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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>) </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (German: Friedrich I; Italian: Federico I), was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> from 1155 until his death in 1190. He was elected <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> on 4 March 1152 and crowned in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aachen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> on 9 March 1152. He was crowned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> on 24 April 1155 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> and emperor by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a> on 18 June 1155 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Two years later, the term sacrum ("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> He was later formally crowned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a>, at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arles">Arles</a> on 30 June 1178. He was named Barbarossa by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> in German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which in English means "Emperor Redbeard." The prevalence of the Italian nickname, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns under his reign. <table class="infobox vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Frederick Barbarossa</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor of the Romans</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Friedrich_I._Barbarossa.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Friedrich_I._Barbarossa.jpg/220px-Friedrich_I._Barbarossa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Friedrich_I._Barbarossa.jpg/330px-Friedrich_I._Barbarossa.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Friedrich_I._Barbarossa.jpg/440px-Friedrich_I._Barbarossa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="800"></a> <div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"> A golden bust of Frederick, given to his godfather Count Otto of Cappenberg in 1171. It was used as a reliquary in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cappenberg_Abbey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappenberg Abbey">Cappenberg Abbey</a> and is said in the deed of the gift to have been made "in the likeness of the emperor". </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th> <td class="infobox-data">1155 – 10 June 1190</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coronation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">18 June 1155, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th> <td class="infobox-data">1155 – 10 June 1190</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coronation</th> <td class="infobox-data">24 April 1155, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pavia">Pavia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th> <td class="infobox-data">4 March 1152 – 10 June 1190</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coronation</th> <td class="infobox-data">9 March 1152, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aachen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conrad_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conrad III">Conrad III</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th> <td class="infobox-data">1152 – 10 June 1190</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coronation</th> <td class="infobox-data">30 June 1178, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arles">Arles</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duke of Swabia">Duke of Swabia</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th> <td class="infobox-data">6 April 1147 – 4 March 1152</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick II, Duke of Swabia">Frederick II</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia">Frederick IV</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"> <div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data">Mid-December 1122 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haguenau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haguenau">Haguenau</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Swabia">Duchy of Swabia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> (modern-day France)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th> <td class="infobox-data">10 June 1190(1190-06-10) (aged 67) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saleph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleph">Saleph</a> River, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a> (modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%B6ksu_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Göksu River">Göksu River</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silifke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silifke">Silifke</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display:inline" class="label"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_St_Peter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St Peter">Church of St Peter</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (flesh)</li> <li>Cathedral of Tyre (bones)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Church,_Tarsus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Paul's Church, Tarsus">Saint Paul's Church</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (heart and inner organs)</li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li> </ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adelheid_of_Vohburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelheid of Vohburg">Adelheid of Vohburg</a> </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"> </div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"> </div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1147; <abbr title="annulled">ann.</abbr> 1153) </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li> </ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy">Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy</a> </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"> </div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"> </div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1156; died 1184) </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Children">more...</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_V,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick V, Duke of Swabia">Frederick V, Duke of Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia">Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto I, Count of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conrad II, Duke of Swabia">Conrad II, Duke of Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip, King of Germany</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dynasty">House</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hohenstaufen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick II, Duke of Swabia">Frederick II, Duke of Swabia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria,_Duchess_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia">Judith of Bavaria</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Frederick was by inheritance <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duke of Swabia">Duke of Swabia</a> (1147–1152, as Frederick III) before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1152_Imperial_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1152 Imperial election">his imperial election in 1152</a>. He was the son of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick II, Duke of Swabia">Duke Frederick II</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hohenstaufen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> dynasty and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria,_Duchess_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia">Judith</a>, daughter of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_IX,_Duke_of_Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria">Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria</a>, from the rival <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Welf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a>. Frederick, therefore, descended from the two leading families in Germany, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prince-elector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a>. Frederick joined the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Crusade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> and opted to travel overland to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Land?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. In 1190, Frederick drowned attempting to cross the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saleph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleph">Saleph</a> River, leading to most of his army abandoning the Crusade before reaching Acre. Historians consider him among the Holy Roman Empire's greatest medieval emperors. He combined qualities that made him appear almost <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superhuman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superhuman">superhuman</a> to his contemporaries: his longevity, his ambition, his extraordinary skills at organization, his battlefield acumen, and his political perspicacity. His contributions to Central European society and culture include the re-establishment of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a>, or the Roman rule of law, which counterbalanced the papal power that dominated the German states since the conclusion of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investiture_controversy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">Investiture controversy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> Due to his popularity and notoriety, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, he was used as a political symbol by many movements and regimes: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Risorgimento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German Empire">Wilhelmine government</a> in Germany (especially under Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a>), and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> movement (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbarossa_decree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbarossa decree">Barbarossa decree</a>) resulting in mixed legacies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Modern researchers, while exploring the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">legacy of Frederick</a>, attempt to untangle legend from historical reality—these efforts result in new perspectives on both the emperor as a person and the social developments associated with him. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Biography">1 Biography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_life">1.1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Second_Crusade">1.2 Second Crusade</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Election">1.3 Election</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rise_to_power">1.4 Rise to power</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#First_Italian_Campaign:_1154%E2%80%9355">1.5 First Italian Campaign: 1154–55</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Second,_Third_and_Fourth_Italian_Campaigns:_1158%E2%80%931174">1.6 Second, Third and Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Later_years">1.7 Later years</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Third_Crusade">1.8 Third Crusade</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Death_and_burials">1.9 Death and burials</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Frederick_and_the_Justinian_code">2 Frederick and the Justinian code</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economic_policy">3 Economic policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultural_depictions">4 Cultural depictions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Charismatic_leader">4.1 Charismatic leader</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legend">4.2 Legend</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historiography">4.3 Historiography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Artistic_depictions">4.4 Artistic depictions</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancestry">5 Ancestry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Children">6 Children</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">9.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">9.2 Sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Biography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Frederick was born in mid-December 1122 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haguenau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haguenau">Haguenau</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201615-7">[7]</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick II, Duke of Swabia">Frederick II, Duke of Swabia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria,_Duchess_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia">Judith of Bavaria</a>. His father was from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> family, and his mother was from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Welf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Welf">Welf</a> family, the two most powerful families in Germany. The Hohenstaufens were often called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghibellines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghibellines">Ghibellines</a>, which derives from the Italianized name for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waiblingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waiblingen">Waiblingen</a> castle, the family seat in Swabia; the Welfs, in a similar Italianization, were called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guelfs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelfs">Guelfs</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Frederick was also a descendant of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salian_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salian dynasty">Salian</a> dynasty through his paternal grandmother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnes of Waiblingen">Agnes</a> as she was the daughter of Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bertha_of_Savoy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bertha of Savoy">Bertha of Savoy</a>. He also had ties to the Salians through his mother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria,_Duchess_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia">Judith</a> as she hailed from Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> and his wife <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theophanu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theophanu">Theophanu</a>. Therefore, Frederick carried on the bloodline of Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto the Great">Otto the Great</a> and his wives, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eadgyth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eadgyth">Eadgyth</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adelaide_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adelaide of Italy">Adelaide</a>. He learned to ride, hunt and use weapons at an early age, but could neither read nor write, and was also unable to speak the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> language until later in life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B6rich20159%E2%80%9333-9">[9]</a> He took part in several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hoftag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hoftag">Hoftage</a> during the reign of his uncle, King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a>, which were a form of informal and irregular assembly popular among the nobles of the Holy Roman Empire. One took place in 1141 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strasbourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, another in 1142 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstanz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a>, 1143 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, 1144 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> and 1145 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Worms,_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Second_Crusade">Second Crusade</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Second Crusade" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In early 1147, Frederick decided to join the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Crusade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> after his uncle, King Conrad III, had taken the crusader vow in public on 28 December 1146. Frederick's father, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick II, Duke of Swabia">Duke Frederick II</a>, strongly objected to this and according to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_of_Freising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto of Freising">Otto of Freising</a>, the duke berated his brother for permitting his son to go. The elder Frederick, who was dying, expected his son to look after his widow and younger half-brother once he had passed on, not risk his life by going on a crusade.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201643%E2%80%9345-10">[10]</a> Perhaps in preparation for the crusade, Frederick married <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adelaide_of_Vohburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adelaide of Vohburg">Adelaide of Vohburg</a> sometime before March 1147. His father died on 4 or 6 April and Frederick succeeded him as the Duke of Swabia. The German crusader army departed from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regensburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> seven weeks later.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201643%E2%80%9345-10">[10]</a> In August 1147, while crossing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, an ill crusader stopped in a monastery outside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adrianople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a> to recuperate. There he was robbed and killed. Conrad ordered Frederick to avenge him. The duke of Swabia razed the monastery, captured and executed the robbers and demanded they return the stolen money. The intervention of the Byzantine general Prosuch prevented further escalation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353-11">[11]</a> A few weeks later, on 8 September, Frederick and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welf_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welf VI">Welf VI</a> were among the few German crusaders who survived when a flash flood destroyed the main camp. They had decided to encamp on a hill a ways away from the main army. The remains of the army reached <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> the following day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353-11">[11]</a> Conrad III attempted to lead the army across Anatolia but finding this too difficult in the face of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1147)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)">constant Turkish attacks</a> near Dorylaeum, decided to turn back. The rearguard was subsequently annihilated. Conrad sent Frederick ahead to inform King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a> of the disaster and ask for help. The two armies, French and German, then advanced together. When Conrad fell ill around Christmas in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ephesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, he returned to Constantinople by ship with his personal retinue, which included Frederick.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353-11">[11]</a> With Byzantine ships and money, the German army once again left Constantinople on 7 March 1148 and arrived in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Akko">Acre</a> on 11 April. After Easter, Conrad and Frederick visited <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, where Frederick was impressed by the charitable works of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>. He took part in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Acre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Acre">council of Acre</a> on 24 June, where a decision was reached that the crusaders would attack <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damascus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Crusaders_besieging_Damascus_-_Chronique_d%27Ernoul_et_de_Bernard_le_Tr%C3%A9sorier_(late_15th_C),_f.280v_-_BL_Royal_MS_15_E_I.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Crusaders_besieging_Damascus_-_Chronique_d%27Ernoul_et_de_Bernard_le_Tr%C3%A9sorier_%28late_15th_C%29%2C_f.280v_-_BL_Royal_MS_15_E_I.jpg/220px-Crusaders_besieging_Damascus_-_Chronique_d%27Ernoul_et_de_Bernard_le_Tr%C3%A9sorier_%28late_15th_C%29%2C_f.280v_-_BL_Royal_MS_15_E_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1229"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Crusaders_besieging_Damascus_-_Chronique_d%27Ernoul_et_de_Bernard_le_Tr%C3%A9sorier_%28late_15th_C%29%2C_f.280v_-_BL_Royal_MS_15_E_I.jpg/220px-Crusaders_besieging_Damascus_-_Chronique_d%27Ernoul_et_de_Bernard_le_Tr%C3%A9sorier_%28late_15th_C%29%2C_f.280v_-_BL_Royal_MS_15_E_I.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Crusaders_besieging_Damascus_-_Chronique_d%27Ernoul_et_de_Bernard_le_Tr%C3%A9sorier_%28late_15th_C%29%2C_f.280v_-_BL_Royal_MS_15_E_I.jpg/330px-Crusaders_besieging_Damascus_-_Chronique_d%27Ernoul_et_de_Bernard_le_Tr%C3%A9sorier_%28late_15th_C%29%2C_f.280v_-_BL_Royal_MS_15_E_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Crusaders_besieging_Damascus_-_Chronique_d%27Ernoul_et_de_Bernard_le_Tr%C3%A9sorier_%28late_15th_C%29%2C_f.280v_-_BL_Royal_MS_15_E_I.jpg/440px-Crusaders_besieging_Damascus_-_Chronique_d%27Ernoul_et_de_Bernard_le_Tr%C3%A9sorier_%28late_15th_C%29%2C_f.280v_-_BL_Royal_MS_15_E_I.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Crusaders besieging Damascus in 1148 </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">Siege of Damascus</a> (24–28 July) lasted a mere five days and ended in failure. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilbert_of_Mons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert of Mons">Gilbert of Mons</a>, writing fifty years later, recorded that Frederick "prevailed in arms before all others in front of Damascus". On 8 September, the German army sailed out of Acre.