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href="#Independence_Movement_(1933-1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Independence Movement (1933-1947)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independence_Movement_(1933-1947)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independence Movement (1933-1947) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independence_Movement_(1933-1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Student activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War_and_Japanese_Occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War_and_Japanese_Occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second World War and Japanese Occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War_and_Japanese_Occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Struggle for Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_under_Prime_Minister_U_Nu_and_Civil_War_(1948-1949)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_under_Prime_Minister_U_Nu_and_Civil_War_(1948-1949)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government under Prime Minister U Nu and Civil War (1948-1949)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_under_Prime_Minister_U_Nu_and_Civil_War_(1948-1949)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government under Prime Minister U Nu and Civil War (1948-1949) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_under_Prime_Minister_U_Nu_and_Civil_War_(1948-1949)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forced_Resignation_and_Defense_of_Burma's_Neutralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_Resignation_and_Defense_of_Burma's_Neutralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Forced Resignation and Defense of Burma's Neutralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_Resignation_and_Defense_of_Burma's_Neutralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> 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(1958-1968) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_Politics_(1958-1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AFPFL_Split_(1958)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AFPFL_Split_(1958)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>AFPFL Split (1958)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AFPFL_Split_(1958)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_Life_after_the_Coup_d'état_of_1962" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Life_after_the_Coup_d'état_of_1962"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Political Life after the Coup d'état of 1962</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_Life_after_the_Coup_d'état_of_1962-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Endnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Burmese politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><b>U Kyaw Nyein</b></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ဦးကျော်ငြိမ်း</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st Home Minister of Burma</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 January 1948 – 2 April 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sao_Shwe_Thaik" title="Sao Shwe Thaik">Sao Shwe Thaik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office created</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Myanmar)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Myanmar)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Burma">Deputy Prime Minister</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 September 1948 – 2 April 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sao_Shwe_Thaik" title="Sao Shwe Thaik">Sao Shwe Thaik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">U Tin Tut (Foreign Minister)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bo_Let_Ya" title="Bo Let Ya">Bo Let Ya</a> (Deputy Prime Minister)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Dr. E Maung (Foreign Minister) <br /><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a> (Deputy Prime Minister, Home Minister)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Minister of Cooperatives</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1951–1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ba_U" title="Ba U">Ba U</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office created</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tun_Win&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tun Win (page does not exist)">Tun Win</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Acting <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Myanmar)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Myanmar)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1954–1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ba_U" title="Ba U">Ba U</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Win_Maung" title="Win Maung">Win Maung</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Minister of Industry</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1954–1956</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ba_U" title="Ba U">Ba U</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office created</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bo_Khin_Maung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bo Khin Maung (page does not exist)">Bo Khin Maung</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Deputy Prime Minister of National Economy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1956–1958</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Win_Maung" title="Win Maung">Win Maung</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office created</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office eliminated</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1913-01-19</span>)</span>19 January 1913<br /><a href="/wiki/Pyinmana" title="Pyinmana">Pyinmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_District" title="Mandalay District">Mandalay District</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="British Burma">British Burma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 June 1986<span style="display:none">(1986-06-29)</span> (aged 73)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bahan_Township" title="Bahan Township">Bahan Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burmese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Party" title="Burma Socialist Party">Burma Socialist Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_People%27s_Freedom_League" title="Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League">AFPFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Socialist_Conference" title="Asian Socialist Conference">Asian Socialist Conference</a>, Anti-Colonial Bureau, <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Party" title="Burma Socialist Party">People's Revolutionary Party</a> until 1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Nwe Nwe Yee</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1942; died 1992)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7, including <a href="/wiki/Tun_Kyaw_Nyein" title="Tun Kyaw Nyein">Tun Kyaw Nyein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yangon_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangon University">University of Rangoon</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandalay College">Mandalay College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician, lawyer</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/40px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/60px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/80px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="34" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Burmese)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Burmese)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Kyaw