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in Australia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.3em; background-color:transparent;"><span class="fn org locality">National Reserve System</span><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-size:88%" class="region">Australia</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NationalReserveSystem_WetTropics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NationalReserveSystem_WetTropics.jpg/200px-NationalReserveSystem_WetTropics.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NationalReserveSystem_WetTropics.jpg/300px-NationalReserveSystem_WetTropics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/NationalReserveSystem_WetTropics.jpg/400px-NationalReserveSystem_WetTropics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="1098" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sample of Signage, within a <a href="/wiki/Wet_Tropics_of_Queensland" title="Wet Tropics of Queensland">Wet Tropics portion of National Reserve System</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:transparent;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:transparent;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">> 137 million hectares (340<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> acres)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:transparent;"><span style="white-space: nowrap">Managing authorities</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Government of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Environment (Australia)">Department of the Environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:40%; background-color:transparent;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/about/index.html">National Reserve System</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_national_reserves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Australia_national_reserves.png/220px-Australia_national_reserves.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Australia_national_reserves.png/330px-Australia_national_reserves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Australia_national_reserves.png/440px-Australia_national_reserves.png 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Locations of the National Reserve System in Australia (shown in green)</figcaption></figure> <p>Australia's <b>National Reserve System</b> (<b>NRS</b>) is a network of more than 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth</a> plus <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">state and territory</a> <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a> which,<sup id="cite_ref-wpfa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpfa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in combination, on a national scale, protect more than 137 million hectares (340<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> acres), greater than 17% of the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">continent</a>, of unique <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and most significant <a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural landscapes">ecological landscapes</a> for future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-DEWHA01_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEWHA01-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the NRS is protect the diversity of all <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscape" title="Natural landscape">native landscapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">fauna</a> across Australia through strategic <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> protection. It consists of public, indigenous and privately protected areas of land and inland freshwaters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the National Reserve System Cooperative Program, the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Biogeographic_Regionalisation_for_Australia" title="Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia">Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia</a> framework was developed as a planning tool to assist in identifying areas of priority.<sup id="cite_ref-ecot_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecot-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protected_areas_on_private_lands">Protected areas on private lands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Reserve_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Protected areas on private lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Privately protected areas consist of privately owned areas where owners have entered into "in perpetuity" covenants which are governed by the various legislative Act of the states, territories and commonwealth of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequent to these laws, states, territories and commonwealth maintain registers of the lands and their covenants. See for example the NSW register.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Reserve_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The move by the Australian Government to establish this National Reserve System was triggered by the international <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>, as part of the nation's commitment to fulfilling the objectives of that convention.<sup id="cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEWHA02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, after signing and ratifying the convention in 1992 the then <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating#Prime_Minister:_1991.E2.80.931996" title="Paul Keating">Prime Minister, Paul Keating</a>, announced<sup id="cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEWHA02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The establishment of a comprehensive system of protected areas is vital if we are to retain our status as a region of megadiversity. Besides being ecologically viable these areas must represent the full range of ecosystems. The Government is committed to the development of a national comprehensive system of parks and reserves. This will be achieved in cooperation with States and Territories.</p></blockquote> <p>Within the first 4 years (1992–1996) $11.2 million was spent establishing the system and, with the cooperation and agreement of the Australian <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a> 5,600 properties (covering almost 60 million hectares (150<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> acres)) were included within the system and a new <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Indigenous Protected Area">Indigenous Protected Area</a> (IPA) program was initiated to include some of the most valuable and rare ecological landscapes on <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australian</a> owned lands.<sup id="cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEWHA02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 17 Indigenous Protected Area were declared by 2003 which significantly added to the NRS.<sup id="cite_ref-copl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the next 10 years (1996–2007), with further substantial investment (through a <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heritage Trust">National Heritage Trust</a>) an additional 30 million hectares (74<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>6</sup> acres) were added to the National Reserve System, two thirds of which were Indigenous Protected Areas. During this time, starting in 1999, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> took a lead investing in partnerships to create protected areas on other private lands; and by 2005 all the states and territories re-affirmed their joint commitment to what was to be described as a national 'flagship in biodiversity conservation'.<sup id="cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEWHA02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Reserve System continues to be an Australian Government priority, with continuing funding "target[ing] areas with low levels of protection, including the sub-tropical savanna from <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Astrebla" title="Astrebla">Mitchell grass</a> country of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Queensland#North_West" title="Regions of Queensland">north-west Queensland</a> and arid <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">central Australia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEWHA02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continuing investment in indigenous protected areas;<sup id="cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEWHA02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plus a new National Reserve System strategy identifying priorities and actions to be taken over the next 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-DEWHA03_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEWHA03-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appraisal">Appraisal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Reserve_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Appraisal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NRS has been praised by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF Australia</a> as a successful, cost-effective conservation measure.