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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:17em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Category:Seventh-day Adventist Church">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day<br />Adventist Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_and_Ellen_White_(1864)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James and Ellen White"><img alt="James and Ellen White" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/188px-James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-James_and_Ellen_White_%281864%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Disappointment" title="Great Disappointment">Great Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Minneapolis_General_Conference_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="1888 Minneapolis General Conference (Adventist)">1888 General Conference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28_Fundamental_Beliefs" title="28 Fundamental Beliefs">28 Fundamental Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pillars_of_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pillars of Adventism">Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels' Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_in_Seventh-day_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath in Seventh-day Adventism">Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_judgment" title="Investigative judgment">Pre-Second Advent Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">Conditional immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_(Adventist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remnant (Adventist)">Remnant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference</a></li></ul> <p>Divisions </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East-Central_Africa_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="East-Central Africa Division of Seventh-day Adventists">East-Central Africa Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Asia_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Euro-Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Euro-Asia Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Inter-American Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Inter-American Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-European_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Inter-European Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Inter-European Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="North American Division of Seventh-day Adventists">North American Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Asia-Pacific_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Northern Asia-Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Northern Asia-Pacific Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa-Indian_Ocean_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Africa-Indian Ocean Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Africa-Indian Ocean Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="South American Division of Seventh-day Adventists">South American Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="South Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists">South Pacific Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Asia_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Asia Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Asia Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Asia-Pacific_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Southern Asia-Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Southern Asia-Pacific Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-European_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Trans-European Division of Seventh-day Adventists">Trans-European Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West-Central_Africa_Division_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="West-Central Africa Division of Seventh-day Adventists">West-Central Africa Division</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_periodicals" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist periodicals">Periodicals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Review">Adventist Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_Times_(magazine)" title="Signs of the Times (magazine)"><i>Signs of the Times</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ellen_White_writings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ellen White writings">List of Ellen White writings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Service</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Development_and_Relief_Agency" title="Adventist Development and Relief Agency">Adventist Development and Relief Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranatha_Volunteers_International" title="Maranatha Volunteers International">Maranatha Volunteers International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinders_(Seventh-day_Adventist)" title="Pathfinders (Seventh-day Adventist)">Pathfinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventurers_(Seventh-day_Adventist)" title="Adventurers (Seventh-day Adventist)">Adventurers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Cadet_Corps" title="Medical Cadet Corps">Medical Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_education" title="Seventh-day Adventist education">Seventh-day Adventist education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_secondary_schools" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools">Secondary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_colleges_and_universities" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventist_hospitals" title="List of Seventh-day Adventist hospitals">Hospitals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Media_ministries_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Media ministries of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Media ministries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Channel" title="Hope Channel">Hope Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_Linda_Broadcasting_Network" title="Loma Linda Broadcasting Network">Loma Linda Broadcasting Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Written" title="It Is Written">It Is Written</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Prophecy" title="Voice of Prophecy">Voice of Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels_Broadcasting_Network" title="Three Angels Broadcasting Network">Three Angels Broadcasting Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Facts" title="Amazing Facts">Amazing Facts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="List of Seventh-day Adventists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._White" title="James S. White">James S. