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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_and_early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Royal appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_between_Iran_and_Turan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_between_Iran_and_Turan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>War between Iran and Turan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_between_Iran_and_Turan-sublist" 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4" title="سياوش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سياوش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyavu%C5%9F" title="Siyavuş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siyavuş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyavush" title="Siyavush – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Siyavush" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sey%C4%81va%C5%A1" title="Seyāvaš – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Seyāvaš" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyawasch" title="Siyawasch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siyawasch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyavash" title="Siyavash – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siyavash" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4" title="سیاوش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاوش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siavach" title="Siavach – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siavach" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%BC%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%88" title="시야바슈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시야바슈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4" title="سیاوش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیاوش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyavash" title="Seyavash – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Seyavash" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyovush" title="Siyovush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Siyovush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siauascis_(lend%C3%A1rio)" title="Siauascis (lendário) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Siauascis (lendário)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88" title="Сиявуш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сиявуш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B4" title="سیاوەش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیاوەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siavash" title="Siavash – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Siavash" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%88" title="Сиёвуш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиёвуш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vu%C5%9F" title="Siyâvuş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyâvuş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1338926#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Siyavash_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Siyavash (disambiguation)">Siyavash (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siyavush_(The_Shahnama_of_Shah_Tahmasp).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Siyavush_%28The_Shahnama_of_Shah_Tahmasp%29.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the hero Siyâvash: <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">illuminated</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp" title="Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp">Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Siyâvash</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سیاوش</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also spelled <b>Siyâvoš</b> or <b>Siavash</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سياووش</span></span>), is a major figure in the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>. He is introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> as the son of <a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a>, who reigns as <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> in the earliest days of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> for over a century. His name means "the one with black stallions"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after his horse <a href="/wiki/Shabrang" title="Shabrang">Shabrang Behzād</a> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شبرنگ بهزاد</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">night-coloured purebred</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), who accompanies him during a trial of righteousness. </p><p>Owing to his birth to a non-aristocratic mother, Siyâvash is sent away by his father to <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a>, where he is raised by the holy warrior <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a> to be well-versed in the arts of war. He returns as a highly skilled and handsome young man, and is granted entry to the royal court as a prince and the new ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. Shortly thereafter, he meets his stepmother <a href="/wiki/Sudabeh" title="Sudabeh">Sudabeh</a>, who develops a burning lust for him and begins devising stratagems to lure him into intercourse. However, Siyâvash repeatedly rejects her advances and also strikes down her suggestion to kill his father so that they can rule together. Fearing that he might inform the Shah and have her executed, Sudabeh falsely accuses Siyâvash of raping her. Hearing his plea, the Shah forces him to prove himself by riding through a colossal mountain of fire. Siyâvash overcomes this trial and is ruled innocent, but his relationship with his father still grows cold; Kāvus decides against punishing Sudabeh due to his love for her, nor does he want to risk angering her father, who