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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muhammad's_era_(610–632)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad's_era_(610–632)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Muhammad's era (610–632)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad's_era_(610–632)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rashidun_Caliphate_(634–661)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rashidun_Caliphate_(634–661)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rashidun Caliphate (634–661)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rashidun_Caliphate_(634–661)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Islamic_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Islamic_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Later Islamic usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Islamic_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhimmi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhimmi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dhimmi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhimmi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_by_Jews_and_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_by_Jews_and_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage by Jews and Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_by_Jews_and_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">People of the Book</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="أهل الكتاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أهل الكتاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="আহলে কিতাপ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আহলে কিতাপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_%C9%99hli" title="Kitab əhli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kitab əhli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="আহলে কিতাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আহলে কিতাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Китап әһелдәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Китап әһелдәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gent_del_Llibre" title="Gent del Llibre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gent del Llibre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lid%C3%A9_Knihy" title="Lidé Knihy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidé Knihy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogens_folk" title="Bogens folk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bogens folk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-kit%C4%81b" title="Ahl al-kitāb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ahl al-kitāb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gente_del_Libro" title="Gente del Libro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gente del Libro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اهل کتاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اهل کتاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens_du_Livre" title="Gens du Livre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gens du Livre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%85%EC%9D%98_%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%8C%EB%93%A4" title="책의 사람들 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="책의 사람들" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_Kitab" title="Ahli Kitab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahli Kitab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populo_del_Libro" title="Populo del Libro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Populo del Libro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_al-Kitab" title="Ahl al-Kitab – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ahl al-Kitab" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%91" title="אהל אל-כתאב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אהל אל-כתאב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_Kitab" title="Ahli Kitab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ahli Kitab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D2%BB%D0%BB_%D3%99%D0%BB-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Әһл әл-Китаб – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әһл әл-Китаб" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehl%C3%AA_Pirt%C3%BBk%C3%AA" title="Ehlê Pirtûkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ehlê Pirtûkê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Ахль аль-Китаб – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ахль аль-Китаб" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_k%C3%B6nyv_n%C3%A9pei" title="A könyv népei – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A könyv népei" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olon%27_ny_Boky" title="Olon' ny Boky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olon' ny Boky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اهل الكتاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اهل الكتاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_Kitab" title="Ahli Kitab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ahli Kitab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensen_van_het_Boek" title="Mensen van het Boek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mensen van het Boek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%93%E5%85%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%91" title="啓典の民 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="啓典の民" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokens_folk" title="Bokens folk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bokens folk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftfolket" title="Skriftfolket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skriftfolket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gents_del_Libre" title="Gents del Libre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gents del Libre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl_ul-kitob" title="Ahl ul-kitob – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ahl ul-kitob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lud_Ksi%C4%99gi" title="Lud Księgi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lud Księgi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povos_do_Livro" title="Povos do Livro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Povos do Livro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Люди Писания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Люди Писания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehli_Kitabi" title="Ehli Kitabi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ehli Kitabi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="People of the Book" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%84_%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اھل ڪتاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اھل ڪتاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خاوەن پەرتووکەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خاوەن پەرتووکەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Народи Књиге – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Народи Књиге" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodi_knjige" title="Narodi knjige – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Narodi knjige" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjan_kansat" title="Kirjan kansat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjan kansat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokens_folk" title="Bokens folk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bokens folk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Аҳли Китоб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аҳли Китоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehl-i_kitap" title="Ehl-i kitap – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ehl-i kitap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Islamic term originally used to refer to Jews and Christians</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the novel by Geraldine Brooks, see <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book_(novel)" title="People of the Book (novel)">People of the