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bates_(Adventist)" title="Joseph Bates (Adventist)">Joseph Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._N._Andrews" title="J. N. Andrews">J. N. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_Smith" title="Uriah Smith">Uriah Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">J. H. Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Caleb_Jackson" title="James Caleb Jackson">James Caleb Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._C._White" class="mw-redirect" title="W. C. White">W. C. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._D._Nichol" class="mw-redirect" title="F. D. Nichol">F. D. Nichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._L._Andreasen" title="M. L. Andreasen">M. L. Andreasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Roy_Froom" title="Le Roy Froom">Le Roy Froom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._White" title="Arthur L. White">Arthur L. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Vandeman" title="George Vandeman">George Vandeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._M._S._Richards" title="H. M. S. Richards">H. M. S. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heppenstall" title="Edward Heppenstall">Edward Heppenstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Douglass" title="Herbert E. Douglass">Herbert E. Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Venden" title="Morris Venden">Morris Venden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuele_Bacchiocchi" title="Samuele Bacchiocchi">Samuele Bacchiocchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Cleveland" title="E. E. Cleveland">E. E. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Veith" title="Walter Veith">Walter Veith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Finley" title="Mark Finley">Mark Finley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-size:smaller;"> <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seventh-day_Adventism" title="Template:Seventh-day Adventism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seventh-day_Adventism" title="Template talk:Seventh-day Adventism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seventh-day_Adventism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seventh-day Adventism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church</b> includes observations made about its teachings, structure, and practices or theological disagreements from various individuals and groups. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_critics">Major critics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most prominent early critics of the church was <a href="/wiki/D._M._Canright" title="D. M. Canright">D. M. Canright</a>, an early leader of the movement in the late 19th century who apostatized and recanted but later left and became a <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> pastor. </p><p>In the middle of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ralston_Martin" title="Walter Ralston Martin">Walter Martin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a> concluded that the Seventh-day Adventist church is a legitimate Christian body with some <a href="/wiki/Heterodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodox">heterodox</a> doctrines and stated, "They are sound on the great New Testament doctrines including grace and redemption through the vicarious offering of Jesus Christ 'once for all'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Hoekema" title="Anthony A. Hoekema">Anthony A. Hoekema</a>, who did not agree with the Adventist view that <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a>'s theology was in line with Adventism, believed that Adventism was based on a <a href="/wiki/Wesleyanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyanism">Wesleyan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a> stream of theology, and grouped Seventh-day Adventism with <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a> in his book <i>The Four Major Cults</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoekema_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoekema-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In debates regarding the <a href="/wiki/Inspiration_of_Ellen_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspiration of Ellen White">inspiration of Ellen White</a> during the 1970s, Adventists <a href="/wiki/Walter_T._Rea" title="Walter T. Rea">Walter T. Rea</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERea1983_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERea1983-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Numbers" title="Ronald Numbers">Ronald Numbers</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENumbers1976_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENumbers1976-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote books criticizing Ellen White and accusing her of <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalist</a> authors. This revived a controversy that first emerged in the late 19th century<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Conybeare and Howson sued White and her publisher for allegedly plagiarizing<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their 1855 book, <i>Life and Epistles of the Apostle Paul</i>, in preparing her own book, <i>Sketches from the Life of Paul</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_doctrine">Church doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Church doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinitarian_views">Trinitarian views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trinitarian views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Christian critics of Adventism contend that the current Adventist view of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> is not orthodox and/or constitutes <a href="/wiki/Tritheism" title="Tritheism">Tritheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Seventh-day Adventist scholars have acknowledged that the Adventist view of the