Create and Submit a robots.txt File | Google Search Central | Documentation

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traffic drops </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/search/docs/monitor-debug/bubble-chart-analysis" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/search/docs/monitor-debug/bubble-chart-analysis" track-metadata-position="nav - documentation" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="site-specific guides" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Improve SEO with a bubble chart </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/search/docs/monitor-debug/trends-start" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/search/docs/monitor-debug/trends-start" track-metadata-position="nav - documentation" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="site-specific guides" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Get started with Google Trends </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developers.google.com/search/help" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/search/help" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - support" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Support" track-name="support" > Support </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developers.google.com/search/blog" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/search/blog" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - blog" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Blog" track-name="blog" > Blog </a> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/search/news" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/search/news" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav 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track-metadata-position="nav - what's new" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> All updates </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/search/updates" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/search/updates" track-metadata-position="nav - what's new" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Documentation updates </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://status.search.google.com/products/rGHU1u87FJnkP6W2GwMi/history" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://status.search.google.com/products/rGHU1u87FJnkP6W2GwMi/history" track-metadata-position="nav - what's new" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Ranking updates </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWf2ZlNsCGDS89VBF_awNvA" 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<div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/search"> <div class="devsite-product-logo-container" size="medium" > <picture> <img class="devsite-product-logo" alt="Google Search Central" src="https://developers.google.com/static/search/images/google-search-central-logo.svg" srcset=" /static/search/images/google-search-central-logo.svg" sizes="64px" loading="lazy" > </picture> </div> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item devsite-has-google-wordmark"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/search" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Upper Header" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Google Search Central" > <svg class="devsite-google-wordmark" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 148 48"> <title>Google</title> <path 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policies</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>SEO fundamentals</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/fundamentals/seo-starter-guide" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/fundamentals/seo-starter-guide" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/fundamentals/seo-starter-guide" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>SEO Starter Guide</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/fundamentals/how-search-works" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/fundamentals/how-search-works" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/fundamentals/how-search-works" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How Google Search works</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/fundamentals/creating-helpful-content" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/fundamentals/creating-helpful-content" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/fundamentals/creating-helpful-content" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Creating helpful, reliable, people-first content</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/fundamentals/do-i-need-seo" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/fundamentals/do-i-need-seo" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/fundamentals/do-i-need-seo" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Do you need an SEO?</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/fundamentals/get-started" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/fundamentals/get-started" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/fundamentals/get-started" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Maintaining your site's SEO</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/fundamentals/get-started-developers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/fundamentals/get-started-developers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/fundamentals/get-started-developers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Developer's guide to Search</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/fundamentals/get-on-google" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/fundamentals/get-on-google" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/fundamentals/get-on-google" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get your website on Google</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Crawling and indexing</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/indexable-file-types" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/indexable-file-types" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/indexable-file-types" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>File types Google can index</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/url-structure" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/url-structure" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/url-structure" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>URL structure</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/links-crawlable" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/links-crawlable" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/links-crawlable" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Links</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Sitemaps</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Learn about sitemaps</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/build-sitemap" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/build-sitemap" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/build-sitemap" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build and submit a sitemap</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/large-sitemaps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/large-sitemaps" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/large-sitemaps" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Manage sitemaps with sitemap index file</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Sitemap extensions</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/image-sitemaps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/image-sitemaps" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/image-sitemaps" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Image sitemaps</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/news-sitemap" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/news-sitemap" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/news-sitemap" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>News sitemaps</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/video-sitemaps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/video-sitemaps" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/video-sitemaps" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Video sitemaps and alternatives</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/combine-sitemap-extensions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/combine-sitemap-extensions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/combine-sitemap-extensions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Combining sitemap extensions</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Crawler management</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/ask-google-to-recrawl" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/ask-google-to-recrawl" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/ask-google-to-recrawl" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Ask Google to recrawl your URLs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/large-site-managing-crawl-budget" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/large-site-managing-crawl-budget" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/large-site-managing-crawl-budget" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Large site owner's guide to managing