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src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipēdija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-lv.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Brīvā enciklopēdija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-lv.svg" width="120" height="15" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.9375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Meklēt Vikipēdijā [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Meklēt</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Meklēt Vikipēdijā" aria-label="Meklēt Vikipēdijā" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Meklēt Vikipēdijā [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Meklēt</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izskats" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izskats</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv" class=""><span>Ziedojumi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alus" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti." class=""><span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alus" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Vairāk iespēju" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Dalībnieka rīki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dalībnieka izvēlne" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv"><span>Ziedojumi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alus" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alus" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Vēsture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vēsture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vēsture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vēsture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Vēsture apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vēsture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latvijā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvijā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Latvijā</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvijā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sastāvdaļas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sastāvdaļas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sastāvdaļas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sastāvdaļas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Sastāvdaļas apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sastāvdaļas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Raugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Raugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alus_šķirnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alus_šķirnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alus šķirnes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alus_šķirnes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Alus šķirnes apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alus_šķirnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lambika_alus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lambika_alus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lambika alus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lambika_alus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Augšējās_rūgšanas_alus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augšējās_rūgšanas_alus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Augšējās rūgšanas alus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augšējās_rūgšanas_alus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Eils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stauts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stauts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Stauts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stauts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porteris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porteris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Porteris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porteris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vācu_kviešu_alus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vācu_kviešu_alus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Vācu kviešu alus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vācu_kviešu_alus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apakšējās_rūgšanas_alus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apakšējās_rūgšanas_alus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Apakšējās rūgšanas alus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apakšējās_rūgšanas_alus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alus_patēriņš_pēc_valsts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alus_patēriņš_pēc_valsts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alus patēriņš pēc valsts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alus_patēriņš_pēc_valsts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatūra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatūra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literatūra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatūra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ārējās_saites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējās_saites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ārējās saites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējās_saites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 185 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-185" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">185 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – Šveices vācu" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveices vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%88%AB" title="ቢራ – amharu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biera" title="Biera – aragoniešu" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Biera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93or" title="Bēor – senangļu" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="senangļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="यवसुरा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यवसुरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="جعة – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بيره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0" title="বিয়েৰ – asamiešu" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিয়েৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ickoteapo" title="Ickoteapo – atikameku" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ickoteapo" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikameku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piv%C9%99" title="Pivə – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pivə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87" title="پیوه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیوه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Һыра – baškīru" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškīru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alos" title="Alos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Піва – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Піва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Піва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бира – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бира" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বিয়ার – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিয়ার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%82" title="སྦི་རག – tibetiešu" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྦི་རག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – bretoņu" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Пивэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пивэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervesa" title="Cervesa – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cervesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AC-ci%C5%AB" title="Bì-ciū – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bì-ciū" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Йий – čečenu" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – sebuāņu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9esevo%27tamahpe" title="Héesevo'tamahpe – šejenu" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Héesevo'tamahpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="šejenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95" title="بیرە – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piw%C3%B2" title="Piwò – kašubu" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Piwò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašubu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сăра – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwrw" title="Cwrw – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwrw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – lejassorbu" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lejassorbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μπίρα – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπίρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="labs raksts"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biero" title="Biero – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95lu" title="Õlu – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õlu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagardo" title="Garagardo – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garagardo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveza" title="Cerveza – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cerveza" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%88" title="آبجو – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبجو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olut" title="Olut – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Olut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluq" title="Oluq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Oluq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – fidžiešu" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – fēru" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fēru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A8re" title="Bière – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biir" title="Biir – ziemeļfrīzu" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biir" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ziemeļfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bire" title="Bire – friūlu" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bire" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friūlu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – rietumfrīzu" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="rietumfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beoir" title="Beoir – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laby%C3%A8" title="Labyè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Labyè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leann" title="Leann – skotu gēlu" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotu gēlu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervexa" title="Cervexa – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cervexa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaguyj%C3%BAi" title="Kaguyjúi – gvaranu" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kaguyjúi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF" title="𐌰𐌻𐌿 – gotu" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌻𐌿" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B0" title="બીયર – gudžaratu" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બીયર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhune" title="Lhune – meniešu" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lhune" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="meniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giya" title="Giya – hausu" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Giya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%AE-lu" title="Phî-lu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phî-lu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="בירה – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – augšsorbu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="augšsorbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/By%C3%A8" title="Byè – haitiešu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Byè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6r" title="Sör – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Գարեջուր – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գարեջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Գարեջուր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գարեջուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biro" title="Biro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B3r" title="Bjór – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bjór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ビール – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/birje" title="birje – ložbans" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="birje" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ložbans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ლუდი – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9y%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Pɩyɛɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩyɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಿಯರ್ – kannadu" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಿಯರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%A3%BC" title="맥주 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – karačaju un balkāru" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karačaju un balkāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier_(f%C3%B6r_ze_drinke)" title="Bier (för ze drinke) – Ķelnes vācu" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bier (för ze drinke)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Ķelnes vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEra" title="Bîra – kurdu" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bîra" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сур – komiešu" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сур" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korev" title="Korev – korniešu" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korev" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – kirgīzu" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervesia" title="Cervesia – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cervesia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ier_(Gedr%C3%A9nks)" title="Béier (Gedrénks) – luksemburgiešu" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Béier (Gedrénks)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – limburgiešu" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AFra" title="Bïra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bïra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%8D" title="ເບຍ – laosiešu" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເບຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alus" title="Alus – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiera" title="Labiera – malagasu" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Labiera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC" title="ബിയർ – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിയർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Шар айраг – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шар айраг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ဘီယာ – birmiešu" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘီယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_(Drunk)" title="Beer (Drunk) – lejasvācu" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Beer (Drunk)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lejasvācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – lejassakšu" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lejassakšu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="बियर – nepāliešu" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बियर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepāliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9the" title="Biéthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Biéthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A8rra" title="Bièrra – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bièrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0" title="ବିଅର – oriju" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଅର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%C3%A6%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Бæгæны – osetīnu" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бæгæны" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬੀਅਰ – pandžabu" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੀਅਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A9re" title="Biére – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Biére" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier_(Getr%C3%A4nk)" title="Bier (Getränk) – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bier (Getränk)" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwo" title="Piwo – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بیئر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیئر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="بير – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بير" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerveja" title="Cerveja – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerveja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirwisa" title="Sirwisa – kečvu" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirwisa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečvu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bere" title="Bere – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%C3%A2" title="Birâ – aromūnu" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Birâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromūnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzoga" title="Inzoga – kiņaruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inzoga" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kiņaruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Пиибэ – jakutu" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пиибэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – sardīniešu" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – sicīliešu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicīliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – skotu" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuola" title="Vuola – ziemeļsāmu" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vuola" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="ziemeļsāmu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="බියර් – singāļu" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බියර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer" title="Beer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doro" title="Doro – šonu" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Doro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šonu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birra" title="Birra – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Birra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjoor" title="Bjoor – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bjoor" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – zundu" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="zundu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96l" title="Öl – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia" title="Bia – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjyr" title="Bjyr – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bjyr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பியர் – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="బీరు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బీరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Оби ҷав – tadžiku" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оби ҷав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เบียร์ – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbesa" title="Serbesa – tagalu" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Serbesa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byala" title="Byala – congu" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Byala" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="congu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сыра – tatāru" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сыра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%DB%8B%D8%A7" title="پىۋا – uiguru" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىۋا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиво – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пиво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="بیئر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivo" title="Pivo – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pivo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bira" title="Bira – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bira" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olud" title="Olud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Olud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia_(th%E1%BB%A9c_u%E1%BB%91ng)" title="Bia (thức uống) – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bia (thức uống)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bier" title="Bier – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bier" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir" title="Bir – volapiks" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bir" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bire" title="Bire – valoņu" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbisa" title="Serbisa – varaju" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Serbisa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="ביר – jidišs" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidišs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeujbizciuj" title="Laeujbizciuj – džuanu" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laeujbizciuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="džuanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="啤酒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AC-luh" title="Bì-luh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipēdijas lapa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Many-kind-of-beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Many-kind-of-beer.jpg/300px-Many-kind-of-beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Many-kind-of-beer.jpg/450px-Many-kind-of-beer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Many-kind-of-beer.jpg/600px-Many-kind-of-beer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Dažāda šķirņu un veidu alus pudelēs</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Alus</b> ir <a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABg%C5%A1ana" title="Rūgšana">raudzēts</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkoholiskie_dz%C4%93rieni" title="Alkoholiskie dzērieni">alkoholisks dzēriens</a>, ko iegūst, pārraudzējot apiņotu <a href="/wiki/Mie%C5%BEi" title="Mieži">miežu</a> vai <a href="/wiki/Kvie%C5%A1i" title="Kvieši">kviešu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iesals" title="Iesals">iesala</a> <a href="/wiki/Misa_(produkts)" title="Misa (produkts)">misu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tas ir pasaulē izplatītākais alkoholiskais dzēriens un 3. populārākais dzēriens aiz <a href="/wiki/%C5%AAdens" title="Ūdens">ūdens</a> un <a href="/wiki/T%C4%93ja" title="Tēja">tējas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20104_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20104-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alus darīšanu vispārināti veido šādi posmi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iejava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iejava (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">iejavas</a> gatavošana, <a href="/wiki/Misa_(produkts)" title="Misa (produkts)">misas</a> vārīšana, misas <a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABg%C5%A1ana" title="Rūgšana">raudzēšana</a>, jaunalus izturēšana, alus filtrēšana un pildīšana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074.—76_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074.—76-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alu var gatavot arī no <a href="/wiki/Kvie%C5%A1i" title="Kvieši">kviešiem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kukur%C5%ABza" title="Kukurūza">kukurūzas</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABsi" title="Rīsi">rīsiem</a> un citiem <a href="/wiki/Augi" title="Augi">augiem</a>, taču visbiežāk to gatavo no miežiem. <a href="/wiki/Api%C5%86i" title="Apiņi">Apiņi</a> alum sniedz raksturīgo rūgtumu, reizē arī darbojoties kā dabīgs <a href="/wiki/Konservanti" title="Konservanti">konservants</a>. Dažreiz alum mēdz pievienot dažādus citus augus un augļus, kas ietekmē tā garšu. <a href="/wiki/Etanols" title="Etanols">Alkohola</a> procents alū parasti ir no 4 līdz 6. Dabīgi rūgstot, alus var sasniegt arī 14—16,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taču, izmantojot saldēšanas metodi, ir sasniedzami arī vairāk kā 40% alkohola satura. </p><p>Katru gadu <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cija" title="Vācija">Vācijas</a> pilsētā <a href="/wiki/Minhene" title="Minhene">Minhenē</a> notiek festivāls <i><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></i>, kas ir slavenākais un apmeklētākais alus festivāls pasaulē.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vēsture"><span id="V.C4.93sture"></span>Vēsture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Vēsture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Vēsture"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg/220px-EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg/330px-EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg/440px-EMS-89615-Rosecrucian-Egyptian-BeerMaking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Koka makets, kurā attēlota alus darīšana <a href="/wiki/Sen%C4%81_%C4%92%C4%A3ipte" title="Senā Ēģipte">Senajā Ēģiptē</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%C5%BEkrustie%C5%A1u_%C4%92%C4%A3iptes_muzejs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rožkrustiešu Ēģiptes muzejs (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Rožkrustiešu Ēģiptes muzejs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanhos%C4%93_(Kalifornija)" title="Sanhosē (Kalifornija)">Sanhosē</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalifornija" title="Kalifornija">Kalifornijā</a></figcaption></figure> <p>1516. gadā <a href="/wiki/Bav%C4%81rija" title="Bavārija">Bavārijas</a> hercogs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_IV_(Bav%C4%81rijas_hercogs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilhelms IV (Bavārijas hercogs) (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vilhelms IV</a> pieņēma vēlāk tā iesaukto „tīrības likumu” (<a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cu_valoda" title="Vācu valoda">vācu</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Reinheitsgebot</i></span>), kas noteica, ka alus ir tikai tāds dzēriens, kura sastāvdaļas ir <a href="/wiki/Iesals" title="Iesals">iesals</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%AAdens" title="Ūdens">ūdens</a> un <a href="/wiki/Api%C5%86i" title="Apiņi">apiņi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvijā"><span id="Latvij.C4.81"></span>Latvijā</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Latvijā" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Latvijā"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Par alus darīšanu mūsdienu Latvijas teritorijā fragmentāras ziņas atrodamas dažādos 13.—16. gadsimta rakstītajos avotos — hronikās, tiesību kodeksos, līgumos un citur. Zināms, ka 1386. gadā Rīgā nodibināta Alus un vīna nesēju brālība, kas pastāvēja līdz pat 19. gadsimta otrajai pusei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1692. gadā publicētajā <a href="/wiki/Rozins_Lentilijs" title="Rozins Lentilijs">Lentilija</a> apcerējumu par <a href="/wiki/J%C4%93kabs_Ketlers" title="Jēkabs Ketlers">hercoga Jēkaba</a> laika <a href="/wiki/Kurzemes_un_Zemgales_hercogiste" title="Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste">Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogistes</a> ģeogrāfiju un etnogrāfiju „<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0is_tas_iev%C4%93r%C4%ABbas_cien%C4%ABgs_par_Kurzemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Šis tas ievērības cienīgs par Kurzemi">Šis tas ievērības cienīgs par Kurzemi</a>” (<a href="/wiki/Lat%C4%AB%C5%86u_valoda" title="Latīņu valoda">latīņu</a>: <span lang="la"><i>Curlandiae quedam notabilia</i></span>) ietverts arī tā laika <a href="/wiki/Alus_dar%C4%AB%C5%A1ana" title="Alus darīšana">alus darīšanas</a> apraksts:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre>[..] "bagātākie zemnieki un citi vācieši brūvē alu no miežiem un apiņiem, veselīgu un garšas ziņā patīkamu. To viņi pagatavo apmēram šādi: lielas mucas dibenā liek miežu mīklu, to pietiekošā vairumā pārlejot ar ūdeni; vārīti apiņi peld sevišķā kurvī mucā; ciemata pagalmā ir bedre, kurā kurinot uguni sakarsē akmeņus; kvēlojošos akmeņus iemet mucā, tādējādi izvārot alu. No tā rodas veselīgs dzēriens, pie kam ar akmeņiem atņem alum kaitīgo skābumu." </pre> <p>Viens no pirmajiem plašākajiem publicējumiem <a href="/wiki/Latvie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Latviešu valoda">latviešu valodā</a>, kurā aprakstīta <a href="/wiki/Iesals" title="Iesals">iesala</a> un alus gatavošana, bija 1906. gadā izdotā <a href="/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Delle" title="Pēteris Delle">Pētera Delles</a> grāmata „Iesala un alus gatavošana mazgruntnieku vajadzībām”. 