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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.biography.com/scientists/a44402742/albert-einstein-role-in-the-atomic-bomb"/><meta name="X-UA-Compatible" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrom=1"/><meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no"/><title>Albert Einstein Regretted His Role in the Atomic Bomb’s Creation</title><meta name="title" content="Albert Einstein Regretted His Role in the Atomic Bomb’s Creation"/><meta name="description" content="Prior to his death, Einstein shared his regret over his role in the development of the atomic bomb. He encouraged Franklin D. 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But shortly before to his death in 1955, Einstein reflected on his life and identified his single greatest regret: his role in the development of the atomic bomb.Although acquainted with physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, Einstein never worked on the Manhattan Project that led to the development of nuclear weapons, nor was he aware of plans to drop the bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. But Einstein and his colleague Leo Szilard played a crucial role in encouraging President Franklin D. Roosevelt to pursue the bomb in the first place.A Startling Visit from a FriendIt all started with a visit by Szilard, a Hungarian-German physicist who previously studied with Einstein in the 1920s. Their research led to the creation of a refrigerator pump that required no moving parts, resulting in what is most commonly called the Einstein refrigerator, according to Genius in the Shadows, a Szilard biography by William Lanouette.After their collaboration, Szilard conceived the idea of a nuclear “chain reaction” while working in London in 1933. The next year, he convinced the British government to make his chain reaction patent a military secret, according to Lanouette, successfully forestalling a nuclear arms race with Adolf Hitler, who by then was the Chancellor of Germany.However, after scientists in Germany experimentally split the uranium atom in 1938, Szilard became deeply concerned about idea of Hitler obtaining an atomic bomb first and began raising alarm bells among his personal connections. In Lanouette’s words, he “worked frantically to start the very arms race he had feared.”In 1939, Szilard visited his old friend Einstein, stunning the fellow physicist by describing the nuclear chain reaction concept. “I haven’t thought of that at all,” Einstein admitted, according to Lanouette. Einstein immediately agreed to warn his friends in the Belgian Royal Family that Nazi Germany might have eyes on the Belgian Congo, which contained the world’s largest uranium supply.But after that initial meeting, Szilard became convinced that U.S. officials should be warned about Germany’s intentions as well. Szilard and Einstein met for a second time three weeks later, discussing how to get word to President Roosevelt and starting work on one of the most impactful and historic letters in the 20th century.The Einstein-Szilard LetterThrough friends, Szilard met with Alexander Sachs, a Wall Street banker with access to the White House. Sachs said he had already spoken with Roosevelt about uranium but that the government decided not to pursue uranium research because Columbia University physicists had told them the prospects of an atomic bomb were minimal, according to The New World 1939/1946: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission.Sachs felt Roosevelt might be persuaded by someone of Einstein’s reputation, according to the book. Einstein—who was also encouraged by Hungarian physicists, including refugees Eugene Wigner and Edward Teller—sent a letter dated August 2, 1939, urging Roosevelt about the possibility that Nazi Germany could develop an atomic bomb.“In the course of the last four months it has been made probable… that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new radium-like elements would be generated,” the letter read. “Now it appears almost certain that this could be achieved in the immediate future.”Warning that this phenomenon could also lead to the construction of particularly devastating bombs, Einstein encouraged Roosevelt to consider a similar program in the United States and urged him to make contact with physicists working on chain reactions in the United States, according to the letter.Preoccupied with events in Europe, Roosevelt didn’t respond for nearly two months, making the physicists fear he wasn’t taking the threat of nuclear warfare seriously, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. On the contrary, however, Roosevelt felt Hitler achieving unilateral possession of such powerful bombs would pose a grave risk to the nation.The Letter Spurs ActionRoosevelt wrote back to Einstein on October 19, 1939, informing him about the establishment of a committee of civilian and military representatives to study uranium, according to the Energy Department. Although this was only the first of many such steps and decisions along the way, this committee was ultimately the catalyst for the Manhattan Project.In 1940, Einstein sent Roosevelt two more letters on March 7 and April 25, recommending additional work on nuclear research, according to An Einstein Encyclopedia by Alice Calaprice and others. He wrote again on March 25, 1945, expressing his growing fears about the possible misuse of uranium, but it wasn’t delivered before Roosevelt’s death a little more than two weeks later.The more famous 1939 letter, however, came to be known as the Einstein-Szilard letter and is widely considered to be the key stimulus for the United States developing the atomic bomb, according to Lanouette.Einstein never worked on the Manhattan Project and had no prior knowledge of plans to use the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. A pacifist who despised war, Einstein came to deeply regret his role in the development of the bomb, later saying: “Had I known that the Germans would not succeed in developing an atomic bomb, I would have