your crawl budget</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/http-network-errors" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/http-network-errors" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/http-network-errors" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How HTTP status codes, and network and DNS errors affect Google Search</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google crawlers</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/overview-google-crawlers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/overview-google-crawlers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/overview-google-crawlers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/google-common-crawlers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/google-common-crawlers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/google-common-crawlers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Common crawlers</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/google-special-case-crawlers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/google-special-case-crawlers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/google-special-case-crawlers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Special case crawlers</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/google-user-triggered-fetchers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/google-user-triggered-fetchers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/google-user-triggered-fetchers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>User-triggered fetchers</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Specific crawlers and user-triggered fetchers</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/googlebot" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/googlebot" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/googlebot" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Googlebot</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/read-aloud-user-agent" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/read-aloud-user-agent" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/read-aloud-user-agent" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Read Aloud</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/apis-user-agent" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/apis-user-agent" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/apis-user-agent" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>APIs-Google</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/feedfetcher" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/feedfetcher" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/feedfetcher" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Feedfetcher</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/reduce-crawl-rate" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/reduce-crawl-rate" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/reduce-crawl-rate" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Reduce the Googlebot crawl rate</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/verifying-googlebot" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/verifying-googlebot" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/verifying-googlebot" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Verifying Googlebot and other Google crawlers</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>robots.txt</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/intro" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/intro" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Introduction to robots.txt</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/create-robots-txt" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/create-robots-txt" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/create-robots-txt" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How to write and submit a robots.txt file</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/submit-updated-robots-txt" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/submit-updated-robots-txt" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/submit-updated-robots-txt" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Update your robots.txt file</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/robots_txt" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/robots_txt" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/robots_txt" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How Google interprets the robots.txt specification</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Canonicalization</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/canonicalization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/canonicalization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/canonicalization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>What is URL canonicalization</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/consolidate-duplicate-urls" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/consolidate-duplicate-urls" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/consolidate-duplicate-urls" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How to specify a canonical URL with rel="canonical" and other methods</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/canonicalization-troubleshooting" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/canonicalization-troubleshooting" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/canonicalization-troubleshooting" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fix canonicalization issues</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/mobile/mobile-sites-mobile-first-indexing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/mobile/mobile-sites-mobile-first-indexing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/mobile/mobile-sites-mobile-first-indexing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Mobile site and mobile-first indexing</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AMP</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AMP on Google Search guidelines</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/about-amp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/about-amp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/about-amp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understand how AMP works in search results</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/enhance-amp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/enhance-amp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/enhance-amp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Enhance AMP content</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/validate-amp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/validate-amp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/validate-amp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Validate AMP content</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/remove-amp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/remove-amp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/amp/remove-amp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Remove AMP content</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>JavaScript</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/javascript-seo-basics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/javascript-seo-basics" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/javascript-seo-basics" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understand the JavaScript SEO basics</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/fix-search-javascript" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/fix-search-javascript" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/fix-search-javascript" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fix search-related JavaScript problems</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/lazy-loading" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/lazy-loading" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/lazy-loading" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fix lazy-loaded content</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-deprecated"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/dynamic-rendering" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/dynamic-rendering" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/dynamic-rendering" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Dynamic rendering as a workaround</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="deprecated" data-title="Deprecated" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Page and content metadata</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/valid-page-metadata" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/valid-page-metadata" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/valid-page-metadata" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Page metadata</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Meta tags</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/special-tags" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/special-tags" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/special-tags" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Meta tags and HTML attributes that Google