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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_and_rise_of_craft_letterpress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_and_rise_of_craft_letterpress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revival and rise of craft letterpress</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revival_and_rise_of_craft_letterpress-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revival and rise of craft letterpress subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revival_and_rise_of_craft_letterpress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Martha_Stewart's_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martha_Stewart's_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Martha Stewart's influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martha_Stewart's_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economical_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economical_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economical materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economical_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Imposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photopolymer_plates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photopolymer_plates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Photopolymer plates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photopolymer_plates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants_on_the_letterpress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants_on_the_letterpress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Variants on the letterpress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants_on_the_letterpress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craftsmanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craftsmanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Craftsmanship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Craftsmanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Current initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Letterpress printing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Высокі друк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Высокі друк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Высокі друк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Высокі друк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knihtisk" title="Knihtisk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Knihtisk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rgtr%C3%BCkk" title="Kõrgtrükk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrgtrükk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konveksa_presado" title="Konveksa presado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konveksa presado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD" title="چاپ مسطح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاپ مسطح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographie_(technique_d%27impression)" title="Typographie (technique d'impression) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Typographie (technique d'impression)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3bhualadh" title="Clóbhualadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clóbhualadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%9C%ED%8C%90_%EC%9D%B8%EC%87%84" title="활판 인쇄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="활판 인쇄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D6%80_%D5%BF%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բարձր տպագրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարձր տպագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%98" title="דפוס בלט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דפוס בלט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augstspiedums" title="Augstspiedums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augstspiedums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magasnyomtat%C3%A1s" title="Magasnyomtatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magasnyomtatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A8ta%27_t%C3%A8gghi" title="Cèta' tègghi – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Cèta' tègghi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E7%89%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="活版印刷 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="活版印刷" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boktrykk" title="Boktrykk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boktrykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typografia_(druk)" title="Typografia (druk) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Typografia (druk)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipar_cu_za%C8%9B" title="Tipar cu zaț – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tipar cu zaț" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Высокая печать – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высокая печать" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tla%C4%8D_z_v%C3%BD%C5%A1ky" title="Tlač z výšky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tlač z výšky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohopaino" title="Kohopaino – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kohopaino" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipo_bask%C4%B1" title="Tipo baskı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tipo baskı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Високий друк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Високий друк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%B8%E7%89%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="凸版印刷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凸版印刷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q582102#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technique of relief printing using a printing press</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the art and technique of relief printing with a printing press. For a historical account of its origins and societal impact, see <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Letterpress" redirects here. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/Letterpress_(video_game)" title="Letterpress (video game)">Letterpress (video game)</a>. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/The_Letterpress" title="The Letterpress">The Letterpress</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006317_023_Mitarbeiter_der_Druckerei_Offizin_Haag-Drugulin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006317_023_Mitarbeiter_der_Druckerei_Offizin_Haag-Drugulin.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006317_023_Mitarbeiter_der_Druckerei_Offizin_Haag-Drugulin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006317_023_Mitarbeiter_der_Druckerei_Offizin_Haag-Drugulin.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006317_023_Mitarbeiter_der_Druckerei_Offizin_Haag-Drugulin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006317_023_Mitarbeiter_der_Druckerei_Offizin_Haag-Drugulin.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_roe-neg_0006317_023_Mitarbeiter_der_Druckerei_Offizin_Haag-Drugulin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>A printer in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> inspecting a large forme of type on a cylinder press in 1952. Each of the islands of text represents a single page. The darker blocks are images. The whole bed of type is printed on a single sheet of paper, which is then folded and cut to form many individual pages of a book. </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flatbed_Letterpress_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flatbed_Letterpress_Diagram.svg/375px-Flatbed_Letterpress_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="375" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flatbed_Letterpress_Diagram.svg/563px-Flatbed_Letterpress_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flatbed_Letterpress_Diagram.svg/750px-Flatbed_Letterpress_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>The general form of letterpress printing with a <a href="/wiki/Platen" title="Platen">platen</a> press shows the relationship between the forme (the type), the pressure, the ink, and the paper.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Letterpress printing</b> is a technique of <a href="/wiki/Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">relief printing</a> for producing many copies by repeated direct impression of an inked, raised surface against individual sheets of paper or a continuous roll of paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A worker composes and locks <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> into the "bed" or "chase" of a press, <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a> it, and presses paper against it to transfer the ink from the type, which creates an impression on the paper. </p><p>In practice, letterpress also includes <a href="/wiki/Wood_engravings" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood engravings">wood engravings</a>; photo-etched zinc plates ("cuts"); linoleum blocks, which can be used alongside metal type; <a href="/wiki/Wood_type" title="Wood type">wood type</a> in a single operation; <a href="/wiki/Stereotype_(printing)" title="Stereotype (printing)">stereotypes</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Electrotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrotype">electrotypes</a> of type and blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_Intro_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart_Intro-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With certain letterpress units, it is also possible to join movable type with <a href="/wiki/Slug_(typesetting)" title="Slug (typesetting)">slugs</a> cast using <a href="/wiki/Hot_metal_typesetting" title="Hot metal typesetting">hot metal typesetting</a>. In theory, anything that is "type high" (i.e. it forms a layer exactly 0.918 inches thick between the bed and the paper) can be printed using letterpress.