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353-11">[11]</a> On the route home, Conrad III and Frederick stopped in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thessaloniki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> where they swore oaths to uphold the treaty that Conrad had agreed with Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> the previous winter. This treaty obligated the Germans to attack King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> in cooperation with the Byzantines. After confirming the treaty, Frederick was sent ahead to Germany. He passed through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> and arrived in Germany in April 1149.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Election">Election</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Election" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1152_Imperial_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1152 Imperial election">1152 Imperial election</a> </div> When Conrad died in February 1152, only Frederick and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bishop_of_Bamberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Bamberg">prince-bishop of Bamberg</a> were at his deathbed. Both asserted afterwards that Conrad had, in full possession of his mental faculties, handed the royal insignia to Frederick and indicated that he, rather than Conrad's own six-year-old son, the future <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia">Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia</a>, succeed him as king.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._200-12">[12]</a> Frederick energetically pursued the crown and at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> on 4 March 1152 the kingdom's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prince-elector?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prince-elector">princely electors</a> designated him as the next German king.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._200-12">[12]</a> He was crowned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_the_Romans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aachen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> several days later, on 9 March 1152.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_08.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_08.JPG/220px-StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="2883"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_08.JPG/220px-StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_08.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_08.JPG/330px-StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_08.JPG/440px-StrasbourgCath_BasCoteN_08.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 13th-century stained glass image of Frederick I, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> </figcaption> </figure> The reigns of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a> left the status of the German empire in disarray, its power waning under the weight of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investiture_controversy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">investiture controversy</a>. For a quarter of a century following the death of Henry V in 1125, the German monarchy was largely a nominal title with no real power behind it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The king, chosen by the prince-electors, was given no resources outside those of his own duchy and he was at the same time prevented from exercising any real authority or leadership. The royal title was furthermore passed from one family to another to preclude the development of any dynastic interest in the German crown. When Frederick was chosen as king in 1152, royal power had been in effective abeyance for over twenty-five years, and to a considerable degree for more than eighty years. The only real claim to wealth lay in the rich cities of northern Italy, which were still within the nominal control of the German king.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The Salian line had died out with the death of Henry V in 1125 and the German princes refused to give the crown to his nephew, the duke of Swabia, for fear he would try to regain the imperial power held by Henry V. Instead, they chose <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a> (1125–1137), who found himself embroiled in a long-running dispute with the Hohenstaufens, and who married into the Welfs. One of the Hohenstaufens gained the throne as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III of Germany</a> (1137–1152). When Frederick Barbarossa succeeded his uncle in 1152, there seemed to be excellent prospects for ending the feud, since he was a Welf on his mother's side.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._200-12">[12]</a> The Welf duke of Saxony, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_the_Lion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, would not be appeased, however, remaining an implacable enemy of the Hohenstaufen monarchy. Barbarossa had the duchies of Swabia and Franconia, the force of his own personality, and very little else to construct an empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvp%7CCantor%7C1969%7Cpp=428%E2%80%93429-16">[16]</a> The Germany that Frederick tried to unite was a patchwork of more than 1,600 individual states, each with its own prince. A few of these, such as Bavaria and Saxony, were large. Many were too small to pinpoint on a map.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The titles afforded to the German king were "Caesar", "Augustus", and "Emperor of the Romans". By the time Frederick would assume these, they were little more than propaganda slogans with little other meaning.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Frederick was a pragmatist who dealt with the princes by finding a mutual self-interest. Unlike <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_II_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>, Frederick did not attempt to end medieval feudalism, but rather tried to restore it, though this was beyond his ability. The great players in the German civil war had been the Pope, Emperor, Ghibellines and the Guelfs, but none of these had emerged as the winner.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Rise to power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Keizer_Frederik_I_Barbarossa_penning_1152-1190_geslagen_Nijmegen.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Keizer_Frederik_I_Barbarossa_penning_1152-1190_geslagen_Nijmegen.jpg/260px-Keizer_Frederik_I_Barbarossa_penning_1152-1190_geslagen_Nijmegen.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Keizer_Frederik_I_Barbarossa_penning_1152-1190_geslagen_Nijmegen.jpg/260px-Keizer_Frederik_I_Barbarossa_penning_1152-1190_geslagen_Nijmegen.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Keizer_Frederik_I_Barbarossa_penning_1152-1190_geslagen_Nijmegen.jpg/390px-Keizer_Frederik_I_Barbarossa_penning_1152-1190_geslagen_Nijmegen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Keizer_Frederik_I_Barbarossa_penning_1152-1190_geslagen_Nijmegen.jpg/520px-Keizer_Frederik_I_Barbarossa_penning_1152-1190_geslagen_Nijmegen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penny">Penny</a> or denier with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, struck in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nijmegen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> </figcaption> </figure> Eager to restore the Empire to the position it had occupied under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I the Great">Otto I the Great</a>, the new king saw clearly that the restoration of order in Germany was a necessary preliminary to the enforcement of the imperial rights in Italy. Issuing a general order for peace,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvp%7CChisholm%7C1911%7Cp=45-20">[20]</a> he made lavish concessions to the nobles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Abroad, Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svend_III_of_Denmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Svend III of Denmark">Svend III</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valdemar_I_of_Denmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valdemar I of Denmark">Valdemar I of Denmark</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and began negotiations with the Eastern Roman Emperor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel I Comnenus">Manuel I Comnenus</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._230-23">[23]</a> It was probably about this time that the king obtained papal assent for the annulment of his childless marriage with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adelheid_of_Vohburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelheid of Vohburg">Adelheid of Vohburg</a>, on the grounds of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consanguinity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a> (his great-great-grandfather was a brother of Adela's great-great-great-grandmother, making them fourth cousins, once removed). He then made a vain attempt to obtain a bride from the court of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. On his accession, Frederick had communicated the news of his election to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Eugene III">Pope Eugene III</a>, but had neglected to ask for papal confirmation. In March 1153, Frederick concluded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Constance_(1153)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Constance (1153)">Treaty of Constance</a> with the Pope, wherein he promised, in return for his coronation, to defend the papacy, to make no peace with king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a> or other enemies of the Church without the consent of Eugene,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvp%7CChisholm%7C1911%7Cp=45-20">[20]</a> and to help Eugene regain control of the city of Rome.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="First_Italian_Campaign:_1154–55">First Italian Campaign: 1154–55</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: First Italian Campaign: 1154–55" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first, beginning in October 1154,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> his plan was to launch a campaign against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Normans">Normans</a> under King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_I_of_Sicily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William I of Sicily">William I of Sicily</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._230-23">[23]</a> He marched down and almost immediately encountered resistance to his authority. Obtaining the submission of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milan">Milan</a>, he <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Tortona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siege of Tortona">successfully besieged</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tortona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tortona">Tortona</a> on 13 February 1155, razing it to the ground on 18 April.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He moved on to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, where he according to some historians received the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown</a> and the title of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> on 24 April in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">Basilica of San Michele Maggiore</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Other historians instead suggest his coronation took place in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monza">Monza</a> on 15 April.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> Moving through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, he was soon approaching the city of Rome. There, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a> was struggling with the forces of the republican city commune led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnold_of_Brescia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnold of Brescia">Arnold of Brescia</a>, a student of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abelard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelard">Abelard</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As a sign of good faith, Frederick dismissed the ambassadors from the revived Roman Senate,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._230-23">[23]</a> and Imperial forces suppressed the republicans. Arnold was captured and hanged for treason and rebellion. Despite his unorthodox teaching concerning theology, Arnold was not charged with heresy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni.jpg/280px-Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 373px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni.jpg/280px-Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="373" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni.jpg/420px-Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni.jpg/560px-Pietre_sulle_quali_veniva_posto_il_trono_durante_le_incoronazioni.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Michele_Maggiore,_Pavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Michele Maggiore, Pavia">Basilica of San Michele Maggiore</a>, the five stones above which the throne was placed during coronation of Frederick I. </figcaption> </figure> As Frederick approached the gates of Rome, the Pope advanced to meet him. At the royal tent the king received him, and after kissing the pope's feet, Frederick expected to receive the traditional kiss of peace.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._231-30">[30]</a> Frederick had declined to hold the Pope's stirrup while leading him to the tent, however, so Adrian refused to give the kiss until this protocol had been complied with.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._231-30">[30]</a> Frederick hesitated, and Adrian IV withdrew; after a day's negotiation, Frederick agreed to perform the required ritual, reportedly muttering, "Pro Petro, non Adriano – For Peter, not for Adrian."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._231-30">[30]</a> Rome was still in an uproar over the fate of Arnold of Brescia, so rather than marching through the streets of Rome, Frederick and Adrian retired to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_See?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:WikiSiegel_Barbarossa.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/WikiSiegel_Barbarossa.JPG/220px-WikiSiegel_Barbarossa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/WikiSiegel_Barbarossa.JPG/220px-WikiSiegel_Barbarossa.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/WikiSiegel_Barbarossa.JPG/330px-WikiSiegel_Barbarossa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/WikiSiegel_Barbarossa.JPG/440px-WikiSiegel_Barbarossa.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Wax seal of Frederick I, used in the imperial residence of Pfalz Wimpfen </figcaption> </figure> The next day, 18 June 1155, Adrian IV crowned Frederick I <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">St Peter's Basilica</a>, amidst the acclamations of the German army.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._232-31">[31]</a> The Romans began to riot, and Frederick spent his coronation day putting down the revolt, resulting in the deaths of over 1,000 Romans and many more thousands injured. The next day, Frederick, Adrian, and the German army travelled to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tivoli,_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tivoli, Italy">Tivoli</a>. From there, a combination of the unhealthy Italian summer and the effects of his year-long absence from Germany meant he was forced to put off his planned campaign against the Normans of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sicily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._232-31">[31]</a> On their way northwards, they attacked <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spoleto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a> and encountered the ambassadors of Manuel I Comnenus, who showered Frederick with costly gifts. At <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verona">Verona</a>, Frederick declared his fury with the rebellious Milanese before finally returning to Germany.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Disorder was again rampant in Germany, especially in Bavaria, but general peace was restored by Frederick's vigorous, but conciliatory, measures. The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry II, Duke of Austria">Henry II Jasomirgott</a>, margrave of Austria, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_the_Lion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_of_Saxony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvp%7CChisholm%7C1911%7Cp=45-20">[20]</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Guelph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Guelph">House of Guelph</a>, whose father had previously held both duchies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Henry II Jasomirgott was named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_of_Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Austria">Duke of Austria</a> in compensation for his loss of Bavaria. As part of his general policy of concessions of formal power to the German princes and ending the civil wars within the kingdom, Frederick further appeased Henry by issuing him with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Privilegium_Minus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Privilegium Minus">Privilegium Minus</a>, granting him unprecedented entitlements as Duke of Austria. This was a large concession on the part of Frederick, who realized that Henry the Lion had to be accommodated, even to the point of sharing some power with him. Frederick could not afford to make an outright enemy of Henry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On 9 June 1156 at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, Frederick married <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy">Beatrice of Burgundy</a>, daughter and heiress of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reginald_III,_Count_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reginald III, Count of Burgundy">Renaud III</a>, thus adding to his possessions the sizeable realm of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County of Burgundy">County of Burgundy</a>. In an attempt to create comity, Emperor Frederick proclaimed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_of_the_Land?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of the Land">Peace of the Land</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> written between 1152 and 1157, which enacted punishments for a variety of crimes, as well as systems for adjudicating many disputes. He also declared himself the sole Augustus of the Roman world, ceasing to recognise Manuel I at Constantinople.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Second,_Third_and_Fourth_Italian_Campaigns:_1158–1174">Second, Third and Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Second, Third and Fourth Italian Campaigns: 1158–1174" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Taufschale_KGM_33_25.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taufschale_KGM_33_25.jpg/220px-Taufschale_KGM_33_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="2246"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taufschale_KGM_33_25.jpg/220px-Taufschale_KGM_33_25.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taufschale_KGM_33_25.jpg/330px-Taufschale_KGM_33_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taufschale_KGM_33_25.jpg/440px-Taufschale_KGM_33_25.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Frederick's so-called baptismal cup, silver, partly gilded, Aachen <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1160 </figcaption> </figure> The retreat of Frederick in 1155 forced Pope Adrian IV to come to terms with King William I of Sicily, granting to William I territories that Frederick viewed as his dominion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This aggrieved Frederick, and he was further displeased when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papal_legate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papal legate">Papal legates</a> chose to interpret a letter from Adrian to Frederick in a manner that seemed to imply that the imperial crown was a gift from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> and that in fact the Empire itself was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fief?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fief">fief</a> of the Papacy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Disgusted with the pope, and still wishing to crush the Normans in the south of Italy, in June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, accompanied by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_the_Lion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a> and his Saxon troops.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> This expedition resulted in the revolt and capture of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milan">Milan</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diet_of_Roncaglia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diet of Roncaglia">Diet of Roncaglia</a> that saw the establishment of imperial officers and ecclesiastical reforms in the cities of northern Italy,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and the beginning of the long struggle with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvp%7CChisholm%7C1911%7Cp=45-20">[20]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Milan soon rebelled again and humiliated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy">Empress Beatrice</a> (see Legend below). The death of Pope Adrian IV in 1159 led to the election of two rival popes, Alexander III and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antipope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antipope">antipope</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antipope_Victor_IV_(1159%E2%80%931164)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)">Victor IV</a>, and both sought Frederick's support.