supports</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots-meta-tag" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots-meta-tag" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots-meta-tag" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Robots meta tag, data-nosnippet, and X-Robots-Tag</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/block-indexing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/block-indexing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/block-indexing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>noindex</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/safesearch" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/safesearch" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/safesearch" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>SafeSearch</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/qualify-outbound-links" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/qualify-outbound-links" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/qualify-outbound-links" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>rel attributes</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Removals</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/control-what-you-share" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/control-what-you-share" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/control-what-you-share" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Control what you share with Google</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/remove-information" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/remove-information" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/remove-information" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Page removals</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/prevent-images-on-your-page" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/prevent-images-on-your-page" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/prevent-images-on-your-page" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Image removals</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/keep-redacted-information-out" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/keep-redacted-information-out" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/keep-redacted-information-out" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Redacted information</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Site moves and changes</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/301-redirects" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/301-redirects" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/301-redirects" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Redirects and Google Search</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Site moves</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/site-move-no-url-changes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/site-move-no-url-changes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/site-move-no-url-changes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Changing your hosting</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/site-move-with-url-changes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/site-move-with-url-changes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/site-move-with-url-changes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Move a site with URL changes</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/website-testing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/website-testing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/website-testing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>A/B testing</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/pause-online-business" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/crawling-indexing/pause-online-business" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/pause-online-business" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Temporarily pause or disable a website</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Ranking and search appearance</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/ai-overviews" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/ai-overviews" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/ai-overviews" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>AI overviews</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/publication-dates" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/publication-dates" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/publication-dates" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Byline dates</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/favicon-in-search" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/favicon-in-search" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/favicon-in-search" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Favicons</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/featured-snippets" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/featured-snippets" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/featured-snippets" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Featured snippets</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/flexible-sampling" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/flexible-sampling" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/flexible-sampling" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Flexible Sampling</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/google-discover" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/google-discover" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/google-discover" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Discover</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/google-images" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/google-images" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/google-images" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Images</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Local features</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/establish-business-details" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/establish-business-details" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/establish-business-details" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Business details</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/top-places-list" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/top-places-list" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/top-places-list" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Top Places List</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-external"><a href="https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/3035947" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/3035947" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/3035947" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Opting out of local search results</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="external" data-title="External" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Page experience</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/page-experience" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/page-experience" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/page-experience" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understanding page experience</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/core-web-vitals" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/core-web-vitals" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/core-web-vitals" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Core Web Vitals</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/avoid-intrusive-interstitials" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/avoid-intrusive-interstitials" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/avoid-intrusive-interstitials" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Interstitials and dialogs</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/signed-exchange" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/signed-exchange" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/signed-exchange" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get started with signed exchanges on Google Search</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Ranking systems</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/ranking-systems-guide" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/ranking-systems-guide" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/ranking-systems-guide" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>A guide to Google Search ranking systems</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/reviews-system" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/reviews-system" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/reviews-system" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Reviews system</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/site-names" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/site-names" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/site-names" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Site