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obligatoriness</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: personal obligatoriness"> <meta name="keywords" content="personal obligatoriness"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="personal obligatoriness"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2287</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: personal obligatoriness</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2287</span> In Defense of Impersonal Obligatoriness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20B.%20M.%20Vranas">Peter B. M. Vranas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An important question in moral philosophy is whether whatever is obligatory (i.e., morally required) is personally obligatory, namely obligatory for someone. A positive answer is uncontested in the literature: for example, if it is obligatory for you to keep your promises, it seems that it is obligatory for you you keep your promises. By using conceptual analysis, this paper defends a negative answer: some things are impersonally obligatory, namely obligatory, but not obligatory for anyone. For example, if each of us has promised to vote and thus has an obligation to vote, then it is obligatory that we all vote, but it is not obligatory for anyone that we all vote (because, for example, what is obligatory for you is that you vote, not that we all vote). The paper concludes that there is an important concept of impersonal obligatoriness irreducible to personal obligatoriness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impersonal%20obligatoriness" title="impersonal obligatoriness">impersonal obligatoriness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ought%20to%20be" title=" ought to be"> ought to be</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ought%20to%20do" title=" ought to do"> ought to do</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20obligatoriness" title=" personal obligatoriness"> personal obligatoriness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164196/in-defense-of-impersonal-obligatoriness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164196.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2286</span> The 1st Personal Pronouns as Evasive Devices in the 2016 Taiwanese Presidential Debate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan-Chi%20Chen">Yan-Chi Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to investigate the 1st personal pronouns as evasive devices used by presidential candidates in the 2016 Taiwanese Presidential Debate within the framework of critical discourse analysis (CDA). This study finds that the personal pronoun ‘I’ is the highest frequent personal pronoun in the 2016 Taiwanese Presidential Debate. Generally speaking, the first personal pronouns were used most in the presidential debate, compared with the second and the third personal pronouns. Hence, a further quantitative analysis is conducted to explore the correlation between the frequencies of the two 1st personal pronouns and the other pronouns. Results show that the number of the personal pronoun ‘I’ increases from 26 to 49, with the personal pronoun ‘we’ decreases from 43 to 15 during the debate. Though it seems the personal pronoun ‘I’ has a higher tendency in pronominal choice, statistical evidence demonstrated that the personal pronoun ‘we’ has the greater statistical significance (p<0.0002), compared with that of ‘I’ (p<0.0116). The comparatively small p-value of the personal pronoun ‘we’ means it ‘has a stronger correlation with the overall pronominal choice, and the personal pronoun ‘we’ is more likely to be used than the personal pronoun ‘I’. Therefore, this study concludes that the pronominal choice varies with different evasive strategies. The ingrained functions of these personal pronouns are mainly categorized as ‘agreement’ and ‘justification’. The personal pronoun ’we’ is preferred in the agreement evasive strategies, and ‘I’ is used for justifying oneself. In addition, the personal pronoun ‘we’ can be defined as both ‘inclusive’ and ‘exclusive’ personal pronoun, which rendered ‘we’ more functions not limited to agreement evasive strategies. In conclusion, although the personal pronoun ‘I’ has the highest occurrences, the personal pronoun ‘we’ is more related to the first pronoun choices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20discourse%20analysis%20%28CDA%29" title="critical discourse analysis (CDA)">critical discourse analysis (CDA)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evasive%20devices" title=" evasive devices"> evasive devices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%201st%20personal%20pronouns" title=" the 1st personal pronouns"> the 1st personal pronouns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%202016%20Taiwanese%20Presidential%20Debate" title=" the 2016 Taiwanese Presidential Debate"> the 2016 Taiwanese Presidential Debate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92847/the-1st-personal-pronouns-as-evasive-devices-in-the-2016-taiwanese-presidential-debate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92847.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2285</span> The Impact of Personal Identity on Self-Esteem among Muslim Adolescents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20Ayub">Nadia Ayub</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of the study was to explore the impact of personal identity on self-esteem among adolescents. Two hypotheses were tested in the study, i.e., personal identity effects on self-esteem; and gender difference in the variables of personal identity and self-esteem. The total of 300 (150 female; 150 male) adolescents participated in the study. Personal identity scale (Ayub, N., In Press), and self-esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1985) were administered. The findings of the study suggest that positive personal identity impact on self-esteem and gender difference was found on the variables of personal identity and self-esteem. In conclusion, the results of the study are beneficial for researchers, policymakers, psychologists. The strong positive personal identity and self-esteem help in healthy mental development not only in adolescence but throughout the life of individuals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20identity" title="personal identity">personal identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-esteem" title=" self-esteem"> self-esteem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adolescents" title=" adolescents"> adolescents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positive%20psychology" title=" positive psychology"> positive psychology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103746/the-impact-of-personal-identity-on-self-esteem-among-muslim-adolescents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103746.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2284</span> The Effects of Ethnicity, Personality and Religiosity on Desire for Personal Space</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ioanna%20Skoura">Ioanna Skoura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Past research shows that personal space has been investigated since the 1950s. Also, personality traits have been found to have a significant relationship with personal space. However, some of these studies have been criticized for being ethically inappropriate. In an attempt to avoid ethical issues, a new scale measuring desire for personal space has been created. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of ethnicity on desire for personal space. Additionally, extraversion and neuroticism are expected to predict significantly desire for personal space. Furthermore, the study is looking for any impact of religiosity on desire for personal space. In order to test the previous hypotheses, 115 participants from three cultural groups (English, Greeks in Greece and Greeks in the UK) are recruited online. Results indicate that only extraversion and religiosity are significant predictors of desire for personal space. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are made. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnicity" title="ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religiosity" title=" religiosity"> religiosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personality" title=" personality"> personality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20space" title=" personal space"> personal space</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83838/the-effects-of-ethnicity-personality-and-religiosity-on-desire-for-personal-space" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83838.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">201</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2283</span> Reform of the Law Relating to Personal Property Security</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ji%20Lian%20Yap">Ji Lian Yap</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper will critically consider developments in 2014 in relation to the law relating to security over personal property in Hong Kong. The rules governing the registration of charges under the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance will be examined. Case law relating to personal property security will also be discussed. The transplantation of the floating charge into China’s Property Law will also be considered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20property" title="personal property">personal property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security%20law" title=" security law"> security law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reform%20of%20the%20law" title=" reform of the law"> reform of the law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19040/reform-of-the-law-relating-to-personal-property-security" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19040.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2282</span> Organisational Disclosure: Threats to Individuals' Privacy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20A.%20Badrul">N. A. Badrul </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> People are concerned that they are vulnerable as a result of what is exposed about them on the internet. Users are increasingly aware of their privacy and are making various efforts to protect their personal information. However, besides individuals themselves, organisations are also exposing personal information of their staff to the general public by publishing it on their official website. This practice may put individuals at risk and particularly vulnerable to threats. This preliminary study explores explicitly the amount and types of personal information disclosure from organisational websites. Threats and risks related to the disclosures are discussed. In general, all the examined organisational websites discloses personal information with varies identifiable degree of data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20information" title="personal information">personal information</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privacy" title=" privacy"> privacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-government" title=" e-government"> e-government</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20disclosure" title=" information disclosure"> information disclosure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8541/organisational-disclosure-threats-to-individuals-privacy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8541.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">319</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2281</span> Regulation on the Protection of Personal Data Versus Quality Data Assurance in the Healthcare System Case Report</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elizabeta%20Krsti%C4%87%20Vukelja">Elizabeta Krstić Vukelja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Digitization of personal data is a consequence of the development of information and communication technologies that create a new work environment with many advantages and challenges, but also potential threats to privacy and personal data protection. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council is becoming a law and obligation that should address the issues of personal data protection and information security. The existence of the Regulation leads to the conclusion that national legislation in the field of virtual environment, protection of the rights of EU citizens and processing of their personal data is insufficiently effective. In the health system, special emphasis is placed on the processing of special categories of personal data, such as health data. The healthcare industry is recognized as a particularly sensitive area in which a large amount of medical data is processed, the digitization of which enables quick access and quick identification of the health insured. The protection of the individual requires quality IT solutions that guarantee the technical protection of personal categories. However, the real problems are the technical and human nature and the spatial limitations of the application of the Regulation. Some conclusions will be drawn by analyzing the implementation of the basic principles of the Regulation on the example of the Croatian health care system and comparing it with similar activities in other EU member states. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regulation" title="regulation">regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healthcare%20system" title=" healthcare system"> healthcare system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20dana%20protection" title=" personal dana protection"> personal dana protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20data%20assurance" title=" quality data assurance"> quality data assurance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185856/regulation-on-the-protection-of-personal-data-versus-quality-data-assurance-in-the-healthcare-system-case-report" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185856.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">42</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2280</span> Strengthening Legal Protection of Personal Data through Technical Protection Regulation in Line with Human Rights</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomy%20Prihananto">Tomy Prihananto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damar%20Apri%20Sudarmadi"> Damar Apri Sudarmadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesia recognizes the right to privacy as a human right. Indonesia provides legal protection against data management activities because the protection of personal data is a part of human rights. This paper aims to describe the arrangement of data management and data management in Indonesia. This paper is a descriptive research with qualitative approach and collecting data from literature study. Results of this paper are comprehensive arrangement of data that have been set up as a technical requirement of data protection by encryption methods. Arrangements on encryption and protection of personal data are mutually reinforcing arrangements in the protection of personal data. Indonesia has two important and immediately enacted laws that provide protection for the privacy of information that is part of human rights. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection" title=" protection"> protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20data" title=" personal data"> personal data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privacy" title=" privacy"> privacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=encryption" title=" encryption"> encryption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93122/strengthening-legal-protection-of-personal-data-through-technical-protection-regulation-in-line-with-human-rights" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93122.