Nyein</b> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">ကျော်ငြိမ်း</span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[t͡ɕɔ̀<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲeɪɴ]</a></span>; 19 January 1913 – 29 June 1986), called honorifically <b>U Kyaw Nyein</b> (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <span lang="my">ဦးကျော်ငြိမ်း</span>;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[ʔú<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ɕɔ̀<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲeɪɴ]</a></span>), was a Burmese lawyer and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-colonial</a> revolutionary, a leader in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>’s struggle for independence and prominent politician in the first decade after the country gained sovereignty from <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a>. He held multiple minister portfolios in the government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a>, served as General Secretary of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">political alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_People%27s_Freedom_League" title="Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League">Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League</a> (AFPFL), and was joint General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Party" title="Burma Socialist Party">Burma Socialist Party</a> (BSP). </p><p>Born in Pyinmana, in Upper Burma, Kyaw Nyein received his higher education at the college in <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Yangon" title="University of Yangon">University of Rangoon</a>. During the university strike of 1936, he became known as member of a group of anti-colonial student leaders that included <a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a> and <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">Nu</a>. In support of an armed struggle against British colonial rule, he built an underground organization while Aung San went abroad seeking help from the Japanese. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a>, he served in the government of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a> and later became active in the anti-Japanese resistance. A close adviser to Aung San in the final struggle for independence and during the <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">negotiations</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a> government in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, he was appointed as Minister of Home Affairs in the Governor's Executive Council. </p><p>Kyaw Nyein helped to shape the decolonization policies of post-independence Burma, from an active neutral foreign policy to the building of a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, and was particularly focused on the economic development and industrialization of Burma. A moderate Socialist, he supported a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Third Force</a> position of post-colonial countries during the Cold War and was an architect of Burma's <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-alignment</a> policy. He established special relations with <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and together with his co-leader of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Party" title="Burma Socialist Party">Burma Socialist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ba_Swe" title="Ba Swe">Ba Swe</a>, initiated the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Socialist_Conference" title="Asian Socialist Conference">Asian Socialist Conference</a> in 1953. As Minister of Foreign Affairs, he achieved in 1954 a breakthrough in negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> on <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a>, which set a model for the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> that were in a deadlock with Japan over the same issue. </p><p>A rift between him and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">Nu</a> in 1958 led to a split of the AFPFL that destabilized the government and ushered in a <a href="/wiki/Military_rule_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Military rule in Burma">military caretaker regime</a>. In the 1960 General Elections, his party was defeated by <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a>’s <i>Pyidaungsu</i> party. After the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%E2%80%99etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d’etat">coup d’etat</a> of General Ne Win in 1962 and the dismantling of the parliamentary democratic system in Burma, he spent five years in jail. His last public political role was the participation in an advisory committee on constitutional reforms, where he and other veteran politicians of the democratic era recommended to reinstate parliamentary democracy, an advice that went unheeded. </p><p>Kyaw Nyein's political life was not without controversies. Recognized as one of the founding fathers of modern Burma, a skilled diplomat, socialist theoretician and one of the most dynamic and brainy politicians in the country’s democratic era, he drew criticism for his <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a> policies as home minister at the height of the insurgencies. Burma's communists hold him responsible for their failed revolution and to this day claim he pushed them "into the jungle". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kyaw Nyein was born January 19, 1913,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint199922;_author_mentions_1275_as_year_of_birth_according_to_the_[[Burmese_calendar]]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint199922;_author_mentions_1275_as_year_of_birth_according_to_the_[[Burmese_calendar]]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201154_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201154-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Pyinmana" title="Pyinmana">Pyinmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British Burma</a> as third child to Daw Thon and Po Toke, a lawyer and leader of the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_Burmese_Associations" title="General Council of Burmese Associations">General Council of Burmese Associations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended the <i>King Edward Memorial School</i> in Pyinmana where he befriended <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Than_Tun" title="Thakin Than Tun">Than Tun</a>, who would later become chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Communist Party of Burma</a> (CPB). In 1930, he entered <a href="/wiki/Mandalay_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandalay College">Mandalay College</a> to study science and became engaged in university politics. Together with <a href="/wiki/Thein_Pe_Myint" title="Thein Pe Myint">Thein Pe Myint</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=U_Tun_Ohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U Tun Ohn (page does not exist)">U Tun Ohn</a> and other students, he fought against the closing down of Mandalay College. After passing the Intermediate exam in 1933, Kyaw Nyein and Thein Pe Myint transferred from Mandalay College to <a href="/wiki/Rangoon_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon University">Rangoon University</a>, where he joined the English Honors program. Following his graduation in 1936, he entered law school and received his law degree in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung1980128_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung1980128-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint19995–25_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint19995–25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_Movement_(1933-1947)"><span id="Independence_Movement_.281933-1947.29"></span>Independence Movement (1933-1947)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Independence