names</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/sitelinks" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/sitelinks" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/sitelinks" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Sitelinks</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/snippet" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/snippet" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/snippet" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Snippets</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Structured data</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/intro-structured-data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/intro-structured-data" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/intro-structured-data" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understand how structured data works</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/sd-policies" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/sd-policies" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/sd-policies" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Structured data general guidelines</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/enriched-search-results" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/enriched-search-results" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/enriched-search-results" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Enriched search results</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/generate-structured-data-with-javascript" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/generate-structured-data-with-javascript" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/generate-structured-data-with-javascript" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Generate structured data with JavaScript</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Feature guides</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/search-gallery" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/search-gallery" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/search-gallery" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>All structured data features</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/article" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/article" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/article" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Article</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-limited"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/book" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/book" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/book" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Book actions</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="limited" data-title="Limited Access" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/breadcrumb" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/breadcrumb" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/breadcrumb" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Breadcrumb</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/carousel" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/carousel" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/carousel" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Carousel</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/course-info" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/course-info" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/course-info" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Course info</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/course" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/course" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/course" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Course list</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/dataset" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/dataset" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/dataset" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Dataset</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/discussion-forum" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/discussion-forum" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/discussion-forum" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Discussion forum</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/education-qa" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/education-qa" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/education-qa" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Education Q&A</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/employer-rating" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/employer-rating" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/employer-rating" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Employer aggregate rating</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/estimated-salary" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/estimated-salary" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/estimated-salary" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Estimated salary</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/event" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/event" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/event" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Event</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/factcheck" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/factcheck" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/factcheck" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fact check</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/faqpage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/faqpage" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/faqpage" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>FAQ</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/image-license-metadata" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/image-license-metadata" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/image-license-metadata" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Image metadata</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/job-posting" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/job-posting" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/job-posting" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Job posting</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/learning-video" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/learning-video" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/learning-video" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Learning video</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/local-business" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/local-business" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/local-business" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Local business</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/math-solvers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/math-solvers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/math-solvers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Math solver</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/movie" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/movie" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/movie" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Movie carousel</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/organization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/organization" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/organization" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Organization</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/practice-problems" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/practice-problems" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/practice-problems" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Practice problem</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Product</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product-snippet" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product-snippet" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product-snippet" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Product snippet</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/merchant-listing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/merchant-listing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/merchant-listing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Merchant listing</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product-variants" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product-variants" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/product-variants" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Variants</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/profile-page" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/profile-page" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/profile-page" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Profile page</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/qapage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/qapage" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/qapage" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Q&A</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/recipe" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/recipe" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/recipe" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Recipe</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/review-snippet" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/review-snippet" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/review-snippet" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Review