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">183</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2279</span> The Role of Data Protection Officer in Managing Individual Data: Issues and Challenges</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazura%20Abdul%20Manap">Nazura Abdul Manap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siti%20Nur%20Farah%20Atiqah%20Salleh"> Siti Nur Farah Atiqah Salleh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For decades, the misuse of personal data has been a critical issue. Malaysia has accepted responsibility by implementing the Malaysian Personal Data Protection Act 2010 to secure personal data (PDPA 2010). After more than a decade, this legislation is set to be revised by the current PDPA 2023 Amendment Bill to align with the world's key personal data protection regulations, such as the European Union General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR). Among the other suggested adjustments is the Data User's appointment of a Data Protection Officer (DPO) to ensure the commercial entity's compliance with the PDPA 2010 criteria. The change is expected to be enacted in parliament fairly soon; nevertheless, based on the experience of the Personal Data Protection Department (PDPD) in implementing the Act, it is projected that there will be a slew of additional concerns associated with the DPO mandate. Consequently, the goal of this article is to highlight the issues that the DPO will encounter and how the Personal Data Protection Department should respond to this subject. The study result was produced using a qualitative technique based on an examination of the current literature. This research reveals that there are probable obstacles experienced by the DPO, and thus, there should be a definite, clear guideline in place to aid DPO in executing their tasks. It is argued that appointing a DPO is a wise measure in ensuring that the legal data security requirements are met. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=guideline" title="guideline">guideline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20protection%20officer" title=" data protection officer"> data protection officer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20data" title=" personal data"> personal data</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164137/the-role-of-data-protection-officer-in-managing-individual-data-issues-and-challenges" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164137.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2278</span> Existential Anguish and Its Influence on Personal Growth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lavanya%20Mohan">Lavanya Mohan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suneha%20Sethi"> Suneha Sethi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper seeks to study the concept of existential anguish and its relation to personal growth. Generally, existential anguish is taken to be an all-pervading negative feeling arising from an individual’s knowledge of their absolute freedom. However, this paper investigates the possible positive impact of this sense of anguish, such as its role in commencing an individual’s journey towards authentic living, characterized by an internal locus of will, and acceptance of absolute freedom. This journey towards authentic living is what is referred to as personal growth, in this paper, in the context of existential philosophy. The work of four prominent existentialists has been used to elucidate existential anguish. A human’s scope for personal growth in the existential framework has been compared to that in the teleological framework of religion. In the latter, individuals must abide by the moral code of an external authority and work towards a pre-ordained purpose of life. This is illustrated by the examination of Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam. To test people’s levels of existential anguish, religiosity, and personal growth, a survey using an originally constructed questionnaire has been undertaken. Simple and partial correlation analyses have been used to ascertain the relationships between these three variables. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results indicate that existential anguish has a detrimental effect on personal growth, while religiosity does not affect it at all. Through their responses, it was also evident that the respondents do not adhere to teleological concepts of morality, despite a belief in God. This study has further scope in determining how variations in sample demography may influence the relationship of existential anguish with personal growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=existential%20anguish" title="existential anguish">existential anguish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=existentialism" title=" existentialism"> existentialism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20growth" title=" personal growth"> personal growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religiosity" title=" religiosity"> religiosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teleology" title=" teleology"> teleology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87400/existential-anguish-and-its-influence-on-personal-growth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87400.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2277</span> Human Dignity as a Source and Limitation of Personal Autonomy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20Podkowik">Jan Podkowik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article discusses issues of mutual relationships of human dignity and personal autonomy. According to constitutions of many countries and international human rights law, human dignity is a fundamental and inviolable value. It is the source of all freedoms and rights, including personal autonomy. Human dignity, as an inherent, inalienable and non-gradable value comprising an attribute of all people, justifies freedom of action according to one's will and following one's vision of good life. On the other hand, human dignity imposes immanent restrictions to personal autonomy regarding decisions on commercialization of the one’s body, etc. It points to the paradox of dignity – the source of freedom and conditions (basic) of its limitations. The paper shows the theoretical concept of human dignity as an objective value among legal systems, determining the boundaries of legal protection of personal autonomy. It is not, therefore, the relevant perception of human dignity and freedom as opposite values. Reference point has been made the normative provisions of the Polish Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as well as judgments of constitutional courts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomy" title="autonomy">autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitution" title=" constitution"> constitution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20dignity" title=" human dignity"> human dignity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76031/human-dignity-as-a-source-and-limitation-of-personal-autonomy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2276</span> Using Photo-Elicitation to Explore the Cosmology of Personal Training</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Gray">John Gray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andy%20Smith"> Andy Smith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazel%20James"> Hazel James</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the introduction of projects such as GP referral and other medical exercise schemes, there has been a shift in the cosmology underpinning exercise leadership. That is, the knowledge base of exercise leaders, specifically personal trainers, has moved from a cosmology based on aesthetic and physical fitness demands to one requiring interaction with the dominant biomedical model underpinning contemporary medicine. In line with this shift research has demonstrated that personal trainer education has aligned itself to a biotechnological model. However, whilst there is a need to examine exercise as medicine, and consider the role of personal trainers as prescribers of these interventions, the possible issues surrounding the growing medicalization of the exercise cosmology have not been explored. Using a phenomenological methodology, and the novel approach