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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conditions_with_proteinuria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditions_with_proteinuria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conditions with proteinuria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditions_with_proteinuria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bence–Jones_proteinuria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bence–Jones_proteinuria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bence–Jones proteinuria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bence–Jones_proteinuria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pathophysiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albumin_and_immunoglobins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albumin_and_immunoglobins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Albumin and immunoglobins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albumin_and_immunoglobins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Proteinuria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بيلة بروتينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيلة بروتينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuriya" title="Proteinuriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proteinuriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Протеинурия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Протеинурия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinurija" title="Proteinurija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Proteinurija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFn%C3%BAria" title="Proteïnúria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proteïnúria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinurie" title="Proteinurie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Proteinurie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinurie" title="Proteinurie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proteinurie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuuria" title="Proteinuuria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Proteinuuria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%8A%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πρωτεϊνουρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτεϊνουρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proteinuria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پروتئینوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتئینوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C3%A9inurie" title="Protéinurie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protéinurie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EB%B0%B1%EB%87%A8" title="단백뇨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="단백뇨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proteinuria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%B3t%C3%ADnleki" title="Prótínleki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prótínleki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proteinuria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="פרוטאינוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוטאינוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C4%ABn%C5%ABrija" title="Proteīnūrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Proteīnūrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feh%C3%A9rjevizel%C3%A9s" title="Fehérjevizelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fehérjevizelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prote%C3%AFnurie" title="Proteïnurie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proteïnurie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%82%AF%E5%B0%BF" title="タンパク尿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タンパク尿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ପ୍ରୋଟିନୁରିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ରୋଟିନୁରିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshobning_sifat_o%CA%BBzgarishi" title="Peshobning sifat oʻzgarishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Peshobning sifat oʻzgarishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="پروټينيوريا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پروټينيوريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82komocz" title="Białkomocz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białkomocz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%C3%BAria" title="Proteinúria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proteinúria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Протеинурия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протеинурия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%C3%BAria" title="Proteinúria – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Proteinúria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinurija" title="Proteinurija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Proteinurija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Протеинурија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протеинурија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinurija" title="Proteinurija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Proteinurija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Proteinuria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinuri" title="Proteinuri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proteinuri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="புரதச் சிறு நீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புரதச் சிறு நீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Протеїнурія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протеїнурія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E5%B0%BF" title="蛋白尿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蛋白尿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q570197#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Presence of an excess of serum proteins in the urine</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Proteinuria</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-04-03_10.07.45_Wonju_Sevrance_Christian_Hospital_Healthcare_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2020-04-03_10.07.45_Wonju_Sevrance_Christian_Hospital_Healthcare_Center.jpg/350px-2020-04-03_10.07.45_Wonju_Sevrance_Christian_Hospital_Healthcare_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2020-04-03_10.07.45_Wonju_Sevrance_Christian_Hospital_Healthcare_Center.jpg/525px-2020-04-03_10.07.45_Wonju_Sevrance_Christian_Hospital_Healthcare_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2020-04-03_10.07.45_Wonju_Sevrance_Christian_Hospital_Healthcare_Center.jpg/700px-2020-04-03_10.07.45_Wonju_Sevrance_Christian_Hospital_Healthcare_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Various test tubes of urine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/nj/: 'n' in 'new'">nj</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protein_toxicity" title="Protein toxicity">Protein toxicity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Proteinuria</b> is the presence of excess <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. In healthy persons, urine contains <a href="/wiki/Clinical_urine_tests#Proteins_and_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical urine tests">very little protein</a>, less than 150 mg/day; an excess is suggestive of illness. Excess protein in the urine often causes the urine to become foamy (although this symptom may also be caused by other conditions). Severe proteinuria can cause <a href="/wiki/Nephrotic_syndrome" title="Nephrotic syndrome">nephrotic syndrome</a> in which there is worsening swelling of the body. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteinuria often causes no symptoms and it may only be discovered incidentally.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foamy urine is considered a cardinal sign of proteinuria, but only a third of people with foamy urine have proteinuria as the underlying cause.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be caused by <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> in the urine (<a href="/wiki/Bilirubinuria" title="Bilirubinuria">bilirubinuria</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-friedlander_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedlander-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_ejaculation" title="Retrograde ejaculation">retrograde ejaculation</a>, pneumaturia (air bubbles in the urine) due to a <a href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Pyridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyridium">pyridium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-friedlander_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedlander-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three main mechanisms to cause proteinuria:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Due to disease in the <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomerulus</a></li> <li>Because of increased quantity of proteins in <a href="/wiki/Blood_serum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood serum">serum</a> (overflow proteinuria)</li> <li>Due to low reabsorption at <a href="/wiki/Proximal_tubule" title="Proximal tubule">proximal tubule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fanconi_syndrome" title="Fanconi syndrome">Fanconi syndrome</a>)</li></ul> <p>Proteinuria can also be caused by certain biological agents, such as <a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab" title="Bevacizumab">bevacizumab</a> (Avastin) used in cancer treatment. Excessive fluid intake (drinking in excess of 4 litres of water per day) is another cause.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proteinuria may be a sign of renal (<a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>) damage. Since serum proteins are readily reabsorbed from urine, the presence of excess protein indicates either an insufficiency of absorption or impaired filtration. People with <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a> may have damaged <a href="/wiki/Nephrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephrons">nephrons</a> and develop proteinuria. The most common cause of proteinuria is diabetes, and in any person with proteinuria and diabetes, the cause of the underlying proteinuria should be separated into two categories: diabetic proteinuria versus the field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With severe proteinuria, general <a href="/wiki/Hypoproteinemia" title="Hypoproteinemia">hypoproteinemia</a> can develop which results in diminished <a href="/wiki/Oncotic_pressure" title="Oncotic pressure">oncotic pressure</a>. Symptoms of diminished oncotic pressure may include <a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">ascites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrothorax" title="Hydrothorax">hydrothorax</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditions_with_proteinuria">Conditions with proteinuria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conditions with proteinuria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proteinuria may be a feature of the following conditions:<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15791892_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15791892-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephrotic_syndromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephrotic syndromes">Nephrotic syndromes</a> (i.e. intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">Pre-eclampsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li> <li>Toxic lesions of <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a></li> <li>Amyloidosis</li> <li>Collagen vascular diseases (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>)</li> <li>Dehydration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">Glomerular</a> diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Membranous_glomerulonephritis" title="Membranous glomerulonephritis">membranous glomerulonephritis</a>, focal segmental <a href="/wiki/Glomerulonephritis" title="Glomerulonephritis">glomerulonephritis</a>, minimal change disease (<a href="/wiki/Lipoid_nephrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipoid nephrosis">lipoid nephrosis</a>)</li> <li>Strenuous exercise</li> <li>Stress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_orthostatic_(postural)_proteinuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign orthostatic (postural) proteinuria">Benign orthostatic (postural) proteinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_segmental_glomerulosclerosis" title="Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis">Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis</a> (FSGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IgA_nephropathy" title="IgA nephropathy">IgA nephropathy</a> (i.e. Berger's disease)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IgM_nephropathy" title="IgM nephropathy">IgM nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membranoproliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis">Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membranous_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Membranous nephropathy">Membranous nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_change_disease" title="Minimal change disease">Minimal change disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">Sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alport_syndrome" title="Alport syndrome">Alport syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">diabetic nephropathy</a>)</li> <li>Drugs (e.g. <a href="/wiki/NSAIDs" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAIDs">NSAIDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penicillamine" title="Penicillamine">penicillamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">lithium carbonate</a>, gold and other <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE inhibitors">ACE inhibitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Opiates" class="mw-redirect" title="Opiates">opiates</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15709895_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15709895-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabry_disease" title="Fabry disease">Fabry disease</a></li> <li>Infections (e.g. <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poststreptococcal_infection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poststreptococcal infection (page does not exist)">poststreptococcal infection</a>, urinary <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">schistosomiasis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoaciduria" title="Aminoaciduria">Aminoaciduria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanconi_syndrome" title="Fanconi syndrome">Fanconi syndrome</a> in association with <a href="/wiki/Wilson_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson disease">Wilson disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_nephrosclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertensive nephrosclerosis">Hypertensive nephrosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_nephritis" title="Interstitial nephritis">Interstitial nephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">Sickle cell disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobinuria" title="Hemoglobinuria">Hemoglobinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">Multiple myeloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoglobinuria" title="Myoglobinuria">Myoglobinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_rejection" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ rejection">Organ rejection</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebola virus disease">Ebola virus disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail%E2%80%93patella_syndrome" title="Nail–patella syndrome">Nail–patella syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_Mediterranean_fever" title="Familial Mediterranean fever">Familial Mediterranean fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HELLP_syndrome" title="HELLP syndrome">HELLP syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Granulomatosis with polyangiitis">Granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease" title="Glycogen storage disease">Glycogen storage disease</a> type 1<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11949931_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11949931-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodpasture_syndrome" title="Goodpasture syndrome">Goodpasture syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henoch%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nlein_purpura" title="Henoch–Schönlein purpura">Henoch–Schönlein purpura</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infection</a> which has spread to the kidney(s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjögren syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-infectious_glomerulonephritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-infectious glomerulonephritis">Post-infectious glomerulonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">Living kidney donor</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease" title="Polycystic kidney disease">Polycystic kidney disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bence–Jones_proteinuria"><span id="Bence.E2.80.93Jones_proteinuria"></span>Bence–Jones proteinuria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bence–Jones proteinuria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">Amyloidosis</a></li> <li>Pre-malignant <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cell_dyscrasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma cell dyscrasia">plasma cell dyscrasias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_gammopathy_of_undetermined_significance" title="Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance">Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoldering_multiple_myeloma" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoldering multiple myeloma">Smoldering multiple myeloma</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malignant <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cell_dyscrasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma cell dyscrasia">plasma cell dyscrasias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">Multiple myeloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldenstr%C3%B6m%27s_macroglobulinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldenström's macroglobulinemia">Waldenström's macroglobulinemia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other malignancies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia" title="Chronic lymphocytic leukemia">Chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a></li> <li>Rare cases of other <a href="/wiki/Lymphoid_leukemia" title="Lymphoid leukemia">Lymphoid leukemias</a></li> <li>Rare cases of <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">Lymphomas</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a> is the building block of all living organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When kidneys are functioning properly by filtering the blood, they distinguish the proteins from the wastes which were previously present together in the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, kidneys retain or reabsorb the filtered proteins and return them to the circulating blood while removing wastes by excreting them in the urine.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whenever the kidney is compromised, their ability to filter the blood by differentiating protein from the waste, or retaining the filtered protein then returning which back to the body, is damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, there is a significant amount of protein to be discharged along with waste in the urine that makes the concentration of proteins in urine high enough to be detected by medical machine.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medical testing equipment has improved over time, and as a result tests are better able to detect smaller quantities of protein.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protein in urine is considered normal as long as the value remains within the normal reference range.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variation exists between healthy patients, and it is generally considered harmless for the kidney to fail to retain a few proteins in the blood, letting those protein discharge from the body through urine.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albumin_and_immunoglobins">Albumin and immunoglobins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Albumin and immunoglobins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Albumin is a protein produced by the liver which makes up roughly 50%-60% of the total proteins in the blood while the other 40%-50% are proteins other than albumin, such as immunoglobins.