Trinity tends to differ in some aspects from the inherited traditional Christian view of the doctrine. According to Dr. Jerry Moon, emeritus professor at the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Theological_Seminary" title="Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary">Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary</a>, Ellen White, a co-founder of the church, held a view of the Trinity which was essentially orthodox, though it differed in important respects from the medieval dogma of the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ellen White wrote, “The words of Christ were full of deep meaning as he put forth the claim [in John 10:30] that he and the Father were of one substance, possessing the same attributes” (“The True Sheep Respond to the Voice of the Shepherd,” <i>Signs of the Times</i>, Nov. 27, 1893). </p><p>Moon explains that early Adventist leaders criticized the doctrine of the Trinity, because they rejected tradition as a doctrinal authority and didn't find the Trinity clearly taught in Scripture. The view of the Trinity that they and Ellen White eventually came to is essentially orthodox, but it rejects "three of the philosophical presuppositions undergirding traditional trinitarianism: (a) the radical dualism of spirit and matter, which concluded that God could not have a visible form; (b) the notion of impassibility, which held that God had no passions, feelings, or emotions, hence could have no interest in, or sympathy with, humans; and (c) the dualism of time and timelessness, which led to the notions of “eternal generation” and “eternal procession.” In these three aspects the biblical understanding differs radically from the medieval dogma of the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critic A. Leroy Moore contends Adventists reject the orthodox view, and contends that the view probably would have been branded as <a href="/wiki/Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian">Arian</a> by the orthodox.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"What James [SDA co-founder James White, husband of Ellen White] and the other men were opposed to, we are just as opposed to as they were. Now, their solution to that, at that time, they didn't see any solution by retaining the Trinity concept, and getting rid of its distortions. But, in reality, we have been faithful to their commitment, and I know of nothing that they were objecting to, in objecting to Trinitarianism, that we have not also objected to."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1876, James White discussed the differences between <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Day_Baptists" title="Seventh Day Baptists">Seventh Day Baptists</a> and Seventh-day Adventists, he observed, "The S. D. Adventists hold the divinity of Christ so nearly with the trinitarian, that we apprehend no trial here."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"A major development [in Adventism] since 1972 has been the quest to articulate biblical presuppositions grounding a biblical doctrine of the Trinity, clearly differentiated from the dualistic presuppositions that undergird the traditional creedal statements."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"In many ways the philosophical assumptions and presuppositions of our worldview are different from traditional Christianity and bring different perspectives on some of these old issues. We do not accept the traditional Platonic dualistic worldview and metaphysics that were foundational to the church fathers' theology of the Trinity, one of these being the concept of the immortality of the soul."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christology">Christology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been alleged by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Research_Institute" title="Christian Research Institute">Christian Research Institute</a> that Adventism teaches that Christ <i>had</i> a sinful nature.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adventists hold that Christ came as fully man and yet still fully divine, and covering the nature of Christ state that Jesus Christ inherited Adam's fallen nature that has been passed on to all of humanity but did not sin.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a belief is based on the following texts: </p> <dl><dd>"For what the law could not do in that it was weak through the flesh, God did by sending His own Son <b>in the likeness of sinful flesh</b>, on account of sin: He condemned sin in the flesh" (Romans 8:3 NKJV)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"For we do not have a High Priest who cannot sympathize with our weaknesses, but was <b>in all points tempted as we are</b>, yet without sin." (Hebrews 4:15 NKJV)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"...concerning his Son (Jesus), who was descended from David <i>according to the flesh</i>..." (Romans 1:3 ESV)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Therefore, <i>in all things</i> He had to be made like His brethren, that He might be a merciful and faithful High Priest in things pertaining to God, to make propitiation for the sins of the people." (Hebrews 2:17 NKJV)</dd></dl> <p>Adventist doctrine is that God took "man's nature in its fallen condition," but yet "Christ did not in the least participate in its sin", which shows Christ with post fall humanity but a sinlessness of Adam before the fall<sup id="cite_ref-The_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainstream Adventists believe that Jesus was beset with all of the moral weaknesses and frailties that ordinary humans experience. However, he did not have the propensity to sin. Christ could be tested by temptation, but like Adam before the fall, did not have the ungodly desires or sinful inclinations of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-The_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ellen White states "The Lord Jesus came to our world, not to reveal what a God could do, but what a man could do, through faith in God’s power to help in every emergency. Man is, through faith, to be a partaker in the divine nature, and to overcome every temptation wherewith he is beset."