of photo-elicitation, this research examined the practices of successful personal trainers. The findings highlight that a growing focus on an iatro-biological based scientific process of exercise prescription may prove problematical. Through the development of a model of practitioner-based knowledge, it is argued there is a possible growing disconnection between the theoretical basis of exercise science and the working cosmology of exercise practitioners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomedicine" title="biomedicine">biomedicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cosmology" title=" cosmology"> cosmology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20training" title=" personal training"> personal training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photo-elicitation" title=" photo-elicitation"> photo-elicitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44743/using-photo-elicitation-to-explore-the-cosmology-of-personal-training" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">380</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2275</span> Access to Health Data in Medical Records in Indonesia in Terms of Personal Data Protection Principles: The Limitation and Its Implication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anny%20Retnowati">Anny Retnowati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elisabeth%20Sundari"> Elisabeth Sundari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to elaborate the meaning of personal data protection principles on patient access to health data in medical records in Indonesia and its implications. The method uses normative legal research by examining health law in Indonesia regarding the patient's right to access their health data in medical records. The data will be analysed qualitatively using the interpretation method to elaborate on the limitation of the meaning of personal data protection principles on patients' access to their data in medical records. The results show that patients only have the right to obtain copies of their health data in medical records. There is no right to inspect directly at any time. Indonesian health law limits the principle of patients' right to broad access to their health data in medical records. This restriction has implications for the reduction of personal data protection as part of human rights. This research contribute to show that a limitaion of personal data protection may abuse the human rights. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access" title="access">access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20data" title=" health data"> health data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medical%20records" title=" medical records"> medical records</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20data" title=" personal data"> personal data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protection" title=" protection"> protection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163628/access-to-health-data-in-medical-records-in-indonesia-in-terms-of-personal-data-protection-principles-the-limitation-and-its-implication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163628.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2274</span> Home/Personal Budgeting: Implications for Financial Wellbeing of University Staffers in Ogun State Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben-Caleb%20Egbide">Ben-Caleb Egbide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egharevba%20Mathew"> Egharevba Mathew</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Achugamonu%20Uzoma"> Achugamonu Uzoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faboyede%20Samuel"> Faboyede Samuel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The importance of budgeting in government and corporate entities as medium for the efficient management of scarce resources is self-evident. But when it comes to home or personal budgeting, there seem to be lingering misconceptions as regards its relevance. While most people view personal budgeting merely as a tool for tracking expenses and schedule for paying bills and indebtedness, very few consider it as one of the most important device for sound financial planning, money management instrument and/or wealth-creation mechanism. This paper is conceptualised to investigate the association between personal budgeting and financial well-being among staffers of tertiary institution in the South West Nigeria. Underpinned by the individualistic/cultural theory of well-being and the adoption of a survey research design, a structured questionnaire was used to gather data from a cross section of staff of tertiary Institutions in Ogun State. A Spearman Rank Correlation was utilised for analysis of data. The result indicates a high positive relationship between personal budgeting and tendencies for enhanced financial well-being among staff. The paper established that a change of value and behavioural pattern by individuals and household, especially in the areas of personal spending and budgeting could drastically reduce the incidence of the severity of financial stress, hence, enhanced wellness among staff. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20budgeting" title="personal budgeting">personal budgeting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20well-being" title=" financial well-being"> financial well-being</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tertiary%20institutions%20staffers" title=" tertiary institutions staffers"> tertiary institutions staffers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78294/homepersonal-budgeting-implications-for-financial-wellbeing-of-university-staffers-in-ogun-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78294.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2273</span> The Phatic Function and the Socializing Element of Personal Blogs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emelia%20Noronha">Emelia Noronha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milind%20Malshe"> Milind Malshe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The phatic function of communication is a vital element of any conversation. This research paper looks into this function with respect to personal blogs maintained by Indian bloggers. This paper is a study into the phenomenon of phatic communication maintained by bloggers through their blogs. Based on a linguistic analysis of the posts of twenty eight Indian bloggers, writing in English, studied over a period of three years, the study indicates that though the blogging phenomenon is not conversational in the same manner as face-to-face communication, it does make ample provision for feedback that is conversational in nature. Ordinary day to day offline conversations use conventionalized phatic utterances; those on the social media are in a perpetual mode of innovation and experimentation in order to sustain contact with its readers. These innovative methods and means are the focus of this study. Though the personal blogger aims to chronicle his/her personal life through the blog, the socializing function is crucial to these bloggers. In comparison to the western personal blogs which focus on the presentation of the ‘bounded individual self’, we find Indian personal bloggers engage in the presentation of their ‘social selves’. These bloggers yearn to reach out to the readers on the internet and the phatic function serves to initiate, sustain and renew social ties on the blogosphere thereby consolidating the social network of readers and bloggers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20blogs" title="personal blogs">personal blogs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phatic" title=" phatic"> phatic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social-selves" title=" social-selves"> social-selves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blog%20readers" title=" blog readers"> blog readers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31235/the-phatic-function-and-the-socializing-element-of-personal-blogs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31235.