done nothing.”Einstein harbored these regrets for this rest of his life. In 1954, one year before his death, Einstein discussed the matter in a letter to his friend, chemist Linus Pauling. Although he cited the fear of Germany developing a bomb as a partial justification, he nevertheless described his letter to Roosevelt as the “one great mistake in my life.”Einstein Appears in the 2023 Oppenheimer MovieOppenheimer, now available for rent or purchase on Prime Video and Apple TV+, is directed and written by Christopher Nolan. Cillian Murphy stars as J. Robert Oppenheimer, and Tom Conti portrays Albert Einstein. Other cast members include Emily Blunt, Matt Damon, Robert Downey Jr., Florence Pugh, Rami Malek, Josh Hartnett, Casey Affleck, and Kenneth Branagh. ","wordCount":1002,"articleSection":"Famous Scientists","image":[{"@type":"ImageObject","height":1200,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/physicist-albert-einstein-news-photo-1688158260.jpg?crop=0.644xw:0.912xh;0.240xw,0.0884xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/physicist-albert-einstein-news-photo-1688158260.jpg?crop=0.644xw:0.912xh;0.240xw,0.0884xh&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":900,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/physicist-albert-einstein-news-photo-1688158260.jpg?crop=0.644xw:0.912xh;0.240xw,0.0884xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/physicist-albert-einstein-news-photo-1688158260.jpg?crop=0.94134xw:1xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200},{"@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"thumbnail":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/physicist-albert-einstein-news-photo-1688158260.jpg?crop=0.644xw:0.912xh;0.240xw,0.0884xh&resize=100:*","url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/physicist-albert-einstein-news-photo-1688158260.jpg?crop=1xw:0.79674xh;center,top&resize=1200:*","width":1200}],"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.biography.com/scientists/a44402742/albert-einstein-role-in-the-atomic-bomb","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Biography","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/biography","https://www.facebook.com/Biography","https://www.instagram.com/biography/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.biography.com/_assets/design-tokens/biography/static/images/logos/logo-jsonld.736cd17.png","width":312,"height":60},"parentOrganization":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"Hearst Corporation"}},"keywords":["content-type: News Explainer","locale: US","displayType: standard article","hasProduct: true"],"url":"https://www.biography.com/scientists/a44402742/albert-einstein-role-in-the-atomic-bomb","isBasedOn":"https://www.biography.com/scientists/a44402742/albert-einstein-role-in-the-atomic-bomb","dateModified":"2024-01-08T04:43:00Z","video":{"@type":"VideoObject","contentUrl":"https://streaming.hearstdigitalstudios.com/2ef8925b-1644-4a71-b290-e0221289276f/video_rover_16x9_1080p_hd_1689878042_7941.mp4","description":"Albert Einstein played a key role in jumpstarting the US's research into nuclear weapons.","duration":"PT2M27S","embedUrl":"https://glimmer.hearstapps.com/amp.html?embedId=922f4f13-3903-4872-82a3-77a849010a59","name":"Einstein's Real Role in the Manhattan Project","thumbnailUrl":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/physicist-albert-einstein-news-photo-1688158260.jpg?crop=1xw:0.79674xh;center,top","uploadDate":"2023-07-20T19:11:47.750359Z","transcript":"- One of the first people to worry about atomic bombs as a real reality was a Hungarian scientist named Leo Szilard. He had fled the Nazis after Hitler came to power. He had come up with the idea of a nuclear chain reaction, even before nuclear fission, the splitting of atoms was discovered. And so when nuclear fission was discovered in Berlin in late 1938, Szilard immediately thought, hey, you could probably use this to make a chain reaction. And if you could make a chain reaction, you might be able to make nuclear weapons. Scientists in many countries went to their leaders and said, \"You know, \"maybe this is something we should be worried about.\" And the person who did that in the United States was Leo Szilard. Nobody knew who Leo Szilard was in 1939, but they did know his very good friend, Albert Einstein. So Szilard went to Einstein and said, \"Let's write a letter.\" And they ended up writing a letter to President Roosevelt that essentially said, \"Hey, \"there's been these new discoveries in science. \"There is a possibility of a very large weapon being made. \"Somebody should be looking at this.\" Roosevelt was given this letter, and he agreed, \"Sure.\" He created the uranium committee, a very small scale research project where the goal is to just find out, are atomic bombs gonna be a problem? Einstein was a name that they were thinking of making on the uranium committee. You can actually find versions of their early notes on this, but then they cross it out. And they decided not to bring him in on the project. And they had sort of two reasons for this. One was Einstein's politics were pretty far to the left of what was considered proper at the time, and this was enough to get him a very large FBI file by itself. The other reason is he is an older scientist at this point, and the kind of work that Einstein did is not about practical, how do you build a plant to make enriched uranium? It's not that kind of physics. Even his famous equation, E = MC squared, it doesn't really tell you how to build a bomb. It doesn't even tell you if a bomb could be built. It just tells you that an atomic bomb is not gonna violate the laws of conservation of mass and energy, which is a useful thing to know. But it's sort of like saying Newton's equations don't tell you whether or not you can go to Mars or not, but they're useful if you are happening to go on the way to Mars. So Einstein's role in the project was a lot less than I think most people think, but he did have this one interesting bit at the very beginning of writing this letter."