is the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Hamavaran" title="Hamavaran">Hamavaran</a> and thus a powerful Eastern ally of the Iranian nation. Finding no alternative, Siyâvash goes into self-imposed exile in <a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a> and seeks asylum under the rule of the region's tyrannical king <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a>, who has fostered hostilities with Kāvus for many years. There, he marries the princess <a href="/wiki/Farangis" title="Farangis">Farangis</a>, but is later killed by the <a href="/wiki/Turya_(Avesta)" title="Turya (Avesta)">Turanians</a>, who declare war on Iran. A distressed Rostam blames Sudabeh for Siyâvash's death, drags her out of her palace, and executes her in public. Meanwhile, Siyâvash's wife manages to escape to Iran, where her son <a href="/wiki/Kai_Khosrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Khosrow">Kay Khosrow</a> becomes the next Shah. Khosrow leads the Iranian campaign against the Turanian army and takes revenge on Afrasiab for his father's death. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Iranian_literature" title="Iranian literature">Iranian literature</a>, Siyâvash is widely regarded as a symbol of innocence. His defence of his own chastity, self-imposed exile, constancy in love for his wife, and ultimate execution at the hands of his adopted hosts have become intertwined with Iranian mythology over the millennia. His name is also linked with the <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">mythical growth of plants</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narrative">Narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Slaying_of_Siy%C3%A2vash-_Ferdowsi%27s_Shahnameh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Slaying_of_Siy%C3%A2vash-_Ferdowsi%27s_Shahnameh.jpg/220px-The_Slaying_of_Siy%C3%A2vash-_Ferdowsi%27s_Shahnameh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Slaying_of_Siy%C3%A2vash-_Ferdowsi%27s_Shahnameh.jpg/330px-The_Slaying_of_Siy%C3%A2vash-_Ferdowsi%27s_Shahnameh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Slaying_of_Siy%C3%A2vash-_Ferdowsi%27s_Shahnameh.jpg/440px-The_Slaying_of_Siy%C3%A2vash-_Ferdowsi%27s_Shahnameh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3850" data-file-height="5956" /></a><figcaption>The Slaying of Siyâvash</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iranian knights discover a beautiful young woman while on a hunting trip, a favourite pastime of the army hierarchy. They cannot decide on who should possess her for his own pleasure, and a major dispute erupts between them. Finally, they decide to take her to the Shah, <a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a>, for his judgement, but the Shah decides to keep her as his own <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a> and Siyâvash is the result of their union. However, as Siyâvash's mother is not an aristocrat, the Shah decides to send him to <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a>, the ultimate hero of Iranian mythology, for training in the military arts. </p><p>Rostam instructs the young Siyâvash in the arts of riding, archery, hunting, conduct and speaking the truth, these being the fundamentals in the Acheamenian system of education - as reflected in the Shahnameh on several occasions. After several years of instruction, Siavash asks Rostam's permission to return to Kay Kāvus's Court, so that he may prove his worth as a young prince. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_appointment">Royal appointment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At first, Siavash is well received at Court. The ladies swoon over his youthful good looks, while the men are impressed by his mastery of the arts. The Shah even appoints him Ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>, the ancient capital of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> (now situated near Baghdad). The Queen, Sudabeh, develops an instantaneous, and all-consuming sexual desire for the young prince, and starts a series of plans to entice him to enter her chambers. She praises Siavash in front of the Court, and invites him to "visit his sisters," and become better acquainted with them. Siavash is not impressed with this proposal and suspects an ulterior motive. The Shah, well-aware of his own queen's connections (she is the daughter of the Shah of Hamavaran) insists that Siavash listen to his "mother" and visit his sisters. In her chambers, the Queen organises a magnificent reception for Siavash . He is seated on a throne, expensive perfumes are lavished upon the chamber, and the ladies sing and dance for his pleasure. </p><p>The Shah decides that Siavash should marry one of the ladies, and orders him to choose one immediately, but Siavash refuses to do so, sensing his father's plans for a political union under the guise of marriage. The Queen can no longer control her desire for Siavash. She proposes to have her husband, the Shah of Iran, murdered so that she and Siavash can rule together, but he absolutely refuses to have anything to do with her. Queen Sudabeh realises that Siavash might reveal her plans to her husband, resulting in her certain death. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siyavash_is_Pulled_from_His_Bed_and_Killed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Siyavash_is_Pulled_from_His_Bed_and_Killed.jpg/250px-Siyavash_is_Pulled_from_His_Bed_and_Killed.