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#36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article's body section <b>deal primarily with <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">the English-speaking world</a> and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compelled_speech&action=edit">improve this article's body section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Compelled_speech" title="Talk:Compelled speech">talk page</a>, or create a new article's body section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Compelled speech</b> is a transmission of expression required by law. A related legal concept is <i><a href="/wiki/Protected_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected speech">protected speech</a></i>. Just as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> protects free expression, in many cases it similarly protects an individual from being required to utter or otherwise express a thought with which that individual disagrees. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compelled_speech&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression_in_Canada" title="Freedom of expression in Canada">Freedom of expression</a> is a fundamental freedom under <a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 2</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> has interpreted this right as including "the right to say nothing or the right not to say certain things."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/RJR-MacDonald_Inc_v_Canada_(AG)" title="RJR-MacDonald Inc v Canada (AG)">RJR-MacDonald Inc v Canada (AG)</a></i>, tobacco companies successfully challenged legislation requiring them to include unattributed health warnings on packaging. In <i><a href="/wiki/Lavigne_v_Ontario_Public_Service_Employees_Union" title="Lavigne v Ontario Public Service Employees Union">Lavigne v Ontario Public Service Employees Union</a></i>, the Court held that mandatory union membership and dues, some of which were used for purposes the union member disagreed with, did not violate his right to freedom of expression. In <i>Slaight Communications Inc. v Davidson</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Court held that a requirement to provide a reference letter for a former employee who was unjustly dismissed did infringe the employer's freedom of expression, but this infringement was upheld as a reasonable limitation under <a href="/wiki/Section_1_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">section 1 of the Charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> psychology professor and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology#Professional_practice" title="Clinical psychology"> clinical psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Jordan Peterson</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code" title="An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code">amendments to the <i>Canadian Human Rights Act</i> and the <i>Criminal Code</i></a> would require compelled speech.<sup id="cite_ref-dimanno_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimanno-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendments added <a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">gender expression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> as protected grounds to the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a></i> and to the <i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a></i> provisions dealing with <a href="/wiki/Hate_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate propaganda">hate propaganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">incitement to genocide</a>, and aggravating factors in sentencing. Peterson argued that the law would allow him to be fined or imprisoned if he refused to refer to students by their <a href="/wiki/Preferred_gender_pronoun" title="Preferred gender pronoun">preferred gender pronouns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dimanno_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimanno-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legal experts challenged Peterson's interpretation, saying that the bill would not criminalize using non-preferred pronouns.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Polish-Canadian pastor Artur Pawlowski was ordered by a court to inform his audience of the established opinions of medical experts regarding COVID-19 when expressing his views on the topic in a public setting. The requirement was a part of his probation conditions, which he had been placed on as a sentence for <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a>, after he violated a court order requiring him to obey public health restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the sentence was overturned on appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compelled_speech&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_10_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights">Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights</a> protects the right of freedom of expression, and <a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Section 3 of the Human Rights Act 1998">section 3(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998</a>, requires that as far as possible all legislation be given effect in a way which is compatible with this. In <i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v_Ashers_Baking_Company_Ltd_and_others" title="Lee v Ashers Baking Company Ltd and others">Lee v Ashers Baking Company Ltd</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a> considered whether a bakery in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> had violated anti-discrimination law by refusing to decorate a cake with a message in support of <a href="/wiki/Gay_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay marriage">gay marriage</a>, with which the bakers disagreed on religious grounds. They held that although the bakery may have discriminated on the basis of the customer's political beliefs, which would in itself contravene the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_and_Treatment_(Northern_Ireland)_Order_1998" title="Fair Employment and Treatment (Northern Ireland) Order 1998">Fair Employment and Treatment (Northern Ireland) Order 1998</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the legislation had to be "read down" in a way which would not violate the defendants' Article 10 rights, taken to include the right <i>not</i> to express a particular opinion. The right in Article 9 is a limited right because it permits restrictions on free speech that are <a href="/wiki/Necessary_in_a_democratic_society" title="Necessary in a democratic society">necessary in a democratic society</a> in pursuit of a legitimate aim, but the Supreme Court found that no such justification existed in this case.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The court also considered whether the defendants had discriminated based on sexual orientation, but because they concluded that they had not done, the court did not need to consider whether the relevant legislation should be similarly read down.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compelled_speech&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JOHN_EVERETT_MILLAIS_-_The_Martyr_of_the_Solway_(Walker_Art_Gallery,_Liverpool,_c._1871._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo,_70.5_x_56.5_cm).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/JOHN_EVERETT_MILLAIS_-_The_Martyr_of_the_Solway_%28Walker_Art_Gallery%2C_Liverpool%2C_c._1871._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_70.5_x_56.5_cm%29.jpg/200px-JOHN_EVERETT_MILLAIS_-_The_Martyr_of_the_Solway_%28Walker_Art_Gallery%2C_Liverpool%2C_c._1871._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_70.5_x_56.5_cm%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/JOHN_EVERETT_MILLAIS_-_The_Martyr_of_the_Solway_%28Walker_Art_Gallery%2C_Liverpool%2C_c._1871._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_70.5_x_56.5_cm%29.jpg/300px-JOHN_EVERETT_MILLAIS_-_The_Martyr_of_the_Solway_%28Walker_Art_Gallery%2C_Liverpool%2C_c._1871._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_70.5_x_56.5_cm%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/JOHN_EVERETT_MILLAIS_-_The_Martyr_of_the_Solway_%28Walker_Art_Gallery%2C_Liverpool%2C_c._1871._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_70.5_x_56.5_cm%29.jpg/400px-JOHN_EVERETT_MILLAIS_-_The_Martyr_of_the_Solway_%28Walker_Art_Gallery%2C_Liverpool%2C_c._1871._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo%2C_70.5_x_56.5_cm%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2039" data-file-height="2554" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson_(Scottish_martyr)" title="Margaret Wilson (Scottish martyr)">Margaret Wilson</a>, executed by drowning for refusing to swear an oath.