Book (novel)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>People of the Book </b></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar">‏<span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:أهل الكتاب">أهل الكتاب</a></span>‎</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahl al-kitāb</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"People of the Book"</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 1px solid #060; border-collapse:collapse; padding: 10px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:rgb(220, 245, 220); text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:rgb(220, 245, 220); text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size: 120%;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Iman</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:auto;"> <div style="width:75%; background:#65D75D; margin:auto; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; font-size:96%;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <div style="width:75%; background:#B0FFA6; margin:auto; font-size:96%;"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Iman</a> <div style="width:75%; background:#A8FFDD; margin:auto; font-size:96%;"><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></div> </div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:rgb(220, 245, 220); padding-left:0.5em; border-top:1px solid #686; font-weight:bold; font-size:110%;"> Individuals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 5px 10px; text-align:left; font-size: 95%; "> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mumin" title="Mumin">Mumin</a></b> – <i>Believer</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a></b> – <i>Submitter (to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>)</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></b> – <i><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a> who dies in the cause of Islam</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fasiq" title="Fasiq">Fasiq</a></b> – <i>Open <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">sinner</a>, corrupt</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fajir" title="Fajir">Fajir</a></b> – <i>Sinner (by action)</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></b> – <i>Disbeliever</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munafiq</a></b> – <i><a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrite</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:rgb(220, 245, 220); padding-left:0.5em; border-top:1px solid #686; font-weight:bold; font-size:110%;"> Groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 5px 10px; text-align:left; font-size: 95%; "> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahl al-Kitab</a></b> – <i>People of the Book</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Fatrah" title="Ahl al-Fatrah">Ahl al-Fatrah</a></b> – <i>People of the Interval</i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:rgb(220, 245, 220); padding-left:0.5em; border-top:1px solid #686; font-weight:bold; font-size:110%;"> Terms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 5px 10px; text-align:left; font-size: 95%; "> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Din_(Arabic)" title="Din (Arabic)">Din</a></b> – <i>Religion</i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding: 0 0.2em; font-size: 95%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_and_iman" title="Template:Islam and iman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_and_iman" title="Template talk:Islam and iman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_and_iman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam and iman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>People of the Book</b>, or <b>Ahl al-Kitāb</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أهل الكتاب</span>), is a classification in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> for the adherents of those religions that are regarded by <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> as having received a divine revelation from <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a>, generally in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">holy scripture</a>. The classification chiefly refers to pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, they are identified as the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a>, and—according to some interpretations—the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 8th century, this recognition was extended to other groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> (who are closely related to the Jews),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, controversially, <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and Islam">Buddhists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhs</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most applications, "People of the Book" is simply used by Muslims to refer to the followers of <a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a>, with which Islam shares many values, guidelines, and principles. </p><p>Historically, in countries and regions following <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>, the religious communities that were recognized by Muslims as People of the Book were subject to a legal status known as <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi"><i>dhimmi</i></a>, meaning that they had the option to pay a special head tax called <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i> in exchange for being granted the privilege to practice their faith and govern their community according to the rules and norms of their own religion.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Jizya</i> was levied on all mentally and physically capable adult males from these recognized non-Muslim communities. Practitioners of non-recognized religions were not always granted this privilege, although many later <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic states</a>, particularly those in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_period_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, amended their laws to extend the application of <i>dhimmi</i> status beyond the originally designated Jewish and Christian communities. </p><p>In the Quran, the term is used in a variety of contexts, from religious polemics to passages emphasizing the community of faith among those who possess scriptures espousing <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> or any other form of belief.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The designation of People of the Book is also relevant to <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Islamic marriages</a>: a Muslim man is only permitted to marry a non-Muslim woman if she is Jewish or Christian, and he must additionally ensure that any children produced with his Jewish or Christian wife/<a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">wives</a> are raised in the Muslim faith. Muslim women are not permitted to marry non-Muslim men, even if they are Jewish or Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of a Muslim–Christian marriage, which is to be contracted only after permission from the Christian party, the <a href="/wiki/Ashtiname_of_Muhammad" title="Ashtiname of Muhammad"><i>Ashtiname</i> of Muhammad</a> dictates that the Muslim husband is not allowed to prevent his Christian wife from <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">attending church for prayer and worship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimaniAshton2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, the term has been reappropriated by Jews and by certain <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> as a means of self-identification vis-à-vis Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Quran">In the Quran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In the Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaning_of_the_term">Meaning of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Meaning of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When used in conjunction with a person, the term <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahl</i></span> identifies the members