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Frederick, busy with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Crema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siege of Crema">siege of Crema</a>, appeared unsupportive of Alexander III, and after the sacking of Crema demanded that Alexander appear before the emperor at Pavia and to accept the imperial decree.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Alexander refused, and Frederick recognised Victor IV as the legitimate pope in 1160.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._243-45">[45]</a> In response, Alexander III <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Excommunicate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicate">excommunicated</a> both Frederick I and Victor IV.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Frederick attempted to convoke a joint council with King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a> in 1162 to decide the issue of who should be pope.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._243-45">[45]</a> Louis neared the meeting site, but when he became aware that Frederick had stacked the votes for Victor, Louis decided not to attend the council. As a result, the issue was not resolved at that time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The political result of the struggle with Pope Alexander was an alliance formed between the Norman state of Sicily and Pope Alexander III against Frederick.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In the meantime, Frederick had to deal with another rebellion at Milan, in which the city surrendered on 6 March 1162; much of it was destroyed three weeks later on the emperor's orders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The fate of Milan led to the submission of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brescia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Placentia,_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Placentia, Italy">Placentia</a>, and many other northern Italian cities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In August 1162 he triumphantly entered Turin and was crowned with his consort in the cathedral on August 15.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Returning to Germany towards the close of 1162, Frederick prevented the escalation of conflicts between Henry the Lion from Saxony and a number of neighbouring princes who were growing weary of Henry's power, influence, and territorial gains. He also severely punished the citizens of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> for their rebellion against Archbishop Arnold. In Frederick's third visit to Italy in 1163, his plans for the conquest of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sicily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> were ruined by the formation of a powerful league against him, brought together mainly by opposition to imperial taxes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvp%7CChisholm%7C1911%7Cp=45-20">[20]</a> In 1164, Frederick took what are believed to be the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> of the "Biblical Magi" (the Wise Men or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Kings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Kings">Three Kings</a>) from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_di_Sant%27Eustorgio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Sant'Eustorgio">Basilica di Sant'Eustorgio</a> in Milan and gave them as a gift (or as loot) to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_bishops_and_archbishops_of_Cologne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bishops and archbishops of Cologne">Archbishop of Cologne</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rainald_of_Dassel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rainald of Dassel">Rainald of Dassel</a>. The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christendom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>. Today they are kept in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cologne_cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne cathedral">Cologne cathedral</a>. After the death of the antipope Victor IV, Frederick supported antipope <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paschal_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paschal III">Paschal III</a>, but he was soon driven from Rome, leading to the return of Pope Alexander III in 1165.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Barbarossaleuchter.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Barbarossaleuchter.jpg/220px-Barbarossaleuchter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="2403"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Barbarossaleuchter.jpg/220px-Barbarossaleuchter.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Barbarossaleuchter.jpg/330px-Barbarossaleuchter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Barbarossaleuchter.jpg/440px-Barbarossaleuchter.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbarossa_Chandelier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbarossa Chandelier">Barbarossa Chandelier</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aachen Cathedral">Aachen Cathedral</a> was donated by Frederick sometime after 1165 as a tribute to Charlemagne. </figcaption> </figure> In the meantime Frederick was focused on restoring peace in the Rhineland, where he organized a magnificent celebration of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canonization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canonization">canonization</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> at Aachen, under the authority of the antipope Paschal III. Concerned over rumours that Alexander III was about to enter into an alliance with the Byzantine Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> in October 1166 Frederick embarked on his fourth Italian campaign, hoping as well to secure the claim of Paschal III and the coronation of his wife <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy">Beatrice</a> as Holy Roman Empress. This time, Henry the Lion refused to join Frederick on his Italian trip, tending instead to his own disputes with neighbors and his continuing expansion into Slavic territories in northeastern Germany. In 1167 Frederick began besieging <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, which had acknowledged the authority of Manuel I;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> at the same time, his forces achieved a great victory over the Romans at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Porzio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Monte Porzio">Battle of Monte Porzio</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._250-55">[55]</a> Heartened by this victory, Frederick lifted the siege of Ancona and hurried to Rome, where he had his wife crowned empress and also received a second coronation from Paschal III.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._250-55">[55]</a> His campaign was halted by the sudden outbreak of an epidemic (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malaria">malaria</a> or the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bubonic_plague?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bubonic plague">plague</a>), which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Germany,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._251-56">[56]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a> where he remained for the ensuing six years. During this period, Frederick decided conflicting claims to various bishoprics, asserted imperial authority over Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary, initiated friendly relations with Manuel I, and tried to come to a better understanding with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_II_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a>. Many Swabian counts, including his cousin the young Duke of Swabia, Frederick IV, died in 1167, so he was able to organize a new mighty territory in the Duchy of Swabia under his reign in this time. Consequently, his younger son Frederick V became the new Duke of Swabia in 1167,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> while his eldest son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry</a> was crowned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_the_Romans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> in 1169, alongside his father who also retained the title.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Comyn,_pg._251-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Later years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg/220px-Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1540"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 339px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg/220px-Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="339" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg/330px-Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg/440px-Friedrich-barbarossa-und-soehne-welfenchronik_1-1000x1540.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Frederick Barbarossa, middle, flanked by two of his children, King Henry VI (left) and Duke Frederick VI (right). From the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historia_Welforum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historia Welforum">Historia Welforum</a> </figcaption> </figure> Increasing anti-German sentiment swept through Lombardy, culminating in the restoration of Milan in 1169.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 1174 Frederick made his fifth expedition to Italy. (It was probably during this time that the famous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tafelg%C3%BCterverzeichnis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tafelgüterverzeichnis">Tafelgüterverzeichnis</a>, a record of the royal estates, was made.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a>) He was opposed by the pro-papal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombard_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a> (now joined by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Sicily and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>), which had previously formed to stand against him.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kampers_6252b-61">[61]</a> The cities of northern Italy had become exceedingly wealthy through trade, representing a marked turning point in the transition from medieval feudalism. While continental feudalism had remained strong socially and economically, it was in deep political decline by the time of Frederick Barbarossa. When the northern Italian cities inflicted a defeat on Frederick at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alessandria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a> in 1175, the European world was shocked.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> With the refusal of Henry the Lion to bring help to Italy, the campaign was a complete failure. Frederick suffered a heavy defeat at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Legnano">Battle of Legnano</a> near Milan, on 29 May 1176, where he was wounded and for some time was believed to be dead.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> This battle marked the turning point in Frederick's claim to empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> He had no choice other than to begin negotiations for peace with Alexander III and the Lombard League. In the Peace of Anagni in 1176, Frederick recognized Alexander III as pope, and in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_of_Venice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Venice">Peace of Venice</a> in 1177, Frederick and Alexander III were formally reconciled.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> With decisions of Paschal III nullfied, Beatrice ceased to be referred as empress. The scene was similar to that which had occurred between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canossa">Canossa</a> a century earlier. The conflict was the same as that resolved in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a>: Did the Holy Roman Emperor have the power to name the pope and bishops? The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investiture_controversy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">Investiture controversy</a> from previous centuries had been brought to a tendentious peace with the Concordat of Worms and affirmed in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a>. Now it had recurred, in a slightly different form. Frederick had to humble himself before Alexander III at Venice.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The emperor acknowledged the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States, and in return Alexander acknowledged the emperor's overlordship of the Imperial Church. Also in the Peace of Venice, a truce was made with the Lombard cities, which took effect in August 1178.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> The grounds for a permanent peace were not established until 1183, however, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peace_of_Constance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peace of Constance">Peace of Constance</a>, when Frederick conceded their right to freely elect town magistrates. By this move, Frederick recovered his nominal domination over Italy, which became his chief means of applying pressure on the papacy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In a move to consolidate his reign after the disastrous expedition into Italy, Frederick was formally crowned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Burgundy">King of Burgundy</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arles">Arles</a> on 30 June 1178. Although traditionally the German kings had automatically inherited the royal crown of Arles since the time of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a>, Frederick felt the need to be crowned by the Archbishop of Arles, regardless of his laying claim to the title from 1152. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Erfurt_Peterskirche_745.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Erfurt_Peterskirche_745.jpg/220px-Erfurt_Peterskirche_745.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4772" data-file-height="3181"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Erfurt_Peterskirche_745.jpg/220px-Erfurt_Peterskirche_745.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Erfurt_Peterskirche_745.jpg/330px-Erfurt_Peterskirche_745.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Erfurt_Peterskirche_745.jpg/440px-Erfurt_Peterskirche_745.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The now secularised St Peter's Church at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petersberg_Citadel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petersberg Citadel">Petersberg Citadel</a>, Erfurt, where Henry the Lion submitted to Barbarossa in 1181 </figcaption> </figure> Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for refusing to come to his aid in 1176.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> By 1180, Henry had successfully established a powerful state comprising Saxony, Bavaria, and substantial territories in the north and east of Germany. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry, Frederick had Henry tried in absentia by a court of bishops and princes in 1180, declared that imperial law overruled traditional German law, and had Henry stripped of his lands and declared an outlaw.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a> He then invaded Saxony with an imperial army to force his cousin to surrender. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit to Frederick at an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> in November 1181.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Henry spent three years in exile at the court of his father-in-law <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_II_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> in Normandy before being allowed back into Germany. He finished his days in Germany, as the much-diminished Duke of Brunswick.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Frederick's desire for revenge was sated. Henry the Lion lived a relatively quiet life, sponsoring arts and architecture. Frederick's victory over Henry did not gain him as much in the German feudalistic system as it would have in the English feudalistic system. While in England the pledge of fealty went in a direct line from overlords to those under them, the Germans pledged oaths only to the direct overlord, so that in Henry's case, those below him in the feudal chain owed nothing to Frederick. Thus, despite the diminished stature of Henry the Lion, Frederick did not gain his allegiances.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Frederick was faced with the reality of disorder among the German states, where continuous civil wars were waged between pretenders and the ambitious who wanted the crown for themselves. Italian unity under German rule was more myth than truth. Despite proclamations of German hegemony, the pope was the most powerful force in Italy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> When Frederick returned to Germany after his defeat in northern Italy, he was a bitter and exhausted man. The German princes, far from being subordinated to royal control, were intensifying their hold on wealth and power in Germany and entrenching their positions. There began to be a generalized social desire to "create greater Germany" by conquering the Slavs to the east.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Although the Italian city states had achieved a measure of independence from Frederick as a result of his failed fifth expedition into Italy,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> the emperor had not given up on his Italian dominions. In 1184, he held a massive celebration, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diet_of_Pentecost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diet of Pentecost">Diet of Pentecost</a>, when his two eldest sons were knighted, and thousands of knights were invited from all over Germany. While payments upon the knighting of a son were part of the expectations of an overlord in England and France, only a "gift" was given in Germany for such an occasion. Frederick's monetary gain from this celebration is said to have been modest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Later in 1184, Frederick again moved into Italy, this time joining forces with the local rural nobility to reduce the power of the Tuscan cities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 1186, he engineered the marriage of his son Henry to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance of Sicily</a>, heiress to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, over the objections of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Urban_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Urban III">Pope Urban III</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Pope Urban III died shortly after, and was succeeded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Pope Gregory VIII</a>, who even as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostolic_Chancery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostolic Chancery">Papal Chancellor</a> had pursued a more conciliatory line with the Emperor than previous popes and was more concerned with troubling reports from the Holy Land than with a power struggle with Barbarossa.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kampers_6252b-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Third_Crusade">Third Crusade</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Third Crusade" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Crusade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_Third_Crusade_(1189-1192).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Third_Crusade_%281189-1192%29.png/220px-The_Third_Crusade_%281189-1192%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2716"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Third_Crusade_%281189-1192%29.png/220px-The_Third_Crusade_%281189-1192%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Third_Crusade_%281189-1192%29.png/330px-The_Third_Crusade_%281189-1192%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Third_Crusade_%281189-1192%29.png/440px-The_Third_Crusade_%281189-1192%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Path of the Third Crusade, Frederick Barbarossa's path in red </figcaption> </figure> Around 23 November 1187, Frederick received letters that had been sent to him from the rulers of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crusader_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> in the Near East urging him to come to their aid. Around 1 December, Cardinal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_of_Marcy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry of Marcy">Henry of Marcy</a> preached a crusade sermon before Frederick and a public assembly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strasbourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>. Frederick expressed support for the crusade but declined to take the cross on the grounds of his ongoing conflict with Archbishop <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_I_(archbishop_of_Cologne)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip I (archbishop of Cologne)">Philip of Cologne</a>. He did, however, urge King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_II_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> to take the cross through messengers and then in a personal meeting on 25 December on the border between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivois">Ivois</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouzon,_Ardennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouzon, Ardennes">Mouzon</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016471-81">[81]</a> On 27 March 1188, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curia_Christi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Curia Christi">Diet of Mainz</a>, the archbishop of Cologne submitted to Frederick. Bishop of Würzburg, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Godfrey_of_Spitzenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Godfrey of Spitzenberg">Godfrey of Spitzenberg</a>, preached a crusade sermon and Frederick asked the assembly whether he should take the cross. At the universal acclaim of the assembly, he took the crusader's vow. His second son, the duke of Swabia, followed suit.