1930. gados alus rūpniecība Latvijā piedzīvoja strauju izaugsmi. Ja 1932. gadā pavisam tika saražots pusmiljons <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dekalitrs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dekalitrs (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">dekalitru</a> alus, tad 1937. gadā šis daudzums jau vairāk nekā divkāršojās — līdz 1,2 miljoniem dekalitru gadā. Līdztekus rūpnieciski ražotajam alum, alu pēc visdažādākajām tehnoloģijām darīja arī teju vai ikkatrā lauku sētā.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20104.—5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20104.—5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1920. un 1930. gados lielākās Latvijas alus darītavas bija "Tanheizers", "Kuncendorfs" (<i>Gust. Kuntcendorff</i>), Iļģuciema, Ķimeļa (<i>Kymmel</i>) un Livonijas alus darītava. Tās tāpat kā visas pārējās ievērojamākās alus darītavas, kuras kopā saražoja ap 63% no visa Latvijā patērētā alus, atradās Rīgā, bet ārpus Rīgas darbojās 18 mazāka izmēra alus darītavas. No lielajām alus darītavām gan neviena pilnībā nepiederēja latviešu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akcion%C4%81ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akcionāri (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">akcionāriem</a>, ko 1937. gadā, rakstot par alus rūpniecības vēsturi Latvijā, arī uzsvēra laikraksts „<a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%ABts_(laikraksts)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rīts (laikraksts) (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Rīts</a>”: „Iļģuciema, Tannhauesera un Livonijas alus darītavas pieder žīdiem, Kuncendorfs — vāciešiem un vienīgi Kymmela a.- s. alus darītavā ir arī latviešiem („Augļu eksports”) līdzrunāšana.”<sup id="cite_ref-20._un_30._gados_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20._un_30._gados-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1937. gadā <a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Kred%C4%ABtbanka" title="Latvijas Kredītbanka">Latvijas Kredītbanka</a> ar varu pārpirka Iļģuciema un Tanheizera alus darītavas un apvienoja tās jaunā uzņēmumā „<a href="/wiki/Aldaris_(uz%C5%86%C4%93mums)" title="Aldaris (uzņēmums)">Aldaris</a>”, kas tika pilnībā modernizēts un savu darbību uzsāka 1939. gadā.<sup id="cite_ref-20._un_30._gados_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20._un_30._gados-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mūsdienās Latvijā lielākās alus darītavas ir <a href="/wiki/Aldaris_(uz%C5%86%C4%93mums)" title="Aldaris (uzņēmums)">Aldaris</a> un <a href="/wiki/C%C4%93su_alus" title="Cēsu alus">Cēsu alus</a>, taču iecienīti ir arī mazo alus darītavu ražojumi, piemēram, <a href="/wiki/Agrofirma_T%C4%93rvete" title="Agrofirma Tērvete">Tērvetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauskas_alus" title="Bauskas alus">Bauskas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piebalgas_alus" title="Piebalgas alus">Piebalgas</a> un <a href="/wiki/Valmiermui%C5%BEas_alus" title="Valmiermuižas alus">Valmiermuižas alus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lai arī sarucis vispārējais alus patēriņš, pēdējos gados līdz ar pasaules tendencēm pieaudzis arodalus (<i>craft beer</i>) tirgus segments, kura izaugsmi nākamajos trīs gados paredz 12% apmērā. 15,5% pieaugumu paredz arī vidējās cenu kategorijas alum, savukārt ekonomiskā un stiprā alus segmentam turpmākos trīs gadus prognozēts 11,5% samazinājums.<sup id="cite_ref-Šteinfelde_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Šteinfelde-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2013. gada rudenī par pievēršanos ekskluzīvā alus tirgus segmentam paziņoja arī Latvijas lielākais alus darītājs Aldaris, ieguldot 3 miljonus eiro vēsturiskās alus darītavas atjaunošanā un ekskluzīvo alus šķirņu izstrādē,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no kurām pirmās trīs — Mājas alu, Latvijas IPA un Staltais beļģis — prezentēja 2014. gada 7. maijā.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2021. gadā Latvijā bija reģistrēti 75 alus darītāji.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:%C5%A0tricka_alusdar%C4%ABtava_1895._gad%C4%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Štricka alusdarītava (1895)"><img alt="Štricka alusdarītava (1895)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/39/%C5%A0tricka_alusdar%C4%ABtava_1895._gad%C4%81.jpg/120px-%C5%A0tricka_alusdar%C4%ABtava_1895._gad%C4%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/39/%C5%A0tricka_alusdar%C4%ABtava_1895._gad%C4%81.jpg/180px-%C5%A0tricka_alusdar%C4%ABtava_1895._gad%C4%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/39/%C5%A0tricka_alusdar%C4%ABtava_1895._gad%C4%81.jpg/240px-%C5%A0tricka_alusdar%C4%ABtava_1895._gad%C4%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Štricka alusdarītava (1895)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:R%C4%ABgas_alusdar%C4%ABtava_Kymmel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="alusdarītava Kymmel"><img alt="alusdarītava Kymmel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/0/08/R%C4%ABgas_alusdar%C4%ABtava_Kymmel.jpg/120px-R%C4%ABgas_alusdar%C4%ABtava_Kymmel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/0/08/R%C4%ABgas_alusdar%C4%ABtava_Kymmel.jpg/180px-R%C4%ABgas_alusdar%C4%ABtava_Kymmel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/0/08/R%C4%ABgas_alusdar%C4%ABtava_Kymmel.jpg/240px-R%C4%ABgas_alusdar%C4%ABtava_Kymmel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">alusdarītava <i>Kymmel</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Alusdar%C4%ABtava_Waldschl%C3%B6sschen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="alusdarītava Waldschlösschen"><img alt="alusdarītava Waldschlösschen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/e/ea/Alusdar%C4%ABtava_Waldschl%C3%B6sschen.jpg/120px-Alusdar%C4%ABtava_Waldschl%C3%B6sschen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/e/ea/Alusdar%C4%ABtava_Waldschl%C3%B6sschen.jpg/180px-Alusdar%C4%ABtava_Waldschl%C3%B6sschen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/e/ea/Alusdar%C4%ABtava_Waldschl%C3%B6sschen.jpg/240px-Alusdar%C4%ABtava_Waldschl%C3%B6sschen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">alusdarītava <i>Waldschlösschen</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Waldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchen_alus_%C5%A1%C4%B7ir%C5%86u_eti%C4%B7etes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Waldschlößchen alus darītavas etiķetes"><img alt="Waldschlößchen alus darītavas etiķetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/30/Waldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchen_alus_%C5%A1%C4%B7ir%C5%86u_eti%C4%B7etes.png/119px-Waldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchen_alus_%C5%A1%C4%B7ir%C5%86u_eti%C4%B7etes.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/30/Waldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchen_alus_%C5%A1%C4%B7ir%C5%86u_eti%C4%B7etes.png/178px-Waldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchen_alus_%C5%A1%C4%B7ir%C5%86u_eti%C4%B7etes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/3/30/Waldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchen_alus_%C5%A1%C4%B7ir%C5%86u_eti%C4%B7etes.png/238px-Waldschl%C3%B6%C3%9Fchen_alus_%C5%A1%C4%B7ir%C5%86u_eti%C4%B7etes.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Waldschlößchen</i> alus darītavas etiķetes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciema_alus_dar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Iļģuciema alus darītavas etiķetes"><img alt="Iļģuciema alus darītavas etiķetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/c/cd/I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciema_alus_dar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png/120px-I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciema_alus_dar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/c/cd/I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciema_alus_dar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png/180px-I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciema_alus_dar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/c/cd/I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciema_alus_dar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png/240px-I%C4%BC%C4%A3uciema_alus_dar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iļģuciema alus darītavas etiķetes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Kuncendorfa_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuncendorfa alus etiķetes"><img alt="Kuncendorfa alus etiķetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/8/85/Kuncendorfa_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png/120px-Kuncendorfa_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/8/85/Kuncendorfa_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png/180px-Kuncendorfa_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/8/85/Kuncendorfa_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png/240px-Kuncendorfa_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kuncendorfa alus etiķetes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Tanheizera_alusdar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tanheizera alusdarītavas etiķetes"><img alt="Tanheizera alusdarītavas etiķetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/d/d1/Tanheizera_alusdar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png/120px-Tanheizera_alusdar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/d/d1/Tanheizera_alusdar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png/180px-Tanheizera_alusdar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/d/d1/Tanheizera_alusdar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png/240px-Tanheizera_alusdar%C4%ABtavas_eti%C4%B7etes.