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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence_and_positioning_of_the_populist_left" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_and_positioning_of_the_populist_left"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Emergence and positioning of the populist left</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_and_positioning_of_the_populist_left-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Far-left_terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Far-left_terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Far-left terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Far-left_terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Far-left_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Far-left_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Far-left politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Far-left_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarchism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Anarchism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communism_and_Marxism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism_and_Marxism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Communism and Marxism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communism_and_Marxism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radical_left_parties_case_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_left_parties_case_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Radical left parties case studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_left_parties_case_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_left_and_radical_right" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_left_and_radical_right"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Radical left and radical right</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_left_and_radical_right-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Terrorism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Far-left politics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="أقصى اليسار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أقصى اليسار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrema_izquierda" title="Estrema izquierda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estrema izquierda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0frat_sol%C3%A7uluq" title="İfrat solçuluq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İfrat solçuluq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%DA%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82" title="آشیری سولچولوق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آشیری سولچولوق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ультралевыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ультралевыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="चरम-वामपंथी राजनीति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चरम-वामपंथी राजनीति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrema_esquerra" title="Extrema esquerra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Extrema esquerra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajn%C3%AD_levice" title="Krajní levice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krajní levice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstreekstremisme" title="Venstreekstremisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venstreekstremisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksextremismus" title="Linksextremismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Linksextremismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Ακροαριστερά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακροαριστερά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrema_izquierda" title="Extrema izquierda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Extrema izquierda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldekstra_ekstremismo" title="Maldekstra ekstremismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maldekstra ekstremismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezker_iraultzaile" title="Ezker iraultzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ezker iraultzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%BE_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سیاست‌های چپ تندرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاست‌های چپ تندرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extr%C3%AAme_gauche" title="Extrême gauche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extrême gauche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrema_esquerda" title="Extrema esquerda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Extrema esquerda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B9%EC%A2%8C" title="극좌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="극좌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajnja_ljevica" title="Krajnja ljevica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krajnja ljevica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_kiri_jauh" title="Politik kiri jauh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik kiri jauh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrema_sinistra" title="Estrema sinistra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estrema sinistra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99" title="שמאל רדיקלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמאל רדיקלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87epgir%C3%AAn_tund" title="Çepgirên tund – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çepgirên tund" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrema_sinistra" title="Estrema sinistra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Estrema sinistra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اقصى اليسار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اقصى اليسار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_jauh_kiri" title="Politik jauh kiri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik jauh kiri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreemlinks" title="Extreemlinks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Extreemlinks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%B7%A6" title="極左 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="極左" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstreekstremisme" title="Venstreekstremisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venstreekstremisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrajna_lewica" title="Skrajna lewica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skrajna lewica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrema-esquerda" title="Extrema-esquerda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Extrema-esquerda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrema_st%C3%A2ng%C4%83" title="Extrema stângă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Extrema stângă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Far_left&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Far left">Far left</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political alignment on the extreme end of left-wing politics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">ultra-leftism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political 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width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Far-left politics</b>, also known as <b>extreme left politics</b> or <b>left-wing extremism</b>, are politics further to the left on the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a> than the standard <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a>. The term does not have a single, coherent definition; some scholars consider it to be the left of <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist parties</a>, while others broaden it to include the left of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>. In certain instances—especially in the <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">news media</a>—<i>far left</i> has been associated with some forms of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, or are characterized as groups that advocate for <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Communist_ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist ideologies">communist ideologies</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">anti-globalization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Far-left_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left terrorism">Far-left terrorism</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Extremist" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremist">extremist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgent</a> groups that attempt to realize their ideals through <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> rather than using democratic processes. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideologies">Ideologies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Types of socialism</a></div> <p>The definition of the far-left varies in the literature and there is not a general agreement on what it entails or consensus on the core characteristics that constitute the far left, other than being to the left of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosseron200720_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosseron200720-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with all political alignments, the exact boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a> versus far-left politics are not clearly defined and can vary depending on context.