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016472%E2%80%93473-82">[82]</a> The eldest, Henry VI, was to remain behind in Germany as regent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016479-83">[83]</a> At Mainz Frederick proclaimed a "general expedition against the pagans". He set the period of preparation as 17 April 1188 to 8 April 1189 and scheduled the army to assemble at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regensburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> on 23 April 1189.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016472%E2%80%93473-82">[82]</a> At Strasbourg, Frederick had imposed a small tax on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Jews of Germany</a> to fund the crusade. He also put the Jews under his protection and forbade anyone to preach against the Jews.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016471-81">[81]</a> When mobs threatened the Jews of Mainz on the eve of the assembly in March, Frederick sent the imperial marshal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_of_Kalden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry of Kalden">Henry of Kalden</a> to disperse them. Rabbi Moses then met with the emperor, which resulted in an imperial edict threatening maiming or death for anyone who maimed or killed a Jew. On 29 March, Frederick and the rabbi rode through the streets together. Frederick successfully prevented a repeat of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhineland_massacres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhineland massacres">massacres that had accompanied the First Crusade</a> and Second Crusade in Germany.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016473%E2%80%93474-84">[84]</a> Because Frederick had signed a treaty of friendship with Saladin in 1175,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016355-85">[85]</a> he felt it necessary to give Saladin notice of the termination of their alliance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[a]</a> On 26 May 1188, he sent Count <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Henry_II_of_Dietz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Henry II of Dietz (page does not exist)">Henry II of Dietz</a> to present an ultimatum to Saladin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016480%E2%80%93481-88">[87]</a> A few days after Christmas 1188, Frederick received Hungarian, Byzantine, Serbian and Seljuk envoys in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuremberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>. The Hungarians and Seljuks promised provisions and safe-conduct to the crusaders. The envoys of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a>, grand prince of Serbia, announced that their prince would receive Frederick in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ni%C5%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niš">Niš</a>. Only with difficulty was an agreement reached with the Byzantine envoy, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Kamateros_(logothetes_tou_dromou)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Kamateros (logothetes tou dromou)">John Kamateros</a>. Frederick sent a large embassy ahead to make preparations in Byzantium.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016480%E2%80%93481-88">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Barbarossana3krizovce_Ebulo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Barbarossana3krizovce_Ebulo.jpg/220px-Barbarossana3krizovce_Ebulo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="354"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Barbarossana3krizovce_Ebulo.jpg/220px-Barbarossana3krizovce_Ebulo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Barbarossana3krizovce_Ebulo.jpg/330px-Barbarossana3krizovce_Ebulo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Barbarossana3krizovce_Ebulo.jpg/440px-Barbarossana3krizovce_Ebulo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Frederick Barbarossa depicted during the Third Crusade </figcaption> </figure> On 15 April 1189 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haguenau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haguenau">Haguenau</a>, Frederick formally and symbolically accepted the staff and scrip of a pilgrim and set out.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016482-89">[88]</a> His crusade was "the most meticulously planned and organized" up to that time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016482-89">[88]</a> According to one source written in the 1220s, Frederick organized a grand army of 100,000 men (including 20,000 knights) and set out on the overland route to the Holy Land;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoud201019-90">[89]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Phillips66-91">[90]</a> This number is believed to be inaccurate by modern scholars using incomplete contemporary sources that place the size of his army at 12,000–15,000 men, including 3,000–4,000 knights.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoud201019-90">[89]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-army-92">[91]</a> On 11 May 1189, after the majority of his army had already departed toward Hungary on land, Frederick sailed from Regensburg down the River Danube. When he came to the village of Mauthausen, Frederick ordered the village to be burned for levying a toll on the crusader army.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The Crusaders then passed through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Bulgaria</a> before entering Byzantine territory. While in Hungary, Barbarossa personally asked the Hungarian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9za,_son_of_G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géza, son of Géza II of Hungary">Prince Géza</a>, brother of King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Béla III of Hungary">Béla III of Hungary</a>, to join the Crusade. The king agreed, and a Hungarian army of 2,000 men led by Géza escorted the German emperor's forces. Later on, Frederick camped in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thrace)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippopolis (Thrace)">Philippopolis</a>, then in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adrianople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a> in the autumn of 1189 to avoid the winter climate in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, in the meantime, he received imprisoned German emissaries who were held in Constantinople, and exchanged hostages with Isaac II, as a guarantee that the crusaders would not sack local settlements until they depart the Byzantine territory. In March 1190, Frederick left Adrianople for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallipoli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dardanelles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, to embark to Asia Minor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016494%E2%80%93504-94">[93]</a> The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia, where they were victorious at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Philomelion_(1190)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Philomelion (1190)">Battle of Philomelium</a> and defeated the Turks in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Iconium_(1190)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Iconium (1190)">Battle of Iconium</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[b]</a> eventually reaching as far as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cilician_Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilician Armenia">Cilician Armenia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoud2010111-97">[95]</a> The approach of Barbarossa's victorious German army greatly concerned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saladin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, who was forced to weaken his force at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">Siege of Acre</a> and send troops to the north to block the arrival of the Germans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoud201064-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Death_and_burials">Death and burials</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Death and burials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Emporer_Frederic_I_death.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Emporer_Frederic_I_death.jpg/220px-Emporer_Frederic_I_death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="2395"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Emporer_Frederic_I_death.jpg/220px-Emporer_Frederic_I_death.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Emporer_Frederic_I_death.jpg/330px-Emporer_Frederic_I_death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Emporer_Frederic_I_death.jpg/440px-Emporer_Frederic_I_death.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Barbarossa drowns in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saleph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleph">Saleph</a>, from the Gotha Manuscript of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxon_World_Chronicle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon World Chronicle">Saxon World Chronicle</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:JohannNepomukSepp_MeerfahrNachTyros1879_TyreCrusaderCathedralColumns_p257.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JohannNepomukSepp_MeerfahrNachTyros1879_TyreCrusaderCathedralColumns_p257.jpg/220px-JohannNepomukSepp_MeerfahrNachTyros1879_TyreCrusaderCathedralColumns_p257.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1548"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JohannNepomukSepp_MeerfahrNachTyros1879_TyreCrusaderCathedralColumns_p257.jpg/220px-JohannNepomukSepp_MeerfahrNachTyros1879_TyreCrusaderCathedralColumns_p257.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JohannNepomukSepp_MeerfahrNachTyros1879_TyreCrusaderCathedralColumns_p257.jpg/330px-JohannNepomukSepp_MeerfahrNachTyros1879_TyreCrusaderCathedralColumns_p257.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JohannNepomukSepp_MeerfahrNachTyros1879_TyreCrusaderCathedralColumns_p257.jpg/440px-JohannNepomukSepp_MeerfahrNachTyros1879_TyreCrusaderCathedralColumns_p257.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A German expedition led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Sepp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Nepomuk Sepp">Johann Nepomuk Sepp</a> to excavate the bones from the ruins of the Cathedral of Tyre, 1879 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gedenkstein_Barbarossa_G%C3%B6ksu02.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gedenkstein_Barbarossa_G%C3%B6ksu02.jpg/220px-Gedenkstein_Barbarossa_G%C3%B6ksu02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4404"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gedenkstein_Barbarossa_G%C3%B6ksu02.jpg/220px-Gedenkstein_Barbarossa_G%C3%B6ksu02.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gedenkstein_Barbarossa_G%C3%B6ksu02.jpg/330px-Gedenkstein_Barbarossa_G%C3%B6ksu02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gedenkstein_Barbarossa_G%C3%B6ksu02.jpg/440px-Gedenkstein_Barbarossa_G%C3%B6ksu02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa_Memorial_(Silifke)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick Barbarossa Memorial (Silifke)">Frederick Barbarossa Memorial</a>, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silifke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silifke">Silifke</a> in Mersin Province, southern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The text explains in Turkish and German how Frederick drowned nearby. </figcaption> </figure> Barbarossa opted on the local Armenians' advice to follow a shortcut along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saleph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleph">Saleph</a> River. Meanwhile, the army started to traverse the mountain path. On 10 June 1190, he drowned near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silifke_Castle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silifke Castle">Silifke Castle</a> in the Saleph River.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[97]</a> There are several conflicting accounts of the event:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <ul> <li>According to "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Expedition_of_the_Emperor_Frederick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick">Ansbert</a>",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[c]</a> against everyone's advice, the emperor chose to swim across the river and was swept away by the current.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016511%E2%80%93512-103">[100]</a></li> <li>Another account recorded that Frederick was thrown from his horse while crossing the river, weighed down by his armour, and drowned.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[101]</a></li> <li>According to the chronicler <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a>, "the king went down to the river to wash himself and was drowned at a place where the water was not even up to his waist. Thus God saved us from the evil of such a man".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[102]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[103]</a></li> <li>The writer of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letter_on_the_Death_of_the_Emperor_Frederick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick">Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick</a>, a churchman who accompanied the crusader forces,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[104]</a> reported that "after the many and terrible exertions that he [Frederick I] had undergone in the previous month and more, he decided to bathe in that same river, for he wanted to cool down with a swim. But by the secret judgment of God there was an unexpected and lamentable death and he drowned." Frederick, who liked to swim, as he went to bathe with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I, Duke of Bavaria">Otto of Wittelsbach</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adriatic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a>, might have been exhausted from weeks of marching, hence he was fatally affected by the very hot summer in Anatolia. If the writer was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Godfrey_of_Spitzenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Godfrey of Spitzenberg">Godfrey of Spitzenberg</a>, Bishop of Würzburg, who was a close confidant of Frederick, the report would be the most plausible account of what happened, since he might have witnessed the emperor's death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016512-108">[105]</a></li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a>, a historian of the Crusades, outlined Frederick's endeavors and Saladin's dilemma, in which he reported: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> While these were the varied fortunes of the first in the field, Frederick, the Roman emperor, set out on his journey by land with great power and a countless host of warriors. Passing over the borders of Germany, he crossed Hungary, Macedonia, and Greece and marched through the land of the Saracens with a mighty hand and a stretched-out arm. He took Iconium, Philomena, and many other cities, and reached Armenia, where, during great heat, he went into the river, which the natives call the Iron River, to bathe, and therein for our sins was miserably drowned, and so died to the loss of all Christendom. Saladin so greatly feared his approach that he ordered the walls of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latakia">Laodicia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jableh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jableh">Gibelet</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tartus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tartus">Tortosa</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byblos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byblos">Biblium</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beirut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beirut">Beyrout</a>, to be pulled down, sparing only the fortresses, that is the citadels and towers. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacques_de_Vitry2013110%E2%80%93111-109">[106]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> Frederick's death caused several thousand German soldiers to leave the force and return home through the Cilician and Syrian ports.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoud2010181-110">[107]</a> The German-Hungarian army was struck with an onset of disease near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antioch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, weakening it further.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoud2010181-110">[107]</a> Only 5,000 soldiers, a third of the original force, arrived in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Akko">Acre</a>. Barbarossa's son, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia">Frederick VI</a> of Swabia, carried on with the remnants of the German army, along with the Hungarian army under the command of Prince Géza, with the aim of burying the emperor in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, but efforts to preserve his body in vinegar failed. Hence, his flesh was interred in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Church_of_Cassian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Church of Cassian">Cathedral of Saint Peter</a> in Antioch, his bones in the Cathedral of Tyre, and his heart and inner organs in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_Church,_Tarsus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Paul's Church, Tarsus">Saint Paul's Church</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016512-108">[105]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[109]</a> The unexpected demise of Frederick left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_I_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard I of England">Richard</a>, who had traveled to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestine_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution. Richard continued to the East where he fought Saladin, winning territories along the shores of Palestine, but ultimately failed to win the war by conquering Jerusalem itself before he was forced to return to his own territories in north-western Europe, known to modern historians as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angevin_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>. He returned home after he signed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Ramla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ramla">Treaty of Ramla</a> agreeing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to visit the city. The treaty also reduced the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Latin Kingdom</a> to a geopolitical coastal strip extending from Tyre to Jaffa.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Frederick_and_the_Justinian_code">Frederick and the Justinian code</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Frederick and the Justinian code" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The increase in wealth of the trading cities of northern Italy led to a revival in the study of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justinian_Code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian Code">Justinian Code</a>, a Latin legal system that had become extinct centuries earlier. Legal scholars renewed its application. It is speculated that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> personally encouraged the Justinian rule of law and had a copy of it. The historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Cantor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Cantor">Norman Cantor</a> described <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> (Justinian Body of Civil Law) as "the greatest legal code ever devised".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[110]</a> It envisaged the law of the state as a reflection of natural moral law, the principle of rationality in the universe. By the time Frederick assumed the throne, this legal system was well established on both sides of the Alps. He was the first to use the availability of the new professional class of lawyers. The Civil Law allowed Frederick to use these lawyers to administer his kingdom in a logical and consistent manner. It also provided a framework to legitimize his claim to the right to rule both Germany and northern Italy. In the old days of Henry IV and Henry V, the claim of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> had been severely undermined by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Investiture_controversy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">Investiture controversy</a>. The Church had won that argument in the common man's mind. There was no divine right for the German king to also control the church by naming both bishops and popes. The institution of the Justinian code was used, perhaps unscrupulously, by Frederick to lay claim to divine powers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[111]</a> In Germany, Frederick was a political realist, taking what he could and leaving the rest. In Italy, he tended to be a romantic reactionary, reveling in the antiquarian spirit of the age, exemplified by a revival of classical studies and Roman law. It was through the use of the restored Justinian code that Frederick came to view himself as a new Roman emperor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Roman law gave a rational purpose for the existence of Frederick and his imperial ambitions. It was a counterweight to the claims of the Church to have authority because of divine revelation. The Church was opposed to Frederick for ideological reasons, not the least of which was the humanist nature found in the revival of the old Roman legal system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[113]</a> When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pepin_the_Short?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> sought to become king of the Franks in the 8th century, the church needed military protection, so Pepin found it convenient to make an ally of the pope. Frederick, however, desired to put the pope aside and claim the crown of old Rome simply because he was in the likeness of the great emperors of old, who tended to have a domineering role over the church, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caesaropapism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a> was naturally opposed to this view and undertook a vigorous propaganda campaign designed to diminish Frederick and his ambition. To a large extent, this was successful.