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Ader Avion III - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ader Avion III</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un&#039;altra lingua. 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Éole III - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ader Éole III" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avion_III" title="Avion III - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Avion III" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ader_Avion_III" title="Ader Avion III - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ader Avion III" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ader_Avion_III" title="Ader Avion III - spagnolo" lang="es" 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lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #D0D6EE;">Ader Avion III</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Avion_III_20050711.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Avion_III_20050711.jpg/223px-Avion_III_20050711.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Avion_III_20050711.jpg/335px-Avion_III_20050711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Avion_III_20050711.jpg/447px-Avion_III_20050711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>L'Avion III di <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a> è conservato al <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a> (CNAM) di <a href="/wiki/Parigi" title="Parigi">Parigi</a>.</td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #D0D6EE;">Descrizione</th></tr><tr><th style="width:50%">Classe</th><td><a href="/wiki/Monoplano" title="Monoplano">Monoplano</a> sperimentale a <a href="/wiki/Motore_a_vapore" title="Motore a vapore">vapore</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%"><a href="/wiki/Equipaggio" title="Equipaggio">Equipaggio</a></th><td>1 pilota </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%">Progettista</th><td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francia (bandiera)"><img alt="Francia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%">Costruttore</th><td><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francia (bandiera)"><img alt="Francia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%">Esemplari</th><td>1 </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%">Voli</th><td>Nessuno (test eseguiti il 12 e il 14 ottobre <a href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</a>, senza successo) </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%">Destino finale</th><td>Esposto al CNAM di Parigi </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%">Sviluppato dal</th><td><a href="/wiki/Ader_%C3%89ole" title="Ader Éole">Ader Éole</a> (Ader Avion I)<br />Ader Avion II (non terminato) </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #D0D6EE;">Dimensioni e pesi</th></tr><tr><th style="width:50%">Lunghezza</th><td>5,45 <a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">m</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%"><a href="/wiki/Apertura_alare" title="Apertura alare">Apertura alare</a></th><td>15,3 m </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%"><a href="/wiki/Superficie_alare" title="Superficie alare">Superficie alare</a></th><td>37,95 <a href="/wiki/Metro_quadrato" title="Metro quadrato">m²</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%">Peso a vuoto</th><td>246 <a href="/wiki/Chilogrammo" title="Chilogrammo">kg</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%"><a href="/wiki/Peso_massimo_al_decollo" title="Peso massimo al decollo">Peso max al decollo</a></th><td>455 kg </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #D0D6EE;">Propulsione</th></tr><tr><th style="width:50%"><a href="/wiki/Motore_aeronautico" title="Motore aeronautico">Motore</a></th><td>2 motori a vapore Ader </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%"><a href="/wiki/Potenza_(fisica)" title="Potenza (fisica)">Potenza</a></th><td>20 <a href="/wiki/Cavallo_vapore" title="Cavallo vapore">CV</a> ciascuno </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #D0D6EE;">Prestazioni</th></tr><tr><th style="width:50%">Velocità max</th><td>50 <a href="/wiki/Chilometro_orario" title="Chilometro orario">km/h</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:50%"><a href="/wiki/Decollo" title="Decollo">Corsa di decollo</a></th><td>15 km/h </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><p align="RIGHT"><i>i dati sono estratti da</i> Their Flying Machines<sup id="cite_ref-ru_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><i>da</i> L'Avion III de Clément Ader<sup id="cite_ref-cnam_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><i>e da</i> Encyclopædia Britannica Online<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_avionIII-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="sinottico_piede" style="background-color: #D0D6EE;"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Aerei_sperimentali" title="Categoria:Aerei sperimentali">voci di aeroplani sperimentali presenti su Wikipedia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>L'<b>Avion III</b> fu un <a href="/wiki/Aeroplano" title="Aeroplano">aeroplano</a> sperimentale a <a href="/wiki/Motore_a_vapore" title="Motore a vapore">vapore</a> progettato e costruito negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1890" title="Anni 1890">anni novanta dell'Ottocento</a> dall'<a href="/wiki/Ingegnere" title="Ingegnere">ingegnere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventore" title="Inventore">inventore</a> e <a href="/wiki/Pioniere_dell%27aviazione" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioniere dell&#39;aviazione">pioniere dell'aviazione</a> <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">francese</a> <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a> con la collaborazione finanziaria dell'<a href="/wiki/Esercito_francese" class="mw-redirect" title="Esercito francese">esercito</a>. Sviluppato dal <a href="/wiki/Monoplano" title="Monoplano">monoplano</a> <a href="/wiki/Ader_%C3%89ole" title="Ader Éole">Éole</a> attraverso il progetto incompiuto dell'Avion II, l'Avion III venne provato due volte, il 12 e il 14 ottobre <a href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</a>, ma non riuscì a staccarsi dal suolo se non per un volo breve e incontrollato. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia_del_progetto">Storia del progetto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia del progetto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Storia del progetto"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Ader_%C3%89ole" title="Ader Éole">Ader Éole</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a> era un <a href="/wiki/Ingegnere" title="Ingegnere">ingegnere</a> autodidatta <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">francese</a> il quale, dopo aver costruito a proprie spese un <a href="/wiki/Pallone_aerostatico" title="Pallone aerostatico">pallone aerostatico</a> durante la <a href="/wiki/Guerra_franco-prussiana" title="Guerra franco-prussiana">guerra franco-prussiana</a> del <a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870</a>-<a href="/wiki/1871" title="1871">1871</a> e dopo aver sperimentato un <a href="/wiki/Aliante" title="Aliante">aliante</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1873" title="1873">1873</a>, decise nel <a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a> di abbandonare il suo impiego presso l'amministrazione statale delle vie di comunicazione per dedicarsi invece alla ricerca aeronautica nel campo dei "più pesanti dell'aria".<sup id="cite_ref-cof_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cof-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_ader_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_ader-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tra il <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882</a> e il <a href="/wiki/1890" title="1890">1890</a> progettò e costruì il suo primo velivolo a motore, l'<a href="/wiki/Ader_%C3%89ole" title="Ader Éole">Éole o Avion I</a>, un grande <a href="/wiki/Aeroplano" title="Aeroplano">aeroplano</a> con un'<a href="/wiki/Ala_(aeronautica)" title="Ala (aeronautica)">ala</a> a <a href="/wiki/Pipistrello" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipistrello">pipistrello</a> che era spinto da un <a href="/wiki/Motore_a_vapore" title="Motore a vapore">motore a vapore</a> (a sua volta concepito e costruito da Ader) che sviluppava 20 <a href="/wiki/Cavallo_vapore" title="Cavallo vapore">cavalli vapore</a> e muoveva un'<a href="/wiki/Elica" title="Elica">elica</a> quadripala. Esso riuscì a compiere un breve volo il 9 ottobre <a href="/wiki/1890" title="1890">1890</a>, il quale è considerato da diverse fonti la prima occasione in cui un aereo si sia sollevato da un terreno pianeggiante con la sola potenza del suo motore.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_eole_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_eole-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grant_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AderAvion3(1897).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AderAvion3%281897%29.jpg/220px-AderAvion3%281897%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AderAvion3%281897%29.jpg/330px-AderAvion3%281897%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/AderAvion3%281897%29.jpg/440px-AderAvion3%281897%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>L'Avion III. Notare la grande ala a pipistrello, la mancanza di una coda, i condensatori di vapore sopra la fusoliera e le eliche parzialmente sovrapposte.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EOLE_3_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/EOLE_3_1897.jpg/220px-EOLE_3_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/EOLE_3_1897.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>L'ala articolata dell'Avion III poteva essere ripiegata per ridurre l'ingombro dell'aereo a riposo. Notare anche le eliche, dalla struttura simile a quella di penne d'uccello.</figcaption></figure> <p>Avendo ricevuto all'inizio degli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1890" title="Anni 1890">anni 1890</a> una commissione dell'<a href="/wiki/Esercito_francese" class="mw-redirect" title="Esercito francese">esercito francese</a> per un nuovo aereo, nel giugno <a href="/wiki/1893" title="1893">1893</a> Ader cominciò a costruire la struttura e il motore di una seconda macchina volante a vapore, chiamata Avion II. Essa, stando alle specifiche dei militari, avrebbe dovuto essere in grado di rimanere in volo a un centinaio di metri di quota per diverse ore, trasportando 200 chilogrammi di carico utile. Tuttavia, dopo aver calcolato l'<a href="/wiki/Legge_di_conservazione_del_momento_angolare" title="Legge di conservazione del momento angolare">effetto di coppia</a> dovuto all'elica quadripala di 3 metri di diametro che sarebbe stata necessaria per assorbire la potenza di un motore migliorato, Ader abbandonò il progetto; si dedicò allora allo sviluppo dell'Avion III, sul quale sarebbero stati installati due motori azionanti due eliche separate, simmetriche e <a href="/wiki/Eliche_controrotanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliche controrotanti">controrotanti</a> capaci di assorbire completamente l'effetto di coppia.