<sup id="cite_ref-bsa_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsa-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> modelling has concluded that the NRS will be an important conservation tool to combat the effects of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">climate change in Australia</a> on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-mcn_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Reserve_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Indigenous Protected Area">Indigenous Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Australia" title="Protected areas of Australia">Protected areas of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of the Australian Capital Territory">Protected areas of the Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Protected areas of New South Wales">Protected areas of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Protected areas of the Northern Territory">Protected areas of the Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Queensland" title="Protected areas of Queensland">Protected areas of Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Protected areas of South Australia">Protected areas of South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Protected areas of Tasmania">Protected areas of Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Victoria" title="Protected areas of Victoria">Protected areas of Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected areas of Western Australia">Protected areas of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_river#Australia" title="Wild river">Wild river § Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Reserve_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wpfa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wpfa_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTony_Burke2011" class="citation web cs1">Tony Burke (6 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/minister/burke/2011/mr20110706.html">"WWF praise for Australia's natural safety net"</a>. <i>Media Release</i>. Commonwealth of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media+Release&rft.atitle=WWF+praise+for+Australia%27s+natural+safety+net&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.au=Tony+Burke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fminister%2Fburke%2F2011%2Fmr20110706.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Reserve+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEWHA01-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEWHA01_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/about/index.html">Australian Government Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts "Caring for Our Country: National Reserve System" webpage</a>. Accessed 2 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Natural_Resource_Management_Ministerial_Council2009" class="citation cs2">The Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/643fb071-77c0-49e4-ab2f-220733beb30d/files/nrsstrat.pdf"><i>Australia's Strategy for the National Reserve System 2009-2030</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107258167" class="extiw" title="d:Q107258167">Q107258167</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%26%2339%3Bs+Strategy+for+the+National+Reserve+System+2009-2030&rft.date=2009&rft.au=The+Natural+Resource+Management+Ministerial+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2F643fb071-77c0-49e4-ab2f-220733beb30d%2Ffiles%2Fnrsstrat.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Reserve+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecot-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ecot_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWearingJohn_Neil2012" class="citation book cs1">Wearing, Stephen; John Neil (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Plk7QD6MuNcC"><i>Ecotourism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750641371" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750641371"><bdi>978-0750641371</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecotourism&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0750641371&rft.aulast=Wearing&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=John+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPlk7QD6MuNcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Reserve+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Fitzsimons2015" class="citation journal cs1">James A. Fitzsimons (3 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30079835/fitzsimmons-privateprotected-2015.pdf">"Private protected areas in Australia: current status and future directions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Conservation" title="Nature Conservation">Nature Conservation</a></i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2FNATURECONSERVATION.10.8739">10.3897/NATURECONSERVATION.10.8739</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1314-3301">1314-3301</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57270770" class="extiw" title="d:Q57270770">Q57270770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Conservation&rft.atitle=Private+protected+areas+in+Australia%3A+current+status+and+future+directions&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2FNATURECONSERVATION.10.8739&rft.issn=1314-3301&rft.au=James+A.+Fitzsimons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdro.deakin.edu.au%2Feserv%2FDU%3A30079835%2Ffitzsimmons-privateprotected-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Reserve+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bct.nsw.gov.au/public-register-private-land-conservation-agreements">NSW Public register of private land conservation agreements</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DEWHA02-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DEWHA02_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/about/history.html">Australian Government Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts "Caring for Our Country: History of the National Reserve System" webpage</a>. Accessed 2 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-copl-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-copl_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiggis2004" class="citation book cs1">Figgis, Penny (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F1QujacirIkC"><i>Conservation on Private Lands: The Australian Experience</i></a>. IUCN. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/283170779X" title="Special:BookSources/283170779X"><bdi>283170779X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accessed 2 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsa-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bsa_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVictoria_Laurie2011" class="citation news cs1">Victoria Laurie (15 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130190612/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/big-success-australias-network-of-protected-areas.htm">"Big success: Australia's protected areas"</a>. <i>Australian Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/big-success-australias-network-of-protected-areas.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Geographic&rft.atitle=Big+success%3A+Australia%27s+protected+areas&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft.au=Victoria+Laurie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiangeographic.com.au%2Fjournal%2Fbig-success-australias-network-of-protected-areas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Reserve+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcn-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcn_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408033006/http://www.csiro.au/Portals/Media/NRSreport2012.aspx">"Major changes needed to protect Australia's species and ecosystems"</a>. CSIRO. 18 September 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csiro.au/Portals/Media/NRSreport2012.aspx">the original</a> on 8 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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