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Siyavash_is_Pulled_from_His_Bed_and_Killed.jpg/375px-Siyavash_is_Pulled_from_His_Bed_and_Killed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Siyavash_is_Pulled_from_His_Bed_and_Killed.jpg/500px-Siyavash_is_Pulled_from_His_Bed_and_Killed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Siyavash is Pulled from His Bed and Killed<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>She orders one of the witches in her service to find 2 aborted foetuses and place them in a dish. She then runs to the Shah, ripping her robes, screaming, wailing, and crying. The Shah is deeply disturbed by the sight of his wife, bloodied and in tatters. The Queen accuses Siavash of raping her. She provides the aborted foetuses as evidence of his violence towards a "pregnant" Queen. </p><p>The Shah is devastated by the news, but listens to Siavash's plea of innocence. He first smells Siavash's robes and finds no sign of seduction or perfume upon them. Then he smells the robes of the Queen and finds them laced with the most exquisite of perfumes: a sure sign of seduction. Nevertheless, he imprisons Siavash, and orders that hundreds of beasts of burden be used to bring fire wood. A gigantic mountain of fire is set alight in front of the Palace, and Siavash is ordered to ride through the blaze. If he is innocent, he will emerge unscathed, but if guilty, he will surely perish. Siavash, armed as a <a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">cataphract</a>, covered in (sacred, but highly inflammable) <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> and wearing a white cape, the symbol of innocence, mounts his faithful black steed and charges straight into the vast pyre. The Court holds its breath, as he disappears among the flames, but shortly afterward, the white knight and his valiant black war horse emerge from the fire unscathed and victorious. </p><p>Kay Kavus, the Shah, orders the immediate execution of the Queen for bringing shame on his name and kingdom. Wise and sober as ever, Siavash begs for clemency. He knows that the Shah loves his wife and will soon regret her passing. Not long after, the fickle Shah might even accuse Siavash of orchestrating the whole fiasco. The Shah is reminded of the Queen's royal connections, and the importance of his treaty with the Shah of Hamavaran. He relents, forgives his wife, and peace is temporarily restored to life at court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_between_Iran_and_Turan">War between Iran and Turan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War between Iran and Turan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siyavash_faces_Afrasiyab_across_the_Jihun_River.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siyavash_faces_Afrasiyab_across_the_Jihun_River.jpg/250px-Siyavash_faces_Afrasiyab_across_the_Jihun_River.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siyavash_faces_Afrasiyab_across_the_Jihun_River.jpg/375px-Siyavash_faces_Afrasiyab_across_the_Jihun_River.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Siyavash_faces_Afrasiyab_across_the_Jihun_River.jpg/500px-Siyavash_faces_Afrasiyab_across_the_Jihun_River.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Siyavash faces Afrasiyab across the Jihun River,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Master of the Jainesque Shahnama, 15th century, Sultanate India.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second part of the Epic of Siavash is dedicated to his separation from his homeland, his unjust treatment at the hands of his own father, <a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kavus</a>, and his ultimate execution. </p><p>Afrasiab, the tyrannical ruler of Turan, a mythical land north of Iran, declares war on the Iranians again. Kay Kavus decides to make an example of Afrasiab's allies in the City of Balkh, and plans to invade it, but is dissuaded from personally attending the battle field by Rostam, the ultimate hero of the Shahnameh. Siavash volunteers for duty, and is immediately sent towards Balkh, and certain war. </p><p>On the Turanian side, <a href="/wiki/Garsivaz" title="Garsivaz">Garsivaz</a>, the ruler of the Bulgars joins forces with the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Barman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barman">Barman</a>. The intense battle results in a crushing defeat for the Turanians who are captured by Siyâvash. Disturbed by ill-omens in his sleep, Afrasiab dreams of his own defeat, and upon hearing the news from Balkh, sends horses, armour, and swords, suing for peace. <a href="/wiki/Garsivaz" title="Garsivaz">Garsivaz</a> represents Afrasiab at the peace talks. Siavash agrees to keep one hundred hostages and the return of lands taken from Iran by the Turanians in return for peace. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, Haj, and the Punjab are returned to Iranian rule while the hostages are taken into custody by Siavash. </p><p>The Iranian Shah is disgusted with Siavash's behaviour, because he had hoped that Afrasiab would be killed in battle. He writes a letter to Siavash at the height of his fury, and orders him to return home, while assigning Toos as the new commander of the Iranian forces. He also demands the transfer of the hostages for execution. The letter goes against everything Siavash had been taught to do by Rostam. Breaking a peace treaty, declaring war, and murdering hostages all sicken him. Siavash knows that he is incapable of these tyrannical acts requested by the Shah, and sees no option but to abandon his homeland and seek refuge in Turan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-exile_and_death_in_Turan">Self-exile and death in Turan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Self-exile and death in Turan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritillaria_imperialis2463741233.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fritillaria_imperialis2463741233.jpg/220px-Fritillaria_imperialis2463741233.