u003eJordan VanLare, MD\u003c/strong\u003e, is a partner in the New Jersey office.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank Brendan Buescher, Erica Coe, Andre Dua, Kweilin Ellingrud, Daniel Kasbhom, Meredith Langstaff, Jonathan Law, Keith Otis, Jordan Rohrlich, Navjot Singh, Tim Ward, and Ashley Rezai\u0026nbsp;for their contributions to this article.\u003c/p\u003e"},"authors":{"targetItems":[{"template":{"id":"3FBABDB63A094F68B1F8E1BBE1BA124E","name":"Author"},"id":"D5AA5B5ECA7D4DBBBFE79124BCE91BF0","name":"Tom Latkovic","authorTitle":{"value":"Tom Latkovic"},"description":{"value":""},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"profile":{"targetItems":[]}},{"template":{"id":"3FBABDB63A094F68B1F8E1BBE1BA124E","name":"Author"},"id":"A3D5F010A41140678BBB0F9479E22307","name":"Leah Pollack","authorTitle":{"value":"Leah Pollack"},"description":{"value":""},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"profile":{"targetItems":[]}},{"template":{"id":"1A6035B3C03B461F9B579504D978C9B4","name":"Author Alias"},"authorTitle":{"value":"Jordan VanLare, MD"},"aliasProfileImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"author":{"id":"C0154D6C02A24A9AB15E5A044B4F2CB0","name":"Jordan VanLare","authorTitle":{"value":"Jordan 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