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tanheizera alusdarītavas etiķetes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Kymmel_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kymmel alus etiķetes"><img alt="Kymmel alus etiķetes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/a/a2/Kymmel_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png/120px-Kymmel_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/a/a2/Kymmel_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png/180px-Kymmel_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/lv/thumb/a/a2/Kymmel_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png/240px-Kymmel_alus_eti%C4%B7etes.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Kymmel</i> alus etiķetes</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sastāvdaļas"><span id="Sast.C4.81vda.C4.BCas"></span>Sastāvdaļas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Sastāvdaļas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Sastāvdaļas"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Ingredents_of_Faroese_beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ingredents_of_Faroese_beer.jpg/250px-Ingredents_of_Faroese_beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ingredents_of_Faroese_beer.jpg/375px-Ingredents_of_Faroese_beer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ingredents_of_Faroese_beer.jpg/500px-Ingredents_of_Faroese_beer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Alus sastāvdaļas — <a href="/wiki/%C5%AAdens" title="Ūdens">ūdens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iesals" title="Iesals">iesals</a> un <a href="/wiki/Api%C5%86i" title="Apiņi">apiņi</a> (no kreisās uz labo)</figcaption></figure> <p>Saskaņā ar 1516. gada Bavārijas hercoga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilhelms_IV_(Bav%C4%81rijas_hercogs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilhelms IV (Bavārijas hercogs) (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Vilhelma IV</a> „tīrības likumu” (<a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cu_valoda" title="Vācu valoda">vācu</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Reinheitsgebot</i></span>), par alu uzskatāms tikai tāds dzēriens, kas gatavots no ūdens, iesala un apiņiem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20105_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mūsdienās gan pie alus pamata sastāvdaļām pieskaita arī <a href="/wiki/Raugs" title="Raugs">raugu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bet kviešus un miežus mēdz aizstāt ar citiem <a href="/wiki/Ciete" title="Ciete">cietes</a> un <a href="/wiki/Cukurs" title="Cukurs">cukura</a> avotiem, piemēram, <a href="/wiki/Kukur%C5%ABza" title="Kukurūza">kukurūzu</a> vai <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABsi" title="Rīsi">rīsiem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arodalum mēdz pievienot arī citas sastāvdaļas kā <a href="/wiki/Laktoze" title="Laktoze">laktozi</a>, augļu un ogu sulas, drogas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raugs">Raugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Raugs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Raugs"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raugs pārraudzē misā esošo cukuru etilspirtā un <a href="/wiki/Oglek%C4%BCa_dioks%C4%ABds" title="Oglekļa dioksīds">ogļskābajā gāzē</a>. Atskaitot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambika_alus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambika alus (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Lambika alum</a> izmantotos savvaļas raugus, izdala 2 alus rauga veidus: </p> <ul><li>augšrūgšanas jeb virsrūgšanas raugu (<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>), kam optimālā darbības temperatūra ir 10-25 °C, un ko izmanto augšējās rūgšanas alu gatavošanā;</li> <li>apakšrūgšanas raugu (<i>Saccharomyces pastorianus</i>) ar optimālo darbības temperatūru 6—10 °C, ko lieto apakšējās rūgšanas alum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201018_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alus_šķirnes"><span id="Alus_.C5.A1.C4.B7irnes"></span>Alus šķirnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Alus šķirnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Alus šķirnes"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Kriek_Beer_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kriek_Beer_1.jpg/160px-Kriek_Beer_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kriek_Beer_1.jpg/240px-Kriek_Beer_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kriek_Beer_1.jpg/320px-Kriek_Beer_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>Ķiršu Lambika alus <i>Kriek</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Ale_Bitter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ale_Bitter.jpg/160px-Ale_Bitter.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ale_Bitter.jpg/240px-Ale_Bitter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ale_Bitter.jpg/320px-Ale_Bitter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pints (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Pints</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eils (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">eila</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Guinness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Guinness.jpg/160px-Guinness.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Guinness.jpg/240px-Guinness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Guinness.jpg/320px-Guinness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C4%AArija" title="Īrija">Īrijas</a> alus darītavas <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinness_(alus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guinness (alus) (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Guinness</a></i> ražotais <i>Guinness Draught</i> stauts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Pilsner_Uruqell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pilsner_Uruqell.jpg/160px-Pilsner_Uruqell.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pilsner_Uruqell.jpg/240px-Pilsner_Uruqell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pilsner_Uruqell.jpg/320px-Pilsner_Uruqell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%86a" title="Plzeņa">Plzeņā</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilsner_Uruqell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilsner Uruqell (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Pilsner Uruqell</a></i> ražotais gaišais pilzners</figcaption></figure> <p>Aldari alu iedala atkarībā no izmantotā misas raudzēšanas veida. Izšķir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambiks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambiks (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Lambika</a> (<i>Lambic</i>) jeb ar savvaļas raugiem raudzētos alus, augšējās rūgšanas alus (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eils (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">eilus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stauts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stauts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">stautus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Porteris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porteris (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">porterus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvie%C5%A1u_alus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kviešu alus (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">kviešu alus</a> u.c.) un apakšējās rūgšanas alus (piemēram, <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C4%81geris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lāgeris (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">lāgerus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lambika_alus">Lambika alus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Lambika alus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Lambika alus"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambika_alus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambika alus (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Lambika alus</a> šķirne radusies <a href="/wiki/Be%C4%BC%C4%A3ija" title="Beļģija">Beļģijā</a>, un tās nosaukums, iespējams, nāk netālu no <a href="/wiki/Brisele" title="Brisele">Briseles</a> esošā <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemb%C4%93ka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembēka (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Lembēkas</a> (<i>Lembeek</i>) ciema. Lambika alus gatavošanā izmanto savvaļas raugus un iegūtās misas raudzēšanu veic mucās, kur iepriekš raudzēts <a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABns" title="Vīns">vīns</a>, tāpēc šai alus šķirnei ir vīnam līdzīga garša un smarža.