<sup id="cite_ref-cnam_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tecnica">Tecnica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Tecnica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tecnica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'Avion III era un <a href="/wiki/Monoplano" title="Monoplano">monoplano</a> caratterizzato da una grande ala alta fortemente incurvata simile a quella di un pipistrello, privo di <a href="/wiki/Impennaggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Impennaggi">coda</a> e dotato di due motori azionanti due eliche distinte. La leggera struttura dell'aereo era costituita da montanti in <a href="/wiki/Legno" title="Legno">legno</a> e in <a href="/wiki/Bamb%C3%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambù">bambù</a> incollati gli uni agli altri e ricoperti da un rivestimento di <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">seta</a> fissato alla struttura da un sistema di bottoni.<sup id="cite_ref-cnam_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Le due eliche, che ruotavano in direzioni opposte, erano collocate una leggermente più avanti dell'altra per evitare che entrassero in contatto, dal momento che le loro estremità descrivevano due circonferenze secanti; la loro struttura era formata da listelli di bambù assemblati proprio come le penne di un uccello.<sup id="cite_ref-ru_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_avionIII-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Le ali erano articolate in modo piuttosto intricato; la loro struttura si basava su un longherone principale da cui si dipartivano altre travi più piccole, chiamate "gomito, mano, pollice e dita". Il complesso <a href="/wiki/Pilotaggio_degli_aeroplani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilotaggio degli aeroplani">sistema di controllo</a> dell'Éole era stato semplificato; ora l'ala poteva essere spostata avanti e indietro per muovere il <a href="/wiki/Profilo_alare#Il_centro_di_pressione" title="Profilo alare">centro di pressione</a> per mezzo di una manovella che richiedeva 20 o 30 giri per spostare la velatura da un'estremità all'altra del suo percorso.<sup id="cite_ref-ru_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Era presente anche un piccolo <a href="/wiki/Timone_(aeronautica)" title="Timone (aeronautica)">timone</a> di tela azionato per mezzo di una corda da una coppia di staffe che muovevano anche la ruota posteriore del <a href="/wiki/Carrello_d%27atterraggio" title="Carrello d&#39;atterraggio">carrello</a>; le eliche potevano essere fatte ruotare a velocità differenti per contribuire a far virare l'aereo a destra o a sinistra;<sup id="cite_ref-ru_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tuttavia il sistema di controllo del volo era nel complesso inefficiente.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_avionIII-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e una delle cause dell'insuccesso dell'Avion III fu probabilmente legata al fatto che Ader sopravvalutò le sue caratteristiche di manovrabilità.<sup id="cite_ref-cnam_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I motori a vapore erano dotati di un <a href="/wiki/Rapporto_potenza-peso" title="Rapporto potenza-peso">rapporto potenza-peso</a> eccezionalmente buono per l'epoca.<sup id="cite_ref-cnam_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> L'<a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">acqua</a> si trasformava in <a href="/wiki/Vapore" title="Vapore">vapore</a> in una <a href="/wiki/Generatore_di_vapore" title="Generatore di vapore">caldaia</a> alimentata ad <a href="/wiki/Etanolo" title="Etanolo">alcool</a> e collocata davanti al pilota, nella parte frontale della <a href="/wiki/Fusoliera" title="Fusoliera">fusoliera</a>; l'<a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> necessaria alla combustione entrava da un'apertura sotto l'aereo e veniva evacuata da sopra; il vapore così ottenuto alimentava i <a href="/wiki/Cilindro_(meccanica)" title="Cilindro (meccanica)">cilindri</a> dei due motori, poi veniva immesso in un <a href="/wiki/Condensatore_(tecnologie_chimiche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensatore (tecnologie chimiche)">condensatore</a> che lo raffreddava grazie al contatto con l'aria esterna e, riportatolo allo stato liquido, lo reimmetteva nelle tubazioni secondo un ciclo a circuito chiuso.<sup id="cite_ref-cnam_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eole_III_steam_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Eole_III_steam_engine.jpg/220px-Eole_III_steam_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Eole_III_steam_engine.jpg/330px-Eole_III_steam_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Eole_III_steam_engine.jpg/440px-Eole_III_steam_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="2380" /></a><figcaption>Il motore a vapore dell'Avion III, a sua volta conservato al CNAM.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avion_III,_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers,_Paris_-_General_View_from_Beneath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Avion_III%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_-_General_View_from_Beneath.jpg/220px-Avion_III%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_-_General_View_from_Beneath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Avion_III%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_-_General_View_from_Beneath.jpg/330px-Avion_III%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_-_General_View_from_Beneath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Avion_III%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_-_General_View_from_Beneath.jpg/440px-Avion_III%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_-_General_View_from_Beneath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9412" data-file-height="4658" /></a><figcaption>Vista frontale dal basso dell'Avion III originale esposto al CNAM.