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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Envoys sent by Ancient Greek city-states to organize games or festivals</div> <p>The <b>theoroi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">θεωροί</span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θεαροί</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> were sacred ambassadors, messengers sent out by the state which was about to organize a <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic game or festival</a>. Theoroi were both received and hosted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Theorodokoi" title="Theorodokoi">theorodokoi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the classical Greek world, <i>theoroi</i> meant something like "observers" and they were envoys sent by city-states to consult oracles, to give offerings at famous shrines or attend festivals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoroi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_purpose">Etymology and purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoroi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Theoria</i> was a word that referred to the duties of the theoroi; it came to mean any act of observing, and was used by Greek philosophers, generally, in the sense of "contemplation". The meaning of the term <i>theoria</i> possibly gives insight into the original purpose that the theoroi held, as they are thought to have been originally to oversee the games or festivals they were attending. As time went on their roles became more significant and their purpose evolved to be much more important in the setting up and execution of the events that took place.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theoroi were critical in establishing and maintaining international relations between the various ancient Greek poleis. These ambassadors were sent a few months before the games were to start. They traveled all across the ancient Greek world to make contact with all ancient Greek city-states. Once they entered a <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> and were received by a designated host, also known as <a href="/wiki/Theorodokoi" title="Theorodokoi">theorodokoi</a>, they announced the exact date of the relevant <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Game</a>, and declared what became known as an <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Truce" title="Olympic Truce">Olympic Truce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olympics_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olympics-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This declaration by the theoroi was essential because it ensured safe passage of spectators and competitors to the Panhellenic Game or Festival by mandating that all warfare that would interfere cease immediately. </p><p>Theoroi were also seen as somewhat sacred figures and were treated in a very respectful manner. Aside from being received by a designated host in each city they traveled to, they were also given other special privileges. City-states also sent their own theoroi to the games or festival with their athletes or spectators as representatives of their city-state for the event. These theoroi took part in many of the sacred rituals or sacrifices for the event, as well as, had their own personal honorary seats for observing the festival or game.<sup id="cite_ref-Olympics_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olympics-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such responsibility that was quite common and seen as important, was to perform the sacrifice at a festival. The city-state sending the theoroi set aside enough funds for the theoroi to perform the necessary sacrifice, and give it to the theoroi before he made his journey abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These seemingly basic honors served to show the respect each Greek polis had for each other, allowing them to maintain a healthy relationship. In one instance two theoroi were sent from <a href="/wiki/Priene" title="Priene">Priene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> bearing gifts of food and arms. This was to show the Athenians that the polis of Priene wanted to extend their goodwill to the Athenians and wanted to participate in the event that was being hosted by Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to informal acts of creating good relations between city-states, theoroi may have been used for a more direct means of establishing relationships. For example, a theoroi named Demosthenes from <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, sought to use his position as architheoros as a way of gaining an audience with Nikanor to discuss a decree that had been made.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These traveling ambassadors were in many ways a much needed commonality between each Greek city-state and allowed them to maintain ties to one another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_and_societal_role">Selection and societal role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoroi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selection and societal role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Those chosen to be theoroi for their specific city-states were from the elites of that city-state. They were prominent members in society in order to give a good impression and handle their ambassadorship appropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-Mowery_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowery-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also were typically chosen by their representative city-state as a group of three for each event.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused many of the powerful people from each polis to meet semi-regularly, allowing for people from the ruling classes of each polis (depending on the governmental structure of that polis), to establish relationships and possibly create friendly ties between their respective city-states. These regular meetings between the theoroi at festivals and games also allowed for the theoroi of a city-state to become more aware of happenings outside of their polis, and report back to their city-state when they returned. For example, theoroi from Athens attended a festival during the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> and learned of plans made by <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>, which were to overthrow the Athenian influence in Chios. When they returned they were able to inform the Athenians and take measures to prevent this from happening.