<sup id="cite_ref-Ellen_G._White_p._929_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellen_G._White_p._929-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, he managed to resist temptation both from within and without, and lived a perfectly obedient life. Jesus is therefore set forth as the supreme Example in whose footsteps Christians must follow. The fact that he overcame sin completely, despite having no advantage over other human beings, demonstrates that we too can live a life of complete obedience by trusting in him. <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a> states "The Lord Jesus came to our world, not to reveal what a God could do, but what a man could do, through faith in God’s power to help in every emergency. Man is, through faith, to be a partaker in the divine nature, and to overcome every temptation wherewith he is beset."<sup id="cite_ref-Ellen_G._White_p._929_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellen_G._White_p._929-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adventists are firm believers that people are <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">saved by faith and not through works</a>, however works are the necessary fruits that are proof of God truly being given a place in our lives. </p><p>And: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Notwithstanding that the sins of a guilty world were laid upon Christ, notwithstanding the humiliation of taking upon Himself <b>our fallen nature</b>, the voice from heaven declared Him to be the Son of the Eternal" </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a>, <i>The Desire of Ages</i>, p. 112.</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigative_judgment_and_salvation">Investigative judgment and salvation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Investigative judgment and salvation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigative Judgment">Investigative Judgment</a></i> doctrine is defined in the Church's list of fundamental beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-fundamentals_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundamentals-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reviewing this uniquely Seventh-day Adventist doctrine, non-Adventist critics contend that it is not Biblical teaching. </p><p>Adventists answer that the <i>Investigative Judgment</i> doctrine is not about celestial geography, that a judgment of works is compatible with the gospel, and that Scriptures like <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#4:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Peter">1 Peter 4:17</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">Matthew 25</a> teach an end-time judgment of the Church. They believe that the "end time gospel" of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#14:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 14:6–12</a> did not sound in the first century but applies to our time. Also, many Adventist scholars interpret the references in Hebrews as to do with inauguration of the heavenly sanctuary, taking <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+6:19–20&version=hcsb">Hebrews 6:19–20</a> as parallel to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+10:19–20&version=hcsb">Hebrews 10:19–20</a>, a view shared with certain biblical scholars of other faiths,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of the Day of Atonement event as interpreted by critics. </p><p>The essence of Old Testament sanctuary typology that Adventists rely on for their <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a> may be summarized as follows: </p> <dl><dd>The sanctuary services emphasized three aspects of Christ’s work for us: sacrifice, mediation, and judgment.</dd></dl> <p>As to the 1844 date, Walter Martin wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>Lest anyone reading the various accounts of the rise of "Millerism" in the United States come to the conclusion that Miller and his followers were "crackpots" or "uneducated tools of Satan," the following facts should be known: The Great Advent Awakening movement that spanned the Atlantic from Europe was bolstered by a tremendous wave of contemporary biblical scholarship. Although Miller himself lacked academic theological training, actually scores of prophetic scholars in Europe and the United States had espoused Miller's views before he himself announced them. In reality, his was only one more voice proclaiming the 1843/1844 fulfilment of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%208:14&version=nrsv">Daniel 8:14</a>, or the 2300-year period allegedly dating from 457 B.C. and ending in A.D. 1843-1844.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism_In_Eschatology">Catholicism In Eschatology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Catholicism In Eschatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antichrist_(historicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antichrist (historicism)">Antichrist (historicism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_eschatology" title="Seventh-day Adventist eschatology">Seventh-day Adventist eschatology</a></div> <p>Like the Protestant Reformers, some writings of Ellen White speak against the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in preparation for a nefarious eschatological role as the antagonist against God's remnant church (the Seventh-day Adventist Church) and that the papacy is the beast that emerges from the sea (Ap 13). Many Protestant reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> and others held similar beliefs about the Catholic Church and the papacy when they broke away from the Catholic Church during the reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most Protestant denominations the Adventist Church <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Interfaith_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist Interfaith Relations">opposes</a> the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical movement</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soteriology">Soteriology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soteriology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seventh Day Adventism has been attacked for allegedly holding <a href="/wiki/Semi-Pelagianism" title="Semi-Pelagianism">semi-pelagian</a> soteriological views, for example Roger E. Olson said: "Mormons and Seventh-day Adventists have tended to promote Semi Pelagian views of salvation, although the latter have been moving more toward orthodox Protestant Christianity in the second half of the twentieth century".