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tentativi_di_volo">Tentativi di volo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Tentativi di volo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tentativi di volo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'esercito francese mise a disposizione di Ader un terreno a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satory&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Satory (la pagina non esiste)">Satory</a>, non lontano da <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, dove venne costruita una pista circolare concepita appositamente da Ader stesso per facilitare il lancio dell'Avion III. Il 12 ottobre <a href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</a> ebbe luogo una prima prova di <a href="/wiki/Rullaggio" title="Rullaggio">rullaggio</a>, in cui si verificò che la potenza del motore e l'efficienza delle eliche erano sufficienti a far raggiungere al velivolo una certa velocità.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_avionIII-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> L'obiettivo di questa prova non era quello di alzarsi in volo.<sup id="cite_ref-ru_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un vero tentativo di volare venne eseguito due giorni dopo, il 14 ottobre.<sup id="cite_ref-cnam_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_avionIII-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Il tempo era cattivo, e Ader aveva sottovalutato la pendenza del terreno su cui aveva costruito il circuito di lancio. L'aereo si staccò da terra prima del previsto, sbandò a causa del vento e della forza centrifuga e si schiantò al suolo; slittò, compì mezzo giro su se stesso e si fermò (danneggiato gravemente) a circa 300 metri di distanza dal punto in cui aveva eseguito il primo balzo.<sup id="cite_ref-cnam_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_avionIII-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il rapporto (pubblicato nel <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ru_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> del generale Mensier, il rappresentante ufficiale del governo francese, affermava che l'Avion III non aveva volato, ma suggeriva di continuare gli esperimenti. Il ministero della guerra, che aveva già speso 65&#160;000 franchi per finanziare Ader, non volle però stanziare ulteriori fondi per nuove prove;<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_avionIII-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> nel febbraio <a href="/wiki/1898" title="1898">1898</a> l'esercito cancellò tutti i contratti con Ader e rinunciò a tutte le ricerche in campo aeronautico.<sup id="cite_ref-ru_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ader pensava già a un Avion IV con <a href="/wiki/Motore_a_scoppio" class="mw-redirect" title="Motore a scoppio">motore a benzina</a> che però, a causa della mancanza di disponibilità economiche, non poté costruire.<sup id="cite_ref-ru_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ru-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'Avion III venne conservato da Ader per qualche anno; fu esposto all'<a href="/wiki/Expo_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="Expo 1900">Esposizione universale di Parigi</a> del <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> (dove fu una fonte d'ispirazione per alcuni giovani aspiranti aviatori, tra cui <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Voisin" title="Gabriel Voisin">Gabriel Voisin</a>) e poi nel <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a> venne trasferito al <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Museo delle arti e dei mestieri</a> di <a href="/wiki/Parigi" title="Parigi">Parigi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnam_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_avionIII-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quando, nel <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a>, gli exploit di <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a> e del suo <a href="/wiki/Santos-Dumont_14-bis" title="Santos-Dumont 14-bis">14-bis</a> suscitarono in Francia un rinnovato interesse per il volo, Ader cominciò a sostenere che il suo Avion III aveva volato per almeno 90 metri il 14 ottobre 1897. Questa sua affermazione non è ritenuta fondata dagli storici dell'aviazione, ma la controversia non è del tutto risolta.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica_avionIII-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esemplari_attualmente_esistenti">Esemplari attualmente esistenti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Esemplari attualmente esistenti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Esemplari attualmente esistenti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'Avion III originale, l'unico velivolo prodotto da Ader con questa denominazione, è tuttora<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> conservato presso il Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) di Parigi, dove è sospeso al soffitto sopra una scalinata monumentale.