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_II_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online_II-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is why <a href="/wiki/Albuminuria" title="Albuminuria">the concentration of albumin in the urine</a> is one of the single sensitive indicators of kidney disease, particularly for those with diabetes or hypertension, compared to routine proteinuria examination.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the loss of proteins from the body progresses, the suffering will gradually become symptomatic.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exception applies to the scenario when there's an overproduction of proteins in the body, in which the kidney is not to blame.<sup id="cite_ref-Lab_Tests_Online_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lab_Tests_Online-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Protein dipstick grading </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Designation</th> <th colspan="2">Approx. amount </th></tr> <tr> <td>Concentration<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Daily<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trace</td> <td>5–20 mg/dL</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1+</td> <td>30 mg/dL</td> <td>Less than 0.5 g/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>2+</td> <td>100 mg/dL</td> <td>0.5–1 g/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>3+</td> <td>300 mg/dL</td> <td>1–2 g/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>4+</td> <td>More than 1000 mg/dL</td> <td>More than 2 g/day </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Conventionally, proteinuria is diagnosed by a simple <a href="/wiki/Urine_test_strip" title="Urine test strip">dipstick test</a>, although it is possible for the test to give a false negative reading,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even with nephrotic range proteinuria if the urine is dilute.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> False negatives may also occur if the protein in the urine is composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bence_Jones_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bence Jones proteins">Bence Jones proteins</a> because the reagent on the test strips, <a href="/wiki/Bromophenol_blue" title="Bromophenol blue">bromophenol blue</a>, is highly specific for albumin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15791892_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15791892-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, dipstick protein tests would be quantified by measuring the total quantity of protein in a 24-hour urine collection test, and abnormal globulins by specific requests for <a href="/wiki/Protein_electrophoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein electrophoresis">protein electrophoresis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-friedlander_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedlander-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trace results may be produced in response to excretion of <a href="/wiki/Tamm%E2%80%93Horsfall_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamm–Horsfall protein">Tamm–Horsfall mucoprotein</a>. </p><p>More recently developed technology detects <a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">human serum albumin</a> (HSA) through the use of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystals</a> (LCs). The presence of HSA molecules disrupts the LCs supported on the AHSA-decorated slides thereby producing bright optical signals which are easily distinguishable. Using this assay, concentrations of HSA as low as 15 μg/mL can be detected.<sup id="cite_ref-Aliño_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliño-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, the concentration of protein in the urine may be compared to the <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a> level in a spot urine sample. This is termed the protein/creatinine ratio. The 2005 UK Chronic Kidney Disease guidelines state that protein/creatinine ratio is a better test than 24-hour urinary protein measurement. Proteinuria is defined as a protein/creatinine ratio greater than 45 mg/mmol (which is equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Microalbuminuria" title="Microalbuminuria">albumin/creatinine ratio</a> of greater than 30 mg/mmol or approximately 300 mg/g) with very high levels of proteinuria having a ratio greater than 100 mg/mmol.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protein dipstick measurements should not be confused with the amount of protein detected on a test for <a href="/wiki/Microalbuminuria" title="Microalbuminuria">microalbuminuria</a> which denotes values for protein for urine in mg/day versus urine protein dipstick values which denote values for protein in mg/dL. That is, there is a basal level of proteinuria that can occur below 30 mg/day which is considered non-pathology. Values between 30 and 300 mg/day are termed <a href="/wiki/Microalbuminuria" title="Microalbuminuria">microalbuminuria</a> which is considered pathologic.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urine protein lab values for microalbumin of >30 mg/day correspond to a detection level within the "trace" to "1+" range of a urine dipstick protein assay. Therefore, positive indication of any protein detected on a urine dipstick assay obviates any need to perform a urine microalbumin test as the upper limit for microalbuminuria has already been exceeded.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible to analyze urine samples in determining <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a> with an optimized <a href="/wiki/Micellar_electrokinetic_chromatography" title="Micellar electrokinetic chromatography">MEKC</a> method.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treating proteinuria mainly needs proper diagnosis of the cause. The most common cause is <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">diabetic nephropathy</a>; in this case, proper glycemic control may slow the progression. Medical management consists of <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_converting_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin converting enzyme">angiotensin converting enzyme</a> (ACE) inhibitors, which are typically first-line therapy for proteinuria. In patients whose proteinuria is not controlled with ACE inhibitors, the addition of an aldosterone antagonist (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">spironolactone</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Mehdi_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehdi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor blocker">angiotensin receptor blocker</a> (ARB)<sup id="cite_ref-Burgess_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burgess-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may