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class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Figs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pomegranates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pomegranates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Pomegranates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pomegranates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Olives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_reference_for_measurements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_reference_for_measurements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>As a reference for measurements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_reference_for_measurements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedm_druh%C5%AF" title="Sedm druhů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sedm druhů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieben_Arten" title="Sieben Arten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sieben Arten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siete_Especies" title="Siete Especies – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siete Especies" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="هفت گونه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هفت گونه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sept_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Sept espèces – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sept espèces" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujuh_spesies" title="Tujuh spesies – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tujuh spesies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שבעת המינים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבעת המינים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87_%DA%89%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%DB%90%D9%88%DB%90(%DB%B7_%D9%85%DB%90%D9%88%D9%87)" title="اووه ډوله مېوې(۷ مېوه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اووه ډوله مېوې(۷ مېوه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sete_esp%C3%A9cies" title="Sete espécies – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sete espécies" data-language-autonym="Português" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Agricultural products listed as special to Israel in the Bible</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/300px-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/450px-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/600px-%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>The Seven Species: From top left clockwise: Wheat, Barley, Dates, Grape, Fig, Pomegranates, and Olive</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Seven Species</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שִׁבְעַת הַמִינִים</span>, <i>Shiv'at HaMinim</i>) are seven agricultural products—two grains and five fruits—that are listed in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as being special products of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. </p><p>The seven species listed are <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">fig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> (oil), and <a href="/wiki/Date_Palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Date Palm">date</a> (date honey) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0508.htm#8">Deuteronomy 8:8</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper19934–9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper19934–9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/First_fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="First fruits">first fruits</a> were the only acceptable offerings in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Seven Species have played an important role in the food of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and the religious traditions of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. </p><p>Many references to these basic foods can be found in <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishna">Mishna</a> states that only <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits" title="First Fruits">first fruits</a> of the Seven Species could be brought to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> as offerings. Wheat fields, vineyards and olive groves are still a salient feature of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> landscape today. Figs, <a href="/wiki/Olives_and_olive_trees_in_Israel_and_Judaism" title="Olives and olive trees in Israel and Judaism">olives</a>, pomegranates and dates are common ingredients in the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Israel">cuisine of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wheat">Wheat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wheat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient Israelites cultivated both <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. These two grains are mentioned first in the biblical list of the Seven Species of the land of Israel and their importance as food in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">ancient Israelite cuisine</a> is also seen in the celebration of the barley harvest at the festival of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and of the wheat harvest at the festival of <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200819–21_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200819–21-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barley">Barley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Barley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hardy cereal that has coarse bristles coming from the ears. It is widely cultivated, mainly for use in brewing and stockfeed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grapes">Grapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grapes</a> were used mainly for the production of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, although they were also eaten fresh and dried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks2010237_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks2010237-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Figs">Figs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Figs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">Figs</a> were cultivated throughout the Land of Israel and fresh or dried figs were part of the daily diet. A common way of preparing dried figs was to chop them and press them into a cake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks2010196_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks2010196-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figs are frequently mentioned in the Bible (for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a25.htm#18">1 Samuel 25:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a30.htm#12">1 Samuel 30:12</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a12.htm#41">1 Chronicles 