<sup id="cite_ref-Linoleum_Block_Printing_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linoleum_Block_Printing-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Letterpress printing was the normal form of printing text from its invention by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> in the mid-15th century through the 19th century, and remained in wide use for books and other uses until the second half of the 20th century. The development of <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset printing</a> in the early 20th century gradually supplanted its role in printing books and newspapers. More recently, letterpress printing has seen a revival in an artisanal form. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_printing_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of the printing press">Spread of the printing press</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg/220px-The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg/330px-The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg/440px-The_Caxton_Celebration_-_William_Caxton_showing_specimens_of_his_printing_to_King_Edward_IV_and_his_Queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Printer operating a Gutenberg-style screw press</figcaption></figure> <p>Movable type printing was first invented in China using ceramic type in AD 1040 during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a> by the inventor <a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> (990–1051).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> is credited with the development in the West, in about 1440, of modern movable type printing from individually cast, reusable letters set together in a "forme" (frame or chase). Gutenberg also invented a wooden printing press, based on the extant <a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">wine press</a>, where the type surface was inked with leather-covered <a href="/wiki/Ink_ball" title="Ink ball">ink balls</a> and paper laid carefully on top by hand, then slid under a padded surface and pressure applied from above by a large threaded screw. It was Gutenberg's "screw press" or hand press that was used to print 180 copies of the Bible. At 1,282 pages, it took him and his staff of 20 almost 3 years to complete. 48 <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bibles</a> remain intact today.<sup id="cite_ref-600_Years_of_Printing_History_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-600_Years_of_Printing_History-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of presswork gradually replaced the hand-copied manuscripts of scribes and illuminators as the most prevalent form of printing.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Printing_Revolution_in_Early_Modern_Europe_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Printing_Revolution_in_Early_Modern_Europe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printers' workshops, previously unknown in Europe before the mid-15th century, were found in every important metropolis by 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Printing_Revolution_in_Early_Modern_Europe_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Printing_Revolution_in_Early_Modern_Europe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later metal presses used a knuckle and lever arrangement instead of the <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screw</a>, but the principle was the same. Ink rollers made of <a href="/wiki/Composition_roller" title="Composition roller">composition</a> made inking faster and paved the way for further automation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrialization">Industrialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fitzwilliam_Press_Room_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fitzwilliam_Press_Room_1917.jpg/220px-Fitzwilliam_Press_Room_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fitzwilliam_Press_Room_1917.jpg/330px-Fitzwilliam_Press_Room_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Fitzwilliam_Press_Room_1917.jpg/440px-Fitzwilliam_Press_Room_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>1917 press room, using a <a href="/wiki/Line_shaft" title="Line shaft">line shaft</a> power system. At right are several small platen <a href="/wiki/Jobbing_presses" class="mw-redirect" title="Jobbing presses">jobbing presses</a>, at left, a <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder press">cylinder press</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and industrial mechanisation, inking was carried out by rollers that passed over the face of the type, then moved out of the way onto an ink plate to pick up a fresh film of ink for the next sheet. Meanwhile, a sheet of paper slid against a hinged platen (see image), which then rapidly pressed onto the type and swung back again as the sheet was removed and the next sheet inserted. As the fresh sheet of paper replaced the printed paper, the now freshly inked rollers ran over the type again. Fully automated 20th-century presses, such as the Kluge and <a href="/wiki/Original_Heidelberg_Platen_Press" title="Original Heidelberg Platen Press">"Original" Heidelberg Platen</a> (the "Windmill"), incorporated pneumatic sheet feed and delivery. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rotary_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary press">Rotary presses</a> were used for high-speed work. In the oscillating press, the forme slid under a drum around which each sheet of paper was wrapped for the impression, sliding back under the inking rollers while the paper was removed and a new sheet inserted. In a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> press, a papier-mâché mixture called a <a href="/wiki/Flong" title="Flong">flong</a> was used to make a mould of the entire form of type, then dried and bent, and a curved metal <a href="/wiki/Stereotype_(printing)" title="Stereotype (printing)">stereotype</a> plate cast against it. The plates were clipped to a rotating drum and could print against a continuous reel of paper at the enormously high speeds required for overnight newspaper production. This invention helped aid the high demand for knowledge during this time period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_American_history">North American history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North American history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Letterpress printing was introduced in Canada in 1752 in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Bushell" title="John Bushell">John Bushell</a> in the newspaper format.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This paper was named the <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Gazette" title="Halifax Gazette">Halifax Gazette</a> and became Canada's first newspaper. Bushell apprenticed under <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Green_(printer,_born_1699)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew Green (printer, born 1699)">Bartholomew Green</a> in Boston. Green moved to Halifax in 1751 in hopes of starting a newspaper, as there had never been one in the area. Two weeks and a day after the press he was going to use for this new project arrived in Halifax, Green died. Upon receiving word about what happened, Bushell moved to Halifax and continued what Green had started. <i>The Halifax Gazette</i> was first published on March 23, 1752, making Bushell the first letterpress printer in any of the areas that later became Canada. There is only one known surviving copy of the first number, which was found in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first forms of letterpress printing in the United States was <a href="/wiki/Publick_Occurrences_Both_Forreign_and_Domestick" title="Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick">Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick</a> started by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harris_(publisher)" title="Benjamin Harris (publisher)">Benjamin Harris</a>. This was the first form of a newspaper with multiple pages in the Americas. The first publication of <a href="/wiki/Publick_Occurrences_Both_Forreign_and_Domestick" title="Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick">Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick</a> was September 25, 1690.