Movement (1933-1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_activism">Student activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Student activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kyaw Nyein became involved in student politics at Rangoon University in the academic year 1933/34. While hospitalized in the university infirmary in 1933, he met and befriended freshman student <a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a> and later introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Thein_Pe_Myint" title="Thein Pe Myint">Thein Pe Myint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Than_Tun" title="Thakin Than Tun">Than Tun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Thu_Wai201237–38_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Thu_Wai201237–38-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he ran in the elections for the executive council of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangoon_University_Student_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangoon University Student Union (page does not exist)">Rangoon University Student Union</a> (RUSU) together with Thein Pe Myint and Aung San, and after being elected became editor of the RUSU Bulletin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung1980128_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung1980128-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint19995–25_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint19995–25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1935, the RUSU executive council was dominated by political students and presided over by <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">Nu</a>, a senior law student and friend who described Kyaw Nyein as "an easy conversationalist with a good sense of humour.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Nu197571_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Nu197571-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the university student strike of 1936, Nu, <a href="/wiki/U_Raschid" title="U Raschid">Raschid</a>, Aung San and Kyaw Nyein formed a strike council and set the strike strategy and objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAye_Kyaw199369–71_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAye_Kyaw199369–71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the protests persisted and spread to other schools and colleges in the country, they wrested major concessions from the university administration. Raschid recalled that „the burden of negotiating and operational leadership fell to Aung San, Kyaw Nyein and myself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButwell196325_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButwell196325-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the strike, he and the other strike leaders established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=All_Burma_Student_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="All Burma Student Union (page does not exist)">All Burma Student Union</a> (ABSU) to organize students nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAye_Kyaw199369–71_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAye_Kyaw199369–71-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937 or 1938, while preparing for his law degree, Kyaw Nyein began to work at the customs department to provide for his parents and support himself and his political friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, he founded together with <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Mya" title="Thakin Mya">Thakin Mya</a>, Aung San, <a href="/wiki/Ba_Swe" title="Ba Swe">Ba Swe</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thakin_Chit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thakin Chit (page does not exist)">Thakin Chit</a> the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Party" title="Burma Socialist Party">People's Revolutionary Party</a> (PRP), which organized clandestine activities for a planned armed struggle against the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint19995–25_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint19995–25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung196138,_48_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung196138,_48-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War_and_Japanese_Occupation">Second World War and Japanese Occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second World War and Japanese Occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aung San left Burma in 1940 and established contact with Japanese army intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Keiji" title="Suzuki Keiji">Suzuki Keiji</a>. In early 1941, the PRP leadership embraced Aung San's plan for an armed uprising supported by the Japanese intelligence unit <a href="/wiki/Nakano_School" title="Nakano School">Minami Kikan</a> <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" class="extiw" title="ja:南機関">(ja)</a>. Kyaw Nyein and other PRP members selected and sent young nationalists -later to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Comrades" title="Thirty Comrades">Thirty Comrades</a>- to Japan for military training.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung199027–28,_32_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung199027–28,_32-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1942, he recruited over 200 Burmese soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Rifles" title="Burma Rifles">Burma Rifles</a> and took them in pilfered trucks to <a href="/wiki/Tharrawaddy,_Myanmar" title="Tharrawaddy, Myanmar">Tharrawaddy</a> where they were supposed to foment a local rebellion together with <a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Comrades" title="Thirty Comrades">Bo Yan Aung</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Comrades" title="Thirty Comrades">Thirty Comrades</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese troops</a> arrived. The plan failed, and Kyaw Nyein and Ne Win reportedly had to walk back to Yangon by foot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung199027–28,_32_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung199027–28,_32-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung2011133_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung2011133-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a>, Kyaw Nyein was Cabinet Secretary in the <i>Civil Executive Administration</i> under Prime Minister Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a>, and later served as Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung196156,_63–64_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung196156,_63–64-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1944, he participated in negotiations between members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Communist Party of Burma</a>, the PRP and the <a href="/wiki/Burma_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma National Army">Burma National Army</a> that led to the founding of the anti-Japanese resistance organization, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a> (AFO), which later became the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_People%27s_Freedom_League" title="Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League">Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League</a> (AFPFL). Kyaw Nyein was a member of the AFO Supreme Council, the Military Council, and the executive committee and assigned as Political Commissar to Division (6), Pyinmana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung196156,_63–64_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung196156,_63–64-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung2011136_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung2011136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struggle_for_Independence">Struggle for Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Struggle for Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war and the return of the <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British colonial administration</a>, Kyaw Nyein, <a href="/wiki/Thakin_Mya" title="Thakin Mya">Thakin Mya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ba_Swe" title="Ba Swe">Ba Swe</a> and other AFPFL members founded the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Party" title="Burma Socialist Party">Burma Socialist Party</a> (BSP) to counter the growing influence of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Communist Party of Burma</a> (CPB) within the AFPFL, by now the major <a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">political alliance</a> and umbrella-organization in Burma's struggle for independence. Thakin Mya became the chairman of the BSP while Ba Swe served as general secretary and Kyaw Nyein as joint secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose1959106_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1959106-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung2011140_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung2011140-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amidst growing tensions within the AFPFL, <a href="/wiki/Than_Tun" title="Than Tun">Than Tun</a> from the CPB resigned in June 1946 as General Secretary of the AFPFL. In August 1946, Kyaw Nyein was appointed as new General Secretary by the AFPFL Supreme Council presided over by Aung San.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint199984_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint199984-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleischmann198968–70_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleischmann198968–70-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was an advisor to Aung San in the <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">London Talks</a> with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> on Burma's independence in January 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung196179_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung196179-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return from London, he was handed the portfolio of Minister for Home and Judiciary in the Governor's Executive Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint199992_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint199992-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He accompanied U Nu in July 1947 to London for further negotiations with Prime Minister Attlee, and on the way back, visited <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> to study the country's constitution and socialist system as a member of the Special Committee of Burma's Constitutional Assembly. Certain features of the Yugoslav Constitution, particularly those relating to minorities, were eventually incorporated in Burma's 1947 constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein197025_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein197025-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_under_Prime_Minister_U_Nu_and_Civil_War_(1948-1949)"><span id="Government_under_Prime_Minister_U_Nu_and_Civil_War_.281948-1949.29"></span>Government under Prime Minister U Nu and Civil War (1948-1949)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government under Prime Minister U Nu and Civil War (1948-1949)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kyaw Nyein served as the first post-independence <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Myanmar)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (Myanmar)">Minister of Home Affairs</a> and in September 1948 assumed additionally the positions of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Myanmar)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Myanmar)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Burma">Deputy Prime Minister</a> in the cabinet of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_Resignation_and_Defense_of_Burma's_Neutralism"><span id="Forced_Resignation_and_Defense_of_Burma.27s_Neutralism"></span>Forced Resignation and Defense of Burma's Neutralism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Forced Resignation and Defense of Burma's Neutralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1949, at the height of the communist insurgency, Kyaw Nyein and five fellow socialist ministers resigned from the government under unclear circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrager1966112–113_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrager1966112–113-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the autobiographical account of one of the ministers, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Armed Forces</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a> had forced their resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThakin_Tin2014384_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakin_Tin2014384-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ne Win had entered a cabinet meeting alleging that he had struck a deal with the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">communists</a> who were ready to join the government under the condition that all socialist ministers resigned. Kyaw Nyein and the other socialist ministers stepped aside but demanded that Prime Minister U Nu should remain the head of government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThakin_Tin2014384_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThakin_Tin2014384-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ne Win's overture to the communists eventually failed, he assumed the civilian positions of Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister in Nu's government until September 1950 while remaining the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Nu1975181–183_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Nu1975181–183-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2015143_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2015143-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in the cabinet, Ne Win tried to tackle the domestic conflicts by getting assistance from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a>. Together with the Minister for Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/E_Maung" title="E Maung">E Maung</a>, he visited London and Washington in June 1949 signaling Burma's willingness for a possible Pacific area security pact. At the same time, Prime Minister U Nu suggested in parliament that Burma should enter into economic and defense treaties with countries of economic interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChi-shad_Liang199060–61_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChi-shad_Liang199060–61-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reversal of Burma's avowed <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutralism</a> since independence was vigorously opposed by Kyaw Nyein. As Secretary General of the AFFPL and majority leader, he led the response in parliament warning in his speech of the dangers of becoming associated with power blocs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChi-shad_Liang199060–61_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChi-shad_Liang199060–61-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Washington and London sent a small supply of arms but otherwise were reluctant to assist Burma's government in its domestic conflicts. Later in the year, U Nu reaffirmed Burma's neutralism declaring that he was neither interested in anti-Left nor anti-Right but only anti-aggression pacts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChi-shad_Liang199060–61_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChi-shad_Liang199060–61-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_Role_and_Initiatives_under_the_Government_of_Prime_Minister_U_Nu_(1951-1958)"><span