further reduce protein loss. Caution must be used if these agents are added to <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitor</a> therapy due to the risk of <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a>. Proteinuria secondary to <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune disease</a> should be treated with steroids or steroid-sparing agent plus the use of ACE inhibitors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albuminuria" title="Albuminuria">Albuminuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalbuminuria" title="Microalbuminuria">Microalbuminuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_associated_with_diabetes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of terms associated with diabetes">List of terms associated with diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_toxicity" title="Protein toxicity">Protein toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_urinary_proteins" title="Major urinary proteins">Major urinary proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UPCR">UPCR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cura4u.com/conditions/proteinuria">"Proteinuria Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment"</a>. <i>Cura4U</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Answers.com&rft.atitle=Answers+-+the+Most+Trusted+Place+for+Answering+Life%27s+Questions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fprotein-electrophoresis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteinuria" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved 2007-01-20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aliño-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aliño_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliñoYang2011" class="citation journal cs1">Aliño VJ, Yang KL (2011). "Using liquid crystals as a readout system in urinary albumin assays". <i>Analyst</i>. <b>136</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">3307–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Ana...136.3307A">2011Ana...136.3307A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc1an15143f">10.1039/c1an15143f</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21709868">21709868</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42893096">42893096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analyst&rft.atitle=Using+liquid+crystals+as+a+readout+system+in+urinary+albumin+assays.&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3307-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc1an15143f&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42893096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21709868&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Ana...136.3307A&rft.aulast=Ali%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=VJ&rft.au=Yang%2C+KL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteinuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219152620/http://www.renal.org/CKDguide/full/Conciseguid141205.pdf">"Identification, management and referral of adults with chronic kidney disease: concise guidelines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UK Renal Association. 2005-09-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renal.org/CKDguide/full/Conciseguid141205.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-02-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identification%2C+management+and+referral+of+adults+with+chronic+kidney+disease%3A+concise+guidelines&rft.pub=UK+Renal+Association&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renal.org%2FCKDguide%2Ffull%2FConciseguid141205.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteinuria" class="Z3988"></span> – see Guideline 4 Confirmation of proteinuria, on page 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerMercerFriedmanSibai1994" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer NL, Mercer BM, Friedman SA, Sibai BM (Jan 1994). 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Georgia Regents University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiahealth.edu/alliedhealth/pa/documents/ClinicianReviewsCC.UrineDipstick.Gunder.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Urine+Dipstick&rft.pub=Georgia+Regents+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiahealth.edu%2Falliedhealth%2Fpa%2Fdocuments%2FClinicianReviewsCC.UrineDipstick.Gunder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteinuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKočevar_GlavačInjacKreft2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kočevar Glavač N, Injac R, Kreft S (2009). "Optimization and Validation of a Capillary MEKC Method for Determination of Proteins in Urine". <i>Chromatographia</i>. <b>70</b> (<span class="nowrap">9–</span>10): <span class="nowrap">1473–</span>1478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1365%2Fs10337-009-1317-3">10.1365/s10337-009-1317-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93939634">93939634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chromatographia&rft.atitle=Optimization+and+Validation+of+a+Capillary+MEKC+Method+for+Determination+of+Proteins+in+Urine&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1473-%3C%2Fspan%3E1478&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1365%2Fs10337-009-1317-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A93939634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ko%C4%8Devar+Glava%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Injac%2C+R&rft.au=Kreft%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteinuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehdi-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mehdi_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehdiAdams-HuetRaskinVega2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mehdi UF, Adams-Huet B, Raskin P, Vega GL, Toto RD (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2794224">"Addition of angiotensin receptor blockade or mineralocorticoid antagonism to maximum angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic nephropathy"</a>. <i>J Am Soc Nephrol</i>. <b>20</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2641–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1681%2FASN.2009070737">10.1681/ASN.2009070737</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2794224">2794224</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19926893">19926893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Am+Soc+Nephrol&rft.atitle=Addition+of+angiotensin+receptor+blockade+or+mineralocorticoid+antagonism+to+maximum+angiotensin-converting+enzyme+inhibition+in+diabetic+nephropathy.