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fritillaria_imperialis2463741233.jpg/330px-Fritillaria_imperialis2463741233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fritillaria_imperialis2463741233.jpg/440px-Fritillaria_imperialis2463741233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The blood-red flowers of <a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_imperialis" title="Fritillaria imperialis">Fritillaria imperialis</a> are said, in Iranian folklore, to bow their heads and weep for the blameless and martyred Siyâvash and this may be the identity of the plant <i>Khune Asyavushan</i> ('the blood of Siyâvash')</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite exile, Siavash is determined to find a new life for himself in the land of Turan. Afrasiab, the Turanian Emperor receives him warmly, and Peeran, the Grand Vizier, provides him with solace in his first few days in a foreign land. Eventually, Siavash falls in love with and marries Ferigees ("Curly Locks"), the Emperor's daughter, thereby sealing his new attachment to life at the Turanian Court. Delighted with the marriage, Afrasiab bestows the county of Khotan (now in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China) onto the bride and groom. Siavash sets about creating a new city, called Siavashgird, or "the round city of Siavash", and Gong ("Giant") Castle. However, Siavash's sudden rise to favour at the Turanian court causes much jealousy amongst certain of the knights and dignitaries, who wonder why the Emperor's daughter had been given to the prince of Iran, a foreigner and their sworn enemy. Garsivaz, foremost among the disgruntled few, sends secret messages to Afrasiab, proclaiming Siavash "a traitor," in view of his "letters" that had been sent to his father in Iran, Shah Kay Kavus. He also convinces Siyâvash that Afrasiab is plotting against him and will soon invade <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> to reclaim the land bestowed upon him. </p><p>Soon, the impetuous and egotistical Turanian Emperor mobilises against Siavash, and defeats his small army. However, Siavash manages to help his wife, Ferigees to escape with Peeran, who ensures that Ferigees reaches Iran, where her son, Kay Khosrow will grow to become a wise Shah who eventually restores order. </p><p>Siavash is dragged before Afrasiab, who orders his execution by beheading. Peeran implores the Emperor not to commit the horrendous mistake of killing the innocent: "Do not make thyself a flag upon this Earth." The hot-headed Afrasiab ignores the warning and the execution is carried out swiftly. As Siyâvash's blood reaches the ground, a plant grows upon the same spot and is later named "Khune Asyavushan," or the "blood of Siavash." This line in the epic ties the story to the early links between the name "Siavash," and his role as the spirit of vegetative growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The news of his execution causes uproar in Iran, and, to this day, is still commemorated in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> as the day of Savušun. His tragic death, as recounted in the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> has inspired hundreds of poems, essays, songs and stories in Iranian literature, among them <a href="/wiki/Simin_D%C3%A2ne%C5%A1var" class="mw-redirect" title="Simin Dânešvar">Simin Dânešvar</a>'s groundbreaking novel <i><a href="/wiki/Savu%C5%A1un" class="mw-redirect" title="Savušun">Savušun</a></i>, which has the distinction of being the first novel to be written in Persian by a female author. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Central_Asian_Zoroastrianism">In Central Asian Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Central Asian Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the inhabitants of both <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> performed sacrifices and other rituals dedicated to Siyâvaš. According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Tolstov" title="Sergey Tolstov">Tolstov</a>, "Siyavash was also venerated as the Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">god of dying and reviving</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetation_deity" title="Vegetation deity">vegetation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siyavakhsh" title="Siyavakhsh">Siyavakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyavu%C5%9F_Pasha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siyavuş Pasha (disambiguation)">Siyavuş Pasha</a>, the name and title of various Ottoman dignitaries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sava%C5%9F" title="Savaş">Savaş</a>, the turkized form of the name Siyâvaš</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vush_Beg_Gorji" title="Siyâvush Beg Gorji">Siyâvush Beg Gorji</a>, famous Iranian illustrator of miniatures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph (Genesis)</a> / Yusuf (Qur'an) virtuous hero slandered by temptress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potiphar%27s_wife" title="Potiphar's wife">Potiphar's wife</a> / Zuleikha: biblical and Qur'anic figure comparable to the temptress Sudabeh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Athens" title="Hippolytus of Athens">Hippolytus of Athens</a>, king's son in Greek myth who rejects his stepmother's advances</li> <li>Björn (the father of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6dvar_Bjarki" title="Bödvar Bjarki">Bödvar Bjarki</a>), king's son in Norse myth who rejects his stepmother's advances</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinth (mythology)</a>, handsome Greek hero, from whose blood, as in the case of Siyavash, a plant grows</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>, also a Greek hero transformed, at his death, into a plant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a>, Sumerian deity associated with vegetation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Colt" title="The Black Colt">The Black Colt</a> (Iranian folktale)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Sea-Horse_(Iranian_folktale)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wonderful Sea-Horse (Iranian folktale)">The Wonderful Sea-Horse (Iranian folktale)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> Siyâwaxš, from <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> Syâvaršan</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kayanian-vi">KAYĀNIĀN vi. Siiāuuaršan, Siyāwaxš, Siāvaš</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSultanate_of_Delhi" class="citation web cs1">Sultanate of Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Siyavash_is_Pulled_from_His_Bed_and_Killed.htm">"Siyavash is Pulled from His Bed and Killed"</a>. <i>Shahnama</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shahnama&rft.atitle=Siyavash+is+Pulled+from+His+Bed+and+Killed&rft.au=Sultanate+of+Delhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.atspace.eu%2FMoghul%2FSiyavash_is_Pulled_from_His_Bed_and_Killed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiy%C3%A2vash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSultanate_of_Delhi" class="citation web cs1">Sultanate of Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfare.atspace.eu/Moghul/Siyavash_faces_Afrasiyab_across_the_Jihun_River.htm">"Siyavash faces Afrasiyab across the Jihun River"</a>. <i>Shahnama</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shahnama&rft.atitle=Siyavash+faces+Afrasiyab+across+the+Jihun+River&rft.au=Sultanate+of+Delhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.atspace.eu%2FMoghul%2FSiyavash_faces_Afrasiyab_across_the_Jihun_River.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiy%C3%A2vash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">С.П. Толстов. «По следам древнехорезмийской цивилизации», Издательство Академии Наук СССР, 1948. (In Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhivkov2015" class="citation book cs1">Zhivkov, Boris (2015). "The Ideology of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries: The Difficult Reconciliation of Steppe Traditions with Judaic Monotheism". <i>Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004294486_003">10.1163/9789004294486_003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ideology+of+the+Ninth+and+Tenth+Centuries%3A+The+Difficult+Reconciliation+of+Steppe+Traditions+with+Judaic+Monotheism&rft.btitle=Khazaria+in+the+Ninth+and+Tenth+Centuries&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004294486_003&rft.aulast=Zhivkov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiy%C3%A2vash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_references">Sources and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerdowsiDavis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ferdowsi, Abolqasem; Davis, Dick (2005). "The Legend of Seyavash". <i>New England Review</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 21–69. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40244746">40244746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Review&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Seyavash&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=21-69&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40244746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ferdowsi&rft.aufirst=Abolqasem&rft.au=Davis%2C+Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiy%C3%A2vash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Abolqasem Ferdowsi, Dick Davis trans. (2006), <i>Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03485-1">0-670-03485-1</a>, modern English translation (abridged), current standard</li> <li>Warner, Arthur and Edmond Warner, (translators) The Shahnama of Firdausi, 9 vols. (London: Keegan Paul, 1905-1925) (complete English verse translation)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirzad_Aghaee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirzad Aghaee (page does not exist)">Shirzad Aghaee</a>, <i>Nam-e kasan va ja'i-ha dar Shahnama-ye Ferdousi</i> (Personalities and Places in the Shahnama of <a href="/wiki/Ferdousi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdousi">Ferdousi</a>), Nyköping, Sweden, 1993. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-630-1959-0" title="Special:BookSources/91-630-1959-0">91-630-1959-0</a>)</li> <li>Jalal Khāleghi Motlagh, Editor, <i>The Shahnameh</i>, to be published in 8 volumes (ca. 500 pages each), consisting of six volumes of text and two volumes of explanatory notes. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/center-for-iranian-studies/programs-and-pubs/main/projects/shahnameh.html">Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siy%C3%A2vash&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmjad2013" class="citation journal cs1">Amjad, Hamid (2013). "From the Land of the Pure, in Search of the Lost Origin: An Interview with <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzaie</a> on 'Siyavush-Khani' (Siyavush Recitation) and Its Mythological and Literary Roots". <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (5): 721–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2013.789739">10.1080/00210862.2013.789739</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24482884">24482884</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163024273">163024273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=From+the+Land+of+the+Pure%2C+in+Search+of+the+Lost+Origin%3A+An+Interview+with+Bahram+Beyzaie+on+%27Siyavush-Khani%27+%28Siyavush+Recitation%29+and+Its+Mythological+and+Literary+Roots&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=721-36&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163024273%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24482884%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2013.789739&rft.aulast=Amjad&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiy%C3%A2vash" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabbay2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gabbay, Alyssa (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18747167-bja10007">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Earth My Throne, The Heavens My Crown": Siyāvash as Supranational Hero in Ferdowsi's Shāh-nāma"</a>. <i>Journal of Persianate Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 