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far-left ideologies often include types of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radical-left is situated between the far-left and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>. Per Richard Dunphy, "the radical left" desires fundamental changes in <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and progressive reform of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> and the inclusion of marginalized communities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunphy2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunphy2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while per March "the extreme left" denounces <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> as a "compromise with <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> political forces" and defines capitalism more strictly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchMudde2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchMudde2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far-left politics is seen as <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radical politics</a> because it calls for fundamental change to the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> socio-economic structure of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2012b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2012b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radical-left politics, rejecting both <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neo-liberal</a> social-democracy and revolutionary action, instead seeking to enact change from within government,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2011202_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2011202-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prioritize <a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">equality of outcome</a> over <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201110_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-Soviet radical left-wing movements in Europe and the United States are associated with <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-neoliberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-neoliberalism">anti-neoliberalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2011172_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2011172-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism">Socialism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></div> <p>Various courants and movements of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> are considered far-left. Socialism has historically been divided into <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Reformist_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist socialism">reformist socialism</a> and far-left <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> is generally considered to be a centre-left socialist ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECroninShochRoss20111–3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroninShochRoss20111–3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:62_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Socialism seeks to create a <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">socially equal</a> society in which every individual has access to basic necessities and in which prosperity and knowledge are shared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20221–2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20221–2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from ideas of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20223_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20223-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20052_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20052-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a> is generally considered to be a reformist left-wing<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or radical-left<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201116_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201116-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ideology, and it has historically been considered <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is occasionally considered far-left. Democratic socialism is sometimes used interchangeably with social democracy in political rhetoric, but is often used to describe political movements to the left of or following radical social-democracy. Communists may also identify as democratic socialists to contrast themselves with <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201194_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201194-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic socialists reject <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> social democracy for its association with <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, and they reject communism for its association with <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201119_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201119-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism_and_Marxism">Communism and Marxism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> is an ideological group that seeks the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a>. Modern communism is a form of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a> based on support for the communist society described the theories of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201118_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201118-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202111_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202111-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202210_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202210-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offshoots of Marxism include <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> (which was distinct from both of its eponymous ideologies), <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist communism</a>, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchism">Anarchism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></div> <p>Anarchism seeks to create an alternate form of society that excludes the state entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202218_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202218-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchism incorporates elements of both socialism and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013388_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2013388-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was a prominent ideology among the far-left globally from 1900 to 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202220_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202220-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist movements include <a href="/wiki/Classical_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical anarchism">classical anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">anarcha-feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">black anarchism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">queer anarchism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green anarchism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a> is generally regarded as a right-wing ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013389_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks2013389-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions">Positions</h2></div> <p>Far-left groups support <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution of income and wealth</a>. They argue that <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a> cause <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a> and advocate their dissolution. Some far-left groups also support the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars, such as Luke March and <a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Cas Mudde</a>, propose that socio-economic rights are at the far left's core. Moreover, March and Mudde argue that the far left is to the left of the political left with regard to how parties or groups describe <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> on the base of existing social and political arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchMudde2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchMudde2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Far-left groups are <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a>, opposing existing political and economic structures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both anarchist and statist far-left ideologies may support disestablishment of traditional sociopolitical structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202224_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202224-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are opposed to <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201110_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be classified as <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radical</a>, supporting a total reformation of society and its functions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch20118_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch20118-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">horseshoe theory</a> interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a> identify the far left and the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far right</a> as having more in common with each other as <a href="/wiki/Extremists" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremists">extremists</a> than each of them has with <a href="/wiki/Centrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrists">centrists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moderate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate">moderates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory has received criticism, however, by many academics.