<sup id="cite_ref-cnam_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ru-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ru_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ru_1-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ru_1-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ru_1-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ru_1-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ru_1-5">f</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ru_1-6">g</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ru_1-7">h</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) L. Opdyke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flyingmachines.ru/Site2/Crafts/Craft28328.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ader Avion III</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flyingmachines.ru/">Their Flying Machines</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnam-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cnam_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cnam_2-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cnam_2-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cnam_2-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cnam_2-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cnam_2-5">f</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cnam_2-6">g</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cnam_2-7">h</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cnam_2-8">i</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-cnam_2-9">j</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) François Mathias, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525090632/http://www.arts-et-metiers.net/pdf/CNAM-Avion%20C.ADER.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">L'Avion III de Clément Ader</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">arts-et-metiers.net</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts-et-metiers.net/">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a>, 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/2-908207-84-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/2-908207-84-2">2-908207-84-2</a>. <small>URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.arts-et-metiers.net/pdf/CNAM-Avion%20C.ADER.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 25 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica_avionIII-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-5">f</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-6">g</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-7">h</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_avionIII_3-8">i</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Tom D. Crouch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1317927/Ader-Avion-III"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ader Avion III</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cof-4"><a href="#cite_ref-cof_4-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125011255/http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/to%20reality/Clement%20Ader.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Clément Ader (1841-1926)</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.century-of-flight.net/">Century of Flight</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/to%20reality/Clement%20Ader.htm">url originale</abbr> il 25 gennaio 2012)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica_ader-5"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_ader_5-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Tom D. Crouch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5780/Clement-Ader"><span style="font-style:italic;">Clément Ader (French inventor)</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica_eole-6"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_eole_6-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Tom D. Crouch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1317911/Ader-Eole"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ader Éole (French aircraft)</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grant-7"><a href="#cite_ref-grant_7-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> R.G. Grant, (ed. italiana a cura di R. Niccoli), <span style="font-style:italic;">Il volo – 100 anni di aviazione</span>, Novara, DeAgostini, 2003, pp.&#160;pp. 14-15, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-418-0951-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-418-0951-5">88-418-0951-5</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214161349/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/aeronautics/1939-322.aspx"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ader's 'Éole' Flying Machine, 1890</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/">Science Museum, London</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/aeronautics/1939-322.aspx">url originale</abbr> il 14 febbraio 2012)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) L. Opdyke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flyingmachines.ru/Site2/Crafts/Craft29103.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ader Éole/Avion I</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flyingmachines.ru/">Their Flying Machines</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Dato aggiornato a gennaio 2012.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAbate" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Rosario Abate, <span style="font-style:italic;">Storia degli aerei</span>, Milano, La Sorgente, 1964, ISBN non esistente.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDicorato" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> G. Dicorato, G. Bignozzi, B. Catalanotto, C. Falessi, <span style="font-style:italic;">Storia dell'Aviazione</span>, Milano, Fratelli Fabbri Editori, 1973, ISBN non esistente.