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lambika alu gatavo no 30% neapstrādātu kviešu un 70% miežu iesala. Vispirms no nediedzētajiem kviešiem un miežu iesala pagatavo iejavu, bet pēc tam iegūst misu. Tad misu ielej atvērtā <a href="/wiki/Var%C5%A1" title="Varš">vara</a> traukā un ļauj tai atdzist. Atdziestot misā sāk darboties aptuveni 70 dažādi mikroorganismi, no kuriem būtiskākie ir raugi <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brettanomyces_lambicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brettanomyces lambicus (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Brettanomyces lambicus</a></i> un <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brettanomyces_bruxellensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brettanomyces bruxellensis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Brettanomyces bruxellensis</a></i>, un aizsākas rūgšana. Misu atstāj uz nakti ierūgt un no rīta salej vīna mucās, kur to turpina raudzēt aptuveni 3 gadus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Visvienkāršākais Lambika alus ir ar <a href="/wiki/Cukurniedres" title="Cukurniedres">cukurniedru</a> cukuru, <a href="/wiki/Karameles" title="Karameles">karamelēm</a> vai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melase (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">melasi</a> saldinātais <i>Faro</i>, tomēr pastāv arī dažādi uz Lambika alus bāzes veidoti augļu ali, piemēram, <i>Kriek</i>, kam gatavošanā laikā pievienoti <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6ir%C5%A1i" title="Ķirši">ķirši</a>, vai <i>Frambozen</i>, kas papildināts ar <a href="/wiki/Avenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenes">avenēm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augšējās_rūgšanas_alus"><span id="Aug.C5.A1.C4.93j.C4.81s_r.C5.ABg.C5.A1anas_alus"></span>Augšējās rūgšanas alus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļu: Augšējās rūgšanas alus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Augšējās rūgšanas alus"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Augšējās jeb virsējās rūgšanas alu raudzē augstākā temperatūrā nekā apakšējās rūgšanas alu, un tā gatavošanas tehnoloģija ir ar daudz senāku vēsturi. Garšas un smaržas īpašību ziņā augšējās rūgšanas alum parasti ir īpatnēja ziediem līdzīga smarža, kā arī izteiktāka augļu un rauga piegarša.<sup id="cite_ref-Andersons_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersons-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galvenās augšējās rūgšanas alu šķirnes ir eili, stauti, porteri un kviešu ali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augšējās rūgšanas alus veida nosaukums cēlies no tā, ka izmantotais augšrūgšanas raugs raudzēšanas laikā uzpeld alus virspusē, veidojot blīvu putu slāni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201018_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eils">Eils</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļu: Eils" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Eils"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eils (<a href="/wiki/Ang%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Angļu valoda">angļu</a>: <span lang="en"><i>Ale</i></span>) ir ļoti daudzveidīga augšējās rūgšanas alus šķirne<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, ko parasti raudzē 15—25 °C temperatūrā<sup id="cite_ref-eili_un_lāgeri_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eili_un_lāgeri-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aptuveni 1 nedēļu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eilam pastāv dažnedažādi paveidi visdažādākajās krāsās, rūgtumā un stiprumā — mērenais eils (<i>Mild ale</i>), rūgtais eils (<i>Bitter ale</i>), gaišais eils (<i>Light ale</i>), bālais eils (<i>Pale ale</i>), Indijas bālais eils (<i>IPA</i> — <i>India pale ale</i>), brūnais eils (<i>Brown ale</i>), vecais eils (<i>Old ale</i>), īru eils (<i>Irish ale</i>) u.c. Viens no zināmākajiem un pasaulē atzītākajiem eiliem ir flāmu sarkanais eils, kura garšas īpašības iegūst alu pēc raudzēšanas izturot koka mucās, kuras laikā alū notiek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piensk%C4%81b%C4%81_r%C5%ABg%C5%A1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pienskābā rūgšana (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">pienskābā rūgšana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eila nosaukums cēlies no <a href="/wiki/Ang%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Angļu valoda">angļu valodas</a> vārda „<i>ale</i>”, ar ko <a href="/wiki/Senang%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Senangļu valoda">senangļu valodā</a> apzīmēja alu, kam nav pievienoti apiņi, pretstatā „<i>beer</i>”, ko attiecināja uz visu veidu alu. Mūsdienās par „<i>ale</i>” angļvalodīgajās zemēs sauc jebkuru augšējā rūgšanā gatavoto alu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stauts">Stauts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Labot sadaļu: Stauts" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=9" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Stauts"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stauts (<i>Stout</i>) ir augšējās rūgšanas alus šķirne ar tumšu krāsu un salīdzinoši augstu alkohola saturu, ko gatavo, bāzes iesaliem pievienojot grauzdētu iesala vai dažkārt grauzdētus, neiesalotus miežus, tāpēc tam ir spēcīga grauzdējuma smarža un piedegumam līdzīga garša.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vienus no pasaulē slavenākajiem stautiem ražo Īrijas alus darītava <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guinness_(alus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guinness (alus) (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Guinness</a></i>, ko 18. gadsimtā <a href="/wiki/Dublina" title="Dublina">Dublinā</a> izveidoja īru aldaris <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturs_Giness&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arturs Giness (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Arturs Giness</a>. Vēl pazīstams ir imperiālais stauts (<i>Imperial stout</i>), ko par godu krievu imperatorei <a href="/wiki/Katr%C4%ABna_I" title="Katrīna I">Katrīnai I</a> 18. gadsimtā radīja Londonas aldari. To gatavo no ļoti spēcīgi grauzdētiem graudiem, kas sniedz tam izteiktu apiņu smaržu un dūmu piegaršu. Alkohola saturs imperiālajiem stautiem parasti pārsniedz 9% tilpuma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Porteris">Porteris</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Labot sadaļu: Porteris" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=10" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Porteris"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Porteris (<i>Porter</i>) ir stautam līdzīga augšējās rūgšanas alus šķirne, kas ir vieglāka un ar mazāku alkohola saturu nekā stauts. Garšas ziņā porteriem raksturīga augļu un šokolādes piegarša, kā arī blīvas putas. Portera ražošanas tehnoloģija tika patentēta 1817. gadā.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vācu_kviešu_alus"><span id="V.C4.81cu_kvie.C5.A1u_alus"></span>Vācu kviešu alus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Labot sadaļu: Vācu kviešu alus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=11" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Vācu kviešu alus"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kviešu jeb baltais alus ir tradicionāla Vācijas augšējās rūgšanas alus šķirne, kura darīšanā vismaz 50% izmantotā iesala ir kviešu, sniedzot alum gaišāku krāsu un vieglāku garšu. Vācu kviešu alus darīšanā izmantotais raugs pazīstams ar to, ka rūgšanas procesā rada aromātiskos <a href="/wiki/Esteri" title="Esteri">esterus</a>, kas atgādina krustnagliņas un banānus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apakšējās_rūgšanas_alus"><span id="Apak.C5.A1.C4.93j.C4.81s_r.C5.ABg.C5.A1anas_alus"></span>Apakšējās rūgšanas alus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Labot sadaļu: Apakšējās rūgšanas alus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=12" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Apakšējās rūgšanas alus"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lāgeris (<a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cu_valoda" title="Vācu valoda">vācu</a>: <span lang="de"><i>Lagerbier</i></span>, no <i>gelagert</i> — 'noglabāts'<sup id="cite_ref-eili_un_lāgeri_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eili_un_lāgeri-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) ir apakšējās rūgšanas alus, ko raudzē 5—9 °C temperatūrā. Tā izturēšana var ilgt no dažām nedēļām līdz pat 9 mēnešiem (tradicionāli 3 mēnešus) temperatūrā, kas tuva nullei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apakšējās jeb zemās rūgšanas alu raudzē zemākā temperatūrā nekā augšējās rūgšanas alu,<sup id="cite_ref-Andersons_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andersons-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> un tas radies vien 19. gadsimtā, kad varēja mākslīgi ilgstoši nodrošināt vajadzīgo zemo raudzēšanas temperatūru.<sup id="cite_ref-eili_un_lāgeri_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eili_un_lāgeri-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Izturēšanas rezultātā lāgera tipa alum raksturīga tīrāka garša un aromāts. Apakšējās rūgšanas alus veida nosaukums cēlies no tā, ka izmantotais apakšrūgšanas raugs raudzēšanas laikā pārslu veidā nogulsnējas alus apakšā.