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2272</span> The Right to Data Portability and Its Influence on the Development of Digital Services</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roman%20Bieda">Roman Bieda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will come into force on 25 May 2018 which will create a new legal framework for the protection of personal data in the European Union. Article 20 of GDPR introduces a right to data portability. This right allows for data subjects to receive the personal data which they have provided to a data controller, in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format, and to transmit this data to another data controller. The right to data portability, by facilitating transferring personal data between IT environments (e.g.: applications), will also facilitate changing the provider of services (e.g. changing a bank or a cloud computing service provider). Therefore, it will contribute to the development of competition and the digital market. The aim of this paper is to discuss the right to data portability and its influence on the development of new digital services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20portability" title="data portability">data portability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20market" title=" digital market"> digital market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GDPR" title=" GDPR"> GDPR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20data" title=" personal data"> personal data</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77312/the-right-to-data-portability-and-its-influence-on-the-development-of-digital-services" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77312.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">476</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2271</span> Imposing Personal Liability on Shareholder's/Partner's in a Corporate Entity; Implementation of UK’s Personal Liability Institutions in Georgian Corporate Law: Content and Outcomes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gvantsa%20Magradze">Gvantsa Magradze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper examines the grounds for the imposition of a personal liability on shareholder/partner, mainly under Georgian and UK law’s comparative analysis. The general emphasis was made on personal responsibility grounds adaptation in practice and presents the analyze of court decisions. On this base, reader will be capable to find a difference between the dogmatic and practical grounds for imposition personal liability. The first chapter presents the general information about discussed issue and notion of personal liability. The second chapter is devoted to an explanation the concept – ‘the head of the corporation’ to make it clear who is the subject of responsibility in the article and not to remain individuals beyond the attention, who do not hold the position of director but are participating in governing activities and, therefore, have to have fiduciury duties. After short comparative analysis of personal responsibility, the Georgian Corporate law reality is further discussed. Here, the problem of determining personal liability is a problematic issue, thus a separate chapter is devoted to the issue, which explains the grounds for personal liability imposition in details. Within the paper is discussed the content and the purpose of personal liability institutions under UK’s corporate law and an attempt to implement them, and especially ‘Alter Ego’ doctrine in Georgian corporate Law reality and the outcomes of the experiment. For the research purposes will be examined national case law in regard to personal liability imposition, as well as UK’s experience in that regard. Comparative analyze will make it clear, wherein the Georgian statute, are gaps and how to fill them up. The articles major finding as stated, is that Georgian Corporate law does not provide any legally consolidated grounds for personal liability imposition, which in fact, leads to unfaithful, unlawful actions on partners’/shareholders’ behalf. In order to make business market fair, advancement of a national statute is inevitable, and for that, the experience sharing from developed countries is an irreplaceable gift. Overall, the article analyses, how discussed amendments might influence case law and if such amendments were made years ago, how the judgments could look like (before and after amendments). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alter%20ego%20doctrine" title="alter ego doctrine">alter ego doctrine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20law" title=" case law"> case law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20law" title=" corporate law"> corporate law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=good%20faith" title=" good faith"> good faith</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20liability" title=" personal liability"> personal liability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84066/imposing-personal-liability-on-shareholderspartners-in-a-corporate-entity-implementation-of-uks-personal-liability-institutions-in-georgian-corporate-law-content-and-outcomes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2270</span> Study on the Role of Positive Emotions in Developmental Psychology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hee%20Soo%20Kim">Hee Soo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ha%20Young%20Kyung"> Ha Young Kyung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the role of positive emotions in human psychology. By understanding Fredrickson and Lyubomirsky et al.’s on positive emotions, one can better understand people’s intuitive understanding, mental health and well-being. Fredrickson asserts that positive emotions create positive affects and personal resources, and Lyubomirsky et al. relate such positive resources to the creation of happiness and personal development. This paper finds that positive emotions play a significant role in the learning process, and they are instrumental in creating a long-lasting repertoire of personal resources and play an essential role in the development of the intuitive understanding of life variables, resilience in coping with life challenges, and ability to build more successful lives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Positive%20emotions" title="Positive emotions">Positive emotions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positive%20affects" title=" positive affects"> positive affects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20resources" title=" personal resources"> personal resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20emotions" title=" negative emotions"> negative emotions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73857/study-on-the-role-of-positive-emotions-in-developmental-psychology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">310</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2269</span> Use of Personal Rhythm to Authenticate Encrypted Messages</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Gonzalez">Carlos Gonzalez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When communicating using private and secure keys, there is always the doubt as to the identity of the message creator. We introduce an algorithm that uses the personal typing rhythm (keystroke dynamics) of the message originator to increase the trust of the authenticity of the message originator by the message recipient. The methodology proposes the use of a Rhythm Certificate Authority (RCA) to validate rhythm information. An illustrative example of the communication between Bob and Alice and the RCA is included. An algorithm of how to communicate with the RCA is presented. This RCA can be an independent authority or an enhanced Certificate Authority like the one used in public key infrastructure (PKI). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication" title="authentication">authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20signature" title=" digital signature"> digital signature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keystroke%20dynamics" title=" keystroke dynamics"> keystroke dynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20rhythm" title=" personal rhythm"> personal rhythm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-key%20encryption" title=" public-key encryption"> public-key encryption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66737/use-of-personal-rhythm-to-authenticate-encrypted-messages" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66737.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2268</span> The Effectiveness of the Workers' Constitutional Rights of Citizenship as One of the Embodiments of the Democratic and Social State of the Brazilian Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christine%20S.%20Veviani">Christine S. Veviani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> By observing the Brazilian labor reality, considered as degrading and oppressive, as well as responsible for creating obstacles to rights, this paper is aimed at demonstrating the obligatoriness of complying with the Constitution, as an effective instrument of the Democratic and Social State of Law established in the country since 1988, which identifies and determines the recognition of a single type of citizenship, as representation of equality, social inclusion and human dignity. To achieve this purpose, that is, to awake to a new culture focused on human respect / fundamental rights engraved in the Brazilian Constitution, doctrinal works, case law and labor courts (how they work) will be used as methodology. Thus, by concluding that there is a need for a change in behavior, by employers, intended to respect the Constitution, especially with regard to the concept and citizenship content if an attempt is made to achieve as a result few steps effectiveness of fundamental social rights protective of the Brazilian working class. Thus, by analyzing the Brazilian labor reality, the result is the employers' denial of full and single citizenship of workers, whose effects are directly related to the violation of rights, which leads to the conclusion that there is a need for a change in the behavior regarding the respect for the Constitution, especially concerning the effectiveness of fundamental social rights, which protect the working class in Brazil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employment%20relationships" title="employment relationships">employment relationships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=opposing%20citizenships" title=" opposing citizenships"> opposing citizenships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitutionalism" title=" constitutionalism"> constitutionalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capitalism" title=" capitalism"> capitalism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49892/the-effectiveness-of-the-workers-constitutional-rights-of-citizenship-as-one-of-the-embodiments-of-the-democratic-and-social-state-of-the-brazilian-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49892.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2267</span> Personal Income and the Social Confidence in Contemporary China: The Indirect Role of the Sense of Social Equity</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenfen%20Bi">Wenfen Bi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeng%20Lin"> Zeng Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a developing country, China is badly in need of capital and talents to develop the socialist country with Chinese characteristics. However, a large proportion of high income people with know-how technique, wealth and management experience have immigrated or plan to immigrate to other countries. Of course, this phenomenon has attracted the attention from both the government and researchers. One explanation might be that these high-income people lack confidence in China’s social development. Based on the data on W city’s comprehensive social situation surveyed by center for the social survey research of Wuhan university (CSSR) in 2014, this paper employed the structural equation model (SEM) to evaluate whether personal income affects social confidence, via the mediating effect of the sense of social equity (sense of right equity and sense of distributive equity). Bootstrap mediation analysis revealed that after controlling Demographic variables, personal income had a significant negative influence on sense of right equity and in turn, sense of rights equity can significantly positively predict social confidence. While personal income had no significant effect on sense of distributive equity, and sense of distributive equity did not significantly affect macro social confidence. Also, the direct effects of personal income on social confidence became not significant. These findings revealed the inner mechanism of the relationship between the personal income and social confidence in contemporary China, which was caused by mediating effect of sense of rights equity. That is, the higher the personal income, the lower the sense of rights equity, the lower the social confidence. Thus, the boost of the social confidence, especially for the rich, does not only depend on the equitable distribution of material wealth, but also on the right equity and making people feel rights equally in common life. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20income" title="personal income">personal income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense%20of%20right%20equity" title=" sense of right equity"> sense of right equity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sense%20of%20social%20equity" title=" sense of social equity"> sense of social equity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20confidence" title=" social confidence"> social confidence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63097/personal-income-and-the-social-confidence-in-contemporary-china-the-indirect-role-of-the-sense-of-social-equity" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63097.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2266</span> Creation of a Care Robot Impact Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduard%20Fosch-Villaronga">Eduard Fosch-Villaronga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper pioneers Care Robot Impact Assessment (CRIA), a methodology used to identify, analyze, mitigate and eliminate the risks posed by the insertion of non-medical personal care robots (PCR) in medical care facilities. Its precedent instruments (Privacy and Surveillance Impact Assessment (PIA and SIA)) fall behind in coping with robots. Indeed, personal care robots change dramatically how care is delivered. The paper presents a specific risk-sector methodology, identifies which robots are under its scope and presents some of the challenges introduced by these robots. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethics" title="ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20assessment" title=" impact assessment"> impact assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=law" title=" law"> law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20care%20robots" title=" personal care robots"> personal care robots</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28994/creation-of-a-care-robot-impact-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">577</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2265</span> A Study on 5-11 Year-Old Children's Level of Knowledge about Personal Safety and Protection from Social Dangers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%96zden%20Ku%C5%9Fcu">Özden Kuşcu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ya%C4%9Fmur%20Ku%C5%9Fcu"> Yağmur Kuşcu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeynep%20%C3%87etinta%C5%9F"> Zeynep Çetintaş</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sunay%20Yildirim%20Do%C4%9Fru"> S. Sunay Yildirim Doğru</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effect of the subjects “personal safety” and “protection from dangers” included in primary school curriculum on the students’ levels of knowledge about safety and protection from social dangers. The study group included 469 