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival_and_rise_of_craft_letterpress">Revival and rise of craft letterpress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revival and rise of craft letterpress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proof_Press_in_Rupriikki_Media_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Proof_Press_in_Rupriikki_Media_Museum.jpg/220px-Proof_Press_in_Rupriikki_Media_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Proof_Press_in_Rupriikki_Media_Museum.jpg/330px-Proof_Press_in_Rupriikki_Media_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Proof_Press_in_Rupriikki_Media_Museum.jpg/440px-Proof_Press_in_Rupriikki_Media_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="4177" /></a><figcaption>Proof press, 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>Letterpress started to become largely out-of-date in the 1970s because of the rise of computers and new self-publishing print and publish methods. Many printing establishments went out of business from the 1980s to 1990s and sold their equipment after computers replaced letterpress's abilities more efficiently. These commercial print shops discarded presses, making them affordable and available to artisans throughout the country. Popular presses include, in particular, <a href="/wiki/Vandercook" title="Vandercook">Vandercook</a> cylinder <a href="/wiki/Rotary_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary press">proof presses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandler_%26_Price" title="Chandler & Price">Chandler & Price</a> <a href="/wiki/Platen" title="Platen">platen presses</a>. In the UK there is particular affection for the Arab press, built by Josiah Wade in Halifax. Letterpress recently has had a rebirth in popularity because of the "allure of hand-set type"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the differences today between traditional letterpress and computerized printed text. Letterpress is unique and different from standard printing formats that we are currently used to. Letterpress commonly features a relief impression of the type, although this was considered bad printing in traditional letterpress.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Letterpress's goal before the recent revival of letterpress was to not show any impression. The type touched the paper slightly to leave a transfer of ink, but did not leave an impression. This is often referred to as "the kiss".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this former technique would be <a href="/wiki/Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers">newspapers</a>. Some letterpress practitioners today have the distinct goal of showing the impression of type, to distinctly note that it is letterpress, but many printers choose to maintain the integrity of the traditional methods. Printing with too much impression is destructive to both the machines and to the type. Since its revival letterpress has largely been used for fine art and stationery as its traditional use for newspaper printing is no longer relevant for use. </p><p>Letterpress is considered a <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> as it involves using a skill and is done by hand. Fine letterpress work is crisper than offset litho because of its impression into the paper, giving greater visual definition to the type and artwork,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although it is not what letterpress traditionally was meant for. Today, many of these small letterpress shops survive by printing fine editions of books or by printing upscale invitations, <a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">stationery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">greeting cards</a>. These methods often use presses that require the press operator to feed paper one sheet at a time by hand. Today, the juxtaposition of this technique and offbeat humor for greeting cards has been proven by letterpress shops to be marketable to independent boutiques and gift shops. Some of these printmakers are just as likely to use new printing methods as old, for instance by printing using photopolymer plates on restored vintage presses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Evidence of the range and strength of contemporary letterpress printing across North America was documented in <i>The Itinerant Printer</i>, a 320-page book with 1,500 color photos by Christopher Fritton. From 2015–2017 Fritton, a poet, printer, and artist, crisscrossed the United States and Canada traveling 47,000 miles as a "tramp printer" visiting 137 presses, recording his impressions of each studio and documenting the proprietors and their work. A full set of prints and postcards from his travels while researching the book is in the collection of the Library of Congress. Included in many libraries,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the book was the subject of Fritton's talks at a Buffalo, New York <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED (conference)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Library of Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the Los Angeles Printers Fair 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martha_Stewart's_influence"><span id="Martha_Stewart.27s_influence"></span>Martha Stewart's influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Martha Stewart's influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Letterpress publishing has recently undergone a revival in the US, Canada, and the UK, under the general banner of the "Small Press Movement".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renewed interest in letterpress was fueled by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Stewart_Weddings" title="Martha Stewart Weddings">Martha Stewart Weddings</a> magazine, which began using pictures of letterpress invitations in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 they state "Great care is taken in choosing the perfect wedding stationery – couples ponder details from the level of formality to the flourishes of the typeface. The method of printing should be no less important, as it can enliven the design exquisitely. That is certainly the case with letterpress."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to having printed letterpress invitations, the beauty and texture became appealing to couples who began wanting letterpress invitations instead of engraved, thermographed, or offset-printed invitations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_(28).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2828%29.jpg/220px-Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2828%29.jpg/330px-Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2828%29.jpg/440px-Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>A modern letterpress workshop at the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Paper_Mill" title="Basel Paper Mill">Basel Paper Mill</a>, Basel, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement has been helped by the emergence of a number of organizations that teach letterpress such as <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_Chicago" title="Columbia College Chicago">Columbia College Chicago</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Book_and_Paper_Arts_(Columbia_College_Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Book and Paper Arts (Columbia College Chicago)">Center for Book and Paper Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Center_College_of_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Center College of Design">Art Center College of Design</a> and Armory Center for the Arts both in Pasadena, Calif., New York's <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Book_Arts" title="Center for Book Arts">Center for Book Arts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Studio_on_the_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studio on the Square (page does not exist)">Studio on the Square</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Arm_NYC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Arm NYC (page does not exist)">The Arm NYC</a>, the Wells College Book Arts Center in Aurora, New York, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Center_for_the_Book" title="San Francisco Center for the Book">San Francisco Center for the Book</a>, Bookworks, Seattle's <a href="/wiki/School_of_Visual_Concepts" title="School of Visual Concepts">School of Visual Concepts</a>, Olympia's <a href="/wiki/The_Evergreen_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="The Evergreen State College">The Evergreen State College</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Rock_Press_%E2%80%93_University_of_Nevada,_Reno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Rock Press – University of Nevada, Reno (page does not exist)">Black Rock Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>, Washington, D.C.'s Corcoran College of Art and Design, <a href="/wiki/Penland_School_of_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Penland School of Crafts">Penland School of Crafts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Center_for_Book_Arts" title="Minnesota Center for Book Arts">Minnesota Center for Book Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Printing_Museum" title="International Printing Museum">International Printing Museum</a> in Carson, CA, <a href="/wiki/Western_Washington_University" title="Western Washington University">Western Washington University</a> in Bellingham, WA, <a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion University</a> in Norfolk, VA, and the Bowehouse Press at <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">VCU</a> in Richmond, VA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economical_materials">Economical materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economical materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Affordable copper, magnesium and photopolymer platemakers and milled aluminum bases have allowed letterpress printers to produce type and images derived from digital artwork, fonts and scans. Economical plates have encouraged the rise of "digital letterpress" in the 21st century, allowing a small number of firms to flourish commercially and enabling a larger number of boutique and hobby printers to avoid the limitations and complications of acquiring and composing metal type. At the same time there has been a renaissance in small-scale <a href="/wiki/Type_foundry" title="Type foundry">type foundries</a> to produce new metal type on Monotype equipment, Thompson casters and the original American Type Founders machines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of letterpress printing consists of several stages: composition, imposition and lock-up, and printing. In a small shop, all would occur in a single room, whereas in larger printing plants, such as with urban newspapers and magazines, each might form a distinct department with its own room, or even floor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handsatz_Zubehoer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Handsatz_Zubehoer.jpg/220px-Handsatz_Zubehoer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Handsatz_Zubehoer.jpg/330px-Handsatz_Zubehoer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Handsatz_Zubehoer.jpg/440px-Handsatz_Zubehoer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption>Tools for composing by hand: block of type tied up, a <a href="/wiki/Composing_stick" title="Composing stick">composing stick</a>, a bodkin, and string, all resting in a type galley.