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201018_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201018-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Izdala vairākus lāgera alus paveidus: „Tumšais alus”, „Vīnes stila alus”, „Pilzenes alus”, „Dortmundes alus” un „Boka alus” (bukalus jeb <i>bock</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No tiem visslavenākais ir „Pilzenes alus”, kas radīts <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%86a" title="Plzeņa">Plzeņā</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cehija" title="Čehija">Čehijā</a>. Tas ir gaišais alus ar izteiktu apiņu garšu un smaržu. „Pilzenes alu” pirmoreiz plašākai publikai 1842. gadā <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81rti%C5%86dienas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mārtiņdienas (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Mārtiņdienās</a> pasniedza Bavārijas aldaris <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jozefs_Grolls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jozefs Grolls (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Jozefs Grolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alus_patēriņš_pēc_valsts"><span id="Alus_pat.C4.93ri.C5.86.C5.A1_p.C4.93c_valsts"></span>Alus patēriņš pēc valsts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Labot sadaļu: Alus patēriņš pēc valsts" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=13" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Alus patēriņš pēc valsts"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint"><i>Pamatraksts: <a href="/wiki/Valstu_uzskait%C4%ABjums_p%C4%93c_alus_pat%C4%93ri%C5%86a_uz_vienu_iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ju" title="Valstu uzskaitījums pēc alus patēriņa uz vienu iedzīvotāju">Valstu uzskaitījums pēc alus patēriņa uz vienu iedzīvotāju</a> </i></div></dd></dl> <p>2019. gadā vislielākais alus patēriņš uz vienu iedzīvotāju bija Čehijā, kam sekoja <a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%ABbija" title="Namībija">Namībija</a> un <a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija">Austrija</a>. Savukārt, ja rēķina visu kopējo izdzertā alus daudzumu valstī, tad pirmajās vietās ir <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna" title="Ķīna">Ķīna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerikas_Savienot%C4%81s_Valstis" title="Amerikas Savienotās Valstis">Amerikas Savienotās Valstis</a> un <a href="/wiki/Braz%C4%ABlija" title="Brazīlija">Brazīlija</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"> <caption>Patēriņš uz vienu iedzīvotāju 2019. gadā<sup id="cite_ref-Kirin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Vieta </th> <th width="130">Valsts </th> <th width="80">Alus (<a href="/wiki/Litrs" title="Litrs">litri</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Čehija"><img alt="Karogs: Čehija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cehija" title="Čehija">Čehija</a></td> <td>188,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Austrija"><img alt="Karogs: Austrija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrija" title="Austrija">Austrija</a></td> <td>107,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Rumānija"><img alt="Karogs: Rumānija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rum%C4%81nija" title="Rumānija">Rumānija</a></td> <td>100,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Vācija"><img alt="Karogs: Vācija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cija" title="Vācija">Vācija</a></td> <td>99,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Polija"><img alt="Karogs: Polija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Polija" title="Polija">Polija</a></td> <td>97,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Namibia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Namībija"><img alt="Karogs: Namībija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%ABbija" title="Namībija">Namībija</a></td> <td>95,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Īrija"><img alt="Karogs: Īrija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%C4%AArija" title="Īrija">Īrija</a></td> <td>92,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Spānija"><img alt="Karogs: Spānija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sp%C4%81nija" title="Spānija">Spānija</a></td> <td>88,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Horvātija"><img alt="Karogs: Horvātija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Horv%C4%81tija" title="Horvātija">Horvātija</a></td> <td>85,5 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EBFFEB;"> <td>10.</td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Latvija"><img alt="Karogs: Latvija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvija" title="Latvija">Latvija</a></b></td> <td>81,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Igaunija"><img alt="Karogs: Igaunija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Igaunija" title="Igaunija">Igaunija</a></td> <td>80,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Slovēnija"><img alt="Karogs: Slovēnija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slov%C4%93nija" title="Slovēnija">Slovēnija</a></td> <td>80,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Nīderlande"><img alt="Karogs: Nīderlande" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABderlande" title="Nīderlande">Nīderlande</a></td> <td>79,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Bulgārija"><img alt="Karogs: Bulgārija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulg%C4%81rija" title="Bulgārija">Bulgārija</a></td> <td>78,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Panama.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Panama"><img alt="Karogs: Panama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/22px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/33px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/44px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></td> <td>78,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Slovākija"><img alt="Karogs: Slovākija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Slov%C4%81kija" title="Slovākija">Slovākija</a></td> <td>76,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Austrālija"><img alt="Karogs: Austrālija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austr%C4%81lija" title="Austrālija">Austrālija</a></td> <td>75,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Lietuva"><img alt="Karogs: Lietuva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lietuva" title="Lietuva">Lietuva</a></td> <td>74,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Hungary.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Ungārija"><img alt="Karogs: Ungārija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ung%C4%81rija" title="Ungārija">Ungārija</a></td> <td>73,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20.</td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Amerikas Savienotās Valstis"><img alt="Karogs: Amerikas Savienotās Valstis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerikas_Savienot%C4%81s_Valstis" title="Amerikas Savienotās Valstis">ASV</a></td> <td>72,7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=14" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201015_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiekstiņš,_Čerņevska2010">Riekstiņš, Čerņevska 2010</a>, 15. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20104-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20104_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiekstiņš,_Čerņevska2010">Riekstiņš, Čerņevska 2010</a>, 4. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074.—76-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074.—76_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKārkliņa,_Ciproviča2010">Kārkliņa, Ciproviča 2010</a>, 74.—76. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424232701/http://kupla.lv/stipra-alus-bruvesana/">«Mīti un patiesība par stiprā alus brūvēšanu»</a> (latviski). kupla.lv. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kupla.lv/stipra-alus-bruvesana/">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2011-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: <span class="nowrap">2012-11-09</span></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307051944/http://www.tvnet.lv/zinas/arvalstis/527504-vacija_atklats_ikgadejais_alus_festivals_oktoberfest">«Vācijā atklāts ikgadējais alus festivāls «Oktoberfest»»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tvnet.lv" title="Tvnet.lv">tvnet.lv</a></i> (latviski). 2014. gada 20 septembris. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvnet.lv/zinas/arvalstis/527504-vacija_atklats_ikgadejais_alus_festivals_oktoberfest">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2016. gada 7. Marts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2015. gada 22. augustā</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201012_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiekstiņš,_Čerņevska2010">Riekstiņš, Čerņevska 2010</a>, 12. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20105-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20105_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20105_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiekstiņš,_Čerņevska2010">Riekstiņš, Čerņevska 2010</a>, 5. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daudzese.lv/attachments/article/2597/iekslapas3.pdf">Šis tas ievērības cienīgs par Kurzemi</a> latviskais tulkojums ar <a href="/wiki/Tentelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tentelis">A. Tenteļa</a> ievadu no LU rakstu XI sējuma 1924. gadā 31.—73. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20104.—5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska20104.—5_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiekstiņš,_Čerņevska2010">Riekstiņš, Čerņevska 2010</a>, 4.—5. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20._un_30._gados-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-20._un_30._gados_10-0">10,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-20._un_30._gados_10-1">10,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labsalus.lv/latvijas-alus-divdesmitajos-un-trisdesmitajos-gados-3/">«Latvijas alus divdesmitajos un trīsdesmitajos gados»</a> (latviski). labsalus.lv. 2009. gada 1. aprīlis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2014. gada 28. februārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delfi.lv/news/national/politics/iecienitakie-dzerieni-pern-cesu-dzons-un-apinitis-stiprais-popularakie-smeki-philip-morris-secinajis-vid.d?id=45603668">«Iecienītākie dzērieni pērn - 'Cēsu Džons' un 'Apinītis stiprais', populārākie smēķi – 'Philip Morris', secinājis VID»</a> (latviski). <a href="/wiki/Delfi_(port%C4%81ls)" title="Delfi (portāls)">Delfi</a>. 