157–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18747167-bja10007">10.1163/18747167-bja10007</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Persianate+Studies&rft.atitle=%22The+Earth+My+Throne%2C+The+Heavens+My+Crown%22%3A+Siy%C4%81vash+as+Supranational+Hero+in+Ferdowsi%27s+Sh%C4%81h-n%C4%81ma&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-173&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18747167-bja10007&rft.aulast=Gabbay&rft.aufirst=Alyssa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F18747167-bja10007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiy%C3%A2vash" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shahnameh" title="Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shahnameh" title="Template talk:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pishdadian_dynasty" title="Pishdadian dynasty">Pishdadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Keyumars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang" title="Hushang">Hushang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmuras" title="Tahmuras">Tahmuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehr" title="Manuchehr">Manuchehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowzar" title="Nowzar">Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaav" title="Zaav">Zaav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (Shahnameh)">Garshasp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Kaw%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Kawād">Kay Kawād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Khosrow" title="Kay Khosrow">Kay Khosrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Lohrasp" title="Kay Lohrasp">Kay Lohrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshtasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshtasp (Shahnameh)">Goshtasb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humay_Chehrzad" title="Humay Chehrzad">Humay Chehrzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Darab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Darab">Kay Darab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_II" title="Dara II">Dara II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">Male characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_(sage)" title="Jamasp (sage)">Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak" title="Siamak">Siamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrasb_(Shahnameh)" title="Shahrasb (Shahnameh)">Shahrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtin" title="Abtin">Abtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayanoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayanoush">Kayanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāve">Kāve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arash" title="Arash">Arash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm_(Shahnameh)" title="Salm (Shahnameh)">Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qob%C3%A1d_(Shahnameh)" title="Qobád (Shahnameh)">Qobád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaren" title="Qaren">Qaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tous_son_of_Nowzar" title="Tous son of Nowzar">Tous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostaham" title="Gostaham">Gostaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(gladiator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (gladiator)">Gershasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshotanu" title="Peshotanu">Pashotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariburz_(Shahnameh)" title="Fariburz (Shahnameh)">Fariborz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siyâvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farud" title="Farud">Farud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangay-i_Shavaran" title="Zangay-i Shavaran">Zangay-i Shavaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudarz" title="Goudarz">Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv_(Shahnameh)" title="Giv (Shahnameh)">Giv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizhan_(Shahnameh)" title="Bizhan (Shahnameh)">Bizhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohham" title="Rohham">Rohham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_(Shahnameh)" title="Bahram (Shahnameh)">Bahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojir" title="Hojir">Hojir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgin_(Shahnameh)" title="Gorgin (Shahnameh)">Gorgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavara" title="Zavara">Zavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Farrokhz%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostam Farrokhzād">Rostam Farrokhzād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Eskandar (Alexander)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_Shahnameh" title="List of women in Shahnameh">Female characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faranak" title="Faranak">Faranak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnav%C4%81z" title="Arnavāz">Arnavāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrn%C4%81z" title="Shahrnāz">Shahrnāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindukht" title="Sindukht">Sindukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudabeh" title="Sudabeh">Sudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmina" title="Tahmina">Tahmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordafarid" title="Gordafarid">Gordafarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farangis" title="Farangis">Farangis</a></li> <li>Manizheh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C4%81youn" title="Katāyoun">Katāyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadeh_(Shahnameh)" title="Azadeh (Shahnameh)">Azadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tazian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mardas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrab_Kaboli" title="Mehrab Kaboli">Mehrab Kaboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zadashm" title="Zadashm">Zadashm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashang" title="Pashang">Pashang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghrirat" title="Aghrirat">Aghrirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garsivaz" title="Garsivaz">Garsivaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tageuo_(Shahnameh)" title="Tageuo (Shahnameh)">Tageuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shideh_(Shahnameh)" title="Shideh (Shahnameh)">Shideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjasp" title="Arjasp">Arjasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viseh" title="Viseh">Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piran_Viseh" title="Piran Viseh">Piran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houman" title="Houman">Houman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barman_(Shahnameh)" title="Barman (Shahnameh)">Barman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastihan" title="Nastihan">Nastihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biderafsh" title="Biderafsh">Biderafsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans and<br />families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Goudarz" title="House of Goudarz">House of Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Viseh" title="House of Viseh">House of Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nowzar" title="House of Nowzar">House of Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sasan">House of Sasan</a></li> <li>House of Sām</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf,_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/80px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/120px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/160px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4303" data-file-height="5929" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/80px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/120px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/160px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Court_of_Gayumars_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/80px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/120px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/160px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creatures <br />and animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvan_Div" title="Akvan Div">Akvan Div</a></li> <li>Kharvazan Div</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhang_Div" title="Arzhang Div">Arzhang Div</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div-e_Sepid" title="Div-e Sepid">Div-e Sepid</a></li> <li>Koulad-Ghandi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Huma bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabdiz" title="Shabdiz">Shabdiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabrang" title="Shabrang">Shabrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Elephant_(Shahnameh)" title="White Elephant (Shahnameh)">White Elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_(Shahnameh)" title="Iran (Shahnameh)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Estakhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_(Shahnameh)" title="Mazandaran (Shahnameh)">Mazandaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Berezaiti" title="Hara Berezaiti">Alborzkouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Mount Damavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammisha" title="Tammisha">Tammisha</a></li> <li>Kasa-Roud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Shahnameh" title="List of places in Shahnameh">Other locations...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)</li> <li>Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)</li> <li>Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid</li> <li>Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)</li> <li>Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan</li> <li>Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Shahnameh" title="Florence Shahnameh">Florence <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mongol_Shahnameh" title="Great Mongol Shahnameh">Great Mongol <i>Shahnameh</i></a> (or Demotte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baysonghor_Shahnameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baysonghor Shahnameh">Baysonghor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp" title="Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Shah Tahmasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Rashida" title="Shahnameh of Rashida"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Rashida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Shahnameh" title="Windsor Shahnameh">Windsor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davari_Shahnameh" title="Davari Shahnameh">Davari <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mansuri_Shahnameh" title="Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh">Abu-Mansuri <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derafsh_Kaviani" title="Derafsh Kaviani">Derafsh Kaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babr-e_Bayan" title="Babr-e Bayan">Babr-e Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zal_and_Rudabeh" title="Zal and Rudabeh">Zal and Rudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostam_and_Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār">Rostam and Esfandiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Rostam's Seven Labours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davazdah_Rokh" title="Davazdah Rokh">Davazdah Rokh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Shirin" title="Khosrow and Shirin">Khosrow and Shirin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh">Bijan and Manijeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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