&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2641-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2794224%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19926893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1681%2FASN.2009070737&rft.aulast=Mehdi&rft.aufirst=UF&rft.au=Adams-Huet%2C+B&rft.au=Raskin%2C+P&rft.au=Vega%2C+GL&rft.au=Toto%2C+RD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2794224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteinuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgess-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burgess_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessMuirheadRene_de_CotretChiu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Burgess E, Muirhead N, Rene de Cotret P, Chiu A, Pichette V, Tobe S (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2663827">"Supramaximal dose of candesartan in proteinuric renal disease"</a>. <i>J Am Soc Nephrol</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">893–</span>900. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1681%2FASN.2008040416">10.1681/ASN.2008040416</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2663827">2663827</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19211712">19211712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Am+Soc+Nephrol&rft.atitle=Supramaximal+dose+of+candesartan+in+proteinuric+renal+disease.&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E893-%3C%2Fspan%3E900&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2663827%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19211712&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1681%2FASN.2008040416&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Muirhead%2C+N&rft.au=Rene+de+Cotret%2C+P&rft.au=Chiu%2C+A&rft.au=Pichette%2C+V&rft.au=Tobe%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2663827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProteinuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteinuria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570197" class="extiw" title="d:Q570197">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R80">R80</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=791.0">791.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011507">D011507</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb25320.htm">25320</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/94-overview">med/94</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/Proteinuria-Differential-Diagnosis-and-Investigation">Proteinuria</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Components_and_results_of_urine_tests87" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Urine_tests" title="Template:Urine tests"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Urine_tests" title="Template talk:Urine tests"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Urine_tests" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Urine tests"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Components_and_results_of_urine_tests87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Components and results of <a href="/wiki/Urine_test" title="Urine test">urine tests</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin#Testing_for_albumin_loss_via_the_kidneys" title="Human serum albumin">Albumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">Myoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_esterase" title="Leukocyte esterase">Leukocyte esterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">Urine pregnancy test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketone_bodies" title="Ketone bodies">Ketone bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urobilinogen" title="Urobilinogen">Urobilinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilirubin#Urine_tests" title="Bilirubin">Bilirubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatinine#Urine_creatinine_.28UCr.29" title="Creatinine">Creatinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">RBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">WBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_cast" title="Urinary cast">Urinary casts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">Urinalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_specific_gravity" title="Urine specific gravity">Urine specific gravity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isosthenuria" title="Isosthenuria">Isosthenuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_osmolality" title="Urine osmolality">Urine osmolality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersthenuria" title="Hypersthenuria">Hypersthenuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine#pH" title="Urine">Urine pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_anion_gap" title="Urine anion gap">Urine anion gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_electrolyte_levels" title="Urine electrolyte levels">Urine electrolyte levels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abnormal findings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">Red blood cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">Hematuria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microscopic_hematuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopic hematuria">Microscopic hematuria</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">White blood cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophiluria" title="Eosinophiluria">Eosinophiluria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proteinuria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albuminuria" title="Albuminuria">Albuminuria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Microalbuminuria" title="Microalbuminuria">Microalbuminuria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumin/creatinine_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Albumin/creatinine ratio">Albumin/creatinine ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_protein/creatinine_ratio" title="Urine protein/creatinine ratio">Urine protein/creatinine ratio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoglobinuria" title="Myoglobinuria">Myoglobinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobinuria" title="Hemoglobinuria">Hemoglobinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bence_Jones_protein" title="Bence Jones protein">Bence Jones protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">Small molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycosuria" title="Glycosuria">Glycosuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketonuria" title="Ketonuria">Ketonuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilirubinuria" title="Bilirubinuria">Bilirubinuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperuricosuria" title="Hyperuricosuria">Hyperuricosuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoaciduria" title="Aminoaciduria">Aminoaciduria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriuria" title="Bacteriuria">Bacteriuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chyluria" title="Chyluria">Chyluria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystalluria" title="Crystalluria">Crystalluria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox698" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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