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Criticism of Ellen G. White</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008062819/http://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/1993/June/adventists-and-evangelicals-another-viewpoint">"Adventists and Evangelicals: Another viewpoint"</a>. <i>www.ministrymagazine.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/1993/June/adventists-and-evangelicals-another-viewpoint">the original</a> on October 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ministrymagazine.org&rft.atitle=Adventists+and+Evangelicals%3A+Another+viewpoint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ministrymagazine.org%2Farchive%2F1993%2FJune%2Fadventists-and-evangelicals-another-viewpoint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Martin1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ralston_Martin" title="Walter Ralston Martin">Walter Martin</a> (1960). <i>The Truth About Seventh-Day Adventism</i>. Zondervan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+Seventh-Day+Adventism&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Walter+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoekema-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoekema_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_A._Hoekema1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Hoekema" title="Anthony A. Hoekema">Anthony A. Hoekema</a> (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourmajorcultsch00hoek"><i>The Four Major Cults: Christian Science, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormonism, Seventh-day Adventism</i></a></span>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85364-094-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85364-094-7"><bdi>0-85364-094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Major+Cults%3A+Christian+Science%2C+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses%2C+Mormonism%2C+Seventh-day+Adventism&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-85364-094-7&rft.au=Anthony+A.+Hoekema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourmajorcultsch00hoek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERea1983-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERea1983_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRea1983">Rea 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENumbers1976-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENumbers1976_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNumbers1976">Numbers 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Is Mrs. E. G. White a Plagiarist?". <i>Healdsburg Enterprise</i>: 1, 4–6. March 20, 1889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Healdsburg+Enterprise&rft.atitle=Is+Mrs.+E.+G.+White+a+Plagiarist%3F&rft.pages=1%2C+4-6&rft.date=1889-03-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Loma_Linda_University_Library_Heritage_Room,_Loma_Linda,_California" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Charles E. (May 8, 1907). "<i>A Response to an Urgent Testimony from Mrs. Ellen G. White</i>".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Response+to+an+Urgent+Testimony+from+Mrs.+Ellen+G.+White&rft.date=1907-05-08&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1855" class="citation book cs1">White, Ellen G. (1855). <i>Sketches from the Life of Paul</i>. Hagerstown, Maryland: Review & Herald.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+from+the+Life+of+Paul&rft.place=Hagerstown%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Review+%26+Herald&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ellen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinkerTinker2010" class="citation book cs1">Tinker, Colleen; Tinker, Richard (2010). Paul Carden (ed.). <i>10 Questions & Answers on Seventh-day Adventism</i>. Rose Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59636-422-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59636-422-6"><bdi>978-1-59636-422-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=10+Questions+%26+Answers+on+Seventh-day+Adventism&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Rose+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59636-422-6&rft.aulast=Tinker&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft.au=Tinker%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatzlaff2007" class="citation book cs1">Ratzlaff, Dale (2007). <i>Truth about Adventist "Truth"</i>. LAM Publications, LLC. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9747679-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9747679-4-9"><bdi>978-0-9747679-4-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+about+Adventist+%22Truth%22&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=LAM+Publications%2C+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9747679-4-9&rft.aulast=Ratzlaff&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiebe2006" class="citation book cs1">Wiebe, Elmer (2006). <i>Who Is the Adventist Jesus?</i>. Xulon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59781-328-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-59781-328-1"><bdi>1-59781-328-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Is+the+Adventist+Jesus%3F&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59781-328-1&rft.aulast=Wiebe&rft.aufirst=Elmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinker2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tinker, Colleen (March–April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifeassuranceministries.org/Proclamation2007_MayJun.pdf">"Discovering the Adventist Jesus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proclamation!</i>. <b>8</b> (2). Life Assurance Ministries, Inc.: 10–17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proclamation%21&rft.atitle=Discovering+the+Adventist+Jesus&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10-17&rft.date=2007-03%2F2007-04&rft.aulast=Tinker&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flifeassuranceministries.org%2FProclamation2007_MayJun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From SDA Seminary professor Dr. Jerry Moon's presentation at the Adventist Theological Society’s 2006 "Trinity Symposium." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://atsjats.org/site/1/podcast/06_Trinity_Moon_Quest_Biblical_Trinity.mp3">http://atsjats.org/site/1/podcast/06_Trinity_Moon_Quest_Biblical_Trinity.mp3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903163304/http://www.atsjats.org/site/1/podcast/06_Trinity_Moon_Quest_Biblical_Trinity.mp3">Archived</a> 2013-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Moon, Dr. Jerry (Spring 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206044312/http://www.atsjats.org/publication_file.php?pub_id=241&journal=1&type=pdf">"The Quest for a Biblical Trinity: Ellen White's "Heavenly Trio" Compared to the Traditional Doctrine"</a>. <i>Journal of the Adventist Theological Society</i>. <b>17</b> (1). Adventist Theological Society: 140–159. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsjats.org/publication_file.php?pub_id=241&journal=1&type=pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Adventist+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Quest+for+a+Biblical+Trinity%3A+Ellen+White%27s+%22Heavenly+Trio%22+Compared+to+the+Traditional+Doctrine&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=140-159&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsjats.org%2Fpublication_file.php%3Fpub_id%3D241%26journal%3D1%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SDA scholar and author A. LeRoy Moore, at the panel Q&A Session at the ATS 2006 "Trinity Symposium." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://atsjats.org/site/1/podcast/06_Trinity_Participants_Panel_Discussion.mp3">http://atsjats.org/site/1/podcast/06_Trinity_Participants_Panel_Discussion.mp3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209014244/http://www.atsjats.org/site/1/podcast/06_Trinity_Participants_Panel_Discussion.mp3">Archived</a> 2016-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From a Q&A session at the ATS 2006 "Trinity Symposium." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://atsjats.org/site/1/podcast/06_Trinity_Burt_Historical_Adventist_Views.mp3">http://atsjats.org/site/1/podcast/06_Trinity_Burt_Historical_Adventist_Views.mp3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209010558/http://www.atsjats.org/site/1/podcast/06_Trinity_Burt_Historical_Adventist_Views.mp3">Archived</a> 2016-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1876" class="citation journal cs1">White, James (October 12, 1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119045140/http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/RH/RH18761012-V48-15__B.pdf#view=fit">"The Two Bodies: the relation which the S. D. Baptists and the S. D. Adventists sustain to each other"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review and Herald</i>. <b>48</b> (15). Battle Creek, Michigan: Seventh-day Adventist Publishing Association: 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/RH/RH18761012-V48-15__B.pdf#view=fit">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+and+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Two+Bodies%3A+the+relation+which+the+S.+D.+Baptists+and+the+S.+D.+Adventists+sustain+to+each+other.&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1876-10-12&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventistarchives.org%2Fdocs%2FRH%2FRH18761012-V48-15__B.pdf%23view%3Dfit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiddenMoonReeve2002" class="citation book cs1">Whidden, Woodrow; Moon, Jerry; Reeve, John W. (2002). <i>The Trinity: Understanding God's Love, His Plan of Salvation, and Christian Relationships</i>. Review and Herald Publishing Association. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8280-1684-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8280-1684-4"><bdi>0-8280-1684-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity%3A+Understanding+God%27s+Love%2C+His+Plan+of+Salvation%2C+and+Christian+Relationships&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Review+and+Herald+Publishing+Association&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8280-1684-4&rft.aulast=Whidden&rft.aufirst=Woodrow&rft.au=Moon%2C+Jerry&rft.au=Reeve%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fortin, Dr. Denis (Spring 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010164306/http://www.atsjats.org/publication_file.php?pub_id=232&journal=1&type=pdf">"God, the Trinity, and Adventism: An Introduction to the Issues"</a>. <i>Journal of the Adventist Theological Society</i>. <b>17</b> (1). Adventist Theological Society: 4–10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsjats.org/publication_file.php?pub_id=232&journal=1&type=pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Adventist+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=God%2C+the+Trinity%2C+and+Adventism%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Issues&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-10&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fortin&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atsjats.org%2Fpublication_file.php%3Fpub_id%3D232%26journal%3D1%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<i>Christian Research Journal</i>, Summer 1988, p. 13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatcontroversy.org/gco/ser/kirl-halfadam.php">Half Adam?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717032753/http://greatcontroversy.org/gco/ser/kirl-halfadam.php">Archived</a> 2011-07-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> a sermon by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kirkpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Larry Kirkpatrick">Larry Kirkpatrick</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazingfacts.org/FreeStuff/OnlineLibrary/tabid/106/ctl/ViewMedia/mid/447/IID/87/LNG/en/SC/R/Default.aspx?7=Christ%27s-Human-Nature">Christ's Human Nature</a> by Joe Crews</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The SDA Bible Commentary, vol.5, p.1131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/books/wwhc/">"The Humanity of Christ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Humanity+of+Christ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdanet.org%2Fatissue%2Fbooks%2Fwwhc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellen_G._White_p._929-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellen_G._White_p._929_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellen_G._White_p._929_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[Ellen G. White, 7BC p. 929 par. 6]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fundamentals-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fundamentals_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adventist.org/beliefs/fundamental/">"Fundamental Beliefs"</a>. General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Beliefs&rft.pub=General+Conference+of+Seventh-day+Adventists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventist.org%2Fbeliefs%2Ffundamental%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Ellingworth1993" class="citation book cs1">Paul Ellingworth (1993). <i>The Epistle to the Hebrews (<a href="/wiki/New_International_Greek_Testament_Commentary" title="New International Greek Testament Commentary">NIGTC</a>)</i>. p. 518.