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<li id="toc-Shape_and_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape_and_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Shape and size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape_and_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Morphogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differentiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differentiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Differentiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differentiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gall_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gall_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gall formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gall_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomic_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomic_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Taxonomic range</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomic_range-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomic range subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomic_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cynipid_wasps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cynipid_wasps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Cynipid wasps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cynipid_wasps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-cynipid_wasps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-cynipid_wasps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Non-cynipid wasps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-cynipid_wasps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hemipteran_bugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hemipteran_bugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Hemipteran bugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hemipteran_bugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dipteran_flies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dipteran_flies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Dipteran flies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dipteran_flies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nematodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nematodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nematodes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nematodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacteria_and_viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacteria_and_viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bacteria and viruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacteria_and_viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology_of_insect-induced_galls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology_of_insect-induced_galls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Physiology of insect-induced galls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology_of_insect-induced_galls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gall</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B5%D8%A9" title="عفصة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عفصة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_(bot%C3%A0nica)" title="Gala (botànica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gala (botànica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1lka" title="Hálka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hálka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galle" title="Galle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Galle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzengalle" title="Pflanzengalle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflanzengalle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahk" title="Pahk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pahk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agalla" title="Agalla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agalla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajlo" title="Gajlo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gajlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zezidio" title="Zezidio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zezidio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C)" title="گال (بیماری گیاهی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گال (بیماری گیاهی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galle_(botanique)" title="Galle (botanique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galle (botanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1l" title="Gál – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gál" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugallo" title="Bugallo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bugallo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%A9%EC%98%81" title="충영 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="충영" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Գալեր (բուսաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալեր (բուսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0i%C5%A1ka" title="Šiška – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šiška" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galo" title="Galo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Galo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallepli" title="Gallepli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gallepli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galla_(botanica)" title="Galla (botanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galla (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%A5" title="עפץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עפץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81_(%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0)" title="ಗಂಟು (ಸಸ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಂಟು (ಸಸ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Галл (ботаника) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Галл (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Галлдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Галлдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galla_(tumor_plantarum)" title="Galla (tumor plantarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Galla (tumor plantarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galas" title="Galas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubacs" title="Gubacs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gubacs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" title="ഗാൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗാൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal_(plantkunde)" title="Gal (plantkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gal (plantkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%AB%E3%81%93%E3%81%B6" title="虫こぶ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="虫こぶ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galle_(biologi)" title="Galle (biologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Galle (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_(botanica)" title="Gala (botanica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gala (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galas" title="Galas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Galas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galha" title="Galha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C4%83_(botanic%C4%83)" title="Gală (botanică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gală (botanică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abnormal growths especially on plants induced by parasitic insects and other organisms</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the abnormal growths in plants. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gall_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gall (disambiguation)">Gall (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andricus_lignicola_-_Cola-nut_Gall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Andricus_lignicola_-_Cola-nut_Gall.JPG/300px-Andricus_lignicola_-_Cola-nut_Gall.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Andricus_lignicola_-_Cola-nut_Gall.JPG/450px-Andricus_lignicola_-_Cola-nut_Gall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Andricus_lignicola_-_Cola-nut_Gall.JPG/600px-Andricus_lignicola_-_Cola-nut_Gall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cola-nut_gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Cola-nut gall">Cola-nut galls</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Andricus_lignicola" title="Andricus lignicola">Andricus lignicola</a></i>) on <a href="/wiki/Pedunculate_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedunculate oak">pedunculate oak</a>, caused by a cynipid <a href="/wiki/Gall_wasp" title="Gall wasp">gall wasp</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Galls</b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">galla</i></span>, 'oak-apple') or <i><b>cecidia</b></i> (from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kēkidion</i></span>, anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> of plants. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> tissues, similar to <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign tumors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">warts</a> in animals. They can be caused by various <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, to other <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>. Plant galls are often highly organized structures so that the cause of the gall can often be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to insect and mite plant galls. The study of plant galls is known as cecidology. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape_and_size">Shape and size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shape and size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galls develop on various plant organs, providing nutrition and shelter to inducing insects. Galls display vast variation in <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>, size, and wall composition. The size of insect galls can range significantly, from approximately two inches in diameter to less than one-sixteenth of an inch. Some galls are so small that they are merely slightly thickened patches on leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their shape can range from spherical to bursiform, bullet-shaped, flower-shaped, cylindrical, or diamond-like. Factors influencing gall morphology include plant species, tissue type, gall-inducing agent, and environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically exhibit symmetrical forms, although their end shapes vary due to differences in the physical actions and chemical stimuli of different insects. Around 90% of galls occur on the leaves of <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">dicotyledons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galls can develop on various parts of the host plant, such as roots, leaf bases, branches, or leaflets. Internally, galls also exhibit diverse structures. Some are simple, comprising only outgrown and curved leaf tissues, while others feature complex, hierarchical arrangements with multiple chambers containing different types of tissues, including <a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">collenchyma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">parenchyma</a>, physalides-parenchyma, and a nutritive cellular layer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a general <a href="/wiki/Gall_wasp" title="Gall wasp">gall wasp</a> gall, the outermost layer is the epidermis followed by outer cortex and then inner cortex. In some galls these two cortex layers are separated by a lignified layer. The innermost part of a gall is the larval chamber. The nutritive layer is situated between the larval chamber and the inner cortex. There is a nutritional gradient (high to low) from inside to outside of the gall while defense gradient to the opposite direction.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphogenesis">Morphogenesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morphogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gall <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a> involves the regulation of the organ on which the gall occurs while maintaining differentiation freedom. Gall development begins from a single or group of metaplasied cells and progresses through promoter-mediated cell expansion, cell multiplication, programmed differentiation, and control of symmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plant response involves the establishment of metaplasied cells and localized metabolic changes to repair the wound and neutralize stress. <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">Osmotic</a> stress leads to the development of metaplasied cells, characterized by increased quantities of osmotically active material. The rejection response by the plant triggers the synthesis of defense compounds and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differentiation">Differentiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Differentiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Development of novel cell types: Galls exhibit unique cell types such as abnormally thick-walled dead cells (e.g., xylary elements and sclereids) and thin-walled living cells. These cells differentiate in specific patterns, contributing to the structure of the gall.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasson_2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasson_2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nutritive tissue: Most galls contain specialized nutritive tissue that provides nutrition to the inducing arthropod and sometimes to their progeny. The structure of this tissue varies depending on the insect species inducing the gall and their feeding behaviors. Nutritive tissue differentiation is influenced by the length and nature of the insect's mouthparts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Characteristics of nutritive cells: Nutritive cells exhibit dynamic features such as enriched cytoplasm, fragmented vacuoles, hypertrophied nucleus and nucleolus, and abundant cell <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a>. They contain elevated levels of carbohydrates, lipids, soluble sugars, and proteins, along with intense phosphatase activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gasson_2000_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gasson_2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Changes in nutritive tissue: The activity of the nutritive tissue is maintained as long as the inhabiting larva continues to feed. However, when feeding ceases, the dynamic profile of the tissue gradually diminishes, and it is eventually replaced by inactive parenchyma. Removal or death of the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a> leads to rapid changes in the distribution of carbohydrates and lipids within the tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_acid" title="Phenolic acid">phenolic</a> substances: Cells lining the larval chamber in mature-old galls accumulate phenolic substances, indicating changes in gall tissue composition over time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mineral content: Gall tissues contain elevated levels of various minerals, which may play a role in gall development and function.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two primary categories of galls: closed and open.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insects such as wasps, moths, and flies, possessing chewing mouthparts during their adult or larval stages, typically inhabit completely enclosed galls. Upon reaching maturity, the adult exits either by chewing its way out or utilizing an opening created by the larval stage. Conversely, insects with sucking mouthparts rely on partially open galls or those that naturally open to facilitate emergence. An example of the latter type is the aphid, which forms marble-sized galls on the leaf stems of cottonwood trees. While these galls have thin walls, they harbor entire colonies of aphids within. When the time is right, a slit appears on one side of the gall, allowing the aphids to escape as the slit's lips unfold.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insects induce the formation of galls on plants from which they receive various services, such as a source of nutrition and a place to lay eggs, develop, and be provided protection from the environment and enemies. The gall producers are specific to specific plants, thus inducing galls with unique appearances (balls, knobs, lumps, warts, etc.) and a range of colors (red, green, yellow, and black). Different taxonomic groups of gall inducers vary in the complexity and diversity of gall formation and organization, with insect induced galls generally being more complex and diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-Gatjens-Boniche_1359–1382_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gatjens-Boniche_1359–1382-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, gall frequency varies based on factors such as weather, plant susceptibility, and pest populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gall_formation">Gall formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gall formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four stages of gall development: initiation, growth and differentiation, maturation, and dehiscence. Gall tissues are nutritive and present high concentrations of lipids, proteins, nitrogen, and other nutrients. </p><p>The formation of galls which is induction begins with insect saliva on plants. Insect saliva contains various chemicals, induces shock and osmotic changes in the host plant cell.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The severity of insect feeding injures the plant varies depending on the insect. The osmotic changes that occur as a result are characterized by increased quantities of osmotically active material and induce the cell <a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">metaplasia</a> and gall formation. </p><p>Gall growth occurs gradually over time, with the length, breadth, and height of the galls increasing proportionally. The growth rate is maximal during the insect's early developmental stages and slows as it approaches adulthood. Hormones like auxins play a crucial role in gall growth. The presence of stress and insect secretions stimulates the synthesis of growth-promoting substances, possibly involving a combination of different growth promoters like auxins and kinins. Gall growth involves both cell enlargement and division, but the specific factors triggering cell enlargement remain unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest impact from the insect leads to metaplasia in the affected cells, where they undergo changes in structure and function. When the chemical shock is of high intensity, metaplasia does not occur. Instead, the plant cells local to the shock die, thereby rejecting the insect and defending the plant tissue. Enzymes like invertases are involved in gall growth, with greater activity correlating with stronger gall development. Gall-inducing insect performance is influenced by plant vigor and module size, with larger, fast-growing plant modules resulting in larger galls. Conversely, galls are easily induced on smaller plant modules.