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></div> <p>Composition, or typesetting, is the stage where pieces of movable type are assembled to form the desired text. The person charged with composition is called a "compositor" or "typesetter", setting letter by letter and line by line. </p><p>Traditionally, as in manual composition, it involves selecting the individual type letters from a <a href="/wiki/Type_case" title="Type case">type case</a>, placing them in a <a href="/wiki/Composing_stick" title="Composing stick">composing stick</a>, which holds several lines, then transferring those to a larger type galley. By this method the compositor gradually builds out the text of an individual page letter by letter. In mechanical typesetting, it may involve using a keyboard to select the type, or even cast the desired type on the spot, as in <a href="/wiki/Hot_metal_typesetting" title="Hot metal typesetting">hot metal typesetting</a>, which are then added to a galley designed for the product of that process. The first keyboard-actuated typesetting machines to be widely accepted, the <a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">Linotype</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotype">Monotype</a>, were introduced in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ludlow Typograph Machine, for casting of type-high slugs from hand-gathered brass matrices, was first manufactured in Chicago in 1912 and was widely used until the 1980s. Many are still in use and although no longer manufactured, service and parts are still available for them. </p><p>The Elrod machine, invented in 1920, casts strip material from molten metal; leads and slugs that are not type-high (do not print) used for spacing between lines and to fill blank areas of the type page. </p><p>After a galley is assembled to fill a page's worth of type, the type is tied together into a single unit so that it may be transported without falling apart. From this bundle a <a href="/wiki/Galley_proof" title="Galley proof">galley proof</a> is made, which is inspected by a proof-reader to make sure that the particular page is accurate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imposition">Imposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Imposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Testament_in_chase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/New_Testament_in_chase.jpg/220px-New_Testament_in_chase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/New_Testament_in_chase.jpg/330px-New_Testament_in_chase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/New_Testament_in_chase.jpg/440px-New_Testament_in_chase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption>A single-page forme for printing the front page of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. The black frame surrounding it is the "chase", and the two objects each on the bottom and left side are the "<a href="/wiki/Quoin_(printing)" title="Quoin (printing)">quoins</a>"</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imposition" title="Imposition">Imposition</a></div> <p>Broadly, imposition or imposing is the process by which the tied assemblages of type are converted into a form (or forme) ready to use on the press. A person charged with imposition is a stoneman or stonehand, doing their work on a large, flat imposition stone (though some later ones were instead made of iron). </p><p>In the more specific modern sense, imposition is the technique of arranging the various pages of type with respect to one another. Depending on page size and the sheet of paper used, several pages may be printed at once on a single sheet. After printing, these are cut and trimmed before folding or binding. In these steps, the imposition process ensures that the pages face the right direction and in the right order with the correct margins. </p><p>Low-height pieces of wood or metal <a href="/wiki/Furniture_(typesetting)" title="Furniture (typesetting)">furniture</a> are added to make up the blank areas of a page. The printer uses a mallet to strike a wooden block, which ensures tops (and only the tops) of the raised type blocks are all aligned so they will contact a flat sheet of paper simultaneously. </p><p>Lock-up is the final step before printing. The printer removes the cords that hold the type together, and expands the <a href="/wiki/Quoin_(printing)" title="Quoin (printing)">quoins</a> with a key or lever to lock the entire complex of type, blocks, furniture, and chase (frame) into place. This creates the final forme, which the printer takes to the printing press. In a newspaper setting, each page needs a truck to be transported – 2 pages need 2 trucks hence the term <i>double truck</i>. The first copy is proofed again for errors before starting the printing run. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing">Printing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing_press.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Printing_press.jpg/220px-Printing_press.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Printing_press.jpg/330px-Printing_press.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Printing_press.jpg/440px-Printing_press.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption>Printing press, engraving by W Lowry after <a href="/wiki/John_Farey_Jr." title="John Farey Jr.">John Farey Jr.</a>, 1819</figcaption></figure> <p>The working of the printing process depends on the type of press used, as well as any of its associated technologies (which varied by time period). </p><p>Hand presses generally required two people to operate them: one to ink the type, the other to work the press. Later mechanized <a href="/wiki/Jobbing_press" title="Jobbing press">jobbing presses</a> require a single operator to feed and remove the paper, as the inking and pressing are done automatically. </p><p>The completed sheets are then taken to dry and for finishing, depending on the variety of printed matter being produced. With newspapers, they are taken to a <a href="/wiki/Folding_machine" title="Folding machine">folding machine</a>. Sheets for books are sent for <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a>. </p><p>The output of traditional letterpress printing can be distinguished from that of a digital printer by its debossed lettering or imagery. A traditional letterpress printer made a heavy impression into the stock and producing any indentation at all into the paper would have resulted in the print run being rejected. Part of the skill of operating a traditional letterpress printer was to adjust the machine pressures just right so that the type just kissed the paper, transferring the minimum amount of ink to create the crispest print with no indentation. This was very important as when the print exited the machine and was stacked having too much wet ink and an indentation would have increased the risk of set-off (ink passing from the front of one sheet onto the back of the next sheet on the stack).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photopolymer_plates">Photopolymer plates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Photopolymer plates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photopolymer" title="Photopolymer">Photopolymer</a></div> <p>The letterpress printing process remained virtually unchanged until the 1950s when it was replaced with the more efficient and commercially viable <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset printing</a> process. The labor-intensive nature of the <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> and need to store vast amounts of lead or wooden type resulted in the letterpress printing process falling out of favour. </p><p>In the 1980s dedicated letterpress practitioners revived the old craft by embracing a new manufacturing method<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allowed them to create raised surface printing plates from a negative and a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photopolymer_plate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photopolymer plate (page does not exist)">photopolymer plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Photopolymer plates are light sensitive. On one side the surface is cured when it is exposed to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a> and the other side is a metal or plastic backing that can be mounted on a base. The <a href="/wiki/Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">relief printing</a> surface is created by placing a <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negative</a> of the piece to be printed on the photosensitive side of the plate; the light passing through the clear regions of the negative causes the photopolymer to harden. The unexposed areas remain soft and can be washed away with water. </p><p>With these new printing plates, designers were no longer inhibited by the limitations of handset wooden or lead type. New design possibilities emerged and the letterpress printing process experienced a revival. Today it is in high demand for <a href="/wiki/Wedding_invitation" title="Wedding invitation">wedding stationery</a> however there are limitations to what can be printed and designers must adhere to some design for letterpress principles.