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlet_&_Lyons_2000,_p._342_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlet_&_Lyons_2000,_p._342-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communism has historically emphasized economics and class over social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201135_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201135-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s and 1980s, far-left movements in Western Europe were increasingly defined by the <a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">new social movements</a>, which gave prominence to issues such as environmentalism, <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a>, and promoting the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>. These ideas as a singular movement became less prominent in far-left politics as they were subsumed by green politics, but they are still disparately supported by many in the far-left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2011172–173_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2011172–173-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <p>Societies resembling communist society have been postulated throughout human history, and many have been proposed as the earliest socialist or communist ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013364_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013364-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20056_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20056-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideas of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> have been described as an early type of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20056_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20056-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval Europe, some philosophers argued that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> believed in shared ownership of property and that the hierarchy of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was contrary to his teachings. This included the <a href="/wiki/Taborites" title="Taborites">Taborites</a>, who attempted to create a social structure that resembled a communist society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013364_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013364-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early examples of communist societies in fiction include <i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, which proposed a society without personal property, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_the_Sun" title="The City of the Sun">The City of the Sun</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a>, which proposed a society without the <a href="/wiki/Family_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Family unit">family unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013365_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013365-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern far-left politics can be traced to Europe and North America in the late 18th century, when industrialization and political upheaval caused discontent among the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20227–8_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20227–8-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socialists were those who objected to the changing social and economic structures associated with industrialization, in that they promoted <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> over <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism">collectivism</a> and that they created wealth for some but not for others, creating <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20056_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20056-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>socialism</i> first came into use in the early 19th century to describe the egalitarian ideas of redistribution promoted by writers like <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">François-Noël Babeuf</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Thelwall" title="John Thelwall">John Thelwall</a>. Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, these writers objected to the existence of significant wealth, and Babeuf advocated a dictatorship on behalf of the people that would destroy those who caused inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20224–5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20224–5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013365_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013365-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socialism was recognized as a coherent philosophy in the 1830s with the publications of British reformer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>, who self-identified as socialist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20225–6_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20225–6-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen, as well as others such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a>, developed the utopian socialist movement, and these utopian socialists established several communes to implement their ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20228_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20228-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20057–11_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20057–11-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cabet responded to More's <i>Utopia</i> with his own novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_to_Icaria" title="The Voyage to Icaria">The Voyage to Icaria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20058_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20058-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited with first using the term <i>communism</i>, though his usage was unrelated to the ideologies that were later known as communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013366_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013366-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early anarchists emerged in the 19th century, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>. These anarchists endorsed many utopian ideas, but they emphasized the importance of revolution against and complete abolition of the state for a utopian society to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200515_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200515-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakunin argued that peasants rather than the working class should lead a socialist revolution, and he popularized calls to violence among the anarchist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200517_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200517-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarchist ideology spread to the Americas shortly after its development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202219–20_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202219–20-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> in the 1840s, which advocated <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20229–10_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20229–10-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013366_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013366-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the state bureaucracy was developed in the late 19th century and <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a> were increasingly recognized by national governments, socialist movements were divided on the role of the state. Some objected to the increase in the state's involvement, while others believed that the state was a stronger alternative to protect worker's rights than labor movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202214–17_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202214–17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the former moved to anarchism, while many of the latter responded with the development of social democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202218_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202218-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3></div> <p>East Asian anarchism developed in the 1900s during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, based on the ideas of Japanese writer <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku_Sh%C5%ABsui" title="Kōtoku Shūsui">Kōtoku Shūsui</a>, who was in turn inspired by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>. This movement saw its greatest prominence in the 1920s in China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202219–20_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202219–20-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communism in early 20th century Europe often gained power in countries with significant polarization between segments of the population on an ethnic, religious, or economic basis,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201128_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201128-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in countries that were destabilized by war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20213_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20213-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was less prominent in industrialized nations, where social democracy maintained electoral success over communist parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201133_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201133-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first communist revolution took place in Russia, when the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> emerged in 1917 amid political instability caused by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> seized power, under the rule of Vladimir Lenin and his ideology of Leninism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202146–48_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202146–48-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state ideology developed during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> from 1918 to 1921, setting the preservation of Bolshevik power as the highest priority to assure the building of socialism as well as seeking to spread communist revolution to other nations. Some additional communist governments formed in Europe, but they lasted only months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202151–53_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202151–53-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Bolsheviks identified as communist, the term <i>socialist</i> was often used interchangeably at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013372_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013372-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1922, as <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> became one of the founding countries of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, it responded to widespread hunger and poverty with the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a>, which restored market enterprise for smaller industries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202156_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202156-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Lenin's death, a power struggle between <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> ended with Stalin taking power by 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202159–61_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202159–61-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin implemented his ideology of Marxism–Leninism, which reorganized society and created a cult of personality in his favor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202163–67_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202163–67-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also entailed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> in the late 1930s, an interpretation of Lenin's revolutionary violence that saw hundreds of thousands of Stalin's opponents killed, often to be replaced by ambitious loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202171–72_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202171–72-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Marxism–Leninism was seen as the definitive implementation of communism by most communists globally, justifying the Great Purge as an effort to eradicate fascist infiltrators, with state censorship obscuring the Great Purge's extent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202191–92_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202191–92-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anarcho-syndicalism was developed as a form of anarchism in the late 19th century, and it grew popular around 1900. It remained relevant in far-left politics through 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202220_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202220-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> in the late 1930s, anarcho-syndicalists seized control of multiple regions in Spain, but this ended when the nationalist faction won the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202223_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202223-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, along with the rise of communism, ended the relevance of anarchism among the far-left globally after 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202220,_23_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202220,_23-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> became more common, the traditional style of labor that anarcho-syndicalists objected to ceased to exist, preventing any significant resurgence in the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202223–24_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202223–24-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3></div> <p>The Soviet Union's influence during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> spread communism, directly and indirectly, to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. New communist governments were formed in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202195,_104_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202195,_104-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The onset of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> brought an end to communism's political influence in most of Western Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201141_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201141-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial society</a> caused many of the traditional sectors associated with communism to dissipate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201135_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201135-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Stalin's death, the workers of several Eastern European countries staged revolutions against communist rule, which were suppressed by the Soviet military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021151_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021151-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these countries were led by Stalinist rulers, who were forced out and replaced by the subsequent Soviet government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021153_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021153-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yugoslavia distanced itself as a neutral communist nation, aligned with neither the East nor the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021154_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021154-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Left developed in Western Europe as an alternative to communism in the 1950s, taking positions on social issues and <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201135_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201135-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a> developed as an offshoot of the New Left, but it was <a href="/wiki/Deradicalization" title="Deradicalization">deradicalized</a> by the end of the 20th century and became a centre-left movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201137–38_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201137–38-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association of Marxism–Leninism with the Soviet Union also caused <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a> to be developed as a democratic communist movement in Western Europe, but it only briefly saw electoral success in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201142_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201142-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> in Italy, far-left militants, such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a>, justified the usage of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> as a revolutionary means and defense against <a href="/wiki/Far-right_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right terrorism">far-right terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascism in Italy">neo-fascism in Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossi2021_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossi2021-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> had been active since 1921, but it did not seize power in China until its victory in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021117–118_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021117–118-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the Soviet Union, the newly formed People's Republic of China carried out purges of political enemies, killing millions of land owners. The peasants were not targeted, however, instead using them as a base of political support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021126_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021126-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1950s and early 1960s, China under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> distanced itself from the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021164–166_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021164–166-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> then grew in popularity as an alternative to Soviet-style communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201136_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201136-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, North Korea and <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> were established as communist governments, triggering the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> against South Korea and <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021135_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021135-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1970s, Maoism in China was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">the ideology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, which restored the private sector and market pricing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013381_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013381-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> led to <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> becoming the ruler of Cuba in 1959. Though he was not a communist, he aligned the nation with the communist movement to seek Soviet support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013379–380_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013379–380-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other nations adopted socialism distinct from Marxism–Leninism during the Cold War, particularly in Africa and Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20054–5_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20054–5-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communism was rapidly replaced between 1979 and 1992, in which eleven of the world's sixteen communist states were disestablished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20211_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20211-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1980s, the Soviet Union moved away from ideas of international communism as such efforts came to be seen as too inconvenient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2011149_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2011149-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1988, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> had effectively abandoned communism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013381_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013381-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, the far-left declined after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, and it remained relatively subdued during the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many Eastern European countries, communist parties were banned by the new governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201145_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201145-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In others such as Moldova, they saw continued electoral success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201172_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201172-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <p>Of the five communist states that survived into the 21st century, three of them — China, Vietnam, and Laos — had restored private ownership and reintegrated with global capitalist markets<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20211_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20211-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although state and public control continued as well. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nolan" title="Peter Nolan">Peter Nolan</a> argues that land in China was decollectivized but not privatized, with control of land remaining in the hands of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left" title="Party of the European Left">Party of the European Left</a> was established in 2004 as a pan-European political party for the far-left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2011162_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2011162-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The far-left parties during this time were rarely new creations, instead descending from earlier far-left parties of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201124_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201124-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the autonomous region <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a> in northwestern Syria established self-governance based on an anarchist direct democracy at the local level and a one-party state at the regional level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202225_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202225-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence_and_positioning_of_the_populist_left">Emergence and positioning of the populist left</h4></div> <p>In reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neo-liberal</a> turn of European social-democracy under the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>, populist left-wing parties and politicians emerged in the late 2000s and early 2010s as a <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Eurosceptic</a>, anti-globalist response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>. These parties and movements are qualified by various observers as either <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> radical-left (between the far-left and social-democracy) or far-left.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>, populist movements formed around <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While left-wing populist parties were in power in the 2010s, they were often forced to put aside their strong anti-neoliberalism and accept neoliberal policies, either proposed by their larger allies or imposed due to the international context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiocchetti2016"Filling_the_vacuum?_The_trajectory_of_the_contemporary_radical_left_in_Western_Europe"_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiocchetti2016"Filling_the_vacuum?_The_trajectory_of_the_contemporary_radical_left_in_Western_Europe"-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde2016_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde2016-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsourides2020_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsourides2020-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, the support for populist left politics comes from three overlapping groups: far-left subcultures, disaffected social democrats, and protest voters—those who are opposed to their country's <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> membership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmaldone2013304_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmaldone2013304-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European populist left politics share many of the values of <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left politics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They overlap in some areas with <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a> concerning <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radicalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>. Two clear distinctions emerge: first, "education [...] tends to statistically significantly lower chances of voting for radical right but increases the chance of voting radical left"; and second, radical-left voters tend not to share the social nationalism of the radical-right, instead having a socio-tropic, or other-regarding, bias based on the ideological concern for economic egalitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other characteristics may include <a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">anti-globalization</a>, opposition to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and in some cases a rejection of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHloušekKopeček201046_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHloušekKopeček201046-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Far-left_terrorism">Far-left terrorism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing terrorism</a></div> <p>Many far-left <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> organizations were formed by members of existing political parties in the 1960s and 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedahzurPerligerWeinberg200953_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedahzurPerligerWeinberg200953-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalz2015297–314_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalz2015297–314-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201830–42,_48–59_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201830–42,_48–59-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among them the <a href="/wiki/CPI_(Maoist)" class="mw-redirect" title="CPI (Maoist)">CPI (Maoist)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montoneros" title="Montoneros">Montoneros</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prima_Linea" title="Prima Linea">Prima Linea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tupamaros" title="Tupamaros">Tupamaros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaufer1993_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaufer1993-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaliand2010227–257_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaliand2010227–257-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201830–42,_48–59_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201830–42,_48–59-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups generally aimed to overthrow capitalism and the wealthy ruling classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times'',_22_April_1998_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times'',_22_April_1998-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECISAC_2008_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECISAC_2008-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Far-left_politics">Far-left politics</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_left_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Radical left (disambiguation)">Radical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchism_2">Anarchism</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_without_adjectives" title="Anarchism without adjectives">Anarchism without adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_anarchism" title="Contemporary anarchism">Contemporary anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">Egoist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism_and_Marxism_2">Communism and Marxism</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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href="#CITEREFFranks2013">Franks 2013</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisserLubbersKraaykampJaspers2014" class="citation journal cs1">Visser, Mark; Lubbers, Marcel; Kraaykamp, Gerbert; Jaspers, Eva (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-6765.12048">"Support for radical left ideologies in Europe: Support for radical left ideologies in Europe"</a>. <i>European Journal of Political Research</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 541–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=Support+for+radical+left+ideologies+in+Europe%3A+Support+for+radical+left+ideologies+in+Europe&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=541-558&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F129529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1475-6765.12048&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Lubbers%2C+Marcel&rft.au=Kraaykamp%2C+Gerbert&rft.au=Jaspers%2C+Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1475-6765.12048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202224-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202224_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch20118-32"><span 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2011172–173_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013364-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013364_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013364_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2013">Brown 2013</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20056-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20056_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20056_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20056_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2005">Newman 2005</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013365-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013365_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013365_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2013">Brown 2013</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20227–8-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20227–8_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20224–5-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20224–5_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20225–6-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20225–6_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20228-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20228_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20057–11-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20057–11_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2005">Newman 2005</a>, pp. 7–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20058-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20058_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2005">Newman 2005</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013366-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013366_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013366_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2013">Brown 2013</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200515-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200515_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2005">Newman 2005</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman200517-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman200517_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2005">Newman 2005</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202219–20-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202219–20_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202219–20_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20229–10-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden20229–10_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202214–17-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202214–17_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, pp. 14–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201128-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201128_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20213-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20213_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201133-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201133_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202146–48-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202146–48_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, p. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202151–53-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202151–53_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, pp. 51–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013372-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013372_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2013">Brown 2013</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202156-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202156_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202159–61-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202159–61_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, pp. 59–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202163–67-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202163–67_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, pp. 63–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202171–72-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202171–72_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202191–92-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202191–92_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202223-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202223_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202220,_23-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202220,_23_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, pp. 20, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202223–24-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202223–24_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202195,_104-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer202195,_104_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, pp. 95, 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201141-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201141_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021151-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021151_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021153-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021153_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021154-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021154_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201137–38-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201137–38_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201142-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201142_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERossi2021-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERossi2021_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRossi2021">Rossi 2021</a>: "The 1970s in Italy were characterized by the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many Western countries experienced during the late 1960s. The decade saw the multiplication of far-left extra-parliamentary organizations, the presence of a militant far right movement, and an upsurge in the use of politically motivated violence and state repressive measures. The increasing militarization and the use of political violence, from sabotage and damage to property, to kidnappings and targeted assassinations, were justified by left-wing groups both as necessary means to achieve a revolutionary project and as defences against the threat of a neo-fascist coup."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021117–118-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021117–118_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021126-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021126_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021164–166-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021164–166_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, pp. 164–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201136-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201136_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021135-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer2021135_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013381-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013381_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013381_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2013">Brown 2013</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2013379–380-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2013379–380_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2013">Brown 2013</a>, pp. 379–380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20054–5-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman20054–5_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman2005">Newman 2005</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20211-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20211_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreslauer20211_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreslauer2021">Breslauer 2021</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2011149-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2011149_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201145-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201145_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201172-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201172_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan1995" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Peter (9 December 1995). <i>China's Rise Russia's fall</i>. MACMILLAN PRESS LTD. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-62265-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-62265-0"><bdi>0-333-62265-0</bdi></a>. <q>Farmland was 'de-collectivised' in the early 1980s. This was not followed by the establishment of private property rights in land. Because the CCP wished to prevent the emergence of a landlord class, it did not permit the purchase and sale of farmland. Still in 1994, the Party 'adhered to the collective ownership of farmland'. The village community remained the owner, controlling the terms on which land was contracted out and operated by peasant households. It endeavoured to ensure that farm households had equal access to farmland, while the village government obtained part of the Ricardian rents from the land to use for community purposes. The Chinese government, through the communist party remained substantially in control of the de-collectivisation of farmland. Farmland was not distributed via a free market auction, which would have helped to produce a locally unequal outcome. Rather the massively dominant form was distribution of land contracts on a locally equal per capita basis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Rise+Russia%27s+fall&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=MACMILLAN+PRESS+LTD&rft.date=1995-12-09&rft.isbn=0-333-62265-0&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2011162-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2011162_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch201124-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch201124_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarch2011">March 2011</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202225-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Linden202225_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022">van der Linden 2022</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiocchetti2016"Filling_the_vacuum?_The_trajectory_of_the_contemporary_radical_left_in_Western_Europe"-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiocchetti2016"Filling_the_vacuum?_The_trajectory_of_the_contemporary_radical_left_in_Western_Europe"_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChiocchetti2016">Chiocchetti 2016</a>, "Filling the vacuum? The trajectory of the contemporary radical left in Western Europe".