2015. gada 21. februāris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2015. gada 22. augustā</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Šteinfelde-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Šteinfelde_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Ilze Šteinfelde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nra.lv/latvija/143597-sogad-40-jaunas-alus-skirnes.htm">«Šogad 40 jaunas alus šķirnes»</a> (latviski). <a href="/wiki/Neatkar%C4%ABg%C4%81_R%C4%ABta_Av%C4%ABze" title="Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze">Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze</a>, 2015. gada 19. jūnijs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2014. gada 28. februārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Laura Krastiņa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agropols.lv/?menu=55&newsid=96198">«<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Aldaris" maina stratēģiju, investējot 3 miljonus eiro ekskluzīvu alus šķirņu brūvēšanā, un turpina uzlabot efektivitāti»</a> (latviski). Agropols, 2013. gada 5. septembris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2015. gada 26. augustā</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Laura Krastiņa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513200848/http://www.diena.lv/diena-tv/bizness/video-aldaris-sak-razot-tris-ekskluzivas-alus-skirnes-14054707">«VIDEO: Aldaris sāk ražot trīs ekskluzīvas alus šķirnes»</a> (latviski). <a href="/wiki/Diena_(laikraksts)" title="Diena (laikraksts)">Diena</a>, 2014. gada 8. maijs. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diena.lv/diena-tv/bizness/video-aldaris-sak-razot-tris-ekskluzivas-alus-skirnes-14054707">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2015. gada 13. Maijs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2015. gada 26. augustā</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/ekonomika/latvija-registreti-55-piena-parstrades-un-siera-razosanas-uznemumi-un-75-alus-daritaji.a410112/">«Latvijā reģistrēti 55 piena pārstrādes un siera ražošanas uzņēmumi un 75 alus darītāji»</a>. <i>www.lsm.lv</i> (latviešu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: <span class="nowrap">2021-06-28</span></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labsalus.lv/reinheitsgebot-jeb-vacu-alus-tiribas-likums/">«Reinheitsgebot jeb Vācu alus tīrības likums»</a> (latviski). labsalus.lv. 2010. gada 22. aprīlī<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2015. gada 22. augustā</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-0">17,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-1">17,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-2">17,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-3">17,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-4">17,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-5">17,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-6">17,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-7">17,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-8">17,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-9">17,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-10">17,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-11">17,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-12">17,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-13">17,13</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-14">17,14</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKārkliņa,_Ciproviča201074—76_17-15">17,15</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKārkliņa,_Ciproviča2010">Kārkliņa, Ciproviča 2010</a>, 74—76. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201018-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201018_18-0">18,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201018_18-1">18,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiekstiņš,_Čerņevska201018_18-2">18,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiekstiņš,_Čerņevska2010">Riekstiņš, Čerņevska 2010</a>, 18. lpp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andersons-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Andersons_19-0">19,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Andersons_19-1">19,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Uldis Andersons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922173040/http://www.db.lv/laikraksta-arhivs/citas/saldeni-rugtais-omulibas-dzeriens-alus-341395">«Saldeni rūgtais omulības dzēriens - alus»</a> (latviski). Dienas Bizness, 2002. gada 21. jūnijs. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.db.lv/laikraksta-arhivs/citas/saldeni-rugtais-omulibas-dzeriens-alus-341395">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2015. gada 22. septembrī<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2015. gada 22. augustā</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eili_un_lāgeri-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eili_un_lāgeri_20-0">20,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eili_un_lāgeri_20-1">20,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eili_un_lāgeri_20-2">20,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714120855/http://www.tvnet.lv/izklaide/notikumi/551637-eili_un_lageri_kad_ka_un_kapec">«Eili un lāgeri – kad, kā un kāpēc?»</a>. <i>„Alus – kas vairāk nekā dzēriens”</i> (latviski). <a href="/wiki/Tvnet.lv" title="Tvnet.lv">tvnet.lv</a>. 2015. gada 16. marts. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvnet.lv/izklaide/notikumi/551637-eili_un_lageri_kad_ka_un_kapec">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2015. gada 14. Jūlijs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2015. gada 22. augustā</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/1920-30s-beer-label-gust-kuncendorf-riga-bukalus">«1920-30's Beer Label Gust Kuncendorf Riga Bukalus | #23735021»</a>. <i>Worthpoint</i> (angļu)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: <span class="nowrap">2024-02-29</span></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirin-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirin_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirinholdings.co.jp/english/news/2017/1221_01.html">Per Capita Beer Consumption by Country (2016)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924225323/https://www.kirinholdings.co.jp/english/news/2017/1221_01.html">Arhivēts</a> 2018. gada 24. septembrī, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē., Kirin Holdings Company. Table 3.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatūra"><span id="Literat.C5.ABra"></span>Literatūra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Labot sadaļu: Literatūra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=15" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Literatūra"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span id="CITEREFRiekstiņš,_Čerņevska2010" class="citation book">Kārlis Riekstiņš. Ilze Čerņevska (redaktors) . <i>Pašdarināts alus un kvass</i>. Rīga : <a href="/wiki/Avots_(izdevniec%C4%ABba)" title="Avots (izdevniecība)">Avots</a>, 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-859-16-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-859-16-3">978-9984-859-16-3</a>.</span></li> <li><span id="CITEREFKārkliņa,_Ciproviča2008" class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Daina_K%C4%81rkli%C5%86a" title="Daina Kārkliņa">Daina Kārkliņa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inga_Ciprovi%C4%8Da" title="Inga Ciproviča">Inga Ciproviča</a>. <i>Pārtikas produktu tehnoloģija</i>. Rīga : LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-45-156-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-45-156-5">978-9984-45-156-5</a>.</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ārējās_saites"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81s_saites"></span>Ārējās saites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alus&action=edit&section=16" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējās saites"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami <a href="/wiki/Multivides" title="Multivides">multivides</a> faili. Skatīt: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Beer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Beer">Alus</a></b></i>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/beer"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(angliski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/bier-20"><i>Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(vāciski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Beer/">Pasaules vēstures enciklopēdijas raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(angliski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/tehnologiya_i_promyshlennost/PIVO.html">Enciklopēdijas <i>Krugosvet</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(krieviski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://labsalus.lv/">Blogs par alu un alus darīšanu</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(latviski)</span></li></ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Autoritat%C4%ABv%C4%81_vad%C4%ABba" title="Autoritatīvā vadība">Autoritatīvā vadība</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-sh85-012832">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongresa_bibliot%C4%93ka" title="Kongresa bibliotēka">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/sh85012832">sh85012832</a></span></li> <li>GND: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4006537-6">4006537-6</a></span></li> <li>BNF: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965887d">cb11965887d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11965887d">(data)</a></span></li> <li>HDS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F013991.php">013991</a></span></li> <li>NDL: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560674">00560674</a></span></li> <li>NKC: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137949&CON_LNG=ENG">ph137949</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Saturs iegūts no "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alus&oldid=4165574">https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alus&oldid=4165574</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Alus" title="Kategorija:Alus">Alus</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Šī lapa pēdējoreiz labota: 2024. gada 28. oktobris plkst. 11.02.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teksts ir pieejams saskaņā ar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike licenci</a>; var pastāvēt papildu ierobežojumi. 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