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galls are unique growths on plants, and how the plant's genetic instructions could produce these structures in response to external factors is still a fresh field of science. <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetic</a> mechanisms of gall formation is a unique interplay between the parasite and the host plant in shaping the developmental trajectory of the gall organ. </p><p>The 'zigzag' model introduced by Jones & Dangl (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrates the molecular interactions underlying gall induction. This model, refined over time and subject to ongoing enhancements, illustrates the intricate dynamics between antagonistic molecular players. Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), constitutes the initial defense layer of plant cells, activated upon detection of "danger signals." These signals, termed damage-associated-molecular-patterns (DAMPs) if originating from the plant or microbe/pathogen-associated-molecular-patterns (MAMPs, PAMPs, or HAMPs)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if from the parasite, engage pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) triggering signaling cascades. PRRs, classified as receptor-like kinases (RLKs), mediate intercellular communication by bridging external stimuli with intracellular defense mechanisms. Antagonists, employing effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS) manipulate host-cell functions through effector molecules encoded by effector genes, aiming primarily at suppressing plant defenses. Notably, some effectors exploit plant traits, known as "plant susceptibility traits," diverting the plant's resources in favor of the parasite. Effectoromics, involving high-throughput expression screens, aids in identifying effector candidates crucial for colonization. Conversely, Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) responsible for plant's counterattack, leveraging effectors as "danger signals" to render the parasite avirulent. During ETI, nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing receptors detect perturbations induced by effectors, leading to downstream signaling events that promote defense responses. However, parasites can counteract ETI by modifying ETS, undermining the efficacy of resistance genes deployed in agriculture. The evolutionary arms race between plants and parasites, underscored by the expansion of gene families involved in biotic interactions, shapes their genomic landscape, influencing their adaptive strategies and diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crown galls formed under the influence of the bacterium <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> exhibit several distinctive characteristics when compared to other types of galls. This bacterium transfers genetic material known as <a href="/wiki/Transfer_DNA" title="Transfer DNA">T-DNA</a> into the plant cells, where it becomes integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>. The T-DNA contains genes that encode for production of auxin, cytokinin and opines. As a result, the infected plant cells undergo rapid multiplication, essentially transforming into "bacterial factories" that produce more bacterial bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain bacteria, like <i>Rhodococcus fascians</i>, induce the formation of leafy galls on plants, affecting their growth. These galls act as permanent sinks, diverting nutrients away from other parts of the plant and causing growth suppression elsewhere. The bacteria possess virulence genes that control their ability to colonize plants and produce cytokinins, which influence plant growth. While parasitic gall-inducers are typically harmful to plants, researchers are exploring ways to harness their growth-promoting abilities for agricultural benefit. Some derivatives of <i>R. fascians</i> are being investigated for their potential to promote balanced plant growth, and scientists are also studying plant interactions with these bacteria to discover traits that could enhance crop yields. </p><p>Most of the transcriptomic studies on plant galls used entire gall samples resulting both gall and non-gall cells leading to thousands of gene expressions during gall development.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies on gall induced by gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Dryocosmus quercuspalustris</i> on <a href="/wiki/Quercus_rubra" title="Quercus rubra">northern red oak</a> (<i>Quercus rubra L.</i>) leaves demonstrate the complexity of genetic mechanisms underlying galls by quantifying the tissue-specific gene expression.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are substantial differences in <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> between inner and outer gall tissues compared to adjacent leaf tissues. Notably, approximately 28% of oak genes display differential expression in the gall compared to leaves, indicating significant <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcriptional</a> changes associated with gall development.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Transcriptomics_technologies" title="Transcriptomics technologies">transcriptome analysis</a>, while the outer gall transcriptome resembles that of twigs, leaf buds, and reproductive structures, the inner gall transcriptome is distinct from normal oak tissues, underscoring the complexity of gall formation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, there is an upregulation of genes related to sugar and amino acid metabolism in both outer and inner gall tissues, suggesting a role in transporting plant metabolites to support the nutritional needs of the developing gall wasp larva. The defense-related genes are found to be suppressed in inner gall tissues as a strategy to accommodate the feeding activity of the parasite.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomic_range">Taxonomic range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Taxonomic range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plant galls are caused by a wide range of organisms, including animals such as insects, mites, and nematodes; fungi; bacteria; viruses; and other plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_insect_galls" title="List of insect galls">List of insect galls</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gall-inducing_insect" title="Gall-inducing insect">Insect galls</a> are the highly distinctive plant structures formed by some <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a> insects as their own microhabitats. They are plant tissue which is controlled by the insect. Galls act as both the habitat and food source for the maker of the gall. The interior of a gall can contain edible nutritious starch and other tissues. Some galls act as "physiologic sinks", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galls may also provide the insect with physical protection from predators.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insect galls are usually induced by chemicals injected by the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of the insects into the plants and possibly mechanical damage. After the galls are formed, the larvae develop inside until fully grown, when they leave. To form galls, the insects must take advantage of the time when plant cell division occurs quickly: the growing season, usually spring in temperate climates, but which is extended in the tropics. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristems</a>, where plant cell division occurs, are the usual sites of galls, though insect galls can be found on other parts of the plant, such as the leaves, <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stalks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branch" title="Branch">branches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">buds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>. Gall-inducing insects are usually species-specific and sometimes tissue-specific on the plants they gall. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gall-inducing_insect" title="Gall-inducing insect">Gall-inducing insects</a> include <a href="/wiki/Gall_wasp" title="Gall wasp">gall wasps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gall_midge" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall midge">gall midges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tephritidae" title="Tephritidae">gall flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agromyzidae" title="Agromyzidae">leaf-miner flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psyllid" title="Psyllid">psyllids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrips" title="Thrips">thrips</a>, gall moths, and <a href="/wiki/Curculionidae" title="Curculionidae">weevils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many gall insects remain to be described. Estimates range up to more than 210,000 species, not counting <a href="/wiki/Parasitoid" title="Parasitoid">parasitoids</a> of gall-forming insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandão‐Dias_Zhang_Pirro_Vinson_2022_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandão‐Dias_Zhang_Pirro_Vinson_2022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cynipid_wasps">Cynipid wasps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cynipid wasps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gall_wasp" title="Gall wasp">Gall wasp</a></div> <p>More than 1400 species of cynipid wasps cause galls. Some 1000 of these are in the tribe <a href="/wiki/Cynipini" title="Cynipini">Cynipini</a>, their hosts mostly being <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> trees and other members of the <a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a> (the beech tree family).