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants_on_the_letterpress">Variants on the letterpress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Variants on the letterpress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The invention of ultra-violet curing inks has helped keep the rotary letterpress alive in areas like self-adhesive labels. There is also still a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Flexography" title="Flexography">flexographic printing</a>, a similar process, which uses rubber plates to print on curved or awkward surfaces, and a lesser amount of <a href="/wiki/Relief_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief print">relief printing</a> from huge wooden letters for lower-quality poster work. </p><p>Rotary letterpress machines are still used on a wide scale for printing self-adhesive and non-self-adhesive labels, tube laminate, cup stock, etc. The printing quality achieved by a modern letterpress machine with UV curing is on par with flexo presses. It is more convenient and user friendly than a flexo press. It uses water-wash photopolymer plates, which are as good as any solvent-washed flexo plate. Today even CtP (<a href="/wiki/Computer_to_plate" title="Computer to plate">computer-to-plate</a>) plates are available making it a full-fledged, modern printing process. Because there is no <a href="/wiki/Anilox" title="Anilox">anilox</a> roller in the process, the make-ready time also goes down when compared to a flexo press. Inking is controlled by keys very much similar to an <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset</a> press. UV inks for letterpress are in paste form, unlike flexo. Various manufacturers produce UV rotary letterpress machines, viz. Dashen, Nickel, Taiyo Kikai, KoPack, Gallus, etc. – and offer hot/cold foil stamping, rotary die cutting, flatbed die cutting, sheeting, rotary screen printing, adhesive side printing, and inkjet numbering. Central impression presses are more popular than inline presses due to their ease of registration and simple design. Printing of up to nine colours plus varnish is possible with various online converting processes. But as the letterpress machines are the same like a decade before, they can furthermore only be used with one colour of choice simultaneously. If there are more colours needed, they have to be exchanged one after the other.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Craftsmanship">Craftsmanship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Craftsmanship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_letterpress_blocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wood_letterpress_blocks.jpg/220px-Wood_letterpress_blocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wood_letterpress_blocks.jpg/330px-Wood_letterpress_blocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wood_letterpress_blocks.jpg/440px-Wood_letterpress_blocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Wooden type for English printing</figcaption></figure> <p>Letterpress can produce work of high quality at high speed, but it requires much time to adjust the press for varying thicknesses of type, engravings, and plates called makeready.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process requires a high degree of craftsmanship. It is used by many small presses that produce fine, handmade, limited-edition books, <a href="/wiki/Artists%27_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Artists' books">artists' books</a>, and high-end <a href="/wiki/Ephemera" title="Ephemera">ephemera</a> such as greeting cards and <a href="/wiki/Street_literature" title="Street literature">broadsides</a>. Because of the time needed to make letterpress plates and to prepare the press, setting type by hand has become less common with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Photopolymer" title="Photopolymer">photopolymer</a> plate, a photosensitive plastic sheet that can be mounted on metal to bring it up to type high.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To bring out the best attributes of letterpress, printers must understand the capabilities and advantages of the medium. For instance, since most letterpress equipment prints only one color at a time, printing multiple colors requires a separate press run in register with the preceding color. When offset printing arrived in the 1950s, it cost less, and made the color process easier.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_an_Impression_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_an_Impression-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inking system on letterpress equipment is the same as offset presses, posing problems for some graphics. Detailed, white (or "knocked out") areas, such as small, <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> type, or very fine <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftone</a> surrounded by fields of color can fill in with ink and lose definition if rollers are not adjusted correctly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_initiatives">Current initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Current initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Letterpress_printing" title="Talk:Letterpress printing">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4540_(15782867404)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4540_%2815782867404%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4540_%2815782867404%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4540_%2815782867404%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4540_%2815782867404%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4540_%2815782867404%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4540_%2815782867404%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Preparation for the Virgil Scott Letterpress Exhibit at <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University%E2%80%93Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas A&M University–Commerce">Texas A&M University–Commerce</a> in January 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4664_(16217953310).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4664_%2816217953310%29.jpg/220px-15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4664_%2816217953310%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4664_%2816217953310%29.jpg/330px-15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4664_%2816217953310%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4664_%2816217953310%29.jpg/440px-15020-Virgil_Scott_Letterpress_Exhibit_4664_%2816217953310%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>The Virgil Scott Letterpress Exhibit</figcaption></figure> <p>Several dozen colleges and universities around the United States have either begun or re-activated programs teaching letterpress printing in fully equipped facilities. In many cases these letterpress shops are affiliated with the college's library or art department, and in others they are independent, student-run operations or extracurricular activities sponsored by the college. The College & University Letterpress Printers' Association (CULPA) was founded in 2006 by Abigail Uhteg at the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Institute_College_of_Art" title="Maryland Institute College of Art">Maryland Institute College of Art</a> to help these schools stay connected and share resources. Many universities offer degree programs such as: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_College_of_Art_and_Craft" title="Oregon College of Art and Craft">Oregon College of Art and Craft</a>, Southwest School of Art, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University" title="Middle Tennessee State University">Middle Tennessee State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="School of the Art Institute of Chicago">School of the Art Institute of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corcoran_College_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Corcoran College of Art and Design">Corcoran College of Art and Design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letterpress_Commons_Degree_Programs_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letterpress_Commons_Degree_Programs-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current renaissance of letterpress printing has created a crop of hobby press shops that are owner-operated and driven by a love of the craft. Several larger printers have added an environmental component to the venerable art by using only <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy#Wind_power" title="Renewable energy">wind-generated electricity</a> to drive their presses and plant equipment. Notably, a few small boutique letterpress shops are using only solar power. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>, letterpress printer and lithographer <a href="/wiki/David_Lance_Goines" title="David Lance Goines">David Lance Goines</a> maintains a studio with a variety of platen and cylinder letterpresses as well as lithography presses.<sup id="cite_ref-berkeleyside.com_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeleyside.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has drawn attention both from commercial printers and fine artists for his wide knowledge and meticulous skill with letterpress printing. He collaborated with restaurateur and free speech activist <a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a>, the owner of <a href="/wiki/Chez_Panisse" title="Chez Panisse">Chez Panisse</a>, on her book <i>30 Recipes Suitable for Framing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has created strikingly colorful large posters for such <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay Area">Bay Area</a> businesses and institutions as <a href="/wiki/Acme_Bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Acme Bread">Acme Bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-berkeleyside.com_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berkeleyside.com-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Berkeley letterpress printer is <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rutledge_Koch" title="Peter Rutledge Koch">Peter Rutledge Koch</a>, who focuses on artist books and small published books.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In London, <a href="/wiki/St_Bride_Library" title="St Bride Library">St Bride Library</a> houses a large collection of letterpress information in its collection of 50,000 books: all the classic works on printing technique, visual style, typography, graphic design, calligraphy and more. This is one of the world's foremost collections and is located off Fleet Street in the heart of London's old printing and publishing district. In addition, regular talks, conferences, exhibitions and demonstrations take place. </p><p>The St Bride Institute, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Art" title="Edinburgh College of Art">Edinburgh College of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Saint_Martins_College_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design">Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Arts_University_Bournemouth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Arts University Bournemouth">The Arts University Bournemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth University">Plymouth University</a>, University for the Creative Arts Farnham, <a href="/wiki/London_College_of_Communication" title="London College of Communication">London College of Communication</a> and Camberwell College of the Arts London run short courses in letterpress as well as offering these facilities as part of their Graphic Design Degree Courses. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wood_Type_and_Printing_Museum" title="Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum">Hamilton Wood Type and Printing Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Two_Rivers,_Wisconsin" title="Two Rivers, Wisconsin">Two Rivers, Wisconsin</a>, houses one of the largest collections of wood type and wood cuts in the world inside one of the Hamilton Manufacturing Company's factory buildings. Also included are presses and vintage prints. The museum holds many workshops and conferences throughout the year and regularly welcomes groups of students from universities from across the United States. </p><p>In 2015, the New York Times reported a renaissance of letterpress printing as an art form.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a> – Group of people who self-publish material among themselves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_ink" title="Offset ink">Offset ink</a> – Type of ink used with offset printing presse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">Punchcutting</a> – Craft used in traditional typography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stationery_topics" title="List of stationery topics">List of stationery topics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Graphic+Design&rft.atitle=Letterpress+printing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.graphicdesign.com%2Farticle%2Fwhats-big-deal-about-letterpress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin,_Allison2016" class="citation web cs1">Franklin, Allison (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inksolv30.com/blogs/news/82102406-resurgence-of-the-letterpress-actually-thanks-to-the-internet">"Resurgence of the Letterpress, Actually Thanks to the Internet"</a>. <i>INK SOLV 30 blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127113948/http://inksolv30.com/blogs/news/82102406-resurgence-of-the-letterpress-actually-thanks-to-the-internet">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INK+SOLV+30+blog&rft.atitle=Resurgence+of+the+Letterpress%2C+Actually+Thanks+to+the+Internet&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Allison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finksolv30.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2F82102406-resurgence-of-the-letterpress-actually-thanks-to-the-internet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=the+itinerant+printer+fritton">"the itinerant printer fritton - Search Results"</a>. <i>search.worldcat.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-22</span></span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Craftsman+%7C+Chris+Fritton+%7C+TEDxBuffalo&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.au=TEDx+Talks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D7p19hB0GOkM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/event-398420/the-itinerant-printer-a-look-at-contemporary-letterpress-printing-across-north-america/2019-12-05/">"The Itinerant Printer: A Look at Contemporary Letterpress Printing Across North America"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.+20540+USA&rft.atitle=The+Itinerant+Printer%3A+A+Look+at+Contemporary+Letterpress+Printing+Across+North+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fevent-398420%2Fthe-itinerant-printer-a-look-at-contemporary-letterpress-printing-across-north-america%2F2019-12-05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Featured speaker Los Angeles Printers Fair 2018 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.facebook.com/printmuseum/videos/240254356668108//">https://www.facebook.com/printmuseum/videos/240254356668108//</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/how-letterpress-printing-came-back-from-the-dead/">"How Letterpress Printing Came Back from the Dead | Backchannel"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125032445/https://www.wired.com/story/how-letterpress-printing-came-back-from-the-dead/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martha+Stewart+Weddings&rft.atitle=Letterpress&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marthastewartweddings.com%2F225427%2Fletterpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129141131/http://www.meridianpress.co.uk/blog/45/thoughts-on-traditional-letterpress-printing">"Thoughts on traditional letterpress printing"</a>. <i>Meridian Press</i>. 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I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4427759&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Process+for+preparing+an+overcoated+photopolymer+printing+plate&rft.inventor=Gruetzmacher%2C+Robert+R.&rft.assignee=E.+I.+Du+Pont+De+Nemours+And+Company&rft.date=1984-January-24&rft.appldate=1982-January-21&rft.prioritydate=1982-January-21"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFHeinz,_GerhardRichter,_PeterJun,_Mong-Jon1982"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4320188">US patent 4320188</a>, Heinz, Gerhard; Richter, Peter & Jun, Mong-Jon, "Photopolymerizable compositions containing elastomers and photo-curable elements made therefrom", issued 1982-March-16,  assigned to Basf Aktiengesellschaft</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4320188&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Photopolymerizable+compositions+containing+elastomers+and+photo-curable+elements+made+therefrom&rft.inventor=Heinz%2C+Gerhard&rft.assignee=Basf+Aktiengesellschaft&rft.date=1982-March-16&rft.appldate=1980-October-17&rft.prioritydate=1979-October-18"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magva.com/designing-for-letterpress">"Designing for Letterpress"</a>. <i>MAGVA Design + Letterpress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082833/https://www.magva.com/designing-for-letterpress/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAGVA+Design+%2B+Letterpress&rft.atitle=Designing+for+Letterpress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magva.com%2Fdesigning-for-letterpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letterjazz.com/#letterpress">"characteristics of letterpress"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072631/http://www.letterjazz.com/#letterpress">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=characteristics+of+letterpress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.letterjazz.com%2F%23letterpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Making_an_Impression-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Making_an_Impression_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBednar2010" class="citation news cs1">Bednar, Joseph (November 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://businesswest.com/blog/making-an-impression-2/">"Making an Impression"</a>. <i>BusinessWest</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524232655/https://businesswest.com/blog/making-an-impression-2/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWest&rft.atitle=Making+an+Impression&rft.date=2010-11-23&rft.aulast=Bednar&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusinesswest.com%2Fblog%2Fmaking-an-impression-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letterpress_Commons_Degree_Programs-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Letterpress_Commons_Degree_Programs_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://letterpresscommons.com/matriculated-programs/#Map_of_Matriculated_Programs">"Matriculated