of that person's household, including their fellow tribesmen, relatives and all those who share a family background with them. However, it may also be used with place names to refer to people living in a certain locality (e.g., <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahl al-Madīna</i></span> in Quran 9:101, 'the people of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>'), or with more abstract nouns, as in <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahl madhhab</i></span>, 'the people of a certain <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a></i></span> or school of thought'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">kitāb</i></span>, meaning 'writing' or 'book', occurs very often in the Quran, generally in the sense of a divine rather than a human activity, which consists in writing down and recording everything that is created. More than just referring to a 'book', it conveys meanings of divine knowledge, divine authority, and divine revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ahl al-kitāb</i></span>, then, refers to those who have been given access to such knowledge and revelation:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are the people to whom God has 'sent down' (see <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tanzil" title="Tanzil">tanzīl</a></i></span>) his wisdom by means of a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet</a>, as an act of <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the revelations given to the People of the Book, taking the form of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Tawrāt</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Zabūr</i></span>), and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Injīl</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-EI_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were all partial, and it is precisely by already being familiar with the books (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">kutub</i></span>) previously sent down that the People of the Book were expected to be able to recognize Muhammad as a prophet, and the Quran as the final and most complete revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity">Identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several verses in the Quran are commonly understood as identifying the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a> as People of the Book. Thus for example <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27idah" title="Al-Ma'idah"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sūrat al-Māʾida</i></span></a> 5:68–69, which mentions these groups along with the Muslims ("the believers") as being safe from fear and grief:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[68] Say, ˹O Prophet,˺ “O People of the Book! You have nothing to stand on unless you observe the Torah, the Gospel, and what has been revealed to you from your Lord.” And your Lord’s revelation to you ˹O Prophet˺ will only cause many of them to increase in wickedness and disbelief. So do not grieve for the people who disbelieve. [69] Indeed, the believers, Jews, Sabians and Christians—whoever ˹truly˺ believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good, there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sūrat al-Baqara</i></span></a> 2:62 is similar to this,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is also a verse (<a href="/wiki/Al-Hajj" title="Al-Hajj"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sūrat al-Ḥajj</i></span></a> 22:17) which lists the same groups in another context, that of how God will judge them on the <a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Day of Resurrection</a>, but now adding two more groups to the list:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed, the believers, Jews, Sabians, Christians, Magi, and the polytheists—Allah will judge between them ˹all˺ on Judgment Day. Surely Allah is a Witness over all things.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The last named group, "the polytheists" (the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">mushrikūn</a></i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">those who associate</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), are the opposite of the first named, "the believers" (the Muslims). What is less clear, however, is the status of the groups mentioned in between, who now also include the "Magi" (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-majūs</i></span>), that is to say, the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a> (who are named only once in the Quran, in this verse). This was a matter of dispute among medieval Muslim scholars, who questioned whether the Zoroastrians had a clear prophet and scripture, as well as whether their doctrines on the nature of God and creation were in accordance with those of Islam and the other religions recognized as having received a revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately though, most Islamic jurists granted the Zoroastrians partial status as a People of the Book,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while still disagreeing on the extent to which legal privileges such as intermarriage with Muslims should be allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Quran emphasizes the community of faith between possessors of monotheistic scriptures, and occasionally pays tribute to the religious and moral virtues of communities that have received earlier revelations, calling on Muhammad to ask them for information.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More often, reflecting the refusal of Jews and Christians in Muhammad's environment to accept his message, the Quran stresses their inability to comprehend the message they possess but do not put into practice and to appreciate that Muhammad's teaching fulfills that message.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The People of the Book are mentioned several times in the 98th chapter of the Quran, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayyina" title="Al-Bayyina">Sūrat al-Bayyina</a></i></span> ('The Clear Proof'): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[1] The disbelievers from the People of the Book and the polytheists were not going to desist from disbelief until the clear proof came to them: [2] a messenger from Allah, reciting scrolls of utmost purity, [3] containing upright commandments. [4] It was not until this clear proof came to the People of the Book that they became divided about his prophethood— [5] even though they were only commanded to worship Allah alone with sincere devotion to Him in all uprightness, establish prayer, and pay alms-tax. That is the upright Way. [6] Indeed, those who disbelieve from the People of the Book and the polytheists will be in the Fire of Hell, to stay there forever. They are the worst of all beings. [7] Indeed, those who believe and do good—they are the best of all beings. [8] Their reward with their Lord will be Gardens of Eternity, under which rivers flow, to stay there for ever and ever. Allah is pleased with them and they are pleased with Him. This is only for those in awe of their Lord.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Haddad" title="Yvonne Haddad">Yvonne Haddad</a>, this short chapter condemns all those who reject the 'clear proof' (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">bayyina</i></span>) of the Prophet to the eternal fire of hell, whether they are People of the Book or disbelievers (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kuff%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuffār">kuffār</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The People of the Book are also referenced in the <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i> verse (<a href="/wiki/Q9:29" class="mw-redirect" title="Q9:29">Q9:29</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-EI_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has received <a href="/wiki/Jizya#In_the_Qur'an" title="Jizya">varied interpretations</a>. </p><p>The Quran permits marriage between Muslim men and women who are People of the Book (Jews and Christians).