snippet</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-deprecated"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/sitelinks-searchbox" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/sitelinks-searchbox" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/sitelinks-searchbox" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Sitelinks search box</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="deprecated" data-title="Deprecated" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/software-app" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/software-app" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/software-app" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Software app</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-beta"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/speakable" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/speakable" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/speakable" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Speakable</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="beta" data-title="Beta" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-beta"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/special-announcements" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/special-announcements" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/special-announcements" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Special announcement</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="beta" data-title="Beta" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/paywalled-content" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/paywalled-content" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/paywalled-content" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Subscription and paywalled content</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-limited"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/vacation-rental" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/vacation-rental" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/vacation-rental" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Vacation rental</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="limited" data-title="Limited Access" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/vehicle-listing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/vehicle-listing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/vehicle-listing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Vehicle listing</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/video" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/video" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/video" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Video</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/title-link" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/title-link" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/title-link" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Title links</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Translated features</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/translated-results" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/translated-results" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/translated-results" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Translated results</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/ad-network-and-translation" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/ad-network-and-translation" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/ad-network-and-translation" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Ad networks and translation-related Google Search features</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/video" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/video" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/video" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Videos</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/visual-elements-gallery" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/visual-elements-gallery" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/visual-elements-gallery" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Visual Elements gallery</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Web Stories</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/enable-web-stories" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/enable-web-stories" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/enable-web-stories" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Enable Web Stories on Google</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/web-stories-creation-best-practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/web-stories-creation-best-practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/web-stories-creation-best-practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Best practices for creating Web Stories</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/web-stories-content-policy" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/web-stories-content-policy" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/web-stories-content-policy" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Web Story content policy</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Early Adopters Program</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-beta"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/package-tracking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/package-tracking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/package-tracking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Package tracking</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="beta" data-title="Beta" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-beta"><a href="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/carousels-beta" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/appearance/structured-data/carousels-beta" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/appearance/structured-data/carousels-beta" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Structured data carousels (beta)</span><span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="beta" data-title="Beta" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitoring and debugging</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/debugging-search-traffic-drops" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/debugging-search-traffic-drops" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/debugging-search-traffic-drops" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Debug drops in Search traffic</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor with Search Console</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/search-console-start" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/search-console-start" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/search-console-start" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get started with Search Console</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/bubble-chart-analysis" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/bubble-chart-analysis" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/bubble-chart-analysis" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Improve SEO with a bubble chart</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Debug with search operators</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/search-operators" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/search-operators" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/search-operators" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/search-operators/all-search-site" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/search-operators/all-search-site" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/search-operators/all-search-site" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>site: search operator</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/search-operators/image-search" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/search-operators/image-search" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/search-operators/image-search" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Images search operators</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Preventing and monitoring abuse</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/security" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/security" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/prevent-abuse" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/prevent-abuse" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/prevent-abuse" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Prevent user-generated spam</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/security/malware" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/security/malware" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/security/malware" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Malware