12:41</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200828–31_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200828–31-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pomegranates">Pomegranates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pomegranates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranates</a> were usually eaten fresh, although occasionally they were used to make <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_juice" title="Pomegranate juice">juice</a> or wine, or sun-dried for use when the fresh fruit was out of season. They probably played a minor part in Israelite cuisine, but were symbolically important, as adornments on the hem of the robe of the <a href="/wiki/Kohen_Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohen Gadol">high priest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon%E2%80%99s_Temple#Boaz_and_Jachin" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon’s Temple">Temple pillars</a>, and embossed on coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks2010479–480_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks2010479–480-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olives">Olives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Olives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> was a major element in the seven species. <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a> was used not only for food and for cooking, but also for lighting, sacrificial offerings, ointment, and <a href="/wiki/Anointment#Hebrew_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointment">anointment</a> for priestly or royal office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200823–24_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200823–24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates">Dates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">Dates</a> were eaten fresh or dried, but were used mostly boiled into thick, long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">syrup</a> called "<a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">date honey</a>" (<i>dvash temarim</i>) for use as a sweetener. The honey in the Biblical reference of "a land flowing with milk and honey" (for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0203.htm#8">Exodus 3:8</a>) is date honey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks2010153–154_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks2010153–154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Jewish law dates are under the category of the seven species, bee honey may have been the type of honey that is referred to in the Torah. (Probably not, though, as all of the classical commentaries on the Torah say that it specifically refers to honey from dates. Also, in a list of agricultural produce, honey from an animal source would be completely out of place.) By the time the Talmud was written honey bees were extinct in Israel, and dates were used in place of honey, the excavation of Tel Rehov shows that beekeeping was practiced in Israel in the early Iron Age 3,000 years ago during the time of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">king David</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several accounts in Torah also indicate that bee honey existed in ancient Israel; in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a> takes honey from a bee hive that he finds in the carcass of a lion (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0714.htm#8">Judges 14:8–9</a>, see also <a href="/wiki/Samson%27s_riddle" title="Samson's riddle">Samson's riddle</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_reference_for_measurements">As a reference for measurements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As a reference for measurements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The size of various measurements are tied to the specific amounts and sizes of <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">Halachic objects</a>. For example, the minimum width of <a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a> straps is known by <a href="/wiki/Law_given_to_Moses_at_Sinai" title="Law given to Moses at Sinai">Law given to Moses at Sinai</a> to be the size of a grain of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. Alike, other fruits are used for measuring. <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> scholars use the verse of Seven Species as a hint for all the measures using fruit sizes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_significance">Modern significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Species_Stamps_1958_Zvi_Narkiss.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Seven_Species_Stamps_1958_Zvi_Narkiss.png/300px-Seven_Species_Stamps_1958_Zvi_Narkiss.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Seven_Species_Stamps_1958_Zvi_Narkiss.png/450px-Seven_Species_Stamps_1958_Zvi_Narkiss.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Seven_Species_Stamps_1958_Zvi_Narkiss.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>The Seven Species as depicted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zvi_Narkiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zvi Narkiss (page does not exist)">Zvi Narkiss</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1" class="extiw" title="he:צבי נרקיס">he</a>]</span> on a set of <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Israel" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Israel">Israeli postage stamps</a> (top row issued in 1958, bottom row issued in 1959). The Biblical verse on the extension of all seven stamps is from <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy 8">Deuteronomy 8</a>:8</figcaption></figure> <p>The seven species are traditionally eaten on <i><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu Bishvat</a></i>, the Jewish "New Year for Trees"; on <i><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></i>, the "Festival of Booths"; and on <i><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></i>, the "Festival of Weeks". In <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i> (Jewish law), they are considered more important than other fruits, and a special <i><a href="/wiki/Berakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Berakhah">berakhah</a></i> (blessing) is recited after eating them. Additionally, the blessing prior to eating them precedes those of other food items, except for bread. The seven species are all important ingredients in <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli cuisine</a> today. </p><p>Deuteronomy 8:8 is prominently inscribed (in the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> translation: <i>Terram Frumenti Hordei, ac Vinarum, in qua Ficus et Malogranata et Oliveta Nascuntur, Terram Olei ac Mellis</i>) on the dome of <a href="/wiki/California_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="California Tower">California Tower</a> at <a href="/wiki/Balboa_Park_(San_Diego)" title="Balboa Park (San Diego)">Balboa Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, referring to the species' importance in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">California agriculture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper19934–9-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper19934–9_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1993">Cooper 1993</a>, pp. 4–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/species.html">"The Seven Species"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=The+Seven+Species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2Fspecies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZisling" class="citation web cs1">Zisling, Yael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216055118/http://www.gemsinisrael.com/e_article000039885.htm">"The biblical seven species"</a>. <i>Gems in Israel</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemsinisrael.com/e_article000039885.