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoroi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, Nora A. Dimitrova published 171 inscriptions related to the theoroi and initiates sent by ancient Greek city-states to the island of Samothrace, dating from 180 BC to 186 AD; these inscriptions were found on the island of Samothrace and personally inspected by Nora, either on the island or wherever they had been taken after their discovery. The initiates and theoroi are thought to have been sent by over 70 identified city states in the ancient Greek World, with most of the theoroi inscriptions being dated to the older part of the time period.<sup id="cite_ref-Mowery_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mowery-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoroi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoroi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dillon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dillon_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDillon1997">Dillon 1997</a>, p. 12: "A city about to celebrate a festival would send out ambassadors to various Greek cities inviting them to attend that festival and to accept the terms of a truce covering the festival. These ambassadors were often termed theoroi, the same term as the one used for those ambassadors sent as the official delegation to a festival. Both types of theoroi would be received by theorodokoi: there were theorodokoi who received theoroi announcing a festival and other theorodokoi who received theoroi representing their states at the actual celebrations. The theoroi bringing word of a festival would not have to find their own accommodation upon arriving at a city or town, but rather would be provided with lodging and hospitality by a theorodokos."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olympics-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olympics_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olympics_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemijsenClarysse2012">Remijsen & Clarysse 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mowery-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mowery_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mowery_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMowery2011">Mowery 2011</a>, pp. 112–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimitrova2008">Dimitrova 2008</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoroi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDillon1997" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Matthew (1997). <i>Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in Ancient Greece</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12775-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12775-0"><bdi>0-415-12775-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrims+and+Pilgrimage+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-12775-0&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheoroi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrova2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dimitrova, Nora Mitkova (2008). "Theoroi and Initiates in Samothrace: The Epigraphical Evidence". <i>Hesperia Supplements</i>. <b>37</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87661-537-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87661-537-9"><bdi>978-0-87661-537-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia+Supplements&rft.atitle=Theoroi+and+Initiates+in+Samothrace%3A+The+Epigraphical+Evidence&rft.volume=37&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87661-537-9&rft.aulast=Dimitrova&rft.aufirst=Nora+Mitkova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheoroi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowery2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mowery, Robert L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=3188799&journal_code=BIB">"<i>Theoroi</i> and <i>Initiates</i> in Samothrace"</a>. <i>Biblica</i>. <b>92</b> (1): 112–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FBIB.92.1.3188799">10.2143/BIB.92.1.3188799</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42615017">42615017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblica&rft.atitle=Theoroi+and+Initiates+in+Samothrace&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=112-122&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FBIB.92.1.3188799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42615017%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mowery&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fcontent.php%3Furl%3Darticle%26id%3D3188799%26journal_code%3DBIB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheoroi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemijsenClarysse2012" class="citation web cs1">Remijsen, Sofie; Clarysse, Willy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be/eng/TD026EN.html">"Ambassadors"</a>. <i>Ancient Olympics</i>. KU Leuven.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Olympics&rft.atitle=Ambassadors&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Remijsen&rft.aufirst=Sofie&rft.au=Clarysse%2C+Willy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be%2Feng%2FTD026EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheoroi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theoroi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jim, Theodora Suk Fong (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/abs/aparchai-in-the-great-list-of-thasian-theoroi/1CB642933B072F11D09E695EF4A1B23F">"<i>Aparchai</i> in the Great List of Thasian Theôroi"</a>. <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838813000505">10.1017/S0009838813000505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170570038">170570038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Aparchai+in+the+Great+List+of+Thasian+The%C3%B4roi&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838813000505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170570038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jim&rft.aufirst=Theodora+Suk+Fong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fclassical-quarterly%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Faparchai-in-the-great-list-of-thasian-theoroi%2F1CB642933B072F11D09E695EF4A1B23F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheoroi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theoroi&oldid=1254052210">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theoroi&oldid=1254052210</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_titles" title="Category:Ancient Greek titles">Ancient Greek titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Panhellenic_Games" title="Category:Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Interstate_relations_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Interstate relations in ancient Greece">Interstate relations in ancient Greece</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 05:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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