<sup id="cite_ref-Brandão‐Dias_Zhang_Pirro_Vinson_2022_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandão‐Dias_Zhang_Pirro_Vinson_2022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are often restricted taxonomically to a single host species or a group of related species. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Cynipid wasp galls</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andricus_foecundatrix_Quercus01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oak artichoke gall caused by Andricus foecundatrix"><img alt="Oak artichoke gall caused by Andricus foecundatrix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Andricus_foecundatrix_Quercus01.jpg/120px-Andricus_foecundatrix_Quercus01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Andricus_foecundatrix_Quercus01.jpg/180px-Andricus_foecundatrix_Quercus01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Andricus_foecundatrix_Quercus01.jpg/240px-Andricus_foecundatrix_Quercus01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oak_artichoke_gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak artichoke gall">Oak artichoke gall</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Andricus_foecundatrix" title="Andricus foecundatrix">Andricus foecundatrix</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andricus_foecundatrix_larva_on_Quercus_robur._vrouwelijke_gal_met_larve_op_zomereik.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artichoke gall cut open to reveal wasp larva"><img alt="Artichoke gall cut open to reveal wasp larva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Andricus_foecundatrix_larva_on_Quercus_robur._vrouwelijke_gal_met_larve_op_zomereik.jpg/120px-Andricus_foecundatrix_larva_on_Quercus_robur._vrouwelijke_gal_met_larve_op_zomereik.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Andricus_foecundatrix_larva_on_Quercus_robur._vrouwelijke_gal_met_larve_op_zomereik.jpg/180px-Andricus_foecundatrix_larva_on_Quercus_robur._vrouwelijke_gal_met_larve_op_zomereik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Andricus_foecundatrix_larva_on_Quercus_robur._vrouwelijke_gal_met_larve_op_zomereik.jpg/240px-Andricus_foecundatrix_larva_on_Quercus_robur._vrouwelijke_gal_met_larve_op_zomereik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Artichoke gall cut open to reveal wasp larva</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallwespe_bedient_sich_Eichel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Knopper gall caused by Andricus quercuscalicis"><img alt="Knopper gall caused by Andricus quercuscalicis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gallwespe_bedient_sich_Eichel2.jpg/110px-Gallwespe_bedient_sich_Eichel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gallwespe_bedient_sich_Eichel2.jpg/165px-Gallwespe_bedient_sich_Eichel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gallwespe_bedient_sich_Eichel2.jpg/220px-Gallwespe_bedient_sich_Eichel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Knopper_gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopper gall">Knopper gall</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Andricus_quercuscalicis" title="Andricus quercuscalicis">Andricus quercuscalicis</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eikengallen_op_mannelijke_bloeiwijze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oak gall caused by Neuroterus albipes forma laeviusculus"><img alt="Oak gall caused by Neuroterus albipes forma laeviusculus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Eikengallen_op_mannelijke_bloeiwijze.jpg/95px-Eikengallen_op_mannelijke_bloeiwijze.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Eikengallen_op_mannelijke_bloeiwijze.jpg/142px-Eikengallen_op_mannelijke_bloeiwijze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Eikengallen_op_mannelijke_bloeiwijze.jpg/190px-Eikengallen_op_mannelijke_bloeiwijze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oak gall caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Neuroterus_albipes" title="Neuroterus albipes">Neuroterus albipes</a></i> forma <i>laeviusculus</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_Gall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble gall of oak caused by Andricus kollari"><img alt="Marble gall of oak caused by Andricus kollari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Oak_Gall.jpg/120px-Oak_Gall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Oak_Gall.jpg/180px-Oak_Gall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Oak_Gall.jpg/240px-Oak_Gall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble gall of oak caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Andricus_kollari" title="Andricus kollari">Andricus kollari</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andricus_kollari_-_Capanne_di_Marcarolo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cherry oak gall caused by Cynips quercusfolii"><img alt="Cherry oak gall caused by Cynips quercusfolii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Andricus_kollari_-_Capanne_di_Marcarolo.JPG/120px-Andricus_kollari_-_Capanne_di_Marcarolo.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Andricus_kollari_-_Capanne_di_Marcarolo.JPG/180px-Andricus_kollari_-_Capanne_di_Marcarolo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Andricus_kollari_-_Capanne_di_Marcarolo.JPG/240px-Andricus_kollari_-_Capanne_di_Marcarolo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cherry oak gall caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Cynips_quercusfolii" title="Cynips quercusfolii">Cynips quercusfolii</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Larve_Eikengalwesp_(Cynips_quercusfolii).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cherry oak gall cut open to reveal wasp larva"><img alt="Cherry oak gall cut open to reveal wasp larva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Larve_Eikengalwesp_%28Cynips_quercusfolii%29.jpg/119px-Larve_Eikengalwesp_%28Cynips_quercusfolii%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Larve_Eikengalwesp_%28Cynips_quercusfolii%29.jpg/178px-Larve_Eikengalwesp_%28Cynips_quercusfolii%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Larve_Eikengalwesp_%28Cynips_quercusfolii%29.jpg/237px-Larve_Eikengalwesp_%28Cynips_quercusfolii%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cherry oak gall cut open to reveal wasp larva</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynips_quercusfolii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cherry oak gall wasp adult"><img alt="Cherry oak gall wasp adult" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cynips_quercusfolii.jpg/120px-Cynips_quercusfolii.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cynips_quercusfolii.jpg/180px-Cynips_quercusfolii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cynips_quercusfolii.jpg/240px-Cynips_quercusfolii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cherry oak gall wasp adult</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-Pea_gall_Cynips_divisa_on_Oak.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Red-pea gall (Cynips divisa) on pedunculate oak"><img alt="Red-pea gall (Cynips divisa) on pedunculate oak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red-Pea_gall_Cynips_divisa_on_Oak.JPG/120px-Red-Pea_gall_Cynips_divisa_on_Oak.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red-Pea_gall_Cynips_divisa_on_Oak.JPG/180px-Red-Pea_gall_Cynips_divisa_on_Oak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red-Pea_gall_Cynips_divisa_on_Oak.JPG/240px-Red-Pea_gall_Cynips_divisa_on_Oak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Red-pea_gall" title="Red-pea gall">Red-pea gall</a> (<i>Cynips divisa</i>) on <a href="/wiki/Pedunculate_Oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedunculate Oak">pedunculate oak</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kokkocynips_rileyi_oak_gall_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kokkocynips rileyi oak gall"><img alt="Kokkocynips rileyi oak gall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kokkocynips_rileyi_oak_gall_crop.jpg/120px-Kokkocynips_rileyi_oak_gall_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kokkocynips_rileyi_oak_gall_crop.jpg/180px-Kokkocynips_rileyi_oak_gall_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kokkocynips_rileyi_oak_gall_crop.jpg/240px-Kokkocynips_rileyi_oak_gall_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Kokkocynips_rileyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokkocynips rileyi">Kokkocynips rileyi</a></i> oak gall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phylloteras_poculum_oak_gall_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phylloteras poculum oak galls"><img alt="Phylloteras poculum oak galls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Phylloteras_poculum_oak_gall_crop.jpg/120px-Phylloteras_poculum_oak_gall_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Phylloteras_poculum_oak_gall_crop.jpg/180px-Phylloteras_poculum_oak_gall_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Phylloteras_poculum_oak_gall_crop.jpg/240px-Phylloteras_poculum_oak_gall_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylloteras_poculum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phylloteras poculum (page does not exist)">Phylloteras poculum</a></i> oak galls</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-cynipid_wasps">Non-cynipid wasps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Non-cynipid wasps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some wasps from other groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Diplolepididae" title="Diplolepididae">Diplolepididae</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chalcidoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcidoidea">Chalcidoidea</a>, also cause plant galls. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Non-cynipid wasp galls</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplolepis-rosae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rose bedeguar gall on a wild rose, caused by Diplolepis rosae, a diplolepid wasp"><img alt="Rose bedeguar gall on a wild rose, caused by Diplolepis rosae, a diplolepid wasp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Diplolepis-rosae.jpg/116px-Diplolepis-rosae.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Diplolepis-rosae.jpg/174px-Diplolepis-rosae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Diplolepis-rosae.jpg/232px-Diplolepis-rosae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rose bedeguar gall on a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rosa_species" title="List of Rosa species">wild rose</a>, caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Diplolepis_rosae" title="Diplolepis rosae">Diplolepis rosae</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Diplolepididae" title="Diplolepididae">diplolepid</a> wasp</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplolepis_rosae_12_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Section through young bedeguar gall showing wasp larvae and cells"><img alt="Section through young bedeguar gall showing wasp larvae and cells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Diplolepis_rosae_12_ies.jpg/120px-Diplolepis_rosae_12_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Diplolepis_rosae_12_ies.jpg/180px-Diplolepis_rosae_12_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Diplolepis_rosae_12_ies.jpg/240px-Diplolepis_rosae_12_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section through young bedeguar gall showing wasp larvae and cells</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gall_attack.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gall on Eucalyptus due to chalcid wasp Leptocybe invasa, India"><img alt="Gall on Eucalyptus due to chalcid wasp Leptocybe invasa, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gall_attack.JPG/90px-Gall_attack.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gall_attack.JPG/135px-Gall_attack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gall_attack.JPG/180px-Gall_attack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gall on <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Chalcid_wasp" title="Chalcid wasp">chalcid wasp</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Leptocybe_invasa" title="Leptocybe invasa">Leptocybe invasa</a></i>, India</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hemipteran_bugs">Hemipteran bugs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hemipteran bugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">hemipteran</a> bugs that cause galls are the <a href="/wiki/Psyllidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psyllidae">psyllid</a> bug <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachypsylla_celtidisumbilicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus (page does not exist)">Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus</a></i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Woolly_aphid" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolly aphid">woolly aphid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Adelges_abietis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelges abietis">Adelges abietis</a></i>, which parasitises <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a> trees such as the Sitka spruce and the Norway spruce. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Hemipteran galls</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Developing_Pineapple_Gall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Developing pineapple pseudocone galls on Norway spruce, caused by woolly aphid Adelges abietis"><img alt="Developing pineapple pseudocone galls on Norway spruce, caused by woolly aphid Adelges abietis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Developing_Pineapple_Gall.JPG/120px-Developing_Pineapple_Gall.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Developing_Pineapple_Gall.JPG/180px-Developing_Pineapple_Gall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Developing_Pineapple_Gall.JPG/240px-Developing_Pineapple_Gall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Developing pineapple pseudocone galls on <a href="/wiki/Norway_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway spruce">Norway spruce</a>, caused by woolly aphid <i><a href="/wiki/Adelges_abietis" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelges abietis">Adelges abietis</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacchiphantes_abietis-e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pineapple gall cut open to show the woolly aphid larvae inside"><img alt="Pineapple gall cut open to show the woolly aphid larvae inside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sacchiphantes_abietis-e.jpg/120px-Sacchiphantes_abietis-e.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sacchiphantes_abietis-e.jpg/180px-Sacchiphantes_abietis-e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sacchiphantes_abietis-e.jpg/240px-Sacchiphantes_abietis-e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pineapple gall cut open to show the woolly aphid larvae inside</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pineapple_gall.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pineapple gall on Sitka spruce caused by Adelges abietis"><img alt="Pineapple gall on Sitka spruce caused by Adelges abietis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pineapple_gall.JPG/120px-Pineapple_gall.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pineapple_gall.JPG/180px-Pineapple_gall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Pineapple_gall.JPG/240px-Pineapple_gall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pineapple_gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pineapple gall">Pineapple gall</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sitka_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitka spruce">Sitka spruce</a> caused by <i>Adelges abietis</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pachypsylla_celtidisumbilicus_gall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus hackberry gall"><img alt="Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus hackberry gall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pachypsylla_celtidisumbilicus_gall.jpg/120px-Pachypsylla_celtidisumbilicus_gall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pachypsylla_celtidisumbilicus_gall.jpg/180px-Pachypsylla_celtidisumbilicus_gall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pachypsylla_celtidisumbilicus_gall.jpg/240px-Pachypsylla_celtidisumbilicus_gall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachypsylla_celtidisumbilicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus (page does not exist)">Pachypsylla celtidisumbilicus</a></i> hackberry gall</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dipteran_flies">Dipteran flies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dipteran flies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">dipteran</a> flies such as the <a href="/wiki/Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">cecidomyiid</a> gall midges <i><a href="/wiki/Dasineura_investita" title="Dasineura investita">Dasineura investita</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Neolasioptera_boehmeriae" title="Neolasioptera boehmeriae">Neolasioptera boehmeriae</a></i>, and some <a href="/wiki/Agromyzidae" title="Agromyzidae">Agromyzidae</a> leaf-miner flies cause galls. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Midge galls</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gall_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_in_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gall of Japanagromyza inferna (Agromyzidae) in Centrosema virginianum"><img alt="Gall of Japanagromyza inferna (Agromyzidae) in Centrosema virginianum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gall_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_in_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g006.jpg/120px-Gall_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_in_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gall_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_in_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g006.jpg/180px-Gall_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_in_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gall_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_in_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g006.jpg/240px-Gall_of_Japanagromyza_inferna_in_Centrosema_virginianum_L._-_ZooKeys-374-045-g006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gall of <i><a href="/wiki/Japanagromyza" title="Japanagromyza">Japanagromyza</a> inferna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Agromyzidae" title="Agromyzidae">Agromyzidae</a>) in <i><a href="/wiki/Centrosema_virginianum" title="Centrosema virginianum">Centrosema virginianum</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dasineura_investita_gall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nettle