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gems+in+Israel&rft.atitle=The+biblical+seven+species&rft.aulast=Zisling&rft.aufirst=Yael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemsinisrael.com%2Fe_article000039885.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200819–21-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200819–21_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2008">Macdonald 2008</a>, pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks2010237-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks2010237_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarks2010">Marks 2010</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks2010196-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks2010196_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarks2010">Marks 2010</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200828–31-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200828–31_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2008">Macdonald 2008</a>, pp. 28–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks2010479–480-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks2010479–480_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarks2010">Marks 2010</a>, pp. 479–480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200823–24-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200823–24_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2008">Macdonald 2008</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks2010153–154-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarks2010153–154_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarks2010">Marks 2010</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-08-la-sci-ancient-bees-20100608-story.html">Ancient bees found in Israel hailed from Turkey</a> By Thomas H. Maugh II, <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> (June 8, 2010)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1993" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, John (1993). <i>Eat and Be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food</i>. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aronson" title="Jason Aronson">Jason Aronson Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87668-316-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87668-316-2"><bdi>0-87668-316-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eat+and+Be+Satisfied%3A+A+Social+History+of+Jewish+Food&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-87668-316-2&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Species" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gil_Marks" title="Gil Marks">Marks, Gil</a> (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of Jewish Food</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470391303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470391303"><bdi>978-0470391303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Food&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0470391303&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Gil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Species" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2008" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Nathan (November 17, 2008). <i><a href="/wiki/What_Did_the_Ancient_Israelites_Eat%3F" title="What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat?">What Did the Ancient Israelites Eat?</a></i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6298-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6298-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-6298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Did+the+Ancient+Israelites+Eat%3F&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6298-3&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Species" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Species&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymousSuval2012" class="citation book cs1">Anonymous; Suval, Yeshaya (Illustrator) (July 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OEqKMwEACAAJ&q=Seven+Species"><i>The Seven Species Coloring Book</i></a>. Lakewood, New Jersey, U.S.A.: OK Playtime. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560623786" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560623786"><bdi>978-1560623786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Species+Coloring+Book&rft.place=Lakewood%2C+New+Jersey%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pub=OK+Playtime&rft.date=2012-07-02&rft.isbn=978-1560623786&rft.au=Anonymous&rft.au=Suval%2C+Yeshaya+%28Illustrator%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOEqKMwEACAAJ%26q%3DSeven%2BSpecies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Species" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaganFeldmanOrenstein1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Meir_Kagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Meir Kagan">Kagan, Israel Meir</a>; Feldman, Aharon; Orenstein, Aviel (Translator) (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YK8Ayzu4SEC&dq=Seven+Species&pg=PA183"><i>Mishnah berurah: The Classic Commentary to Shulchan Aruch Orach chayim, Comprising the Laws of Daily Jewish Conduct Hardcover – Large Print</i></a>. Vol. 2C (Hebrew-English ed.). Jerusalem Spring Valley, NY: Pisgah Foundation P. Feldheim, sole distributors. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873065026" title="Special:BookSources/0873065026"><bdi>0873065026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishnah+berurah%3A+The+Classic+Commentary+to+Shulchan+Aruch+Orach+chayim%2C+Comprising+the+Laws+of+Daily+Jewish+Conduct+Hardcover+%E2%80%93+Large+Print&rft.place=Jerusalem+Spring+Valley%2C+NY&rft.pages=183&rft.edition=Hebrew-English&rft.pub=Pisgah+Foundation+P.+Feldheim%2C+sole+distributors&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0873065026&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=Israel+Meir&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Aharon&rft.au=Orenstein%2C+Aviel+%28Translator%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YK8Ayzu4SEC%26dq%3DSeven%2BSpecies%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Species" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error 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