<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad's_era_(610–632)"><span id="Muhammad.27s_era_.28610.E2.80.93632.29"></span>Muhammad's era (610–632)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Muhammad's era (610–632)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg/300px-Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg/450px-Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg/600px-Icon_Iakovos_Moskos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ashtiname_of_Muhammad" title="Ashtiname of Muhammad">Ashtiname of Muhammad</a>, a treaty between Muslims and Christians, was purportedly recorded between Muhammad and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, which is depicted in this icon.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ashtiname_of_Muhammad" title="Ashtiname of Muhammad">Ashtiname of Muhammad</a>, a treaty purportedly made between the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, stated that if a Muslim man wished to marry a Christian woman, marriage could only occur with her consent and she must be permitted to continue <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">attending church</a> to pray and worship.<sup id="cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimaniAshton2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ashtiname states that Christians cannot be forced to fight in wars and that Muslims should fight on their behalf; it also states that Christian churches are to be respected and forbids stealing from them.<sup id="cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimaniAshton2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ashtiname forbids Muslims to remove Christians from their jobs, including those who serve as judges or monks.<sup id="cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimaniAshton2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims are bound until the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a> to adhere to the treaty or "he would spoil God's covenant and disobey His Prophet."<sup id="cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimaniAshton2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy of the Ottoman Sultans abided by the Ashtiname.<sup id="cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimaniAshton2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rashidun_Caliphate_(634–661)"><span id="Rashidun_Caliphate_.28634.E2.80.93661.29"></span>Rashidun Caliphate (634–661)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rashidun Caliphate (634–661)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the second caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>'s reign (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 634–642</span>), the <a href="/wiki/Christian_community_of_Najran" title="Christian community of Najran">Christian community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Khaybar" title="History of the Jews in Khaybar">Jewish community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khaybar" title="Khaybar">Khaybar</a> were deported to the newly conquered regions of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199774_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199774-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umar set aside the Christian ban on the Jews and allowed them to pray and reside in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubnov1980326_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubnov1980326-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Umar signed a <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Umar" title="Pact of Umar">pact</a> with the Christians of Jerusalem, which granted them safety in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeri2005205_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2005205-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also awarded the status of the People of the Book to the Zoroastrians, although some practices contrary to Islam were prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200528_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200528-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 640</span>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> (one of the religious groups who historically claimed to be the <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a> mentioned in the Quran), <a href="/wiki/Anush_bar_Danqa" title="Anush bar Danqa">Anush bar Danqa</a>, is said to have traveled to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in order to appear before the Muslim authorities, showing them a copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></i> (the Mandaean holy book), and proclaiming the chief Mandaean prophet to be <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> (known to <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> as <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist_in_Islam" title="John the Baptist in Islam">Yahya ibn Zakariyya</a>). Consequently, the Muslim authorities afforded them the status of People of the Book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley20025_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley20025-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this account is likely apocryphal, and if it took place at all, it must have occurred after the founding of Baghdad in 762.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest source to unambiguously apply the term 'Sabian' to the Mandaeans was <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4asan_bar_Bahlul" title="Ḥasan bar Bahlul">al-Hasan ibn Bahlul</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 950–1000</span>) citing the Abbasid vizier <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muqla" title="Ibn Muqla">Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 885</span>–940).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not clear whether the Mandaeans of this period already identified themselves as Sabians or whether the claim originated with Ibn Muqla.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Islamic_usage">Later Islamic usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later Islamic usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/People_of_the_Book" title="Special:EditPage/People of the Book">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22People+of+the+Book%22">"People of the Book"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22People+of+the+Book%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22People+of+the+Book%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22People+of+the+Book%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22People+of+the+Book%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22People+of+the+Book%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> general <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Qasim">Muhammad ibn Qasim</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 694</span>–715) conquered <a href="/wiki/Brahmanabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanabad">Brahmanabad</a>, he is said to have granted <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jains">Jains</a> the status of People of the Book.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Kimball mentions that Muhammad ibn Qasim drew upon a Hanafi interpretation of Islamic law, but Abu Hanifa was still a young man when Muhammad ibn Qasim died. (June 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Islamic scholars differ on whether <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> are People of the Book.<sup id="cite_ref-hinduism_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinduism-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of India">Islamic conquest of India</a> necessitated the definition be revised, as most India's inhabitants were followers of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>. Many of the Muslim clergy of India considered Hindus as people of the book,<sup id="cite_ref-hinduism_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinduism-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from Muhammad bin Qasim in the Umayyad era to the Mughal ruler <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in the 17th century, Muslim rulers were willing to consider Hindus as People of the Book.