Programs"</a>. <i>Letterpress Commons</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023094346/https://letterpresscommons.com/matriculated-programs/#Map_of_Matriculated_Programs">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Letterpress+Commons&rft.atitle=Matriculated+Programs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fletterpresscommons.com%2Fmatriculated-programs%2F%23Map_of_Matriculated_Programs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkeleyside.com-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berkeleyside.com_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berkeleyside.com_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCitrawireja2015" class="citation news cs1">Citrawireja, Melati (July 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeleyside.com/2015/07/22/david-goines-berkeleys-legendary-letterpress-printer-and-lithographer/">"A visit with David Goines: Berkeley's legendary letterpress printer and lithographer"</a>. <i>Berkleyside</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724175705/http://www.berkeleyside.com/2015/07/22/david-goines-berkeleys-legendary-letterpress-printer-and-lithographer/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkleyside&rft.atitle=A+visit+with+David+Goines%3A+Berkeley%27s+legendary+letterpress+printer+and+lithographer&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft.aulast=Citrawireja&rft.aufirst=Melati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeleyside.com%2F2015%2F07%2F22%2Fdavid-goines-berkeleys-legendary-letterpress-printer-and-lithographer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Alice. <i>30 Recipes Suitable for Framing</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=30+Recipes+Suitable+for+Framing&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/news/grolier-club-presents-peter-koch-printer-retrospective">"The Grolier Club Presents a Peter Koch Printer Retrospective"</a>. <i>Fine Books & Collections</i>. September 4, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730001152/https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/news/grolier-club-presents-peter-koch-printer-retrospective">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fine+Books+%26+Collections&rft.atitle=The+Grolier+Club+Presents+a+Peter+Koch+Printer+Retrospective&rft.date=2019-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.finebooksmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fgrolier-club-presents-peter-koch-printer-retrospective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoinski,_Michael2015" class="citation news cs1">Hoinski, Michael (February 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/08/arts/design/artists-find-an-audience-for-painstaking-letterpress-printing.html">"Artists Find an Audience for Painstaking Letterpress Printing"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203143652/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/08/arts/design/artists-find-an-audience-for-painstaking-letterpress-printing.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Artists+Find+an+Audience+for+Painstaking+Letterpress+Printing&rft.date=2015-02-04&rft.au=Hoinski%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F02%2F08%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fartists-find-an-audience-for-painstaking-letterpress-printing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALetterpress+printing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blumenthal, Joseph. (1973) <i>Art of the printed book, 1455–1955</i>.</li> <li>Blumenthal, Joseph. (1977) <i>The Printed Book in America</i>.</li> <li>Jury, David (2004). <i>Letterpress: The Allure of the Handmade</i>.</li> <li>Lange, Gerald. (1998) <i>Printing digital type on the hand-operated flatbed cylinder press</i>.</li> <li>Ryder, John (1977), "Printing for Pleasure, A Practical Guide for Amateurs"</li> <li>Stevens, Jen. (2001). <i>Making Books: Design in British Publishing since 1940</i>.</li> <li>Ryan, David. (2001). <i>Letter Perfect: The Art of Modernist Typography, 1896–1953</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Drucker" title="Johanna Drucker">Drucker, Johanna</a>. (1997). <i>The Visible Word : Experimental Typography and Modern Art, 1909–1923</i>.</li> <li>Auchincloss, Kenneth. "The Second Revival: Fine Printing since World War II". In <i>Printing History</i> No. 41: pp. 3–11.</li> <li>Cleeton, Glen U. & Pitkin, Charles W. with revisions by Cornwell, Raymond L. (1963) "General Printing – An illustrated guide to letterpress printing, with hundreds of step-by-step photos".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Letterpress_printing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Letterpress printing">Letterpress printing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiveroses.org/intro.htm">Introduction to Letterpress Printing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fiveroses.org/bibliography.htm">Bibliography of Letterpress Printing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishletterpress.co.uk/">British Letterpress: information for hobby printers, and specific UK letterpress machines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpba.com/">The Fine Press Book Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britishletterpress.co.uk/printing/early-rollers-and-composition-rollers/">Early Rollers and Composition Rollers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weloveletterpress.com/letterpress-studio-directory">Letterpress Studio Directory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metaltype.co.uk">Letterpress Printing Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.funkypress.ru/">Letterpress in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amberley_Museum_%26_Heritage_Centre" title="Amberley Museum & Heritage Centre">Amberley Museum Working Letterpress Workshop</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterpress_printing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bHClLIBuhE">Heidelberg Windmill Letterpress Printing demo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014060010/http://elsa.photo.net/video/firefly-small.mov">Firefly Press demo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YX7QBE3nYVY">Chandler and Price 10 x 15 letterpress demo</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Letterpress" title="Template:Letterpress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Letterpress" title="Template talk:Letterpress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Letterpress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Letterpress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Letterpress_printing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Letterpress printing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing)">Printer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ways to make<br />impressions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_casting_(typography)" title="Type casting (typography)">Type casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_metal" title="Type metal">Type metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Punchcutter">Punchcutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(printing)" title="Matrix (printing)">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_type" title="Wood type">Wood type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blocks and plates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_(printing)" title="Stereotype (printing)">Stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flong" title="Flong">Flong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logographic_printing" title="Logographic printing">Logographic printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_engraving" title="Wood engraving">Wood engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrotyping" title="Electrotyping">Electrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_etching" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc etching">Zinc etching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchdrucker-1568.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Buchdrucker-1568.png/120px-Buchdrucker-1568.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Buchdrucker-1568.png/180px-Buchdrucker-1568.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Buchdrucker-1568.png/240px-Buchdrucker-1568.