id="Political_Role_and_Initiatives_under_the_Government_of_Prime_Minister_U_Nu_.281951-1958.29"></span>Political Role and Initiatives under the Government of Prime Minister U Nu (1951-1958)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political Role and Initiatives under the Government of Prime Minister U Nu (1951-1958)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_Initiatives_and_Industrialization">Economic Initiatives and Industrialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic Initiatives and Industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kyaw Nyein returned to U Nu's cabinet in 1951 and set up the Ministry of Cooperatives, which he handed over to U Tun Win in 1954 to create the Ministry of Industries. In 1956, he became Deputy Prime Minister of National Economy to oversee and coordinate the industrialization of Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWin_Win_Aye200035–38_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWin_Win_Aye200035–38-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kyaw Nyein was described as "the brain of Burma's drive to socialism" envisaging socialism as being based on nationalization of industries and developing an <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">import substitution industrialization</a> under government control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgreteau201390_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgreteau201390-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a moderate Socialist and less doctrinaire than some of his colleagues in the BSP,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1957a338,_344–345_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1957a338,_344–345-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he gradually moved away from an orthodox socialist nationalization policy in favor of a mixed economy. In March 1957, he declared to create an economic climate that was conducive to foreign investment and private capital, a policy shift that was confirmed by Prime Minister U Nu who announced hat the government would divest itself from many economic projects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1957b308–309_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1957b308–309-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis Walinsky, an American economic consultant to the U Nu-government, who was highly critical of Burma's focus on import substitution industrialization and advocated greater investments in the agricultural sector, described Kyaw Nyein as one of the outstanding ministers in the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalinsky1962451n2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalinsky1962451n2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed later that "[i]f the dynamic U Kyaw Nyein had been named Minister for Agriculture, rather than Industries, at the very outset of the program, there is no question that Burma’s recovery and development would have proceeded at a steadier and more rapid pace.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalinsky1962497_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalinsky1962497-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_Burma's_Non-alignment_Policy"><span id="Building_Burma.27s_Non-alignment_Policy"></span>Building Burma's Non-alignment Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Building Burma's Non-alignment Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_Socialist_Conference_(ASC)"><span id="Asian_Socialist_Conference_.28ASC.29"></span>Asian Socialist Conference (ASC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Asian Socialist Conference (ASC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Already during the independence struggle, Burma's socialists expressed the need for a cooperation of Asian Socialists against colonial rule. While attending the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a> in Delhi in 1947, Kyaw Nyein and other leading members of the Socialist Parties of Burma, India and Indonesia devised the idea of a common venue where Socialist Parties of Asia could discuss issues and exchange experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose19594–5,_7_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose19594–5,_7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1952, Kyaw Nyein headed the 'Preparatory Committee for the first Conference of Asian Socialist Parties' in Rangoon with representatives of the socialist parties of India, Burma and Indonesia. The Preparatory Committee also began publishing <i>Socialist Asia</i>, which would later become the organ of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Socialist_Conference" title="Asian Socialist Conference">Asian Socialist Conference</a>. The Asian Socialist Conference was founded at a first conference held in Rangoon January 6 to 15, 1953, and established the ASC as independent socialist organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay_Day_551_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay_Day_551-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallesen2001123_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallesen2001123-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ASC proposed the formation of a 'Third Force' in world politics and adopted a resolution that called for support of democracy, condemning <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrager195693–95_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrager195693–95-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamb_&_Docherty201637_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamb_&_Docherty201637-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishing_Relations_with_Yugoslavia_and_Israel">Establishing Relations with Yugoslavia and Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Establishing Relations with Yugoslavia and Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As socialist party leader, Minister of Cooperatives, and lead-planner of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Socialist_Conference" title="Asian Socialist Conference">Asian Socialist Conference</a>, Kyaw Nyein led in July 1952 a civil-military delegation to <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> that opened an era of mutually beneficial relationship between Burma and Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein197026–27_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein197026–27-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the two countries found themselves in a similar position. Yugoslavia, ostracized by Stalin and excluded from the <a href="/wiki/COMECON" class="mw-redirect" title="COMECON">economic organization of the Eastern Bloc</a>, was seeking new alliances. Burma was likewise trying to establish international relations outside the East and West Blocs and sought to get access to arms outside a restrictive defense treaty with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> that infringed on her sovereignty as the Rangoon-based <i>British Service Mission</i> monitored and evaluated Burma's request for arms purchase from outside sources including the United States. Subsequent to the visit, the two countries exchanged embassies, and Burma, after securing in Yugoslavia a major arms supplier, terminated the contract with the <i>British Services Mission</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEČavoški201024ff_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEČavoški201024ff-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Invited by Kyaw Nyein to the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Socialist_Conference" title="Asian Socialist Conference">Asian Socialist Conference</a> to be held in Rangoon the following year, <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a> led the Yugoslav delegation and established contact with many Asian socialist attending the