gall caused by Dasineura investita (Cecidomyiidae)"><img alt="Nettle gall caused by Dasineura investita (Cecidomyiidae)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dasineura_investita_gall.jpg/120px-Dasineura_investita_gall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dasineura_investita_gall.jpg/180px-Dasineura_investita_gall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dasineura_investita_gall.jpg/240px-Dasineura_investita_gall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nettle gall caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Dasineura_investita" title="Dasineura investita">Dasineura investita</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">Cecidomyiidae</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neolasioptera_boehmeriae_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="False nettle stem gall caused by gall midge Neolasioptera boehmeriae (Cecidomyiidae)"><img alt="False nettle stem gall caused by gall midge Neolasioptera boehmeriae (Cecidomyiidae)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Neolasioptera_boehmeriae_crop.jpg/120px-Neolasioptera_boehmeriae_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Neolasioptera_boehmeriae_crop.jpg/180px-Neolasioptera_boehmeriae_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Neolasioptera_boehmeriae_crop.jpg/240px-Neolasioptera_boehmeriae_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">False nettle stem gall caused by gall midge <i><a href="/wiki/Neolasioptera_boehmeriae" title="Neolasioptera boehmeriae">Neolasioptera boehmeriae</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">Cecidomyiidae</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schizomyia_impatientis_galls.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schizomyia impatientis (Cecidomyiidae) jewelweed flower gall"><img alt="Schizomyia impatientis (Cecidomyiidae) jewelweed flower gall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Schizomyia_impatientis_galls.jpg/120px-Schizomyia_impatientis_galls.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Schizomyia_impatientis_galls.jpg/180px-Schizomyia_impatientis_galls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Schizomyia_impatientis_galls.jpg/240px-Schizomyia_impatientis_galls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Schizomyia_impatientis" title="Schizomyia impatientis">Schizomyia impatientis</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">Cecidomyiidae</a>) jewelweed flower gall</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mites">Mites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mites, small arachnids, cause distinctive galls in plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Lime_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime tree">lime tree</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Mite galls</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eriophyes_tilae_tilae_close_up.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lime nail galls caused by the mite Eriophyes tiliae"><img alt="Lime nail galls caused by the mite Eriophyes tiliae" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Eriophyes_tilae_tilae_close_up.JPG/120px-Eriophyes_tilae_tilae_close_up.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Eriophyes_tilae_tilae_close_up.JPG/180px-Eriophyes_tilae_tilae_close_up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Eriophyes_tilae_tilae_close_up.JPG/240px-Eriophyes_tilae_tilae_close_up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lime nail galls caused by the <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mite</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Eriophyes_tiliae" title="Eriophyes tiliae">Eriophyes tiliae</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nematodes">Nematodes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nematodes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a> are microscopic worms that live in soil. Some nematodes (<i>Meloidogyne</i> species or <a href="/wiki/Root-knot_nematode" title="Root-knot nematode">root-knot nematodes</a>) cause galls on the roots of susceptible plants. The galls are often small.<sup id="cite_ref-Krusberg_1963_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krusberg_1963-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williamson_Hussey_1996_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson_Hussey_1996-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Nematode galls</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_juvenile_root-knot_nematode_(Meloidogyne_incognita)_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juvenile Meloidogyne penetrating a host plant"><img alt="Juvenile Meloidogyne penetrating a host plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/A_juvenile_root-knot_nematode_%28Meloidogyne_incognita%29_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg/98px-A_juvenile_root-knot_nematode_%28Meloidogyne_incognita%29_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/A_juvenile_root-knot_nematode_%28Meloidogyne_incognita%29_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg/148px-A_juvenile_root-knot_nematode_%28Meloidogyne_incognita%29_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/A_juvenile_root-knot_nematode_%28Meloidogyne_incognita%29_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg/197px-A_juvenile_root-knot_nematode_%28Meloidogyne_incognita%29_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Juvenile <i><a href="/wiki/Meloidogyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Meloidogyne">Meloidogyne</a></i> penetrating a host plant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nematode_nodules.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Root-knot galls caused by the nematode Meloidogyne"><img alt="Root-knot galls caused by the nematode Meloidogyne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nematode_nodules.jpg/120px-Nematode_nodules.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nematode_nodules.jpg/180px-Nematode_nodules.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nematode_nodules.jpg/240px-Nematode_nodules.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Root-knot galls caused by the nematode <i><a href="/wiki/Meloidogyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Meloidogyne">Meloidogyne</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungi">Fungi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fungi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Rust_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rust fungi">rust fungi</a> induce gall formation, including <a href="/wiki/Western_gall_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Western gall rust">western gall rust</a>, which infects a variety of <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> trees and <a href="/wiki/Gymnosporangium" title="Gymnosporangium">cedar-apple rust</a>. Galls are often seen in <i><a href="/wiki/Millettia_pinnata" class="mw-redirect" title="Millettia pinnata">Millettia pinnata</a></i> leaves and fruits. Leaf galls appear like tiny clubs; however, flower galls are globose. <i><a href="/wiki/Exobasidium" title="Exobasidium">Exobasidium</a></i> often induces spectacular galls on its hosts. </p><p>The fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Ustilago_esculenta" title="Ustilago esculenta">Ustilago esculenta</a></i> associated with <i>Zizania latifolia</i>, a wild rice, produces an edible gall highly valued as a food source in the <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> provinces of China.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Fungal galls</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gymnosporangium_juniperii_telial_form.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gall on conifer Juniperus virginiana caused by Gymnosporangium (Pucciniales)"><img alt="Gall on conifer Juniperus virginiana caused by Gymnosporangium (Pucciniales)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gymnosporangium_juniperii_telial_form.jpg/120px-Gymnosporangium_juniperii_telial_form.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gymnosporangium_juniperii_telial_form.jpg/180px-Gymnosporangium_juniperii_telial_form.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gymnosporangium_juniperii_telial_form.jpg/240px-Gymnosporangium_juniperii_telial_form.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gall on conifer <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_virginiana" title="Juniperus virginiana">Juniperus virginiana</a></i> caused by <a href="/wiki/Gymnosporangium" title="Gymnosporangium">Gymnosporangium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pucciniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Pucciniales">Pucciniales</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhododendron_ferrugineum_b.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf galls on Rhododendron ferrugineum caused by fungus Exobasidium rhododendri"><img alt="Leaf galls on Rhododendron ferrugineum caused by fungus Exobasidium rhododendri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rhododendron_ferrugineum_b.JPG/120px-Rhododendron_ferrugineum_b.