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="879" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual typesetting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_case" title="Type case">Type case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composing_stick" title="Composing stick">Composing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">Sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_(typesetting)" title="Slug (typesetting)">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut_(typesetting)" title="Strut (typesetting)">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reglet_(typesetting)" title="Reglet (typesetting)">Reglet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furniture_(typesetting)" title="Furniture (typesetting)">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin_(printing)" title="Quoin (printing)">Quoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(printing)" title="Chase (printing)">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forme_(printing)" title="Forme (printing)">Forme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellbox" title="Hellbox">Hellbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hot_metal_typesetting" title="Hot metal typesetting">Hot metal typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">Linotype machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotype_system" title="Monotype system">Monotype system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Typograph" title="Ludlow Typograph">Ludlow Typograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertype_Corporation" title="Intertype Corporation">Intertype Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paige_Compositor" title="Paige Compositor">Paige Compositor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts of a press</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platen" title="Platen">Platen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisket" title="Frisket">Frisket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympan" title="Tympan">Tympan</a></li> <li>Bed</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offset_ink" title="Offset ink">Offset ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_ball" title="Ink ball">Ink ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_roller" title="Composition roller">Composition roller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of presses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hand press <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanhope_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanhope press">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_press" title="Columbian press">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_press" title="Albion press">Albion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobbing_press" title="Jobbing press">Jobbing press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golding_%26_Company" title="Golding & Company">Golding & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_%26_Price" title="Chandler & Price">Chandler & Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt%27s_Armory_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Colt's Armory Press">Colt's Armory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder press">Cylinder press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_printing_press" title="Rotary printing press">Rotary press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folding_machine" title="Folding machine">Folding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cutter" title="Paper cutter">Paper cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addressograph" title="Addressograph">Addressograph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Related arts</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Typography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Typography" title="Template:Typography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Typography" title="Template talk:Typography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Typography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Typography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Typography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Page_(paper)" title="Page (paper)">Page</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">Canons of page construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_working" title="Even working">Even working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">Pagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">Paragraph</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">Line length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_(typography)" title="River (typography)">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaround_(typography)" title="Runaround (typography)">Runaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widows_and_orphans" title="Widows and orphans">Widows and orphans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runt_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runt (typography)">runt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Typeface_anatomy" title="Typeface anatomy">Typeface anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_trap" title="Ink trap">Ink trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotated_letter" title="Rotated letter">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">Subscript and superscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_figures" title="Text figures">Text figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">Tittle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">Capitalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">All caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">Camel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_case" title="Snake case">Snake case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">Title case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Visual distinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackboard_bold" title="Blackboard bold">Blackboard bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">Underline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Horizontal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">Kerning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">Letter-spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(typewriter)" title="Pitch (typewriter)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_spacing" title="Word spacing">Word spacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Vertical aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">Ascender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">Baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_height_(typography)" title="Body height (typography)">Body height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">Cap height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">Descender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_line" title="Mean line">Mean line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(typography)" title="Overshoot (typography)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface<br /> classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Record_type" title="Record type">Record type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">Display typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse-contrast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_punctuation" title="Hanging punctuation">Hanging punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">minus sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">Interpunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">Vertical bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu" title="Etaoin shrdlu">Etaoin shrdlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_catalog" title="Font catalog">Font catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_position_only" title="For position only">For position only</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Letterpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprinting" title="Microprinting">Microprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtypography" title="Microtypography">Microtypography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">Punchcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_type" title="Reversing type">Reversing type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">Sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces" title="List of typefaces">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_unit" title="Typographic unit">Typographic units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_(typography)" title="Agate (typography)">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(typography)" title="Cicero (typography)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_typographic_units" title="Metric typographic units">Metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(typography)" title="Pica (typography)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_point-size_names" title="Traditional point-size names">traditional point-size names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital typography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">Hinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">Rasterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographic_features" title="List of typographic features">Typographic features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_typography" title="Web typography">Web typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve#Fonts" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typography in other<br />writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_typography" title="Arabic typography">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic typography">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT_Fonts" title="PT Fonts">PT Fonts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fonts" title="National Fonts">National Fonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">Handwriting script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_foundry" title="Type foundry">Type foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces" title="Intellectual property protection of typefaces">Intellectual property protection of typefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification" title="Vox-ATypI classification">Vox-ATypI classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation">Punctuation and other typographic symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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