and unwanted software</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/security/prevent-malware" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/security/prevent-malware" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/security/prevent-malware" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Prevent a malware infection</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/security/social-engineering" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/security/social-engineering" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/security/social-engineering" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Social engineering (phishing and deceptive sites)</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/security/safe-browsing-repeat-offenders" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/security/safe-browsing-repeat-offenders" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/security/safe-browsing-repeat-offenders" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Google Safe Browsing Repeat Offenders Policy</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/monitor-debug/trends-start" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/monitor-debug/trends-start" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/monitor-debug/trends-start" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Get started with Google Trends</span></a></li></ul></div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable devsite-nav-accordion"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Site-specific guides</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Ecommerce</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/ecommerce" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/where-ecommerce-data-can-appear-on-google" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/where-ecommerce-data-can-appear-on-google" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/where-ecommerce-data-can-appear-on-google" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Where content can appear</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/share-your-product-data-with-google" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/share-your-product-data-with-google" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/share-your-product-data-with-google" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Share product data</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/include-structured-data-relevant-to-ecommerce" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/include-structured-data-relevant-to-ecommerce" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/include-structured-data-relevant-to-ecommerce" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Include structured data</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/how-to-launch-an-ecommerce-website" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/how-to-launch-an-ecommerce-website" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/how-to-launch-an-ecommerce-website" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Launch a new website</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/write-high-quality-reviews" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/write-high-quality-reviews" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/write-high-quality-reviews" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Write high quality reviews</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/designing-a-url-structure-for-ecommerce-sites" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/designing-a-url-structure-for-ecommerce-sites" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/designing-a-url-structure-for-ecommerce-sites" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Design a URL structure</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/help-google-understand-your-ecommerce-site-structure" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/help-google-understand-your-ecommerce-site-structure" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/help-google-understand-your-ecommerce-site-structure" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Ecommerce site structure</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/pagination-and-incremental-page-loading" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/pagination-and-incremental-page-loading" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/ecommerce/pagination-and-incremental-page-loading" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Pagination, incremental page loading, and Search</span></a></li></ul></div></li><li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-expandable"><div class="devsite-expandable-nav"> <a class="devsite-nav-toggle" aria-hidden="true"></a><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>International and multilingual</span> </div><ul class="devsite-nav-section"><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/international" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/international" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/international" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/international/managing-multi-regional-sites" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/international/managing-multi-regional-sites" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/international/managing-multi-regional-sites" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Managing multi-regional and multilingual sites</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/international/localized-versions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/international/localized-versions" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/international/localized-versions" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Tell Google about localized versions of your page</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/search/docs/specialty/international/locale-adaptive-pages" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /search/docs/specialty/international/locale-adaptive-pages" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/search/docs/specialty/international/locale-adaptive-pages" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How Google crawls locale-adaptive pages</span></a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Documentation" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > SEO fundamentals </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Introduction" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Introduction </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/essentials" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Search Essentials" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Search Essentials </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/fundamentals/seo-starter-guide" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: SEO Starter Guide" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > SEO Starter Guide </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/fundamentals/how-search-works" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: How Google Search Works" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > How Google Search Works </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/fundamentals/do-i-need-seo" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Do you need an SEO?" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Do you need an SEO? </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Crawling and indexing </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Sitemaps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Sitemaps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: robots.txt" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > robots.txt </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/special-tags" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Meta tags" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Meta tags </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/ask-google-to-recrawl" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Crawler management" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Crawler management </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/control-what-you-share" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Removals" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Removals </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/consolidate-duplicate-urls" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Canonicalization" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Canonicalization </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/301-redirects" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Redirects" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Redirects </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/javascript/javascript-seo-basics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: JavaScript SEO" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > JavaScript SEO </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Ranking and search appearance </span> </span> </li> <li 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analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix devsite-no-page-title"> <h1 class="page-title" id="how-to-write-and-submit-a-robots.txt-file" data-text="How to write and submit a robots.txt file" tabindex="-1">How to