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rhododendron_ferrugineum_b.JPG/180px-Rhododendron_ferrugineum_b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Rhododendron_ferrugineum_b.JPG/240px-Rhododendron_ferrugineum_b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf galls on <i><a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_ferrugineum" title="Rhododendron ferrugineum">Rhododendron ferrugineum</a></i> caused by fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Exobasidium" title="Exobasidium">Exobasidium</a> rhododendri</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria_and_viruses">Bacteria and viruses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bacteria and viruses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gall-causing bacteria include <i><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium_tumefaciens" title="Agrobacterium tumefaciens">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_savastanoi" title="Pseudomonas savastanoi">Pseudomonas savastanoi</a></i>. </p><p>Gall forming virus was found on rice plants in central Thailand in 1979 and named rice gall dwarf. Symptoms consisted of gall formation along leaf blades and sheaths, dark green discoloration, twisted leaf tips, and reduced numbers of tillers. Some plants died in the glasshouse in the later stages of infection. The causal agent was transmitted by the hemipteran bug <i><a href="/wiki/Nephotettix_nigropictus" title="Nephotettix nigropictus">Nephotettix nigropictus</a></i> after an incubation of two weeks. Polyhedral particles of 65 nm diameter in the cytoplasm of phloem cells were always associated with the disease. No serologic relationship was found between this virus and that of rice dwarf. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Microbial pathogen galls</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown-gall_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crown gall on Kalanchoe infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens"><img alt="Crown gall on Kalanchoe infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Crown-gall_detail.jpg/120px-Crown-gall_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Crown-gall_detail.jpg/180px-Crown-gall_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Crown-gall_detail.jpg/240px-Crown-gall_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crown gall on <i><a href="/wiki/Kalanchoe" title="Kalanchoe">Kalanchoe</a></i> infected with <i><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium_tumefaciens" title="Agrobacterium tumefaciens">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citrus_vein_enation_(CVEV)_on_Fortunella_japonica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Citrus vein enation woody gall on Fortunella japonica caused by a pathogen with an aphid vector"><img alt="Citrus vein enation woody gall on Fortunella japonica caused by a pathogen with an aphid vector" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Citrus_vein_enation_%28CVEV%29_on_Fortunella_japonica.jpg/90px-Citrus_vein_enation_%28CVEV%29_on_Fortunella_japonica.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Citrus_vein_enation_%28CVEV%29_on_Fortunella_japonica.jpg/135px-Citrus_vein_enation_%28CVEV%29_on_Fortunella_japonica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Citrus_vein_enation_%28CVEV%29_on_Fortunella_japonica.jpg/180px-Citrus_vein_enation_%28CVEV%29_on_Fortunella_japonica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Citrus vein enation woody gall on <i><a href="/wiki/Fortunella_japonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortunella japonica">Fortunella japonica</a></i> caused by a pathogen with an aphid <a href="/wiki/Vector_(parasitology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (parasitology)">vector</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hemiparasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemiparasitic">hemiparasitic</a> plant <a href="/wiki/Mistletoe" title="Mistletoe">mistletoe</a> forms woody structures sometimes called galls on its hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Royal_Society_1958_pp._188–206_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Royal_Society_1958_pp._188–206-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More complex interactions are possible; the parasitic plant <i><a href="/wiki/Cassytha_filiformis" title="Cassytha filiformis">Cassytha filiformis</a></i> sometimes preferentially feeds on galls induced by the cynipid wasp <i><a href="/wiki/Belonocnema_treatae" title="Belonocnema treatae">Belonocnema treatae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology_of_insect-induced_galls">Physiology of insect-induced galls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Physiology of insect-induced galls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gall" title="Special:EditPage/Gall">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Insects induce the formation of galls on plants from which they receive various services, such as a source of nutrition and a place to lay eggs, develop, and be provided protection from the environment and enemies. The gall producers are specific to specific plants, thus inducing galls with unique appearances (balls, knobs, lumps, warts, etc.) and a range of colors (red, green, yellow, and black). Different taxonomic groups of gall inducers vary in the complexity and diversity of gall formation and organization, with insect induced galls generally being more complex and diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-Gatjens-Boniche_1359–1382_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gatjens-Boniche_1359–1382-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, gall frequency varies based on factors such as weather, plant susceptibility, and pest populations. </p><p>There are four stages of gall development: initiation, growth and differentiation, maturation, and dehiscence. Gall tissues are nutritive and present high concentrations of lipids, proteins, nitrogen, and other nutrients. The formation of galls begins with insect saliva on plants inducing a chemical shock.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The osmotic changes that occur as a result are characterized by increased quantities of osmotically active material and induce the cell <a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">metaplasia</a> and gall formation. When the chemical shock is of high intensity, metaplasia does not occur. Instead, the plant cells local to the shock die, thereby rejecting the insect and defending the plant tissue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galls are rich in <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannic_acid" title="Tannic acid">tannic acid</a> and have been used widely in the manufacturing of permanent <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Iron_gall_ink" title="Iron gall ink">iron gall ink</a>) and astringent ointments, in <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">leather tanning</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> records using <a href="/wiki/Gallnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallnut">gallnuts</a> as part of the tanning process as well as a dye-base for ink. </p><p>Medieval <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> literature records many uses for the gall, called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ˁafṣ</i></span> in Arabic. The <a href="/wiki/Oak_marble_gall" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak marble gall">Aleppo gall</a>, found on <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> trees in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, was among the most important exports from Syria during this period, with one merchant recording a shipment of galls from <a href="/wiki/Port_Saint_Symeon" title="Port Saint Symeon">Suwaydiyya</a> near <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> fetching the high price of 4½ <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinars</a> per 100 pounds. The primary use of the galls was as a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> for black dyes; they were also used to make a high-quality <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a>. The gall was also used as a medication to treat <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestinal</a> ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-Mediterranean_Society_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mediterranean_Society-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Plant_Gall_Society" title="British Plant Gall Society">British Plant Gall Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">Forest pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect_galls" title="List of insect galls">List of insect galls</a></li> <li>Similar structures:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burl" title="Burl">Burl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_broom" title="Witch's broom">Witch's broom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2007</span>. <q>an abnormal outgrowth of plant tissue usually due to insect or mite parasites or fungi and sometimes forming an important source of tannin</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=gall%284%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/publications/nonpwdpubs/young_naturalist/plants/plant_galls/">"TPWD: Plant Galls -- Young Naturalist"</a>. <i>tpwd.texas.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wiley: 94–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsyen.12521">10.1111/syen.12521</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6970">0307-6970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Entomology&rft.atitle=Describing+biodiversity+in+the+genomics+era%3A+A+new+species+of+Nearctic+Cynipidae+gall+wasp+and+its+genome&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-112&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsyen.12521&rft.issn=0307-6970&rft.aulast=Brand%C3%A3o-Dias&rft.aufirst=Pedro+F.+P.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yuanmeng+Miles&rft.au=Pirro%2C+Stacy&rft.au=Vinson%2C+Camila+C.&rft.au=Weinersmith%2C+Kelly+L.