},"description":"Prior to his death, Einstein shared his regret over his role in the development of the atomic bomb. He encouraged Franklin D. Roosevelt to make atomic weapons.","author":{"name":"Colin McEvoy","url":"https://www.biography.com/author/262609/colin-mcevoy","@type":"Person","description":"<p>Colin McEvoy joined the <em>Biography.com</em> staff in 2023, and before that had spent 16 years as a journalist, writer, and communications professional. He is the author of two true crime books: <em>Love Me or Else</em> and <em>Fatal Jealousy</em>. He is also an avid film buff, reader, and lover of great stories.</p>","jobTitle":"Senior News Editor, Biography.com","image":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/7b0fd6ec-180e-4db7-98aa-b972ecefdf97_1675802159.file","email":"colin.mcevoy@hearst.com"},"@context":"http://schema.org"}</script><style data-emotion="css-global ploijv">.embed{clear:both;}@media (min-width: 90rem){.embed:not(.align-center):not([data-embed]="body-image"){clear:none;}}</style><style data-emotion="css-global k5cj40">body{--nav-height:96px;--mobile-sticky-header-height:96px;}</style><style data-emotion="css-global y17bjk">html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;}main{display:block;}h1{font-size:2em;margin:0.67em 0;}hr{box-sizing:content-box;height:0;overflow:visible;}pre{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em;}a{background-color:transparent;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration:underline 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content="2"/></li></ol></nav><h1 class="css-1sffik3 e1f1sunr8"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span>Albert Einstein’s Role in the Atomic Bomb Was the “One Great Mistake in My Life”<span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h1><div class="css-zndjyc e1f1sunr6"><p>Einstein and his colleague Leo Szilard played a crucial role in encouraging the United States to create an atomic bomb.</p></div><div class="css-xst9cf e1f1sunr5"><address class="css-h18ss9 e1v8cotw2"><span data-theme-key="by-line-name" class="css-1anrfx5 e1v8cotw1">By <a data-theme-key="popover-trigger" title="Colin McEvoy" alt href="/author/262609/colin-mcevoy" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" class="er6ohko0 e1puv02z1 css-gejzhn e1c1bym14">Colin McEvoy</a></span><time class="css-gzal4i e1f1sunr4">Updated: Jan 07, 2024 11:43 PM EST</time></address></div><div class="no-print css-17mvcka 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e7hrar01"/></button><img alt="preview for Einstein's Real Role in the Manhattan Project" title="Video player poster image" fetchpriority="high" width="2000" height="1000" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/images/einstein-thumbnail-64b9826e1ad39.png?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/images/einstein-thumbnail-64b9826e1ad39.png?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=980:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/images/einstein-thumbnail-64b9826e1ad39.png?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=1200:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/images/einstein-thumbnail-64b9826e1ad39.png?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0&resize=1200:*" class="e7hrar03 css-g939jb e193vzwj0"/></div></div></div></div><section data-lazy-id="P0-7"><div class="css-sg34i1 e76wunf2"><p class="css-tuokxc e76wunf1"><span class="css-0 e76wunf0">We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back.</span></p></div></section><div data-journey-body="standard-article" class="article-body-content article-body standard-body-content css-4oaay7 et2g3wt6"><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="0" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">One of the most influential scientists of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, <a href="https://www.biography.com/scientists/albert-einstein" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/albert-einstein" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Albert Einstein" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Albert Einstein</a> is well-known for developing the theory of relativity, as well as his other important contributions to quantum mechanics and physics. But shortly before to his death in 1955, Einstein reflected on his life and identified his single greatest regret: his role in the development of the atomic bomb.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="1" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Although <a href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1966/03/17/on-albert-einstein/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1966/03/17/on-albert-einstein/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="acquainted" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">acquainted</a> with physicist <a href="https://www.biography.com/scientists/j-robert-oppenheimer" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/j-robert-oppenheimer" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="J. Robert Oppenheimer" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, Einstein never worked on the Manhattan Project that led to the development of nuclear weapons, nor was he aware of plans to drop the bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki. But Einstein and his colleague Leo Szilard played a crucial role in encouraging President <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/franklin-d-roosevelt" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/franklin-d-roosevelt" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Franklin D. Roosevelt" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to pursue the bomb in the first place.