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMudde2016-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMudde2016_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMudde2016">Mudde 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatsourides2020-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatsourides2020_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatsourides2020">Katsourides 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmaldone2013304-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmaldone2013304_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmaldone2013">Smaldone 2013</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooduijnBurgoonvan_Elsasvan_de_Werfhorst2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rooduijn, Matthijs; Burgoon, Brian; van Elsas, Erika J; van de Werfhorst, Herman G (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697563">"Radical distinction: Support for radical left and radical right parties in Europe"</a>. <i>European Union Politics</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 536–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1465116517718091">10.1177/1465116517718091</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-1165">1465-1165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5697563">5697563</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29187802">29187802</a>. <q>The radicalisms of both left and right share concerns about the European Union, but they yield diametrically opposed attitudes about immigration—where the radical left shows marked signs of cosmopolitanism and the radical right clear nativism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Union+Politics&rft.atitle=Radical+distinction%3A+Support+for+radical+left+and+radical+right+parties+in+Europe&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=536-559&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5697563%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1465-1165&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29187802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1465116517718091&rft.aulast=Rooduijn&rft.aufirst=Matthijs&rft.au=Burgoon%2C+Brian&rft.au=van+Elsas%2C+Erika+J&rft.au=van+de+Werfhorst%2C+Herman+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5697563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHloušekKopeček201046-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHloušekKopeček201046_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHloušekKopeček2010">Hloušek & Kopeček 2010</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPedahzurPerligerWeinberg200953-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPedahzurPerligerWeinberg200953_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPedahzurPerligerWeinberg2009">Pedahzur, Perliger & Weinberg 2009</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalz2015297–314-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalz2015297–314_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalz2015">Balz 2015</a>, pp. 297–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark201830–42,_48–59-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201830–42,_48–59_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark201830–42,_48–59_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2018">Clark 2018</a>, pp. 30–42, 48–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaufer1993-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaufer1993_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaufer1993">Raufer 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaliand2010227–257-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaliand2010227–257_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChaliand2010">Chaliand 2010</a>, pp. 227–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times'',_22_April_1998-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Irish_Times'',_22_April_1998_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Irish_Times,_22_April_1998"><i>The Irish Times</i>, 22 April 1998</a>: "German detectives yesterday confirmed as authentic a declaration by the Red Army Faction (RAF) terrorist group that its struggle to overthrow the German state is over."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECISAC_2008-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECISAC_2008_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCISAC_2008">CISAC 2008</a>: "The PL [Prima Linea] sought to overthrow the capitalist state in Italy and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalz2015" class="citation book cs1">Balz, Hanno (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZCsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA297">"Section III: Terrorism in the Twentieth Century – Militant Organizations in Western Europe in the 1970s and 1980s"</a>. In Law, Randall D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZCsBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Routledge History of Terrorism</i></a>. Routledge Histories (1st ed.). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 297–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-86705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-86705-8"><bdi>978-0-367-86705-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014039877">2014039877</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The European Radical Left After 1989: Decline and Mutation"</a>. <i>Comparative European Politics</i>. <b>3</b> (1). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>: 23–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.cep.6110052">10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-388X">1740-388X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55197396">55197396</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Berlin, Germany: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-868-72000-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-868-72000-6"><bdi>978-3-868-72000-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span> – via Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Far+Left+Parties+in+Europe%3A+From+Marxism+to+the+Mainstream%3F&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-868-72000-6&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fid%2Fipa%2F05818.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2011" class="citation book cs1">March, Luke (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radicalleftparti0000marc"><i>Radical Left Parties in Europe</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-15487-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-15487-8"><bdi>978-0-203-15487-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Left+Parties+in+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-15487-8&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradicalleftparti0000marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2012a" class="citation book cs1">March, Luke (2012a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xF3FBQAAQBA"><i>Radical Left Parties in Europe</i></a> (E-book ed.). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57897-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57897-7"><bdi>978-1-136-57897-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Left+Parties+in+Europe&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-57897-7&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxF3FBQAAQBA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2012b" class="citation journal cs1">March, Luke (September 2012b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271926910">"Problems and Perspectives of Contemporary European Radical Left Parties: Chasing a Lost World or Still a World to Win?"</a>. <i>International Critical Thought</i>. <b>2</b> (3). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 314–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21598282.2012.706777">10.1080/21598282.2012.706777</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154948426">154948426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Critical+Thought&rft.atitle=Problems+and+Perspectives+of+Contemporary+European+Radical+Left+Parties%3A+Chasing+a+Lost+World+or+Still+a+World+to+Win%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=314-339&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21598282.2012.706777&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154948426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F271926910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudde2016" class="citation book cs1">Mudde, Cas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0smADQAAQBAJ"><i>SYRIZA: The Failure of the Populist Promise</i></a> (E-book ed.). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-47479-3"><bdi>978-3-319-47479-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SYRIZA%3A+The+Failure+of+the+Populist+Promise&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-47479-3&rft.aulast=Mudde&rft.aufirst=Cas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0smADQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2005" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismverysho0000newm"><i>Socialism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157789-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157789-5"><bdi>978-0-19-157789-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157789-5&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialismverysho0000newm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedahzurPerligerWeinberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie; Weinberg, Leonard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzXjwAEACAAJ"><i>Political Parties and Terrorist Groups</i></a> (hardback 2nd ed.). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77536-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77536-6"><bdi>978-0-415-77536-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+and+Terrorist+Groups&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=hardback+2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77536-6&rft.aulast=Pedahzur&rft.aufirst=Ami&rft.au=Perliger%2C+Arie&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzXjwAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaufer1993" class="citation journal cs1">Raufer, Xavier (October–December 1993). "The Red Brigades: A Farewell to Arms". <i>Studies in Conflict and Terrorism</i>. <b>16</b> (4). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 315–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10576109308435937">10.1080/10576109308435937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conflict+and+Terrorism&rft.atitle=The+Red+Brigades%3A+A+Farewell+to+Arms&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=315-325&rft.date=1993-10%2F1993-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10576109308435937&rft.aulast=Raufer&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rossi, Federica (April 2021). Treiber, Kyle (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F14773708211008441">"The failed amnesty of the 'years of lead' in Italy: Continuity and transformations between (de)politicization and punitiveness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Criminology" title="European Journal of Criminology">European Journal of Criminology</a></i>. <b>20</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/European_Society_of_Criminology" title="European Society of Criminology">European Society of Criminology</a>: 381–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F14773708211008441">10.1177/14773708211008441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-2609">1741-2609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234835036">234835036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=The+failed+amnesty+of+the+%27years+of+lead%27+in+Italy%3A+Continuity+and+transformations+between+%28de%29politicization+and+punitiveness&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=381-400&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234835036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1741-2609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F14773708211008441&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Federica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F14773708211008441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmaldone2013" class="citation