write and submit a robots.txt file</h1> <aside class="key-point"> <p> <b>If you use a site hosting service, such as Wix or Blogger</b>, you might not need to (or be able to) edit your robots.txt file directly. Instead, your provider might expose a search settings page or some other mechanism to tell search engines whether or not to crawl your page. </p> <p> If you want to hide or unhide one of your pages from search engines, search for instructions about modifying your page visibility in search engines on your hosting service, for example, search for "wix hide page from search engines". </p> </aside> <p> You can <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/intro">control which files crawlers may access</a> on your site with a robots.txt file. </p> <p> A robots.txt file lives at the root of your site. So, for site <code translate="no" dir="ltr">www.example.com</code>, the robots.txt file lives at <code translate="no" dir="ltr">www.example.com/robots.txt</code>. robots.txt is a plain text file that follows the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_exclusion_standard#About_the_standard" class="external-link">Robots Exclusion Standard</a>. A robots.txt file consists of one or more rules. Each rule blocks or allows access for all or a specific crawler to a specified file path on the domain or subdomain where the robots.txt file is hosted. Unless you specify otherwise in your robots.txt file, all files are implicitly allowed for crawling. </p> <p>Here is a simple robots.txt file with two rules:</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: Googlebot Disallow: /nogooglebot/ User-agent: * Allow: / Sitemap: https://www.example.com/sitemap.xml</pre></devsite-code> <p><b>Here's what that robots.txt file means:</b></p> <ol> <li> The user agent named Googlebot is not allowed to crawl any URL that starts with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://example.com/nogooglebot/</code>. </li> <li> All other user agents are allowed to crawl the entire site. This could have been omitted and the result would be the same; the default behavior is that user agents are allowed to crawl the entire site. </li> <li> The site's <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/overview">sitemap file</a> is located at <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://www.example.com/sitemap.xml</code>. </li> </ol> <p>See the <a href="#create_rules">syntax</a> section for more examples.</p> <h2 id="learn_robots_txt_syntax" data-text="Basic guidelines for creating a robots.txt file" tabindex="-1">Basic guidelines for creating a robots.txt file</h2> <p> Creating a robots.txt file and making it generally accessible and useful involves four steps: </p> <ol> <li><a href="#format_location">Create a file named robots.txt</a>.</li> <li><a href="#create_rules">Add rules to the robots.txt file</a>.</li> <li><a href="#upload">Upload the robots.txt file to the root of your site</a>.</li> <li><a href="#testing">Test the robots.txt file</a>.</li> </ol> <h2 id="format_location" data-text="Create a robots.txt file" tabindex="-1">Create a robots.txt file</h2> <p> You can use almost any text editor to create a robots.txt file. For example, Notepad, TextEdit, vi, and emacs can create valid robots.txt files. Don't use a word processor; word processors often save files in a proprietary format and can add unexpected characters, such as curly quotes, which can cause problems for crawlers. Make sure to save the file with UTF-8 encoding if prompted during the save file dialog. </p> <p><b>Format and location rules:</b></p> <ul> <li>The file must be named robots.txt.</li> <li>Your site can have only one robots.txt file.</li> <li> The robots.txt file must be located at the root of the site host to which it applies. For instance, to control crawling on all URLs below <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://www.example.com/</code>, the robots.txt file must be located at <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://www.example.com/robots.txt</code>. It <i>cannot</i> be placed in a subdirectory (for example, at <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://example.com/pages/robots.txt</code>). If you're unsure about how to access your site root, or need permissions to do so, contact your web hosting service provider. If you can't access your site root, use an alternative blocking method such as <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/block-indexing"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">meta</code> tags</a>. </li> <li> A robots.txt file can be posted on a subdomain (for example, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://<b>site</b>.example.com/robots.txt</code>) or on non-standard ports (for example, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://example.com:<b>8181</b>/robots.txt</code>). </li> <li>A robots.txt file applies only to paths within the protocol, host, and port where it is posted. That is, rules in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://example.com/robots.txt</code> apply only to files in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://example.com/</code>, not to subdomains such as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://m.example.com/</code>, or alternate protocols, such as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">http://example.com/</code>. </li> <li> A robots.txt file must be a UTF-8 encoded text file (which includes ASCII). Google may ignore characters that are not part of the UTF-8 range, potentially rendering robots.txt rules invalid. </li> </ul> <h2 id="create_rules" data-text="How to write robots.txt rules" tabindex="-1">How to write robots.txt rules</h2> <p> Rules are instructions for crawlers about which parts of your site they can crawl. Follow these guidelines when adding rules to your robots.txt file: </p> <ul> <li>A robots.txt file consists of one or more groups (set of rules).</li> <li> Each group consists of multiple rules (also known as directives), one rule per line. Each group begins with a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">User-agent</code> line that specifies the target of the groups. </li> <li>A group gives the following information: <ul> <li>Who the group applies to (the user agent).</li> <li>Which directories or files that agent <i>can</i> access.</li> <li>Which directories or files that agent <i>cannot</i> access.</li> </ul> </li> <li> Crawlers process groups from top to bottom. A user agent can match only one rule set, which is the first, most specific group that matches a given user agent. If there are multiple groups for the same user agent, the groups will be combined into a single group before processing. </li> <li> The default assumption is that a user agent can crawl any page or directory not blocked by a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">disallow</code> rule. </li> <li> Rules are case-sensitive. For instance, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">disallow: /file.asp</code> applies to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://www.example.com/file.asp</code>, but not <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://www.example.com/FILE.asp</code>. </li> <li> The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">#</code> character marks the beginning of a comment. Comments are ignored during processing. </li> </ul> <p><b>Google's crawlers support the following rules in robots.txt files:</b></p> <ul> <li> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">user-agent:</code> [Required, one or more per group] The rule specifies the name of the automatic client known as search engine crawler that the rule applies to. This is the first line for any rule group. Google user agent names are listed in the <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/overview-google-crawlers">Google list of user agents</a>. Using an asterisk (<code translate="no" dir="ltr">*</code>) matches all crawlers except the various AdsBot crawlers, which must be named explicitly. For example: <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> # Example 1: Block only Googlebot User-agent: Googlebot Disallow: / # Example 2: Block Googlebot and Adsbot User-agent: Googlebot User-agent: AdsBot-Google Disallow: / # Example 3: Block all crawlers except AdsBot (AdsBot crawlers must be named explicitly) User-agent: * Disallow: /</pre></devsite-code> </li> <li> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">disallow:</code> [At least one or more <code translate="no" dir="ltr">disallow</code> or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">allow</code> entries per rule] A directory or page, relative to the root domain, that you don't want the user agent to crawl. If the rule refers to a page, it must be the full page name as shown in the browser. It must start with a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">/</code> character and if it refers to a directory, it must end with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">/</code> mark. </li> <li> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">allow:</code> [At least one or more <code translate="no" dir="ltr">disallow</code> or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">allow</code> entries per rule] A directory or page, relative to the root domain, that may be crawled by the user agent just mentioned. This is used to override a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">disallow</code> rule to allow crawling of a subdirectory or page in a disallowed directory. For a single page, specify the full page name as shown in the browser. It must start with a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">/</code> character and if it refers to a directory, it must end with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">/</code> mark. </li> <li> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">sitemap:</code> [Optional, zero or more per file] The location of a sitemap for this site. The sitemap URL must be a fully-qualified URL; Google doesn't assume or check http/https/www.non-www alternates. Sitemaps are a good way to indicate which content Google should crawl, as opposed to which content it <i>can</i> or <i>cannot</i> crawl. <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/sitemaps/overview">Learn more about sitemaps.