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[114]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Economic policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Frederick did little to encourage economic development in Germany prior to the autumn of 1165. In that year he visited the lower Rhineland, the most economically advanced region in Germany. He had already travelled to northern Italy, the most economically advanced region in the Empire, three times. From 1165 on, Frederick pursued economic policies to encourage growth and trade. There is no question that his reign was a period of major economic growth in Germany, but it is impossible now to determine how much of that growth was owed to Frederick's policies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016370%E2%80%93374-118">[115]</a> The number of mints in Germany increased ninefold in the reign of Frederick and his son Henry, from about two dozen mints at the start of his reign to 215 mints in 1197 and from a mere two<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[d]</a> royal mints to 28. Frederick himself established at least twelve royal mints, including those of Aachen, Donauwörth, Ulm, Haguenau, Duisburg, Kaiserswerth, Frankfurt, Gelnhausen and Dortmund.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016370%E2%80%93374-118">[115]</a> He also granted privileges exempting the merchants of Aachen, Gelnhausen, Haguenau, Monza, Rome, Pisa and Venice<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[e]</a> from all tolls within the Empire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016369-121">[116]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Frederick_Barbarossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultural depictions of Frederick Barbarossa">Cultural depictions of Frederick Barbarossa</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Charismatic_leader">Charismatic leader</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Charismatic leader" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Barbarossa.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Barbarossa.jpg/220px-Barbarossa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 298px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Barbarossa.jpg/220px-Barbarossa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="298" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Barbarossa.jpg/330px-Barbarossa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Barbarossa.jpg/440px-Barbarossa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Frederick Barbarossa as a crusader, miniature from a copy of the Historia Hierosolymitana, 1188 </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_of_Freising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto of Freising">Otto of Freising</a>, Frederick's uncle, wrote an account of his reign entitled Gesta Friderici I imperatoris (Deeds of the Emperor Frederick), which is considered to be an accurate history of the king. Otto's other major work, the Chronica sive Historia de duabus civitatibus (Chronicle or History of the Two Cities) had been an exposition of the Civitas Dei (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_City_of_God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The City of God">The City of God</a>) of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, full of Augustinian negativity concerning the nature of the world and history. His work on Frederick is of opposite tone, being an optimistic portrayal of the glorious potentials of imperial authority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[117]</a> Otto died after finishing the first two books, leaving the last two to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rahewin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rahewin">Rahewin</a>, his provost. Rahewin's text is in places heavily dependent on classical precedent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[118]</a> For example, Rahewin's physical description of Frederick reproduces word-for-word (except for details of hair and beard) a description of another monarch, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodoric_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodoric II">Theodoric II</a> written nearly eight hundred years earlier by Sidonius Apollinaris:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[119]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> His character is such that not even those envious of his power can belittle its praise. His person is well-proportioned. He is shorter than very tall men, but taller and more noble than men of medium height. His hair is golden, curling a little above his forehead ... His eyes are sharp and piercing, his beard reddish [barba subrufa], his lips delicate ... His whole face is bright and cheerful. His teeth are even and snow-white in color ... Modesty rather than anger causes him to blush frequently. His shoulders are rather broad, and he is strongly built ... </blockquote> In the opinion of Norman Cantor, Frederick's charisma led to a fantastic juggling act that, over a quarter of a century, restored the imperial authority in the German states. His formidable enemies defeated him on almost every side, yet in the end he emerged triumphant. When Frederick came to the throne, the prospects for the revival of German imperial power were extremely thin. The great German princes had increased their power and land holdings. The king had been left with only the traditional family domains and a vestige of power over the bishops and abbeys. The backwash of the Investiture controversy had left the German states in continuous turmoil. Rival states were in perpetual war. These conditions allowed Frederick to be both warrior and occasional peace-maker, both to his advantage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-harvp%7CCantor%7C1969%7Cpp=428%E2%80%93429-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Legend">Legend</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Legend" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Barbarossa01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Barbarossa01.jpg/220px-Barbarossa01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Barbarossa01.jpg/220px-Barbarossa01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Barbarossa01.jpg/330px-Barbarossa01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Barbarossa01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Frederick sends out the boy to see whether the ravens still fly. </figcaption> </figure> Frederick is the subject of many legends, including that of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_asleep_in_mountain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King asleep in mountain">Kyffhäuser legend</a>. Legend says he is not dead, but asleep with his knights in a cave in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4user?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyffhäuser">Kyffhäuser</a> mountains in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thuringia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> or Mount <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Untersberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Untersberg">Untersberg</a> at the border between Bavaria, Germany, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salzburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and that when the ravens cease to fly around the mountain he will awake and restore Germany to its ancient greatness. According to the story, his red beard has grown through the table at which he sits. His eyes are half closed in sleep, but now and then he raises his hand and sends a boy out to see if the ravens have stopped flying.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[120]</a> A similar story, set in Sicily, was earlier attested about his grandson, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[121]</a> To garner political support the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> built atop the Kyffhäuser the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4user_Monument?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyffhäuser Monument">Kyffhäuser Monument</a>, which declared <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm I">Kaiser Wilhelm I</a> the reincarnation of Frederick; the 1896 dedication occurred on 18 June, the day of Frederick's coronation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[122]</a> In medieval Europe, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golden_Legend?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a> became refined by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacopo_da_Voragine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacopo da Voragine">Jacopo da Voragine</a>. This was a popularized interpretation of the Biblical end of the world. It consisted of three things: (1) terrible natural disasters; (2) the arrival of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antichrist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>; (3) the establishment of a good king to combat the anti-Christ. These millennial fables were common and freely traded by the populations on Continental Europe. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eschatology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eschatology">End-time</a> accounts had been around for thousands of years, but entered the Christian tradition with the writings of the Apostle Peter. German propaganda played into the exaggerated fables believed by the common people by characterizing Frederick Barbarossa and Frederick II as personification of the "good king".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[123]</a> Another legend states that when Barbarossa was in the process of seizing Milan in 1158, his wife, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy">Empress Beatrice</a>, was taken captive by the enraged Milanese and forced to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parading_on_donkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parading on donkey">ride through the city on a donkey</a> in a humiliating manner. Some sources of this legend indicate that Barbarossa implemented his revenge for this insult by forcing the magistrates of the city to remove a fig from the anus of a donkey using only their teeth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[124]</a> Another source states that Barbarossa took his wrath upon every able-bodied man in the city, and that it was not a fig they were forced to hold in their mouth, but excrement from the donkey. To add to this debasement, they were made to announce, "Ecco la fica" (meaning "behold the fig"), with the feces still in their mouths. It used to be said that the insulting gesture (called fico), of holding one's fist with the thumb in between the middle and forefinger came by its origin from this event.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Frederick's legend was further reinforced in the early twentieth century, when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> after him. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Historiography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Scholarly evaluations of Frederick</a> began in the nineteenth century, but have been hampered by the unfortunate deaths of key researchers who did not have the chance to complete their works (such as Henry Simonsfeld who died in 1913, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Giesebrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm von Giesebrecht">Wilhelm von Giesebrecht</a> who died in 1889 and Johannes Laudage who died in an accident in 2008).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016xxxi%E2%80%93xxxiii-131">[126]</a> Nevertheless, the two volumes about Frederick (that focus on his relationship with the Welfs and the Papacy) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Giesebrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm von Giesebrecht">Wilhelm von Giesebrecht</a>'s Geschichte der Deutschen Kaiserzeit (1855–88), completed by his student Bernhard von Simson in 1895, later became the scholarly standard work on the emperor's life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016xxxi%E2%80%93xxxiii-131">[126]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B6richWihoda2017191,_192-132">[127]</a> In 1975, Frederick's charters were published. This and the postwar abandonment of the Kyffhäuser myth have led to the publications of several new biographies. The notable recent authorities among German-speaking historians include Ferdinand Opll,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016xxxi%E2%80%93xxxiii-131">[126]</a> Johannes Laudage,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[128]</a> and Knut Görich.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Loud-134">[129]</a> Opll's Friedrich Barbarossa (1990) presents the emperor as a pragmatic leader with a capacity of adaptation and recovery after defeat.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpll1990299%E2%80%93308-135">[130]</a> Laudage investigates the important role of the concept of honour in Frederick's decisions while explaining the far-reaching visions of the emperor and his advisers,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaudage200920%E2%80%9346,_214%E2%80%93242-136">[131]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[132]</a> while Görich (who also emphasizes the honour, or honor imperii factor) questions whether traditional researchers have overemphasized the intentional side of Frederick's politics and instead highlights his flexibility and consensus-building capability as a leader.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B6rich2001145%E2%80%93220,_349%E2%80%93362)-138">[133]</a> In Italy, the scholarly attention towards Frederick's person and his reign is also considerable,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schumann-139">[134]</a> with notable contributions including Franco Cardini's sympathetic 1985 biography<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[135]</a> or the 1982 work Federico Barbarossa nel dibattito storiografico in Italia e in Germania, edited by Manselli and Riedmann, considered by Schumann to be a definite synthesis of non-nationally oriented historiography approaches (combining German and Italian research results) of the last forty years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schumann-139">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Artistic_depictions">Artistic depictions</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Artistic depictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Friedrich_I._Barbarossa_(Christian_Siedentopf,_1847).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Friedrich_I._Barbarossa_%28Christian_Siedentopf%2C_1847%29.jpg/220px-Friedrich_I._Barbarossa_%28Christian_Siedentopf%2C_1847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="2888"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 321px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Friedrich_I._Barbarossa_%28Christian_Siedentopf%2C_1847%29.jpg/220px-Friedrich_I._Barbarossa_%28Christian_Siedentopf%2C_1847%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="321" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Friedrich_I._Barbarossa_%28Christian_Siedentopf%2C_1847%29.jpg/330px-Friedrich_I._Barbarossa_%28Christian_Siedentopf%2C_1847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Friedrich_I._Barbarossa_%28Christian_Siedentopf%2C_1847%29.jpg/440px-Friedrich_I._Barbarossa_%28Christian_Siedentopf%2C_1847%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Painting of Friedrich I. Barbarossa (Christian Siedentopf, 1847) </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Hugo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s romantic play <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Les_Burgraves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Les Burgraves">Les Burgraves</a> (1843), Frederick (as character Frédéric de Hohenstaufen) returns many years after he was presumed dead, as expected by some medieval legends.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrus_Townsend_Brady?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyrus Townsend Brady">Cyrus Townsend Brady</a>'s Hohenzollern; a Story of the Time of Frederick Barbarossa (1901) begins with a dedication to "the descendants of the great Germanic race who in Europe, in America, and in the Far East rule the world".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hohenzollern_big_a04-142">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_of_Unreason?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land of Unreason">Land of Unreason</a> (1941), by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fletcher_Pratt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fletcher Pratt">Fletcher Pratt</a>, mentions the castle of the Kyffhäuser.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umberto_Eco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>'s novel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baudolino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baudolino">Baudolino</a> (2000) is set partly at Frederick's court, and also deals with the mystery of Frederick's death. The imaginary hero, Baudolino, is the Emperor's adopted son and confidant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[139]</a></li> <li>In the 2009 movie <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbarossa_(film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbarossa (film)">Barbarossa</a> (also titled Sword of War and Barbarossa: Siege Lord), Barbarossa is one of the main characters, played by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutger_Hauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutger Hauer">Rutger Hauer</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-145">[140]</a></li> <li>The German broadcaster <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Welle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> (DW) 2018 documentary (The Germans), featured Frederick I in its 3rd of 6 episodes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-146">[141]</a></li> <li>Recently, to commemorate the emperor, the Supply Battalion 131 (called "Battalion Barbarossa") of the Kyffhäuser barracks (Kyffhäuser-Kaserne, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundeswehr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a>) built a huge <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoglyph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoglyph">ground artwork</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bad_Frankenhausen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bad Frankenhausen">Bad Frankenhausen</a>, which uses among other things 300 roles of fabric (each 100 meters long). The mission was named Rotbart ("Redbeard").<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[142]</a></li> <li>In the video game series, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilization_(series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civilization (series)">Sid Meier's Civilization</a>, Barbarossa makes an appearance as a playable leader in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilization_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civilization VI">Civilization VI</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ancestry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style> <div class="noresize"> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Frederick Barbarossa</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="28" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="13"></td> <td rowspan="12" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="5"></td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2"></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_of_B%C3%BCren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick of Büren">Frederick of Büren</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick I, Duke of Swabia">Frederick I, Duke of Swabia</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. Hildegard of Egisheim-Dagsburg</td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick II, Duke of Swabia">Frederick II, Duke of Swabia</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="14" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnes of Waiblingen">Agnes of Waiblingen</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="7"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bertha_of_Savoy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bertha of Savoy">Bertha of Savoy</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Frederick Barbarossa</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="11"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="28" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"></td> <td rowspan="14" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="7"></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welf_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welf I, Duke of Bavaria">Welf I, Duke of Bavaria</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_IX_of_Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IX of Bavaria">Henry IX of Bavaria</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judith_of_Flanders_(died_1095)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judith of Flanders (died 1095)">Judith of Flanders</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judith_of_Bavaria,_Duchess_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia">Judith of Bavaria, Duchess of Swabia</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="7"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="13"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="12" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"></td> <td rowspan="6" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_Saxony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnus, Duke of Saxony">Magnus, Duke of Saxony</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wulfhilde_of_Saxony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wulfhilde of Saxony">Wulfhilde of Saxony</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="5"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4"></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sophia_of_Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sophia of Hungary">Sophia of Hungary</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Children">Children</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Children" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Frederick's first marriage, to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adelheid_of_Vohburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelheid of Vohburg">Adelheid of Vohburg</a>, did not produce any children and was annulled.