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Anna+K.+G.&rft.au=Forbes%2C+Andrew+A.&rft.au=Egan%2C+Scott+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krusberg_1963-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krusberg_1963_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrusberg1963" class="citation journal cs1">Krusberg, L. R. (1963). "Host Response to Nematode Infection". <i>Annual Review of Phytopathology</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Annual Reviews: 219–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.py.01.090163.001251">10.1146/annurev.py.01.090163.001251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4286">0066-4286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Host+Response+to+Nematode+Infection&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=219-240&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.py.01.090163.001251&rft.issn=0066-4286&rft.aulast=Krusberg&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williamson_Hussey_1996-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williamson_Hussey_1996_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonHussey1996" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, V. M.; Hussey, R. S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC161311">"Nematode pathogenesis and resistance in plants"</a>. <i>The Plant Cell</i>. <b>8</b> (10). Oxford University Press: 1735–1745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1105%2Ftpc.8.10.1735">10.1105/tpc.8.10.1735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-4651">1040-4651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC161311">161311</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8914324">8914324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+Cell&rft.atitle=Nematode+pathogenesis+and+resistance+in+plants.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1735-1745&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC161311%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1040-4651&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8914324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1105%2Ftpc.8.10.1735&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=V.+M.&rft.au=Hussey%2C+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC161311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terrell, E. E.; Batra, L. R. "<i>Zizania latifolia</i> and <i>Ustilago esculenta</i>, a grass-fungus association", <i>Economic Botany</i> <b>36</b>(3): 274–285. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858549">10.1007/BF02858549</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Royal_Society_1958_pp._188–206-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Royal_Society_1958_pp._188–206_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Modes of union and interaction between parasite and host in the Loranthaceae. III. Further observations on <i>Viscum</i> and <i>Korthalsella</i>". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences</i>. <b>148</b> (931). The Royal Society: 188–206. 18 February 1958. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1958.0013">10.1098/rspb.1958.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2053-9193">2053-9193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B+-+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Modes+of+union+and+interaction+between+parasite+and+host+in+the+Loranthaceae.+III.+Further+observations+on+Viscum+and+Korthalsella&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=931&rft.pages=188-206&rft.date=1958-02-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1958.0013&rft.issn=2053-9193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEganZhangComerfordHood2018" class="citation journal cs1">Egan, Scott P.; Zhang, Linyi; Comerford, Mattheau; Hood, Glen R. (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.06.024">"Botanical parasitism of an insect by a parasitic plant"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>28</b> (16): R863–R864. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.06.024">10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30130501">30130501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Botanical+parasitism+of+an+insect+by+a+parasitic+plant&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=R863-R864&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.06.024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30130501&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Scott+P.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Linyi&rft.au=Comerford%2C+Mattheau&rft.au=Hood%2C+Glen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2018.06.024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bavli, tractate Gittin:19a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mediterranean_Society-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mediterranean_Society_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoiteinSanders1967" class="citation book cs1">Goitein, Shelomo Dov; Sanders, Paula (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzOvJHFTTeUC"><i>A Mediterranean Society: Daily life</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520048695" title="Special:BookSources/0520048695"><bdi>0520048695</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mediterranean+Society%3A+Daily+life&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0520048695&rft.aulast=Goitein&rft.aufirst=Shelomo+Dov&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzOvJHFTTeUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Blanche, Rosalind (2012). <i>Life in a Gall: The Biology and Ecology of Insects that Live in Plant Galls</i>. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0643106437" title="Special:BookSources/978-0643106437"><bdi>978-0643106437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+a+Gall%3A+The+Biology+and+Ecology+of+Insects+that+Live+in+Plant+Galls&rft.place=Collingwood%2C+Vic.&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0643106437&rft.aulast=Blanche&rft.aufirst=Rosalind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Redfern, Margaret (2011). <i>Plant Galls</i>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002201445" title="Special:BookSources/978-0002201445"><bdi>978-0002201445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Galls&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0002201445&rft.aulast=Redfern&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Russo, Ron (2007). <i>Field Guide to Plant Galls of California and Other Western States</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520248854" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520248854"><bdi>978-0520248854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+Plant+Galls+of+California+and+Other+Western+States&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0520248854&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gall&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Galls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Galls">Galls</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gall" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gall">gall</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gallnut" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gallnut">gallnut</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishplantgallsociety.org/">British Plant Gall Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Plant_Galls/samplepage.html">A Field Guide to Plant Galls of the North East U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112013223/http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/Plant_Galls/samplepage.html">Archived</a> 2020-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pljuly99.htm">To Be or Not To Be a Gall: The Story of Strange Growths on Plants</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321085200/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/pljuly99.htm">Archived</a> 2014-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/galls/galls.html">Insect Galls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109220152/http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/galls/galls.html">Archived</a> 2020-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Brandeis University</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913044856/http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/entfacts/trees/ef408.htm">"Common oak galls"</a>. <i>University of Kentucky Entomology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/entfacts/trees/ef408.htm">the original</a> on 2006-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Kentucky+Entomology&rft.atitle=Common+oak+galls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uky.edu%2FAg%2FEntomology%2Fentfacts%2Ftrees%2Fef408.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224107#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224107#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Galls (Botany)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/937314/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Galle <Botanik>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4155837-6">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Galls (Botany)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052868">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Galles (botanique)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119712363">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Galles (botanique)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119712363">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="えい瘤"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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