book cs1">Smaldone, William (8 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EpEjEwIr94C"><i>European Socialism: A Concise History with Documents</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a> Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0909-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0909-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-0909-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Socialism%3A+A+Concise+History+with+Documents&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0909-1&rft.aulast=Smaldone&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EpEjEwIr94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Linden2022" class="citation book cs1">van der Linden, Marcel (2022). <i>The Cambridge History of Socialism</i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48134-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48134-2"><bdi>978-1-108-48134-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Socialism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48134-2&rft.aulast=van+der+Linden&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCISAC_2008" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/red-brigades">"Red Brigades"</a>. <i>CISAC</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CISAC&rft.atitle=Red+Brigades&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcisac.fsi.stanford.edu%2Fmappingmilitants%2Fprofiles%2Fred-brigades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Irish_Times,_22_April_1998" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/red-brigades-announce-end-of-their-struggle-to-overthrow-german-state-1.144785">"Red Brigades announce end of their struggle to overthrow German state"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. 22 April 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Red+Brigades+announce+end+of+their+struggle+to+overthrow+German+state&rft.date=1998-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fred-brigades-announce-end-of-their-struggle-to-overthrow-german-state-1.144785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwood2013" class="citation book cs1">Norwood, Stephen H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=paIxAAAAQBAJ"><i>Antisemitism and the American Far Left</i></a> (paperback ed.). Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139565806">10.1017/CBO9781139565806</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65700-7"><bdi>978-1-107-65700-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153120694">153120694</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+and+the+American+Far+Left&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153120694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139565806&rft.isbn=978-1-107-65700-7&rft.aulast=Norwood&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpaIxAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_left_parties_case_studies">Radical left parties case studies</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKioupkiolis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kioupkiolis, Alexandros (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297655852">"Podemos: The Ambiguous Promises of Left-wing Populism in Contemporary Spain"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Ideologies</i>. <b>21</b> (2). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 99–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569317.2016.1150136">10.1080/13569317.2016.1150136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147247286">147247286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Podemos%3A+The+Ambiguous+Promises+of+Left-wing+Populism+in+Contemporary+Spain&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-120&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2016.1150136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147247286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kioupkiolis&rft.aufirst=Alexandros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F297655852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatsourides2016" class="citation book cs1">Katsourides, Yannos (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYQgDQAAQBAJ"><i>Radical Left Parties in Government: The Cases of SYRIZA and AKEL</i></a> (hadrback ed.). London, England: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-137-58841-8">10.1057/978-1-137-58841-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58840-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58840-1"><bdi>978-1-137-58840-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Left+Parties+in+Government%3A+The+Cases+of+SYRIZA+and+AKEL&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.edition=hadrback&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-137-58841-8&rft.isbn=978-1-137-58840-1&rft.aulast=Katsourides&rft.aufirst=Yannos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYQgDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_left_and_radical_right">Radical left and radical right</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFel-OjeiliTaylor2018" class="citation journal cs1">el-Ojeili, Chamsy; Taylor, Dylan (September 2018). Cheng, Enfu; Schweickart, David; Andreani, Tony (eds.). "The Revaluation of All Values: Extremism, The Ultra-Left, and Revolutionary Anthropology". <i>International Critical Thought</i>. <b>8</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> on behalf of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: 410–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21598282.2018.1506262">10.1080/21598282.2018.1506262</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-8312">2159-8312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-8282">2159-8282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158719628">158719628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Critical+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Revaluation+of+All+Values%3A+Extremism%2C+The+Ultra-Left%2C+and+Revolutionary+Anthropology&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=410-425&rft.date=2018-09&rft.issn=2159-8282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158719628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=2159-8312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21598282.2018.1506262&rft.aulast=el-Ojeili&rft.aufirst=Chamsy&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Dylan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChongMcClosky1985" class="citation journal cs1">Chong, Dennis; McClosky, Herbert (July 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007123400004221/type/journal_article">"Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals"</a>. <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 329–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123400004221">10.1017/S0007123400004221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1234">0007-1234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154330828">154330828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Similarities+and+Differences+Between+Left-Wing+and+Right-Wing+Radicals&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-363&rft.date=1985-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154330828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-1234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123400004221&rft.aulast=Chong&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=McClosky%2C+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0007123400004221%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopyciokSilver2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kopyciok, Svenja; Silver, Hilary (6 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8222516">"Left-Wing Xenophobia in Europe"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Sociology</i>. <b>6</b>: 666–717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffsoc.2021.666717">10.3389/fsoc.2021.666717</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2297-7775">2297-7775</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8222516">8222516</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34179182">34179182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Sociology&rft.atitle=Left-Wing+Xenophobia+in+Europe&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=666-717&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8222516%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2297-7775&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34179182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffsoc.2021.666717&rft.aulast=Kopyciok&rft.aufirst=Svenja&rft.au=Silver%2C+Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8222516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFar-left+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorism">Terrorism</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinPrager2019" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Augustus; Prager, Fynnwin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f8p-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">"Part II: The Terrorists – Terror from Below: Terrorism by Dissidents"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f8p-DwAAQBAJ"><i>Terrorism: An International Perspective</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 189–193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-526-45995-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-526-45995-4"><bdi>978-1-526-45995-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018948259">2018948259</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_spectrum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim left">Muslim left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" 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limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-79d9bc49cc-rwbwd","timestamp":"20241203025023","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Far-left politics","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Far-left_politics","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1129409","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1129409","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-04T11:52:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T05:58:06Z","headline":"Political alignment on the extreme end of left-wing politics"}</script> 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