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGrant" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> R.G. Grant, (ed. italiana a cura di R. Niccoli), <span style="font-style:italic;">Il volo – 100 anni di aviazione</span>, Novara, DeAgostini, 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-418-0951-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-418-0951-5">88-418-0951-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) François Mathias, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525090632/http://www.arts-et-metiers.net/pdf/CNAM-Avion%20C.ADER.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">L'Avion III de Clément Ader</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">arts-et-metiers.net</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts-et-metiers.net/">Musée des Arts et Métiers</a>, 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/2-908207-84-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/2-908207-84-2">2-908207-84-2</a>. <small>URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.arts-et-metiers.net/pdf/CNAM-Avion%20C.ADER.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 25 maggio 2006)</small>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ader_%C3%89ole" title="Ader Éole">Ader Éole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Ader" title="Clément Ader">Clément Ader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storia_dell%27aviazione" title="Storia dell&#39;aviazione">Storia dell'aviazione</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Ader Avion III"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ader_Avion_III?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ader_Avion_III?uselang=it">Ader Avion III</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ader_Avion_III&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Tom D. Crouch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1317927/Ader-Avion-III"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ader Avion III</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Tom D. Crouch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5780/Clement-Ader"><span style="font-style:italic;">Clément Ader (French inventor)</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Carroll Gray, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/ader.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Clément Ader</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmachines.org/">The Flying Machines Web Site</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) L. Opdyke, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flyingmachines.ru/Site2/Crafts/Craft28328.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ader Avion III</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flyingmachines.ru/">Their Flying Machines</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/ader.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Clément Ader (1841-1926)</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/">Hargrave – Aviation and Aeromodelling, Interdependent Evolutions and Histories</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/">Monash University</a>, 5 giugno 2002. <small>URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2012</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125011255/http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/to%20reality/Clement%20Ader.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Clément Ader (1841-1926)</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.century-of-flight.net/">Century of Flight</a></span>. <small>URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/to%20reality/Clement%20Ader.htm">url originale</abbr> il 25 gennaio 2012)</small>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G.91_best_fitting.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Aviazione"><img alt="&#160;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/G.91_best_fitting.png/25px-G.91_best_fitting.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/G.91_best_fitting.png/38px-G.91_best_fitting.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/G.91_best_fitting.png/50px-G.91_best_fitting.png 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="1381" /></a></span>&#32;<b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Aviazione" title="Portale:Aviazione">Portale Aviazione</a></b>&#58; accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di aviazione</div></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐75c465f4c6‐tsn6h Cached time: 20241125143230 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.290 seconds Real time usage: 0.673 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2235/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 32679/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2037/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 15981/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.131/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3840924/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 278.045 1 -total 31.91% 88.735 1 Template:Aeromobile 27.94% 77.697 1 Template:Infobox 20.15% 56.031 15 Template:Cita_web 13.53% 37.619 1 Template:Portale 10.42% 28.983 1 Template:Interprogetto 9.88% 27.478 1 Template:Vedi_anche 9.69% 26.945 2 Template:Immagine_sinottico 8.06% 22.414 1 Template:Icona_argomento 4.20% 11.690 4 Template:Cita_libro --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key itwiki:pcache:3871906:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241125143230 and revision id 124133555. 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