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+to+the+Hebrews+%28NIGTC%29&rft.pages=518&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Paul+Ellingworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin2_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Martin1997" class="citation book cs1">Walter Martin (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingdomofcultsan00mart"><i>The Kingdom of the Cults</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). Bethany Fellowship. p. 522. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87123-300-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87123-300-2"><bdi>0-87123-300-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+the+Cults&rft.pages=522&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Bethany+Fellowship&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87123-300-2&rft.au=Walter+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingdomofcultsan00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehorsemedia.com/articles/?d=44">The Antichrist and the Protestant Reformation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Knight2013" class="citation journal cs1">R. Knight, George (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3176&context=auss">"SEVENTH-DAY ADVENTISM, SEMI-PELAGIANISM, AND OVERLOOKED TOPICS IN ADVENTIST SOTERIOLOGY: MOVING BEYOND MISSING LINKS AND TOWARD A MORE EXPLICIT UNDERSTANDING"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SEVENTH-DAY+ADVENTISM%2C+SEMI-PELAGIANISM%2C+AND+OVERLOOKED+TOPICS+IN+ADVENTIST+SOTERIOLOGY%3A+MOVING+BEYOND+MISSING+LINKS+AND+TOWARD+A+MORE+EXPLICIT+UNDERSTANDING&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=R.+Knight&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3176%26context%3Dauss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers1976" class="citation book cs1">Numbers, Ronald L. (1976). <i>Prophetess of health: a study of Ellen G. White</i>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-066325-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-066325-1"><bdi>0-06-066325-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophetess+of+health%3A+a+study+of+Ellen+G.+White&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-06-066325-1&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRea1983" class="citation book cs1">Rea, Walter T. (1983). <i>The White Lie</i>. Moore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9607424-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9607424-0-9"><bdi>0-9607424-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Lie&rft.pub=Moore&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-9607424-0-9&rft.aulast=Rea&rft.aufirst=Walter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACriticism+of+the+Seventh-day+Adventist+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Opposition to Adventism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.LifeAssuranceMinistries.org">Life Assurance Ministries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultorchristian.com">Cult or Christian: Does Seventh-day Adventism Teach the Trinity?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exAdventist.com">exAdventist Outreach</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.letusreason.org/7thDdir.htm">Let Us Reason</a></li> <li>Oliver, Timothy (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.watchman.org/profiles/pdf/adventismprofile.pdf">Seventh-day Adventist Church Profile</a>, <i>The Watchman Expositor</i>, Vol. 13, No. 1, <a href="/wiki/Watchman_Fellowship" title="Watchman Fellowship">Watchman Fellowship ministry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203061247/http://www.catholic.com/library/Seventh_Day_Adventism.asp">Catholic.com</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Addressing opposition claims</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whiteestate.org/about/issues/">Official Ellen G. White Estate site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403153158/http://www.adventistbiblicalresearch.org/documents.htm#independent">Biblical Research Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Bahá'í Faith">Baháˈí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_movement#Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification movement">Unification movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Unification_Church_in_Japan" title="Criticism of Unification Church in Japan">Unification Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticisms" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Swaminarayan_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Swaminarayan sect">Swaminarayan sect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Criticism_of_Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Bahá'ís">Bahá'i Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Copts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Sikhs">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zorostianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_critical_of_religion" title="Category:Books critical of religion">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Age_of_Science%3F" title="God in the Age of Science?">God in the Age of Science?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God:_The_Failed_Hypothesis" title="God: The Failed Hypothesis">God: The Failed Hypothesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caged_Virgin" title="The Caged Virgin">The Caged Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Christianity" title="Bibliography of books critical of Christianity">Books critical of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Islam" title="Bibliography of books critical of Islam">Books critical of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Judaism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Judaism">Books critical of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Books critical of Scientology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">Nontheistic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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