conference. In 1955, President <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a> visited India and Burma, a trip that was considered one of the most consequential and significant for Yugoslav foreign policy as it put the country on the trajectory to the helm of the Non-Alignment Movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein197025,_61_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein197025,_61-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1952, Kyaw Nyein led also a high-level Burmese delegation to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. He considered Israel a kindred country with a <a href="/wiki/Mapai" title="Mapai">social democratic party</a> in power and was interested in the country's expertise in arms production as well as in co-operative settlements such as the <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a>. Following his visit, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharett" title="Moshe Sharett">Moshe Sharett</a> attended the Asian Socialist Conference in Rangoon in 1953, and diplomatic relations were established between the two countries with <a href="/wiki/David_Hacohen" title="David Hacohen">David Hacohen</a> appointed first Israeli ambassador to Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbadi2004118_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbadi2004118-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy_and_Foreign_Policy">Diplomacy and Foreign Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diplomacy and Foreign Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_Reparation">War Reparation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: War Reparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1954, Kyaw Nyein began negotiations with the Japanese government in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> over reparation payments for damages inflicted on Burma during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He signed a reparation agreement on 25 September with foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Katsuo_Okazaki" title="Katsuo Okazaki">Katsuo Okazaki</a> that set the pattern for later settlements with the Philippines and Indonesia whose negotiations with Japan had been in a deadlock holding up the normalization of diplomatic relations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1957a344_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1957a344-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement was followed by a peace pact between Japan and Burma, which he signed in <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a> on 6 November 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to Kyaw Nyein's foreign policy achievements, an American analyst remarked that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>U Kyaw Nyein is the essence of diplomacy. Though his reputation is based upon other factors, it is to his credit that Burmese relations with Yugoslavia have developed with the warmth and certainty of the past few years. As a cabinet member he has tackled the most difficult of all Burma's foreign treaty negotiations—the peace and reparations settlement with Japan.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Seabury Thomson, 1957<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1957a344_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1957a344-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_Politics_(1958-1968)"><span id="Opposition_Politics_.281958-1968.29"></span>Opposition Politics (1958-1968)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Opposition Politics (1958-1968)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AFPFL_Split_(1958)"><span id="AFPFL_Split_.281958.29"></span>AFPFL Split (1958)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: AFPFL Split (1958)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rift between <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">Nu</a> and Kyaw Nyein in 1958 led to an acrimonious split of the AFPFL that pitted the faction of U Nu and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thakin_Tin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thakin Tin (page does not exist)">Thakin Tin</a> known as the <i>Clean AFPFL</i> against the <i>Stable AFPFL</i> led by Ba Swe and Kyaw Nyein.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBečka1995119_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBečka1995119-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helped by votes from the faction of "legal" communists in the parliament, Nu defeated a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> tabled against his minority government by Ba Swe and Kyaw Nyein.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrager1966175ff._48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrager1966175ff.-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rift within the ruling party destabilized the government and ultimately led to a military caretaker regime by the chief of staff of the armed forces, Ne Win. After eighteen months, the caretaker government held general elections in which Nu's party defeated the Stable-AFPFL, and Kyaw Nyein lost his parliament seat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrager1966187_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrager1966187-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_Life_after_the_Coup_d'état_of_1962"><span id="Political_Life_after_the_Coup_d.27.C3.A9tat_of_1962"></span>Political Life after the Coup d'état of 1962</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political Life after the Coup d'état of 1962"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1962_Burmese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Burmese coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in March 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Revolutionary_Council" title="Union Revolutionary Council">Revolutionary Council</a> led by General Ne Win dissolved all political parties and other institutions of parliamentary democracy. Kyaw Nyein was detained in August 1963 and released in 1968 at the height of tensions between Burma and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and an escalating civil war between Burma's armed forces and the China-backed <a href="/wiki/Burma_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Communist Party">Burma Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg_&_Fan2012119ff._50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg_&_Fan2012119ff.-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he and other veteran politicians among them <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a> and <a href="/wiki/U_Ba_Swe" class="mw-redirect" title="U Ba Swe">U Ba Swe</a> were invited by General Ne Win to advise the Revolutionary Council on drafting a national constitution and "ways of improving the country's stability and prosperity."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was part of a group of twenty-one politicians who proposed the return to democracy with a mixed economy. A minority of eleven from a total of thirty-three members of the advisory committee recommended a one-party system. Ne Win rejected the majority advice.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, Ne Win established a Soviet-style <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Programme_Party" title="Burma Socialist Programme Party">one-party socialist system</a> based on a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="Constitution of Myanmar">constitution</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kyaw Nyein met his future wife Daw Nwe Nwe Yee, a Burmese honor student, while teaching English as a tutor at the Rangoon University sometime in 1936 or 1937. They married in 1943 and had seven children, four boys and three girls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died in <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a> after a long illness on 29 June 1986, aged 73.