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Napran55-148">[143]</a> From his second marriage to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy">Beatrice of Burgundy</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Napran55-148">[143]</a> he had the following children:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[144]</a> <ol> <li>Beatrice (end 1162/early 1163 – at least early 1174/1179). King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William II of Sicily">William II of Sicily</a> first asked for her hand, but the marriage negotiations never came through.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_V,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick V, Duke of Swabia">Frederick V, Duke of Swabia</a> (Pavia, 16 July 1164 – 28 November 1170).</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (Nijmegen, November 1165 – Messina, 28 September 1197).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Napran55-148">[143]</a></li> <li>Conrad (Modigliana, February 1167 – Acre, 20 January 1191), later renamed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia">Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia</a> after the death of his older brother.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Napran55-148">[143]</a></li> <li>Gisela (October/November 1168 – end 1184). She was betrothed to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_I_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard I of England">Richard, Count of Poitou</a> (later King of England) but died before they could be married.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto I, Count of Burgundy</a> (June/July 1170 – killed, Besançon, 13 January 1200).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Napran55-148">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conrad_II,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conrad II, Duke of Swabia">Conrad II, Duke of Swabia</a> and Rothenburg (February/March 1172 – killed, Durlach, 15 August 1196).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Napran55-148">[143]</a></li> <li>Renaud (October/November 1173 – before April 1174/soon after October 1178).</li> <li>William (June/July 1175 – soon after October 1178).</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip</a> (February/March 1177 – killed, Bamberg, 21 June 1208) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> in 1198.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Napran55-148">[143]</a></li> <li>Agnes (early 1179 – 8 October 1184). She was betrothed to King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emeric_of_Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeric of Hungary">Emeric of Hungary</a>, but died before they could be married.</li> <li>Possibly Clemence, wife of Sancho VII of Navarre.</li> </ol> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_monarchs_family_tree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="German monarchs family tree">German monarchs family tree</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dukes_of_Swabia_family_tree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Swabia family tree">Dukes of Swabia family tree</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the codename of the German invasion of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1941,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-150">[145]</a> named after the emperor by Hitler<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016xvii-151">[146]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> There is a published correspondence, almost certainly forged, between Frederick and Saladin concerning the end of their friendship.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016626_n.44-86">[86]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> Seljuk Sultan <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilij Arslan II">Kilij Arslan II</a> promised the armies of the Third Crusade, led by Frederick Barbarossa to freely pass through his territories; however, his sons who were local chieftains disagreed and fought against the Crusaders at the Battle of Philomelion and Battle of Iconium.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[94]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> "Ansbert" is an Austrian cleric, who wrote The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick, based on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tageno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tageno">Tageno</a>'s diary, the dean of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Passau_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Passau Cathedral">Passau Cathedral</a> who accompanied the crusaders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016626-101">[99]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-119">^</a> Those of Goslar and Nuremberg were the only royal mints operating in the reign of Conrad III.</li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">^</a> All of these were cities of the Empire except for Venice.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Moraw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Moraw">Peter Moraw</a>, Heiliges Reich, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, vol. 4, pp. 2025–2028.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFIbaJohnson2015">Iba & Johnson (2015)</a>, p. 29</li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/federico-i-imperatore-detto-il-barbarossa">"Federico I imperatore, detto il Barbarossa nell'Enciclopedia Treccani"</a>. www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 28 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Federico+I+imperatore%2C+detto+il+Barbarossa+nell%27Enciclopedia+Treccani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Ffederico-i-imperatore-detto-il-barbarossa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchindlerStieldorf2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schindler, Andrea; Stieldorf, Andrea (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUNKgCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13">WeltkulturerbeN: Formen, Funktionen und Objekte kulturellen Erinnerns im und an das Mittelalter ; Vorträge der Ringvorlesung des Zentrums für Mittelalterstudien der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg im Sommersemester 2013</a> (in German). University of Bamberg Press. pp. 9–14. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86309-385-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86309-385-3"><bdi>978-3-86309-385-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WeltkulturerbeN%3A+Formen%2C+Funktionen+und+Objekte+kulturellen+Erinnerns+im+und+an+das+Mittelalter+%3B+Vortr%C3%A4ge+der+Ringvorlesung+des+Zentrums+f%C3%BCr+Mittelalterstudien+der+Otto-Friedrich-Universit%C3%A4t+Bamberg+im+Sommersemester+2013&rft.pages=9-14&rft.pub=University+of+Bamberg+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-86309-385-3&rft.aulast=Schindler&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Stieldorf%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNKgCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemens2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clemens, Gabriele B. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DyLNHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67">Geschichte des Risorgimento: Italiens Weg in die Moderne (1770–1870)</a> (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 67. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-52094-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-52094-6"><bdi>978-3-412-52094-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Risorgimento%3A+Italiens+Weg+in+die+Moderne+%281770%E2%80%931870%29&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-412-52094-6&rft.aulast=Clemens&rft.aufirst=Gabriele+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyLNHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchloon2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schloon, Jutta Saima (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCC2aDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT186">Modernes Mittelalter: Mediävalismus im Werk Stefan Georges</a> (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 186. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-061913-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-061913-3"><bdi>978-3-11-061913-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernes+Mittelalter%3A+Medi%C3%A4valismus+im+Werk+Stefan+Georges&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-11-061913-3&rft.aulast=Schloon&rft.aufirst=Jutta+Saima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCC2aDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201615-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed201615_7-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. 15.</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDahmus1969">Dahmus (1969)</a>, pp. 300–302</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGörich20159–33-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B6rich20159%E2%80%9333_9-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFG%C3%B6rich2015">Görich 2015</a>, pp. 9–33.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201643–45-10">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed201643%E2%80%9345_10-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed201643%E2%80%9345_10-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, pp. 43–45.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed201651–53-11">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353_11-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353_11-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353_11-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353_11-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353_11-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed201651%E2%80%9353_11-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, pp. 51–53.</li> <li id="cite_note-Comyn,_pg._200-12">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._200_12-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._200_12-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._200_12-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 200</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLe_Goff2000">Le Goff (2000)</a>, p. 266</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-harvp%7CCantor%7C1969%7Cpp=428%E2%80%93429_16-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCantor1969">Cantor (1969)</a>, pp. 428–429</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDahmus1969">Dahmus (1969)</a>, p. 359</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBrown1972">Brown (1972)</a></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDavis1957">Davis (1957)</a>, pp. 318–319</li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Chisholm|1911|p=45-20">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-harvp%7CChisholm%7C1911%7Cp=45_20-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-harvp%7CChisholm%7C1911%7Cp=45_20-1">b</a> <a 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUa_Clerigh1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ua Clerigh, Arthur (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Adrian_IV">"Pope Adrian IV" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Adrian+IV&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ua+Clerigh&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 235</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 236</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 238</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 240</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-I-Holy-Roman-emperor">"Frederick I | Holy Roman emperor"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Frederick+I+%7C+Holy+Roman+emperor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFrederick-I-Holy-Roman-emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 241</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 242</li> <li id="cite_note-Comyn,_pg._243-45">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._243_45-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._243_45-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 243</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMadden2016">Madden (2016)</a>, p. 328</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMunz1969">Munz (1969)</a>, p. 228</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDavis1957">Davis (1957)</a>, pp. 326–327</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 245</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 246</li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.2006" class="citation book cs1">L., Cardoza, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/635625239">Storia di Torino</a>. Giulio Einaudi editore. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-06-18123-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/88-06-18123-8"><bdi>88-06-18123-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635625239">635625239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+di+Torino&rft.pub=Giulio+Einaudi+editore&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F635625239&rft.isbn=88-06-18123-8&rft.aulast=L.&rft.aufirst=Cardoza%2C+Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F635625239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 247</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 248</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 249</li> <li id="cite_note-Comyn,_pg._250-55">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._250_55-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._250_55-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 250</li> <li id="cite_note-Comyn,_pg._251-56">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._251_56-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Comyn,_pg._251_56-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 251</li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> See entry for the contemporary chroniclers, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottone_and_Acerbo_Morena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottone and Acerbo Morena">Ottone and Acerbo Morena</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 252</li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 253</li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLeyser1988">Leyser (1988)</a>, p. 157</li> <li id="cite_note-Kampers_6252b-61">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kampers_6252b_61-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Kampers_6252b_61-1">b</a> Kampers, Franz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06252b.htm">"Frederick I (Barbarossa)"</a>. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 21 May 2009.</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLe_Goff2000">Le Goff (2000)</a>, p. 104</li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> Reprint of B. Arthaud. La civilization de l'Occident medieval, Paris, 1964.</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 257</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDavis1957">Davis (1957)</a>, pp. 332 et seq.</li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBrown1972">Brown (1972)</a>, pp. 164–165</li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 260</li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/">Yale Avalon project</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLe_Goff2000">Le Goff (2000)</a>, pp. 96–97</li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 263</li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDavis1957">Davis (1957)</a>, p. 333</li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFriedrich2003">Friedrich (2003)</a>, p. 5</li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 264</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCantor1969">Cantor (1969)</a>, pp. 433–434</li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLe_Goff2000">Le Goff (2000)</a>, pp. 102–103</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCantor1969">Cantor (1969)</a>, p. 429</li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 262</li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDahmus1969">Dahmus (1969)</a>, p. 240</li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 265</li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFComyn1851">Comyn (1851)</a>, p. 266</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016471-81">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016471_81-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016471_81-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. 471.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016472–473-82">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016472%E2%80%93473_82-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016472%E2%80%93473_82-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, pp. 472–473.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016479-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016479_83-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. 479.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016473–474-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016473%E2%80%93474_84-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, pp. 473–474.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016355-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016355_85-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. 355.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016626_n.44-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016626_n.44_86-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. 626 n.44.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016480–481-88">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016480%E2%80%93481_88-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016480%E2%80%93481_88-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, pp. 480–481.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016482-89">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016482_89-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016482_89-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. 482.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoud201019-90">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoud201019_90-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoud201019_90-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLoud2010">Loud 2010</a>, p. 19.</li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips66-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Phillips66_91-0">^</a> J. Phillips, The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople, 66</li> <li id="cite_note-army-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-army_92-0">^</a> Konstam, Historical Atlas of the Crusades, 162</li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> Loud, p. 47</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016494–504-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016494%E2%80%93504_94-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, pp. 494–504.</li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.turkishhan.org/history.htm">"History of the Anatolian Seljuks"</a>. turkishhan.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turkishhan.org&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Anatolian+Seljuks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishhan.org%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoud2010111-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoud2010111_97-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLoud2010">Loud 2010</a>, p. 111.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoud201064-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoud201064_98-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLoud2010">Loud 2010</a>, p. 64.</li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> The medieval sources on Fredericks's death are discussed in: Manuel Kamenzin: Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150–1349). Ostfildern 2020, 355–380. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/mf64/0356/image,info">online</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickman" class="citation web cs1">Hickman, Kennedy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.thoughtco.com/crusades-frederick-i-barbarossa-2360678">"Biography of Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor"</a>. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Frederick+I+Barbarossa%2C+Holy+Roman+Emperor&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fcrusades-frederick-i-barbarossa-2360678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016626-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016626_101-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. 626.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016511–512-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016511%E2%80%93512_103-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, pp. 511–512.</li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Onapolis2019" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Onapolis (2019). The Knights Templar: The Priceless Treasure Discovered. Lulu.com. p. 74. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780359508723?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780359508723"><bdi>9780359508723</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Templar%3A+The+Priceless+Treasure+Discovered&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780359508723&rft.au=Kenneth+Onapolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_ChildMartyn_John_WhittockNigel_Kelly1992" class="citation book cs1">John Child; Martyn John Whittock; Nigel Kelly (1992). The Crusades. Heinemann. p. 28. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435312831?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780435312831"><bdi>9780435312831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780435312831&rft.au=John+Child&rft.au=Martyn+John+Whittock&rft.au=Nigel+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/stream/Alkamil_Fi_Tarikh/kamilt10%23page/n194/mode/2up">The Complete History</a> (in Arabic). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ali ibn al-Athir</a>. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+History&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Ali+ibn+al-Athir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAlkamil_Fi_Tarikh%2Fkamilt10%23page%2Fn194%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://thehaskinssociety.wildapricot.org/resources/Documents/Translated%2520Sources/Primary%2520Sources/Letter%2520on%2520the%2520Death%2520of%2520Frederick%2520Barbarossa.pdf">"Letter on the Sacred Expedition of the Emperor Frederick I"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://thehaskinssociety.wildapricot.org/resources/Documents/Translated%2520Sources/Primary%2520Sources/Letter%2520on%2520the%2520Death%2520of%2520Frederick%2520Barbarossa.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+on+the+Sacred+Expedition+of+the+Emperor+Frederick+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehaskinssociety.wildapricot.org%2Fresources%2FDocuments%2FTranslated%2520Sources%2FPrimary%2520Sources%2FLetter%2520on%2520the%2520Death%2520of%2520Frederick%2520Barbarossa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016512-108">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016512_108-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016512_108-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. 512.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacques_de_Vitry2013110–111-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacques_de_Vitry2013110%E2%80%93111_109-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJacques_de_Vitry2013">Jacques de Vitry 2013</a>, pp. 110–111.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoud2010181-110">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoud2010181_110-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoud2010181_110-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLoud2010">Loud 2010</a>, p. 181.</li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltaner2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Altaner, Jan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.goethe.de/ins/lb/de/kul/sup/spu/20928357.html">"Deutsche Spuren im Libanon: Auf den Spuren Barbarossas – Deutsche Kaiser-Gebeine in Tyros?"</a>. Goethe-Institut Libanon (in German). Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goethe-Institut+Libanon&rft.atitle=Deutsche+Spuren+im+Libanon%3A+Auf+den+Spuren+Barbarossas+%E2%80%93+Deutsche+Kaiser-Gebeine+in+Tyros%3F&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Altaner&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethe.de%2Fins%2Flb%2Fde%2Fkul%2Fsup%2Fspu%2F20928357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stauferstelen.net/texts/staufergraeber-d.htm%232012">"Staufergräber – Anlagen"</a>. stauferstelen.net (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stauferstelen.net&rft.atitle=Staufergr%C3%A4ber+%E2%80%93+Anlagen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstauferstelen.net%2Ftexts%2Fstaufergraeber-d.htm%232012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor1993" class="citation book cs1">Cantor, Norman F. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D5tQYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522greatest%2Blegal%2Bcode%2Bever%2522">The Civilization of the Middle Ages</a>. New York: HarperCollins. p. 309. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060170336?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0060170336"><bdi>0060170336</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0060170336&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5tQYAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522greatest%2Blegal%2Bcode%2Bever%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCantor1969">Cantor (1969)</a>, pp. 340–342</li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDavis1957">Davis (1957)</a>, p. 332</li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDavis1957">Davis (1957)</a>, p. 324</li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDavis1957">Davis (1957)</a>, p. 325</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016370–374-118">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016370%E2%80%93374_118-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016370%E2%80%93374_118-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, pp. 370–374.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016369-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016369_121-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. 369.</li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCantor1969">Cantor (1969)</a>, pp. 359–360</li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCantor1969">Cantor (1969)</a>, p. 360</li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a>, Epistles 1.2, a description of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodoric_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodoric II">Theodoric II</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Visigoths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> (453–466). See Mierow and Emery (1953) p. 331.</li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBrown1972">Brown (1972)</a>, p. 172</li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernst_Hartwig_Kantorowicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a>, Frederick II; last chapter</li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFJarausch1997">Jarausch (1997)</a>, p. 35</li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLe_Goff2000">Le Goff (2000)</a>, p. 190</li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWalfordCoxApperson1885">Walford, Cox & Apperson (1885)</a>, p. 119</li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNovobatzkyShea2001">Novobatzky & Shea (2001)</a></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016xxxi–xxxiii-131">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016xxxi%E2%80%93xxxiii_131-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016xxxi%E2%80%93xxxiii_131-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016xxxi%E2%80%93xxxiii_131-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, pp. xxxi–xxxiii.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGörichWihoda2017191,_192-132"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEG%C3%B6richWihoda2017191,_192_132-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFG%C3%B6richWihoda2017">Görich & Wihoda 2017</a>, pp. 191, 192.</li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütte2009" class="citation book cs1">Schütte, Bernd (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-13099">J. Laudage: Friedrich Barbarossa</a>. F. Pustet. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783791721675?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9783791721675"><bdi>9783791721675</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+Laudage%3A+Friedrich+Barbarossa&rft.pub=F.+Pustet&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783791721675&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCtte&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsozkult.de%2Fpublicationreview%2Fid%2Freb-13099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Loud-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Loud_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoud" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graham_Loud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graham Loud">Loud, Graham A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/ploneimport2_derivate_00005626/goerich_loud.doc.pdf">"Knut Görich, Friedrich Barbarossa. Eine Biographie, München (C. H. Beck) 2011"</a> (PDF). Francia-Recensio 2012/3 Mittelalter – Moyen Âge (500–1500). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/ploneimport2_derivate_00005626/goerich_loud.doc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Francia-Recensio+2012%2F3+Mittelalter+%E2%80%93+Moyen+%C3%82ge+%28500%E2%80%931500%29&rft.atitle=Knut+G%C3%B6rich%2C+Friedrich+Barbarossa.+Eine+Biographie%2C+M%C3%BCnchen+%28C.+H.+Beck%29+2011&rft.aulast=Loud&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperspectivia.net%2Fservlets%2FMCRFileNodeServlet%2Fploneimport2_derivate_00005626%2Fgoerich_loud.doc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOpll1990299–308-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOpll1990299%E2%80%93308_135-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFOpll1990">Opll 1990</a>, pp. 299–308.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaudage200920–46,_214–242-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaudage200920%E2%80%9346,_214%E2%80%93242_136-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFLaudage2009">Laudage 2009</a>, pp. 20–46, 214–242.</li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchütte2009" class="citation book cs1">Schütte, Bernd (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-13099">J. Laudage: Friedrich Barbarossa</a>. Pustet. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783791721675?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9783791721675"><bdi>9783791721675</bdi></a>. 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Barbarossa, Kaiser des Abendlandes"</a>. Mediaevistik. 7: 351–354. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0934-7453">0934-7453</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42584249">42584249</a>. 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Laura Napran, (Boydell Press, 2005), 55 note245.</li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">^</a> Erwin Assmann: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.digizeitschriften.de/dms/img/?PID%3DGDZPPN000357243%26physid%3Dphys463%23navi">Friedrich Barbarossas Kinder</a> In: German Archives for Research into the Middle Ages, Vol. 33 (1977), pp. 435–472, footnote p. 459.</li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFKershaw2001">Kershaw (2001)</a>, p. 335</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreed2016xvii-151"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreed2016xvii_151-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFreed2016">Freed 2016</a>, p. xvii.</li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <dl> <dt> Primary sources </dt> </dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_of_Freising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto of Freising">Otto of Freising</a> and his continuator Rahewin, The deeds of Frederick Barbarossa tr. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Christopher_Mierow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Christopher Mierow">Charles Christopher Mierow</a> with Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romuald_Guarna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romuald Guarna">Romuald of Salerno</a>. Chronicon in Rerum Italicarum scriptores.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_of_Sankt_Blasien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto of Sankt Blasien">Otto of Sankt Blasien</a></li> <li>The "Bergamo Master". Carmen de gestis Frederici I imperatoris in Lombardia.</li> <li>Chronicon Vincentii Canonici Pragensis in Monumenta historica Boemiae by Fr. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gelasius_Dobner&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gelasius Dobner (page does not exist)">Gelasius Dobner</a> (1764)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.enricopantalone.com/ladistruzionedimilanoelesueconseguenze.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813052336/http://www.enricopantalone.com/ladistruzionedimilanoelesueconseguenze.html">Archived</a> 13 August 2014 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Storia_di_Milano/Capitolo_VII">[2]</a></li> </ul> </div> <dl> <dt> Secondary sources </dt> </dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnaldiArnaldi2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girolamo_Arnaldi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girolamo Arnaldi">Arnaldi, Girolamo</a>; Arnaldi, Professor Emeritus of Medieval History Girolamo (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DcATzuPuk1OMC">Italy and Its Invaders</a>. 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Barbarossa: Kaiser des Abendlandes</a> (in German). Verlag Styria. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-222-11971-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-222-11971-2"><bdi>978-3-222-11971-2</bdi></a>. 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University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+Barbarossa+and+the+Hohenstaufen+Polity&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Leyser&rft.aufirst=Karl+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoud2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graham_Loud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graham Loud">Loud, G. A.</a> (2010). The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Farnham,_Surrey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnham, Surrey">Farnham, Surrey</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754665755?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780754665755"><bdi>9780754665755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusade+of+Frederick+Barbarossa%3A+The+History+of+the+Expedition+of+the+Emperor+Frederick+and+Related+Texts&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780754665755&rft.aulast=Loud&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2016" class="citation book cs1">Madden, Thomas F. (2016). "Alexander III and Venice". In Duggan, Anne J.; Clarke, Peter D. (eds.). Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival. Routledge. pp. 315–340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+III+and+Venice&rft.btitle=Pope+Alexander+III+%281159%E2%80%9381%29%3A+The+Art+of+Survival&rft.pages=315-340&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raoul_Manselli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raoul Manselli">Manselli, Raoul</a>, and Josef Riedmann, eds. Federico Barbarossa nel dibattito storiografico in Italia e in Germania. Bologna: Il Mulino, 1982.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunz1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Munz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Munz">Munz, Peter</a> (1969). Frederick Barbarossa: a Study in Medieval Politics. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+Barbarossa%3A+a+Study+in+Medieval+Politics&rft.place=Ithaca+and+London&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Munz&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovobatzkyShea2001" class="citation book cs1">Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780156011495">Depraved and Insulting English</a>. Orlando: Harcourt. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780156011495?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780156011495"><bdi>9780156011495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Depraved+and+Insulting+English&rft.place=Orlando&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780156011495&rft.aulast=Novobatzky&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Shea%2C+Ammon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780156011495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpll1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Opll, Ferdinand (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DvfUAAAAAMAAJ">Das Itinerar Kaiser Friedrich Barbarossas (1152–1190)</a> (in German). Böhlau. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-205-08715-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-205-08715-1"><bdi>978-3-205-08715-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Itinerar+Kaiser+Friedrich+Barbarossas+%281152%E2%80%931190%29&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-3-205-08715-1&rft.aulast=Opll&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvfUAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpll1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Opll, Ferdinand (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DlXofAAAAMAAJ">Friedrich Barbarossa</a> (in German). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 299–308. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-04131-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-04131-2"><bdi>978-3-534-04131-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Barbarossa&rft.pages=299-308&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-534-04131-2&rft.aulast=Opll&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlXofAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalfordCoxApperson1885" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Walford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Walford">Walford, Edward</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Charles_Cox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Charles Cox">Cox, John Charles</a>; Apperson, George Latimer (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/stream/antiquary11slsniala%23page/118/mode/2up">"Digit folklore, part II"</a>. The Antiquary. XI: 119–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Antiquary&rft.atitle=Digit+folklore%2C+part+II&rft.volume=XI&rft.pages=119-123&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Walford&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Cox%2C+John+Charles&rft.au=Apperson%2C+George+Latimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fantiquary11slsniala%23page%2F118%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederick+Barbarossa" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_I._Barbarossa" class="extiw" title="commons:Friedrich I. Barbarossa">Friedrich I. Barbarossa</a>. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Frederick_I" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Frederick I">Frédéric Barberousse</a> </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561996/Frederick_I_(Holy_Roman_Empire).html">MSN Encarta – Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028224305/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561996/Frederick_I_(Holy_Roman_Empire).html">Archived</a> 2009-10-31)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.authorama.com/famous-men-of-the-middle-ages-22.html">Famous Men of the Middle Ages – Frederick Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%25226109%2522/height/%25226109%2522/url/%2522http:%257B%257C%257D%257B%257C%257D137.248.186.134%257B%257C%257Dlba-cgi-local%257B%257C%257Dpic.sh%257B-%257Djpg%257B%257C%257DE4969.jpg%2522">Charter given by Emperor Frederick</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030610/http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%25226109%2522/height/%25226109%2522/url/%2522http:%257B%257C%257D%257B%257C%257D137.248.186.134%257B%257C%257Dlba-cgi-local%257B%257C%257Dpic.sh%257B-%257Djpg%257B%257C%257DE4969.jpg%2522">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> for the bishopric of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bamberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a> showing the Emperor's seal, 6 April 1157. Taken from the collections of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba/pages/">Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marburg_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marburg University">Marburg University</a></li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"> <div> Frederick Barbarossa </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hohenstaufen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hohenstaufen">House of Hohenstaufen</a> </div>Born: 1122 Died: 1190</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> 1152–1190</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="4">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a> 1155–1190</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_of_Arles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Arles">King of Arles</a> 1152–1190</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> 1155–1190</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_II,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick II, Duke of Swabia">Frederick II</a> </div></td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duke of Swabia">Duke of Swabia</a> 1147–1152</td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Swabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia">Frederick IV</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy">Beatrice I</a> </div>as sole ruler </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Count_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Burgundy">Count of Burgundy</a> 1156–1190 with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beatrice_I,_Countess_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy">Beatrice I</a></td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by <div style="font-weight: bold"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto I, Count of Burgundy">Otto I</a> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style> <div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>: <ul class="portal-bar-content"> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Biography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/19px-Reichskrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/19px-Reichskrone.jpg" data-alt="image" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/29px-Reichskrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/38px-Reichskrone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Holy_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/20px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/20px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="20" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/31px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/40px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/29px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DFrederick_Barbarossa%26oldid%3D1259750042">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&oldid=1259750042</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Barbarossa&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 21:13 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_I_(Barbarossa)" title="Frederik I (Barbarossa) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frederik I (Barbarossa)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_I._Barbarossa" title="Friedrich I. Barbarossa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Friedrich I. Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B4_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2588%25D9%2584_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7" title="فريدرش الأول بربروسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريدرش الأول بربروسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederico_I_Barbarroya" title="Frederico I Barbarroya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Frederico I Barbarroya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federicu_I_Barbarroxa" title="Federicu I Barbarroxa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Federicu I Barbarroxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Fridrix_Barbarossa" title="I Fridrix Barbarossa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Fridrix Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7" title="فریدریش بارباروسا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فریدریش بارباروسا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_1-s%25C3%25A8" title="Friedrich 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Friedrich 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585_I_%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0" title="Фридрих I Барбаросса – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фридрих I Барбаросса" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2585_I_%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0" title="Фрыдрых I Барбароса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыдрых I Барбароса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2585_I_%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0" title="Фрыдрых I Барбароса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фрыдрых I Барбароса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585_I_%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0" title="Фридрих I Барбароса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фридрих I Барбароса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrik_I,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Fridrik I, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fridrik I, car Svetog Rimskog Carstva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ia%25C3%25B1_Barbarossa" title="Friedrich Iañ Barbarossa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Friedrich Iañ Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_I_del_Sacre_Imperi_Romanogerm%25C3%25A0nic" title="Frederic I del Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frederic I del Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585_I_%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0" title="Фридрих I Барбаросса – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фридрих I Барбаросса" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrich_I._Barbarossa" title="Fridrich I. Barbarossa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fridrich I. Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federicu_I_Barbarossa" title="Federicu I Barbarossa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Federicu I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffredrig_I,_Ymerawdwr_Gl%25C3%25A2n_Rhufeinig" title="Ffredrig I, Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffredrig I, Ymerawdwr Glân Rhufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Barbarossa" title="Frederik Barbarossa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frederik Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_I._(HRR)" title="Friedrich I. (HRR) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedrich I. (HRR)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_I_Barbarossa" title="Friedrich I Barbarossa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Friedrich I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A6%25CF%2581%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582_%25CE%2591%25CE%2584_%25CE%2592%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CE%25B2%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%258C%25CF%2583%25CF%2583%25CE%25B1" title="Φρειδερίκος Α΄ Βαρβαρόσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρειδερίκος Α΄ Βαρβαρόσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_I_Barbarroja" title="Federico I Barbarroja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Federico I Barbarroja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiko_la_1-a_(Sankta_Romia_Imperio)" title="Frederiko la 1-a (Sankta Romia Imperio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frederiko la 1-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiko_I.a_Germaniako_Erromatar_Inperio_Santukoa" title="Frederiko I.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frederiko I.a Germaniako Erromatar Inperio Santukoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25B4_%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25D9%2585%25D8%258C_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2585%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="فریدریش یکم، امپراتور مقدس روم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریدریش یکم، امپراتور مقدس روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9ric_Barberousse" title="Frédéric Barberousse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frédéric Barberousse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feardorcha_I_(Impire_Naofa_R%25C3%25B3mh%25C3%25A1nach)" title="Feardorcha I (Impire Naofa Rómhánach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feardorcha I (Impire Naofa Rómhánach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederico_I_do_Sacro_Imperio_Romano_Xerm%25C3%25A1nico" title="Frederico I do Sacro Imperio Romano Xermánico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frederico I do Sacro Imperio Romano Xermánico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2594%2584%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EB%2593%259C%25EB%25A6%25AC%25ED%259E%2588_1%25EC%2584%25B8_(%25EC%258B%25A0%25EC%2584%25B1_%25EB%25A1%259C%25EB%25A7%2588_%25ED%2599%25A9%25EC%25A0%259C)" title="프리드리히 1세 (신성 로마 황제) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리드리히 1세 (신성 로마 황제)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2596%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A4%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25AD_I_%25D5%2587%25D5%25AB%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B4%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25BD" title="Ֆրիդրիխ I Շիկամորուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրիդրիխ I Շիկամորուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A5%25E0%25A4%25AE_(%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%258D)" title="फ्रेडरिक प्रथम (पवित्र रोमन सम्राट्) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रेडरिक प्रथम (पवित्र रोमन सम्राट्)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrik_I._Barbarossa" title="Fridrik I. Barbarossa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fridrik I. Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Barbarossa" title="Friedrich Barbarossa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Friedrich Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_I,_Kaisar_Romawi_Suci" title="Friedrich I, Kaisar Romawi Suci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Friedrich I, Kaisar Romawi Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederico_I_(Sacre_Imperio_Roman)" title="Frederico I (Sacre Imperio Roman) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Frederico I (Sacre Imperio Roman)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%25C3%25B0rik_barbarossa" title="Friðrik barbarossa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Friðrik barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Barbarossa" title="Federico Barbarossa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Federico Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2593%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%259A_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%25A9%25D7%2595%25D7%259F,_%25D7%25A7%25D7%2599%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A8_%25D7%2594%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2594_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A8%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A7%25D7%2593%25D7%2595%25D7%25A9%25D7%2594" title="פרידריך הראשון, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרידריך הראשון, קיסר האימפריה הרומית הקדושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%25C3%25A9d%25C3%25A9ric_Barberousse" title="Frédéric Barberousse – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Frédéric Barberousse" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25AE_I_%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590" title="ფრიდრიხ I ბარბაროსა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიდრიხ I ბარბაროსა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_Barbarossa" title="Frederick I Barbarossa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Frederick I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_I_(imperator)" title="Fridericus I (imperator) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus I (imperator)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%25C4%25ABdrihs_I_Barbarosa" title="Frīdrihs I Barbarosa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frīdrihs I Barbarosa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frydrichas_I_Barbarosa" title="Frydrichas I Barbarosa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Frydrichas I Barbarosa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federigo_Barbarossa" title="Federigo Barbarossa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Federigo Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federig_Barbarossa" title="Federig Barbarossa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Federig Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Frigyes_n%25C3%25A9met-r%25C3%25B3mai_cs%25C3%25A1sz%25C3%25A1r" title="I. Frigyes német-római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Frigyes német-római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585_I_(%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE)" title="Фридрих I (Свето Римско Царство) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фридрих I (Свето Римско Царство)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Emperora_Romana_Masina" title="Frederick I, Emperora Romana Masina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frederick I, Emperora Romana Masina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25AE_I_%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590" title="ფრიდრიხ I ბარბაროსა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრიდრიხ I ბარბაროსა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2583_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7" title="فريدريك بارباروسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريدريك بارباروسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Maharaja_Suci_Rom" title="Frederick I, Maharaja Suci Rom – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frederick I, Maharaja Suci Rom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizer_Frederik_I_Barbarossa" title="Keizer Frederik I Barbarossa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizer Frederik I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%25921%25E4%25B8%2596_(%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%2581%2596%25E3%2583%25AD%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%259E%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%25B8%259D)" title="フリードリヒ1世 (神聖ローマ皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリードリヒ1世 (神聖ローマ皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_I_av_Det_tysk-romerske_rike" title="Fredrik I av Det tysk-romerske rike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fredrik I av Det tysk-romerske rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_I_av_Det_tysk-romerske_riket" title="Fredrik I av Det tysk-romerske riket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fredrik I av Det tysk-romerske riket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrix_I_Barbarossa" title="Fridrix I Barbarossa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fridrix I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DA%2588%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7" title="فریڈرک باربروسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فریڈرک باربروسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federich_I_Barbarossa" title="Federich I Barbarossa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Federich I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fryderyk_I_Barbarossa" title="Fryderyk I Barbarossa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fryderyk I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederico_I_do_Sacro_Imp%25C3%25A9rio_Romano-Germ%25C3%25A2nico" title="Frederico I do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frederico I do Sacro Império Romano-Germânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_I_al_Sf%25C3%25A2ntului_Imperiu_Roman" title="Frederic I al Sfântului Imperiu Roman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frederic I al Sfântului Imperiu Roman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%2585_%25D0%2586._%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0" title="Фрідріх І. Барбаросса – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фрідріх І. Барбаросса" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585_I_%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0" title="Фридрих I Барбаросса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фридрих I Барбаросса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Barbarosa" title="Frederik Barbarosa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Frederik Barbarosa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidirico_I_d%25C3%25BB_Sacru_Rumanu_Mperu" title="Fidirico I dû Sacru Rumanu Mperu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fidirico I dû Sacru Rumanu Mperu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrich_I._(Sv%25C3%25A4t%25C3%25A1_r%25C3%25ADmska_r%25C3%25AD%25C5%25A1a)" title="Fridrich I. (Svätá rímska ríša) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fridrich I. (Svätá rímska ríša)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friderik_I._Barbarossa" title="Friderik I. Barbarossa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Friderik I. Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2585_I_%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0" title="Фридрих I Барбароса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фридрих I Барбароса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_I_Barbarossa" title="Friedrich I Barbarossa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Friedrich I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_I_Barbarossa" title="Fredrik I Barbarossa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fredrik I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_I_Barbarossa" title="Fredrik I Barbarossa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fredrik I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_I,_Emperador_ng_Banal_na_Imperyong_Romano" title="Federico I, Emperador ng Banal na Imperyong Romano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Federico I, Emperador ng Banal na Imperyong Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Frederick Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridrix_I_Barbarossa" title="Fridrix I Barbarossa – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Fridrix I Barbarossa" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588_1_%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2588%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B9%258C" title="จักรพรรดิฟรีดริชที่ 1 แห่งจักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิฟรีดริชที่ 1 แห่งจักรวรรดิโรมันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Friedrich_(Kutsal_Roma_imparatoru)" title="I. Friedrich (Kutsal Roma imparatoru) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Friedrich (Kutsal Roma imparatoru)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%2585_I_%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0" title="Фрідріх I Барбаросса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрідріх I Барбаросса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DA%2588%25D8%25B1%25DA%25A9_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7" title="فریڈرک بارباروسا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فریڈرک بارباروسا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_I_c%25E1%25BB%25A7a_Th%25C3%25A1nh_ch%25E1%25BA%25BF_La_M%25C3%25A3" title="Friedrich I của Thánh chế La Mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Friedrich I của Thánh chế La Mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%2581%2596%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%25B8%259D%25E8%2585%2593%25E7%2589%25B9%25E7%2583%2588%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25B8%2596" title="神聖羅馬皇帝腓特烈一世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="神聖羅馬皇帝腓特烈一世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_I_(HRR)" title="Frederik I (HRR) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Frederik I (HRR)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_I,_Baraan_nga_Imperyo_Romano" title="Federico I, Baraan nga Imperyo Romano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Federico I, Baraan nga Imperyo Romano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2585%2593%25E7%2589%25B9%25E7%2583%2588%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25B8%2596%25EF%25BC%2588%25E7%25A5%259E%25E5%259C%25A3%25E7%25BD%2597%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259B%25BD%25EF%25BC%2589" title="腓特烈一世（神圣罗马帝国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="腓特烈一世（神圣罗马帝国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2585%2593%25E7%2589%25B9%25E7%2583%2588%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25B8%2596_(%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%2581%2596%25E7%25BE%2585%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259C%258B)" title="腓特烈一世 (神聖羅馬帝國) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="腓特烈一世 (神聖羅馬帝國)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2585%2593%25E7%2589%25B9%25E7%2583%2588%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25B8%2596_(%25E7%25A5%259E%25E5%259C%25A3%25E7%25BD%2597%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E5%25B8%259D%25E5%259B%25BD)" title="腓特烈一世 (神圣罗马帝国) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="腓特烈一世 (神圣罗马帝国)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-jdhn4","wgBackendResponseTime":333,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.680","walltime":"1.960","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15234,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":283913,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21701,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":281189,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1630.006 1 -total"," 21.79% 355.258 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.34% 201.197 43 Template:Cite_book"," 12.33% 200.920 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 11.43% 186.356 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.60% 156.481 45 Template:Sfn"," 7.72% 125.780 4 Template:Navbox"," 6.81% 111.084 2 Template:Marriage"," 6.50% 106.026 9 Template:Cite_web"," 6.50% 106.017 1 Template:Holy_Roman_Emperors"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.917","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19779017,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAltaner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnaldiArnaldi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrady1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryce1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByatt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantor1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantor1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardini1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemens2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComyn1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahmus1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalco1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrance1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreed2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrich2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiesebrecht1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGörich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGörich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGörich2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGörichWihoda2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbaJohnson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacques_de_Vitry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarausch1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_ChildMartyn_John_WhittockNigel_Kelly1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_Onapolis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaudage2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Goff2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeyser1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoud\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoud2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunz1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovobatzkyShea2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpll1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpll1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetke1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchindlerStieldorf2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchloon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumann1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchütte2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUa_Clerigh1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalfordCoxApperson1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_CampPratt1979\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"AllMovie title\"] = 1,\n [\"Antique Kings of Italy\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Catholic Encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Frederick 1, Holy Roman Emperor\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Endplainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"German folklore\"] = 1,\n [\"German monarchs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 75,\n [\"Holy Roman Emperors\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 3,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 4,\n [\"S-break\"] = 5,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 45,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-lwkzj","timestamp":"20241128194239","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederick_Barbarossa","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q79789","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q79789","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-18T18:03:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T21:13:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/34\/Friedrich_I._Barbarossa.jpg","headline":"Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 to 1190"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () 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