</a> <b>Example:</b> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> Sitemap: https://example.com/sitemap.xml Sitemap: https://www.example.com/sitemap.xml</pre></devsite-code> </li> </ul> <p> All rules, except <code translate="no" dir="ltr">sitemap</code>, support the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">*</code> wildcard for a path prefix, suffix, or entire string. </p> <p>Lines that don't match any of these rules are ignored.</p> <p> Read our page about <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/robots_txt">Google's interpretation of the robots.txt specification</a> for the complete description of each rule. </p> <h2 id="upload" data-text="Upload the robots.txt file" tabindex="-1">Upload the robots.txt file</h2> <p> Once you saved your robots.txt file to your computer, you're ready to make it available to search engine crawlers. There's no one tool that can help you with this, because how you upload the robots.txt file to your site depends on your site and server architecture. Get in touch with your hosting company or search the documentation of your hosting company; for example, search for "upload files infomaniak". </p> <p> After you upload the robots.txt file, test whether it's publicly accessible and if Google can parse it. </p> <h2 id="testing" data-text=" Test robots.txt markup " tabindex="-1"> Test robots.txt markup </h2> <p> To test whether your newly uploaded robots.txt file is publicly accessible, open a <a href="https://support.google.com/chrome/answer/95464" class="external-link">private browsing window</a> (or equivalent) in your browser and navigate to the location of the robots.txt file. For example, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://example.com/robots.txt</code>. If you see the contents of your robots.txt file, you're ready to test the markup. </p> <p>Google offers two options for fixing issues with robots.txt markup:</p> <ol> <li> The <a href="https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/6062598" class="external-link"> robots.txt report</a> in Search Console. You can only use this report for robots.txt files that are already accessible on your site. </li> <li> If you're a developer, check out and build <a href="https://github.com/google/robotstxt" class="external-link">Google's open source robots.txt library</a>, which is also used in Google Search. You can use this tool to test robots.txt files locally on your computer. </li> </ol> <h2 id="submit" data-text="Submit robots.txt file to Google" tabindex="-1">Submit robots.txt file to Google</h2> <p> Once you uploaded and tested your robots.txt file, Google's crawlers will automatically find and start using your robots.txt file. You don't have to do anything. If you updated your robots.txt file and you need to refresh Google's cached copy as soon as possible, learn <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/robots/submit-updated-robots-txt">how to submit an updated robots.txt file</a>. </p> <h2 id="useful-robots.txt-rules" data-text="Useful robots.txt rules" tabindex="-1">Useful robots.txt rules</h2> <p>Here are some common useful robots.txt rules:</p> <table class="responsive"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2"> Useful rules </th> </tr> <tr> <td> Disallow crawling of the entire site </td> <td> <p> Keep in mind that in some situations URLs from the site may still be indexed, even if they haven't been crawled. </p> <aside class="note"><b>Note</b>: This does not match the <a href="/search/docs/crawling-indexing/overview-google-crawlers">various AdsBot crawlers</a>, which must be named explicitly. </aside> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: * Disallow: /</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Disallow crawling of a directory and its contents </td> <td> <p> Append a forward slash to the directory name to disallow crawling of a whole directory. </p> <aside class="caution"><b>Caution</b>: Remember, don't use robots.txt to block access to private content; use proper authentication instead. URLs disallowed by the robots.txt file might still be indexed without being crawled, and the robots.txt file can be viewed by anyone, potentially disclosing the location of your private content. </aside> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: * Disallow: /calendar/ Disallow: /junk/ Disallow: /books/fiction/contemporary/</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Allow access to a single crawler </td> <td> <p>Only <code translate="no" dir="ltr">googlebot-news</code> may crawl the whole site.</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: Googlebot-news Allow: / User-agent: * Disallow: /</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Allow access to all but a single crawler </td> <td> <p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">Unnecessarybot</code> may not crawl the site, all other bots may.</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: Unnecessarybot Disallow: / User-agent: * Allow: /</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Disallow crawling of a single web page</p> </td> <td> <p> For example, disallow the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">useless_file.html</code> page located at <code translate="no" dir="ltr">https://example.com/useless_file.html</code>, and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">other_useless_file.html</code> in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">junk</code> directory. </p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: * Disallow: /useless_file.html Disallow: /junk/other_useless_file.html</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Disallow crawling of the whole site except a subdirectory</p> </td> <td> <p>Crawlers may only access the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">public</code> subdirectory.</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: * Disallow: / Allow: /public/</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Block a specific image from Google Images</p> </td> <td> <p>For example, disallow the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">dogs.jpg</code> image.</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: Googlebot-Image Disallow: /images/dogs.jpg</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Block all images on your site from Google Images</p> </td> <td><p>Google can't index images and videos without crawling them.</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: Googlebot-Image Disallow: /</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Disallow crawling of files of a specific file type</p> </td> <td> <p>For example, disallow for crawling all <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.gif</code> files.</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: Googlebot Disallow: /*.gif$</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Disallow crawling of an entire site, but allow <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Mediapartners-Google</code> </p> </td> <td> <p> This implementation hides your pages from search results, but the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">Mediapartners-Google</code> web crawler can still analyze them to decide what ads to show visitors on your site. </p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: * Disallow: / User-agent: Mediapartners-Google Allow: /</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">*</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">$</code> wildcards to match URLs that end with a specific string </td> <td><p>For example, disallow all <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.xls</code> files.</p> <div></div><devsite-code><pre translate="no" dir="ltr" is-upgraded> User-agent: Googlebot Disallow: /*.xls$</pre></devsite-code> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <devsite-hats-survey class="nocontent" hats-id="egUfosvgZ0gb2CML1jd0VMoBx2ec" listnr-id="103417"></devsite-hats-survey> </div> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <devsite-feedback position="footer" project-name="Documentation" product-id="103417" bucket="Search Docs" context="DevSite feedback link" version="t-devsite-webserver-20241114-r00-rc02.464922260396498922" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="footer" class="nocontent" disable-product-feedback project-icon="https://developers.google.com/static/search/images/google-search-central-logo.svg" project-support-url="https://developers.google.com/search/help" > <button> Send feedback </button> </devsite-feedback> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the <a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache 2.0 License</a>. 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