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2015500_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2015500-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burma: A Special Supplement. <i>The Atlantic</i>, February 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurma-''The_Atlantic''1958_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurma-''The_Atlantic''1958-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/09/burma-a-special-supplement/306820/">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endnotes">Endnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Endnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint199922;_author_mentions_1275_as_year_of_birth_according_to_the_[[Burmese_calendar]]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint199922;_author_mentions_1275_as_year_of_birth_according_to_the_[[Burmese_calendar]]_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThein_Pe_Myint1999">Thein Pe Myint 1999</a>, p. 22; author mentions 1275 as year of birth according to the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201154-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201154_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDr._Maung_Maung2011">Dr. Maung Maung 2011</a>, pp. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung201152–69_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDr._Maung_Maung2011">Dr. Maung Maung 2011</a>, pp. 52–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung1980128-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung1980128_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung1980128_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU_Maung_Maung1980">U Maung Maung 1980</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint19995–25-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint19995–25_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint19995–25_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThein_Pe_Myint19995–25_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThein_Pe_Myint1999">Thein Pe Myint 1999</a>, pp. 5–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Thu_Wai201237–38-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Thu_Wai201237–38_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU_Thu_Wai2012">U Thu Wai 2012</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Nu197571-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU_Nu197571_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFU_Nu1975">U Nu 1975</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAye_Kyaw199369–71-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAye_Kyaw199369–71_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAye_Kyaw199369–71_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAye_Kyaw1993">Aye Kyaw 1993</a>, pp. 69–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButwell196325-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButwell196325_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButwell1963">Butwell 1963</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung196138,_48-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDr._Maung_Maung196138,_48_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDr._Maung_Maung1961">Dr. Maung Maung 1961</a>, pp. 38, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU_Maung_Maung199027–28,_32-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Burma+Names+Panel&rft.date=1968-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1968%2F12%2F03%2F88978214.html%3Fzoom%3D14.57%26pageNumber%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/2EoYaDK">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurdin1969" class="citation news cs1">Durdin, Tillman (30 July 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019000000/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/07/30/110093969.html?zoom=14.56&pageNumber=14">"Gen. Ne Win Hints He Wants Change. Burmese Leader Believed Moving Towards Reform"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/07/30/110093969.html?zoom=14.56&pageNumber=14">the original</a> on 2020-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gen.+Ne+Win+Hints+He+Wants+Change.+Burmese+Leader+Believed+Moving+Towards+Reform&rft.date=1969-07-30&rft.aulast=Durdin&rft.aufirst=Tillman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1969%2F07%2F30%2F110093969.html%3Fzoom%3D14.56%26pageNumber%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/2EpEjEA">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/4e204aedfed1c9dc3eb1e9f00a5064da">"Former Deputy Prime Minister Dies"</a>. <i>Associated Press News</i>. Associated Press. 30 June 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Former+Deputy+Prime+Minister+Dies&rft.date=1986-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F4e204aedfed1c9dc3eb1e9f00a5064da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2015500-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2015500_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2015">Taylor 2015</a>, p. 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurma-''The_Atlantic''1958-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurma-''The_Atlantic''1958_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurma-The_Atlantic1958">Burma-<i>The Atlantic</i> 1958</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyaw_Nyein&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbadi2004" class="citation book cs1">Abadi, Jacob (2004). <i>Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia</i>. London: Frank Cass Publisher.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Quest+for+Recognition+and+Acceptance+in+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publisher&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Abadi&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAye_Kyaw1993" class="citation book cs1">Aye Kyaw (1993). <i>The Voice of Young Burma</i>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voice+of+Young+Burma&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Southeast+Asia+Program&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Aye+Kyaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBa_Maw1968" class="citation book cs1">Ba Maw (1968). <i>Breakthrough in Burma. Memoirs of a Revolution, 1939-1946</i>. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breakthrough+in+Burma.+Memoirs+of+a+Revolution%2C+1939-1946&rft.place=New+Haven%2FLondon&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Ba+Maw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButwell1963" class="citation book cs1">Butwell, Richard (1963). <i>U Nu of Burma</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U+Nu+of+Burma&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Butwell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgreteau2013" class="citation book cs1">Egreteau, Renaud (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bvbwBgAAQBAJ"><i>Soldiers and Diplomacy in Burma</i></a>. Singapore: NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971696733" title="Special:BookSources/9789971696733"><bdi>9789971696733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+and+Diplomacy+in+Burma&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789971696733&rft.aulast=Egreteau&rft.aufirst=Renaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbvbwBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischmann1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fleischmann, Klaus (1989). <i>Die Kommunistische Partei Birmas. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart</i> [<i>The Communist Party of Burma. From Its Beginnings to the Present</i>] (in German). Hamburg: Institut für Asienkunde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kommunistische+Partei+Birmas.