<sup id="cite_ref-hinduism2_127_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinduism2_127-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dhimmi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></div> <p><i>Dhimmi</i> is a historical<sup id="cite_ref-Campo_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> term referring to the status accorded to People of the Book living in an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campo_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word literally means "protected person."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholars, dhimmis had their rights fully protected in their communities, but as citizens in the Islamic state, had certain restrictions,<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was obligatory for them to pay the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> tax, which complemented the <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, or alms, paid by the Muslim subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dhimmis were excluded from specific duties assigned to Muslims, and did not enjoy certain political rights reserved for Muslims, but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract, and obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>, the dhimmi communities were usually subjected to their own special laws, rather than some of the laws which were applicable only to the Muslim community. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> community in Medina was allowed to have its own <a href="/wiki/Beit_din" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit din">Halakhic courts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet system</a> allowed its various dhimmi communities to rule themselves under separate legal courts. These courts did not cover cases that involved religious groups outside of their own community, or capital offences. Dhimmi communities were also allowed to engage in certain practices that were usually forbidden for the Muslim community, such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">consumption of alcohol and pork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhaziKalinKamali2013240–1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhaziKalinKamali2013240–1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, dhimmi status was originally applied to <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a>. This status later also came to be applied to <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bonner_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bonner-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moderate Muslims generally reject the dhimma system as inappropriate for the age of nation-states and democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-El_Fadl_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_Fadl-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_by_Jews_and_Christians">Usage by Jews and Christians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Usage by Jews and Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the term "People of the Book" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: עם הספר, <i>Am HaSefer</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been <a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">reappropriated</a> as a term to designate the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a>, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> or to the entire <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of some <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> have also embraced the term "People of the Book" in reference to themselves, foremost among them the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="These sources are not written by an independent observer. (June 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This source is not written by an independent observer. (June 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayyina" title="Al-Bayyina">Al-Bayyina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_world_in_Islam" title="Divisions of the world in Islam">Divisions of the world in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Judaism">Islam and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Umar" title="Pact of Umar">Pact of Umar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharon2004">Sharon 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMadigan2001">Madigan 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the Sabians, see <a href="#CITEREFDe_Blois2004">De Blois 2004</a>. On the Zoroastrians, see <a href="#CITEREFDarrow2003">Darrow 2003</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNasrDagliDakakeLumbard2015">Nasr et al. 2015</a>, p. 834 (verse 22:17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsposito2003">Esposito 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimball2019">Kimball 2019</a>, p. 195. On Hindus, see also <a href="#CITEREFNasr1972">Nasr 1972</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsposito2003">Esposito 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVajda1960–2007">Vajda 1960–2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRahman1980" class="citation web cs1">Rahman, Fazlur (July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhtyar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Fazlur-Rahman-Modernization-of-Muslim-family-law.pdf">"A Survey of Modernization of Muslim Family Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ikhtyar.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ikhtyar.org&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Modernization+of+Muslim+Family+Law&rft.date=1980-07&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Fazlur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhtyar.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F06%2FFazlur-Rahman-Modernization-of-Muslim-family-law.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2013_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2013_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2013" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Akbar S. (11 January 2013). <i>Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise</i>. Routledge. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92417-2"><bdi>978-1-134-92417-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Quran speaks favourably of the people of the Book. For example, Surah 3, verse 199, carries a universal message of goodwill and hope to all those who believe, the people of the Book irrespective of their religious label—Christian, Jew or Muslim. Muslims can marry with the people of the Book,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodernism+and+Islam%3A+Predicament+and+Promise&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92417-2&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimaniAshton2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TimaniAshton2019_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimaniAshton2019" class="citation book cs1">Timani, Hussam S.; Ashton, Loye Sekihata (29 November 2019). <i>Post-Christian Interreligious Liberation Theology</i>. Springer Nature. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-27308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-27308-8"><bdi>978-3-030-27308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Christian+Interreligious+Liberation+Theology&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft.isbn=978-3-030-27308-8&rft.aulast=Timani&rft.aufirst=Hussam+S.&rft.au=Ashton%2C+Loye+Sekihata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffrey1996">Jeffrey 1996</a>, pp. xi–xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharon2004">Sharon 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadigan2001">Madigan 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadigan2001">Madigan 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharon2004">Sharon 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadigan2001">Madigan 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Blois2004">De Blois 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=68">5:68–69</a> (tr. <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Khattab" title="Mustafa Khattab">Mustafa Khattab</a>, <i>The Clear Quran</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Blois2004">De Blois 2004</a>. It reads: "Indeed, the believers, Jews, Christians, and Sabians —whoever ˹truly˺ believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good will have their reward with their Lord. And there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve."<a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">Surah Al-Baqara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=62">2:62</a> (tr. <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Khattab" title="Mustafa Khattab">Mustafa Khattab</a>, <i>The Clear Quran</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarrow2003">Darrow 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajj" title="Al-Hajj">Surah Al-Hajj</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/22?startingVerse=17">22:17</a> (tr. <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Khattab" title="Mustafa Khattab">Mustafa Khattab</a>, <i>The Clear Quran</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarrow2003">Darrow 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarrow2003">Darrow 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDagliDakakeLumbard2015">Nasr et al. 2015</a>, p. 834 (verse 22:17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayyina" title="Al-Bayyina">Surah Al-Bayyina</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/98?startingVerse=1">98:1–8</a> (tr. <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Khattab" title="Mustafa Khattab">Mustafa Khattab</a>, <i>The Clear Quran</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddad1977" class="citation journal cs1">Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/598634">"An Exegesis of Sura Ninety-Eight"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>97</b> (4): 519–530. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F598634">10.2307/598634</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/598634">598634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=An+Exegesis+of+Sura+Ninety-Eight&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=519-530&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F598634&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F598634%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haddad&rft.aufirst=Yvonne+Yazbeck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F598634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199774-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199774_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDubnov1980326-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDubnov1980326_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDubnov1980">Dubnov 1980</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeri2005205-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeri2005205_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeri2005">Meri 2005</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon200528-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon200528_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2005">Gordon 2005</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley20025-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley20025_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2002">Buckley 2002</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2017">Van Bladel 2017</a>, p. 14, cf. pp. 7–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2017">Van Bladel 2017</a>, p. 47; on the identification of al-Hasan ibn Bahlul's source (named merely "Abu Ali") as Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla, see p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Bladel2017">Van Bladel 2017</a>, p. 54. On Ibn Muqla's possible motivations for applying the Quranic epithet to the Mandaeans rather than to the <a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harranian</a> pagans (who were more commonly identified as 'Sabians' in the Baghdad of his time), see p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimball2019">Kimball 2019</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hinduism-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hinduism_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hinduism_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr1972">Nasr 1972</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hinduism2_127-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hinduism2_127_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesika_Char1997" class="citation book cs1">Desika Char, S. V. (1997). <i>Hinduism and Islam in India: Caste, Religion, and Society from Antiquity to Early Modern Times</i>. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-151-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-151-3"><bdi>978-1-55876-151-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Islam+in+India%3A+Caste%2C+Religion%2C+and+Society+from+Antiquity+to+Early+Modern+Times&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-151-3&rft.aulast=Desika+Char&rft.aufirst=S.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campo-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campo_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Eduardo_Campo2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Juan Eduardo Campo, ed. (12 May 2010). "dhimmi". <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 194–195. <q>Dhimmis are non-Muslims who live within Islamdom and have a regulated and protected status. ... In the modern period, this term has generally has occasionally been resuscitated, but it is generally obsolete.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=dhimmi&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=194-195&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010-05-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dhimmi">"Definition of DHIMMI"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075744/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dhimmi">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+DHIMMI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdhimmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinton_Bennett2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bennett" title="Clinton Bennett">Clinton Bennett</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D0vYYovH7OQC"><i>Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826454812" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826454812"><bdi>978-0826454812</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Modernity%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Issues+and+Debates&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0826454812&rft.au=Clinton+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD0vYYovH7OQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._Patrick_Glenn" title="H. Patrick Glenn">Glenn, H. Patrick</a> (2007). <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 218–219. <q>A Dhimmi is a non-Muslim subject of a state governed in accordance to sharia law. The term connotes an obligation of the state to protect the individual, including the individual's life, property, and freedom of religion and worship, and required loyalty to the empire, and a poll tax known as the jizya, which complemented the Islamic tax paid by the Muslim subjects, called Zakat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Traditions+of+the+World&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=H.+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Patrick Glenn, <i>Legal Traditions of the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2007, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The French scholar Gustave Le Bon (the author of <i>La civilisation des Arabes</i>) writes "that despite the fact that the incidence of taxation fell more heavily on a Muslim than a non-Muslim, the non-Muslim was free to enjoy equally well with every Muslim all the privileges afforded to the citizens of the state. The only privilege that was reserved for the Muslims was the seat of the caliphate, and this, because of certain religious functions attached to it, which could not naturally be discharged y a non-Muslim." Mun'im Sirry (2014), <i>Scriptural Polemics: The Qur'an and Other Religions</i>, p.179. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199359363" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199359363">978-0199359363</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Abou El Fadl, Khaled</a> (2007). <i>The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperOne" title="HarperOne">HarperOne</a>. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061189036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061189036"><bdi>978-0061189036</bdi></a>. <q>According to the dhimma status system, non-Muslims must pay a poll tax in return for Muslim protection and the privilege of living in Muslim territory. Per this system, non-Muslims are exempt from military service, but they are excluded from occupying high positions that involve dealing with high state interests, like being the president or prime minister of the country. In Islamic history, non-Muslims did occupy high positions, especially in matters that related to fiscal policies or tax collection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Theft%3A+Wrestling+Islam+from+the+Extremists&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0061189036&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Mark_R.1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Cohen" title="Mark R. Cohen">Cohen, Mark R.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgbib5exskUC&q=cohen+Under+Crescent+and+Cross"><i>Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01082-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01082-3"><bdi>978-0-691-01082-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Crescent+and+Cross%3A+The+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01082-3&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Mark+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfgbib5exskUC%26q%3Dcohen%2BUnder%2BCrescent%2Band%2BCross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Misri, <i>Reliance of the Traveler</i> (edited and translated by <a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller" title="Nuh Ha Mim Keller">Nuh Ha Mim Keller</a>), p. 608. Amana Publications, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Misri, <i>Reliance of the Traveler</i> (ed. and trans. Nuh Ha Mim Keller), pp. 977, 986. Amana Publications, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhaziKalinKamali2013240–1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhaziKalinKamali2013240–1_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGhaziKalinKamali2013">Ghazi, Kalin & Kamali 2013</a>, pp. 240–1.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGhaziKalinKamali2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWael_B._Hallaq2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wael_Hallaq" title="Wael Hallaq">Wael B. Hallaq</a> (2009). <i>Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations</i>. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). p. 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shar%C4%AB%27a%3A+Theory%2C+Practice%2C+Transformations&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Wael+B.+Hallaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnemarie_Schimmel2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107"><i>The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861891853" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861891853"><bdi>978-1861891853</bdi></a>. <q>The conqueror <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Qasim">Muhammad Ibn Al Qasem</a> gave both Hindus and Buddhists the same status as the Christians, Jews and Sabaeans the Middle East. They were all "dhimmi" ('protected people')</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Great+Mughals%3A+History%2C+Art+and+Culture&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1861891853&rft.au=Annemarie+Schimmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofgreatmug00anne%2Fpage%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bonner-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bonner_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Bonner2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael Bonner (2008). <i>Jihad in Islamic History</i>. Princeton University Press (Kindle edition). p. 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Islamic+History&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Michael+Bonner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-El_Fadl-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-El_Fadl_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[…] the overwhelming majority of moderate Muslims reject the dhimma system as ahistorical, in the sense that it is inappropriate for the age of nation-states and democracies." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbou_El_Fadl2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Abou El Fadl, Khaled</a> (23 January 2007). <i>The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists</i>. HarperOne. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061189036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061189036"><bdi>978-0061189036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Theft%3A+Wrestling+Islam+from+the+Extremists&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft.isbn=978-0061189036&rft.aulast=Abou+El+Fadl&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerry_M._Olitzky,_Ronald_H._Isaacs1992" class="citation book cs1">Kerry M. Olitzky, Ronald H. Isaacs (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GCy77T7kpnkC&pg=PA217"><i>A Glossary of Jewish Life</i></a>. Jason Aronson. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780876685471" title="Special:BookSources/9780876685471"><bdi>9780876685471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Jewish+Life&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780876685471&rft.au=Kerry+M.+Olitzky%2C+Ronald+H.+Isaacs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGCy77T7kpnkC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffrey1996">Jeffrey 1996</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeffrey1996">Jeffrey 1996</a>, pp. xiii–xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsson2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnsson, William G. (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714163613/http://archives.adventistworld.org/issue.php?issue=2010-1002&page=11">"Adventists and Muslims: Five Convictions – How to build on what we have in common"</a>. <i>Adventist World Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.adventistworld.org/issue.php?issue=2010-1002&page=11">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adventist+World+Magazine&rft.atitle=Adventists+and+Muslims%3A+Five+Convictions+%E2%80%93+How+to+build+on+what+we+have+in+common&rft.date=2010-02&rft.aulast=Johnsson&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.adventistworld.org%2Fissue.php%3Fissue%3D2010-1002%26page%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628145450/http://pobpublications.com/about">"Who we are"</a>. <i>PoBPublications.com</i>. People of the Book Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pobpublications.com/about">the original</a> on 28 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PoBPublications.com&rft.atitle=Who+we+are&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpobpublications.com%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Andrea_C._Paterson2009" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Andrea C. Paterson (21 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tuuys4HxSzcC&pg=PA78"><i>Three Monotheistic Faiths – Judaism, Christianity, Islam: An Analysis And Brief History</i></a>. AuthorHouse. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452030494" title="Special:BookSources/9781452030494"><bdi>9781452030494</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Monotheistic+Faiths+%E2%80%93+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+Islam%3A+An+Analysis+And+Brief+History&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft.isbn=9781452030494&rft.au=Dr.+Andrea+C.+Paterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtuuys4HxSzcC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <i>The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195153859" title="Special:BookSources/9780195153859"><bdi>9780195153859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780195153859&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarrow2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Darrow, William R. (2003). "Magians". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00269">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magians&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00269&rft.aulast=Darrow&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Blois2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">De Blois, François (2004). "Sabians". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00362">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sabians&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00362&rft.aulast=De+Blois&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubnov1980" class="citation book cs1">Dubnov, Simon (1980). <i>Associated University Press</i>. Associated University Presse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780845366592" title="Special:BookSources/9780845366592"><bdi>9780845366592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Associated+University+Press&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presse&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780845366592&rft.aulast=Dubnov&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&pg=PA10">"Ahl al-Kitab"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195125580" title="Special:BookSources/9780195125580"><bdi>9780195125580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+al-Kitab&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780195125580&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE324pQEEQQcC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Matthew (2005). <i>The Rise of Islam</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313325229" title="Special:BookSources/9780313325229"><bdi>9780313325229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780313325229&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lyle_Jeffrey" title="David Lyle Jeffrey">Jeffrey, David Lyle</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G2YlLrQUgzsC&pg=PR11"><i>People of the Book: Christian Identity and Literary Culture</i></a>. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802841773" title="Special:BookSources/9780802841773"><bdi>9780802841773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+the+Book%3A+Christian+Identity+and+Literary+Culture&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780802841773&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=David+Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG2YlLrQUgzsC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kimball, Richard (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/ijac/2/2/article-p189_189.xml">"The People of the Book, <i>ahl al-kitāb</i>: A Modern Comparative Theological Exploration"</a>. <i>International Journal of Asian Christianity</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 189–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F25424246-00202004">10.1163/25424246-00202004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2542-4246">2542-4246</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171806689">171806689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Asian+Christianity&rft.atitle=The+People+of+the+Book%2C+ahl+al-kit%C4%81b%3A+A+Modern+Comparative+Theological+Exploration&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-210&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171806689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2542-4246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F25424246-00202004&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fijac%2F2%2F2%2Farticle-p189_189.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a> (1997). <i>The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64696-0"><bdi>0-521-64696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Succession+to+Muhammad%3A+A+Study+of+the+Early+Caliphate&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-64696-0&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadigan2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Madigan, Daniel (2001). "Book". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00027">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00027&rft.aulast=Madigan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2005" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W. (2005). <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415966900" title="Special:BookSources/9780415966900"><bdi>9780415966900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780415966900&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJ67xFBN2lQC&pg=PA139"><i>Sufi Essays</i></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-233-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-233-0"><bdi>978-0-87395-233-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufi+Essays&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-87395-233-0&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJ67xFBN2lQC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrDagliDakakeLumbard2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a>; <a href="/wiki/Caner_Dagli" title="Caner Dagli">Dagli, Caner K.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maria_Massi_Dakake" title="Maria Massi Dakake">Dakake, Maria Massi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._B._Lumbard" title="Joseph E. B. Lumbard">Lumbard, Joseph E. B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Rustom" title="Mohammed Rustom">Rustom, Mohammed</a>, eds. (2015). <i>The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary</i>. New York: HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-112586-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-112586-7"><bdi>978-0-06-112586-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+Quran%3A+A+New+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-112586-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Sharon, Moshe</a> (2004). "People of the Book". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00319">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=People+of+the+Book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00319&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVajda1960–2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vajda" title="Georges Vajda">Vajda, Georges</a> (1960–2007). "Ahl al-Kitāb". In <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W.P.</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0383">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+al-Kit%C4%81b&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.date=1960%2F2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0383&rft.aulast=Vajda&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Bladel2017" class="citation book cs1">Van Bladel, Kevin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/34389"><i>From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004339460">10.1163/9789004339460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33943-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33943-9"><bdi>978-90-04-33943-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sasanian+Mandaeans+to+%E1%B9%A2%C4%81bians+of+the+Marshes&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004339460&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33943-9&rft.aulast=Van+Bladel&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F34389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+of+the+Book" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boekhoff-van der Voort, Nicolet, "Ahl al-Kitab (People of the Book)", in <i>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God</i> (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol I, pp. 9–11.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_of_the_Book&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/People_of_the_Book" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/People of the Book">People of the Book</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/guide/hs-books.html">The Books of the People of the Book</a> at the US Library of Congress, Hebraic Collections</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. 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