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a> of the 1680s an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abjuration_Oath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abjuration Oath (page does not exist)">Abjuration Oath</a> could be put to suspects where they were given the option to <a href="/wiki/Abjuration" title="Abjuration">abjure</a> or renounce their allegiances. The terms of the oath were deliberately designed to offend the consciences of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a>. Those who would not swear "whether they have arms, or not" could be "immediately killed" by field trial "before two witnesses" on a charge of high treason.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Covenanter)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown (Covenanter)">John Brown</a> was included among those executed in this judicial process by <a href="/wiki/John_Graham,_1st_Viscount_Dundee" title="John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee">John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee</a> (Bluidy Clavers) on 1 May 1685.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wives and children of such men could also be put out of their houses if they had spoken to the suspect or refused the oath themselves. 18-year-old <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson_(Scottish_martyr)" title="Margaret Wilson (Scottish martyr)">Margaret Wilson</a> and 63-year-old <a href="/wiki/Wigtown_Martyrs" title="Wigtown Martyrs">Margaret McLaughlan</a> were killed "without human hand" when they were drowned in the sea for refusing to take the Abjuration Oath.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compelled_speech&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_currently_in_litigation">Examples currently in litigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compelled_speech&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples currently in litigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Compelling <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon's</a> <a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods</a> to, per Amazon's filing, "favor certain expressions of political speech over others in its retail grocery stores."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_supported_by_law">Examples supported by law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compelled_speech&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples supported by law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Requiring a cable system to carry local stations – <i><a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_v._FCC" class="mw-redirect" title="Turner Broadcasting v. FCC">Turner Broadcasting v. FCC</a></i> (1994)</li> <li>Mandatory university fees that support groups with which other students disagree – <i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Wisconsin_System_v._Southworth" title="Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth">Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth</a></i> (2000)</li> <li>Mandatory fees on agricultural products to support advertising – <i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association</a></i> (2005)</li> <li>Subpoenas to companies compelling testimony that may be self-incriminatory<sup id="cite_ref-r170424_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r170424-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Filing a tax return<sup id="cite_ref-r170424_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r170424-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Surgeon’s General warnings on <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_packaging_warning_messages" title="Alcohol packaging warning messages">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">tobacco products</a><sup id="cite_ref-r170424_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r170424-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_not_supported_by_law">Examples not supported by law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compelled_speech&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples not supported by law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Saluting the flag or reciting the Pledge of Allegiance – <i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li>Requiring a newspaper to publish an advertisement – <a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald_Publishing_Co._v._Tornillo" title="Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo"><i>Miami Herald v. Tornillo</i></a> (1974)</li> <li>School attendance past the eighth grade – <i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Yoder" title="Wisconsin v. Yoder">Wisconsin v. Yoder</a></i> (1972)</li> <li>Motto on license plate – <i><a href="/wiki/Wooley_v._Maynard" title="Wooley v. Maynard">Wooley v. Maynard</a></i> (1977)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Compelled self-incrimination by an individual – <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> (1789)</li> <li>Certain disclosures by organizations that offer limited services to pregnant women - <i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Family_and_Life_Advocates_v._Becerra" title="National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra">National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra</a></i> (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-Pomeranz_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomeranz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_speech">Government speech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compelled_speech&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_speech" title="Government speech">Government speech</a></div> <p>A government of, by, and for the people also speaks on behalf of its people. The government is not required to express views held by groups in the population. </p> <ul><li>A state may choose not to offer a license plate with a particular message – <i><a href="/wiki/Walker_v._Texas_Division,_Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans">Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></i> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-wsj150623_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj150623-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A city may accept a donation of statue from one religious group and refuse to accept one from another – <i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a></i> (2009)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compelled_speech&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>RJR-MacDonald Inc. v Canada (Attorney General)</i>, [1995] 3 SCR 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Slaight Communications Inc. v Davidson</i>, [1989] 1 SCR 1038.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBowal2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Bowal, Peter (2019-07-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawnow.org/compelled-expression/">"Compelled Expression"</a>. <i>LawNow</i>. Centre for Public Legal Education Alberta<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>He said he would refuse to refer to transgender students by their preferred pronouns [...]. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Alberta+pastor%2C+brother%2C+caf%C3%A9+owner+guilty+of+contempt+for+breaking+COVID-19+health+rules&rft.date=2021-06-28&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Falberta-men-contempt-covid-public-health-1.6083003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompelled+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryden2022" class="citation web cs1">Dryden, Joel (2022-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/artur-dawid-pawlowski-christopher-scott-alberta-appeals-1.6529072">"Alberta appeal court sets aside contempt sanctions against pastor, brother and cafe owner"</a>. <i>CBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Alberta+appeal+court+sets+aside+contempt+sanctions+against+pastor%2C+brother+and+cafe+owner&rft.date=2022-07-22&rft.aulast=Dryden&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Fartur-dawid-pawlowski-christopher-scott-alberta-appeals-1.6529072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompelled+speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2017-0020-judgment.pdf">Judgment</a>, part III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibid</i>, part IV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibid</i>, Part II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWodrow1832" class="citation book cs1">Wodrow, Robert (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thehistoryofthes04wodruoft#page/n163/search/refusing+to+answer"><i>The history of the sufferings of the Church of Scotland from the Restoration to the Revolution</i></a> (Vol IV ed.). 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