+Von+den+Anf%C3%A4ngen+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Asienkunde&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Fleischmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChi-shad_Liang1990" class="citation book cs1">Liang, Chi-shad (1990). <i>Burma's Foreign Relations. Neutralism in Theory and Practice</i>. New York: Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma%27s+Foreign+Relations.+Neutralism+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Chi-shad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Maung_Maung2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dr. <a href="/wiki/Maung_Maung" title="Maung Maung">Maung Maung</a> (2011). <i>Thet Shi Yar Za Win</i> [<i>Living History</i>] (in Burmese). Yangon: Unity Publishing House, first published by Thamma Meitta in 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thet+Shi+Yar+Za+Win&rft.place=Yangon&rft.pub=Unity+Publishing+House%2C+first+published+by+Thamma+Meitta+in+1956&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Dr.+Maung+Maung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Maung_Maung1961" class="citation book cs1">Dr. <a href="/wiki/Maung_Maung" title="Maung Maung">Maung Maung</a> (1961). <i>Burma's Constitution</i>. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma%27s+Constitution&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Dr.+Maung+Maung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU_Maung_Maung1990" class="citation book cs1">U <a href="/wiki/Maung_Maung_(1920-2009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maung Maung (1920-2009)">Maung Maung</a> (1990). <i>Burmese Nationalist Movements 1940-1948</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burmese+Nationalist+Movements+1940-1948&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.au=U+Maung+Maung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU_Maung_Maung1980" class="citation book cs1">U <a href="/wiki/Maung_Maung_(1920-2009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maung Maung (1920-2009)">Maung Maung</a> (1980). <i>From Sangha to Laity. Nationalist Movements of Burma 1920-1940</i>. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sangha+to+Laity.+Nationalist+Movements+of+Burma+1920-1940&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Manohar+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.au=U+Maung+Maung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref_duplicates_default" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref duplicates default">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU_Nu1975" class="citation book cs1">U Nu (1975). <i>U Nu. Saturday's Son</i>. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U+Nu.+Saturday%27s+Son&rft.place=New+Haven%2FLondon&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.au=U+Nu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1959" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Saul (1959). <i>Socialism in Southern Asia</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism+in+Southern+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein1970" class="citation book cs1">Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (1970). <i>Yugoslavia and the Nonaligned World</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+and+the+Nonaligned+World&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=Alvin+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg_&_Fan2012" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, David I. and Hongwei Fan (2012). <i>Modern China-Myanmar Relations Dilemmas of Mutual Dependence</i>. NIAS Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China-Myanmar+Relations+Dilemmas+of+Mutual+Dependence&rft.pub=NIAS+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+David+I.+and+Hongwei+Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Robert (2015). <i>General Ne Win: A Political Biography</i>. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Ne+Win%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakin_Tin2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thakin Tin (2014). <i>Ko Dwe Lut Lat Yeh Taik Pwe</i> [<i>First Hand Experience of the Independence Struggle</i>] (in Burmese). Yangon: Seiku Cho Cho.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ko+Dwe+Lut+Lat+Yeh+Taik+Pwe&rft.place=Yangon&rft.pub=Seiku+Cho+Cho&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Thakin+Tin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThein_Pe_Myint1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thein_Pe_Myint" title="Thein Pe Myint">Thein Pe Myint</a> (1999). <i>Kyaw Nyein</i> (in Burmese). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Burma.+A+Special+Supplement&rft.date=1958-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2008%2F09%2Fburma-a-special-supplement%2F306820%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallesen2001" class="citation book cs1">Callesen, Gerd (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bibliothek/01035.pdf"><i>Socialist Internationals. A Bibliography. Publications of the Social-Democratic and Socialist Internationals 1914–2000</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bonn, Germany: Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung for the International Association of Labour History Institutions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialist+Internationals.+A+Bibliography.+Publications+of+the+Social-Democratic+and+Socialist+Internationals+1914%E2%80%932000&rft.place=Bonn%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Library+of+the+Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung+for+the+International+Association+of+Labour+History+Institutions&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Callesen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fbibliothek%2F01035.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČavoški2010" class="citation journal cs1">Čavoški, Jovan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/WP61_Cavoski_web.pdf">"Arming Nonalignment. Yugoslavia's Relations with Burma and the Cold War in Asia, 1950–1955"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cold War International History Project, Working Paper No.61</i>. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+International+History+Project%2C+Working+Paper+No.61&rft.atitle=Arming+Nonalignment.+Yugoslavia%27s+Relations+with+Burma+and+the+Cold+War+in+Asia%2C+1950%E2%80%931955&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cavo%C5%A1ki&rft.aufirst=Jovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2FWP61_Cavoski_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU_Kyaw_Nyein1958" class="citation magazine cs1">U Kyaw Nyein (February 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1958/02/burma/306821/">"Burma. An Introduction"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. Washington D.C<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Burma%27s+Socialist+Democracy.+Some+Problems+of+Practical+Politics&rft.date=1958-02&rft.au=U+Law+Yone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1958%2F02%2Fburmas-socialist-democracy%2F306815%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay_Day_55" class="citation book cs1"><i>May Day 1955</i>. 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A Neutral in China's Shadow". <i>The Review of Politics</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 330–550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003467050001202X">10.1017/S003467050001202X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145457603">145457603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Burma.+A+Neutral+in+China%27s+Shadow&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=330-550&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003467050001202X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145457603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=John+Seabury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKyaw+Nyein" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1957b" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, John Seabury (1957b). 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