students between 5–11 years old with 231 preschoolers and 238 primary school students and their parents and teachers. Instruments used to collect data were “Personal Safety Interview Form” for children, “Parent Interview Form” and “Teacher Interview Form”. Forms included 15 open-ended questions about personal safety. The researchers collected the research data through one-on-one interviews with children. Results of the study revealed that preschoolers and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd graders did not know their home addresses and telephone numbers and their families were not aware of that. The study also showed that those who had this information were unsure as to who to share this information with. Accordingly, more should be done to increase the levels of knowledge of preschoolers and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd graders about personal safety and protection from dangers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title="security">security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20danger" title=" social danger"> social danger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elementary%20school" title=" elementary school"> elementary school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preschool" title=" preschool"> preschool</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20650/a-study-on-5-11-year-old-childrens-level-of-knowledge-about-personal-safety-and-protection-from-social-dangers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">459</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2264</span> Personal Knowledge Management: Systematic Review and Future Direction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kuribachew%20Gizaw%20Tohiye">Kuribachew Gizaw Tohiye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monica%20Garfield"> Monica Garfield</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Personal knowledge management is the aspect of knowledge management that relates to the way in which individuals organize and manage their own set of knowledge. While in that respect, there has been research in this area for the past 25 years, it is at present necessary to speculate upon what research has been done and what we have discovered about this arena of knowledge management. In contrast to organizational knowledge management, which focuses on a firm’s profitability and competitiveness, personal knowledge management (PKM) is concerned with the person’s self-effectiveness, competence and success. People are concerned in managing their knowledge in order to become more efficient in a variety of personal and organizational interests. This study presents a systematic review of PKM studies. Articles with PKM concepts are reviewed with the objective of clearly defining PKM, identifying the benefits of PKM, classifying the tools that enable PKM and finding the research gaps to indicate future research directions in the area. Consequently, we have developed a definition of PKM and identified the benefits of PKM, including an understanding of who seeks PKM and for what. Tools enabling PKM are identified and classified under three categories Web 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 and finally the research gap and future directions are suggested. Research which facilitates collaboration by using semantic technologies is suggested to be studied further to improve PKM effectiveness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20knowledge%20management" title="personal knowledge management">personal knowledge management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20management" title=" knowledge management"> knowledge management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organizational%20knowledge%20management" title=" organizational knowledge management"> organizational knowledge management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systematic%20review" title=" systematic review"> systematic review</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55405/personal-knowledge-management-systematic-review-and-future-direction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55405.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2263</span> Legal Regulation of Personal Information Data Transmission Risk Assessment: A Case Study of the EU’s DPIA</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cai%20Qianyi">Cai Qianyi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the midst of global digital revolution, the flow of data poses security threats that call China's existing legislative framework for protecting personal information into question. As a preliminary procedure for risk analysis and prevention, the risk assessment of personal data transmission lacks detailed guidelines for support. Existing provisions reveal unclear responsibilities for network operators and weakened rights for data subjects. Furthermore, the regulatory system's weak operability and a lack of industry self-regulation heighten data transmission hazards. This paper aims to compare the regulatory pathways for data information transmission risks between China and Europe from a legal framework and content perspective. It draws on the “Data Protection Impact Assessment Guidelines” to empower multiple stakeholders, including data processors, controllers, and subjects, while also defining obligations. In conclusion, this paper intends to solve China's digital security shortcomings by developing a more mature regulatory framework and industry self-regulation mechanisms, resulting in a win-win situation for personal data protection and the development of the digital economy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20information%20data%20transmission" title="personal information data transmission">personal information data transmission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20assessment" title=" risk assessment"> risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DPIA" title=" DPIA"> DPIA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet%20service%20provider" title=" internet service provider"> internet service provider</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20information%20data%20transimission" title=" personal information data transimission"> personal information data transimission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20assessment" title=" risk assessment"> risk assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183049/legal-regulation-of-personal-information-data-transmission-risk-assessment-a-case-study-of-the-eus-dpia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183049.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2262</span> The Effect of Prior Characteristic on Perceived Prosocial Content in Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pawit%20Monkolprasit">Pawit Monkolprasit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Proud%20Arunrangsiwed"> Proud Arunrangsiwed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It was important to understand the impact of media in young adolescents. The animated film, Khun Tong Dang the Inspirations (2015), was purposefully created for teaching young children to have a positive personal trait. The current study used this film as the case study. The objective is to understand the relationship between the good characteristic of movie audiences and their perception of the good characteristic of a movie character. One-hundred students from various age ranges responded to quantitative questionnaires. The questions included their age, gender, perception about their own personal traits, perception about their experiences with others, and perception about the bravery, intelligence, and gratefulness of the character. It was found that a good personal trait has a strong relationship with the perception of bravery, intelligence, and gratefulness of the character. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20of%20media" title="impact of media">impact of media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title=" children"> children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20trait" title=" personal trait"> personal trait</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prosocial%20content" title=" prosocial content"> prosocial content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55734/the-effect-of-prior-characteristic-on-perceived-prosocial-content-in-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2261</span> VR/AR Applications in Personalized Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andy%20Wang">Andy Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Personalized learning refers to an educational approach that tailors instruction to meet the unique needs, interests, and abilities of each learner. This method of learning aims at providing students with a customized learning experience that is more engaging, interactive, and relevant to their personal lives. With generative AI technology, the author has developed a Personal Tutoring Bot (PTB) that supports personalized learning. The author is currently testing PTB in his EE 499 – Microelectronics Metrology course. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) provide interactive and immersive learning environments that can engage student in online learning. This paper presents the rationale of integrating VR/AR tools in PTB and discusses challenges and solutions of incorporating VA/AR into the Personal Tutoring Bot (PTB). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personalized%20learning" title="personalized learning">personalized learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20education" title=" online education"> online education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hands-on%20practice" title=" hands-on practice"> hands-on practice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VR%2FAR%20tools" title=" VR/AR tools"> VR/AR tools</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175539/vrar-applications-in-personalized-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/175539.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2260</span> Subjective Well-Being through Coaching Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pendar%20Fazel">Pendar Fazel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Well-being is a good or satisfactory condition of existence; a state characterized by health, happiness, and prosperity. Well-being of people is correlated with, the cognitive, social, emotional, and physical aspect of their personality. Subjective well-being, people’s emotional and cognitive evaluations of their lives, includes what lay people call happiness, peace, fulﬁllment, and life satisfaction. Unfortunately in this period of time people are under the pressure of financial, social problems, and other stress factors which made them vulnerable, and their well-being is threatened. Personal Coaching as a holistic orientation and novel approach is ideal for the present century which help people, to find balance, enjoyment and meaning in their lives as well as improving performance, skills and effectiveness. The aim of the present article besides introducing the personal coaching is determining how personal coaching can positively effects on subjective well-being, under this aim we tend to describe how coaching impact on the cognitive and emotional reconstruction. Present qualitative research is descriptive analytic study, which data gathered by manual library research and search within authentic article through internet; analyzed personal coaching which integrated different views into an operational one helps people promote self-awareness as well as evaluate, emotional and cognitive aspect of their personality and provide appropriate subjective well-being. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subjective%20well-being" title="subjective well-being">subjective well-being</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coaching" title=" coaching"> coaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=well-being" title=" well-being"> well-being</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=positive%20psychology" title=" positive psychology"> positive psychology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20growth" title=" personal growth"> personal growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34052/subjective-well-being-through-coaching-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34052.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">527</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2259</span> Realization of Sustainable Urban Society by Personal Electric Transporter and Natural Energy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuichi%20Miyamoto">Yuichi Miyamoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In regards to the energy sector in the modern period, two points were raised. First is a vast and growing energy demand, and second is an environmental impact associated with it. The enormous consumption of fossil fuel to the mobile unit is leading to its rapid depletion. Nuclear power is not the only problem. A modal shift that utilizes personal transporters and independent power, in order to realize a sustainable society, is very effective. The paper proposes that the world will continue to work on this. Energy of the future society, innovation in battery technology and the use of natural energy is a big key. And it is also necessary in order to save on energy consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20energy" title="natural energy">natural energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modal%20shift" title=" modal shift"> modal shift</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20transportation" title=" personal transportation"> personal transportation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=battery" title=" battery"> battery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8079/realization-of-sustainable-urban-society-by-personal-electric-transporter-and-natural-energy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2258</span> Attempt to Reuse Used-PCs as Distributed Storage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshiya%20Kawato">Toshiya Kawato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shin-ichi%20Motomura"> Shin-ichi Motomura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masayuki%20Higashino"> Masayuki Higashino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takao%20Kawamura"> Takao Kawamura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Storage for storing data is indispensable. If a storage capacity becomes insufficient, we can increase its capacity by adding new disks. It is, however, difficult to add a new disk when a budget is not enough. On the other hand, there are many unused idle resources such as used personal computers despite those use value. In order to solve those problems, used personal computers can be reused as storage. In this paper, we attempt to reuse used-PCs as a distributed storage. First, we list up the characteristics of used-PCs and design a storage system that utilizes its characteristics. Next, we experimentally implement an auto-construction system that automatically constructs a distributed storage environment in used-PCs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20storage" title="distributed storage">distributed storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=used%20personal%20computer" title=" used personal computer"> used personal computer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=idle%20resource" title=" idle resource"> idle resource</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auto%20construction" title=" auto construction"> auto construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87359/attempt-to-reuse-used-pcs-as-distributed-storage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87359.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20obligatoriness&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20obligatoriness&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20obligatoriness&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personal%20obligatoriness&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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