</p><h2 data-node-id="2" class="body-h2 css-1aenskv emevuu60">A Startling Visit from a Friend</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-8" data-node-id="3" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="leo szilard wearing a suit and tie, sitting at a table, and speaking to someone off camera" title="Leo Szilard appearing before the U.S. Senate" loading="lazy" width="3927" height="2996" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dr-leo-szilard-a-member-of-the-metallurgical-laboratory-of-news-photo-1688158406.jpg?crop=0.765xw:0.668xh;0.0306xw,0.118xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dr-leo-szilard-a-member-of-the-metallurgical-laboratory-of-news-photo-1688158406.jpg?crop=0.765xw:0.668xh;0.0306xw,0.118xh&resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dr-leo-szilard-a-member-of-the-metallurgical-laboratory-of-news-photo-1688158406.jpg?crop=0.765xw:0.668xh;0.0306xw,0.118xh&resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dr-leo-szilard-a-member-of-the-metallurgical-laboratory-of-news-photo-1688158406.jpg?crop=0.765xw:0.668xh;0.0306xw,0.118xh&resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-epdiso e1fodxfw1">Leo Szilard appears before the U.S. Senate Atomic Bomb Committee in December 1945.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="4" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">It all started with a visit by Szilard, a Hungarian-German physicist who previously studied with Einstein in the 1920s. Their research led to the creation of a refrigerator pump that required no moving parts, resulting in what is most commonly called the Einstein refrigerator, according to <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226468887?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226468887" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Genius in the Shadows" data-vars-ga-product-id="db4af66a-abaa-4045-be02-06fb50f92a0d" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226468887" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226468887" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226468887?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/QZaY/amazon-genius-in-the-shadows-a","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/0226468887?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$38.98" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="de26dc71-c760-4715-9753-4678f69f68af" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">Genius in the Shadows</a></em>, a Szilard biography by William Lanouette.</p><section data-embed="watch-next" data-lazy-id="P0-9" data-node-id="5" class="embed"></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="6" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">After their collaboration, Szilard conceived the idea of a nuclear “chain reaction” while working in London in 1933. The next year, he convinced the British government to make his chain reaction patent a military secret, according to Lanouette, successfully forestalling a nuclear arms race with <a href="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/adolf-hitler" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/political-figures/adolf-hitler" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Adolf Hitler" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Adolf Hitler</a>, who by then was the Chancellor of Germany.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="7" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">However, after scientists in Germany experimentally split the uranium atom in 1938, Szilard became deeply concerned about idea of Hitler obtaining an atomic bomb first and began raising alarm bells among his personal connections. In Lanouette’s words, he “worked frantically to start the very arms race he had feared.”</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="8" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">In 1939, Szilard visited his old friend Einstein, stunning the fellow physicist by describing the nuclear chain reaction concept. “I haven’t thought of that at all,” Einstein admitted, according to Lanouette. Einstein immediately agreed to warn his friends in the Belgian Royal Family that Nazi Germany might have eyes on the Belgian Congo, which contained the world’s largest uranium supply.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="9" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">But after that initial meeting, Szilard became convinced that U.S. officials should be warned about Germany’s intentions as well. Szilard and Einstein met for a second time three weeks later, discussing how to get word to President Roosevelt and starting work on one of the most impactful and historic letters in the 20<sup>th</sup> century.</p><h2 data-node-id="10" class="body-h2 css-1aenskv emevuu60">The Einstein-Szilard Letter</h2><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="11" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Through friends, Szilard met with Alexander Sachs, a Wall Street banker with access to the White House. Sachs said he had already spoken with Roosevelt about uranium but that the government decided not to pursue uranium research because Columbia University physicists had told them the prospects of an atomic bomb were minimal, according to <em><a href="https://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The New World 1939/1946: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">The New World 1939/1946: A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission</a></em>.</p><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-10" data-node-id="12" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="albert einstein and leo szilard sitting at a table, looking over a letter" title="Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard look at a letter" loading="lazy" width="5100" height="3868" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/letter-written-by-albert-einstein-with-the-help-of-leo-news-photo-1688158844.jpg?resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/letter-written-by-albert-einstein-with-the-help-of-leo-news-photo-1688158844.jpg?resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/letter-written-by-albert-einstein-with-the-help-of-leo-news-photo-1688158844.jpg?resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/letter-written-by-albert-einstein-with-the-help-of-leo-news-photo-1688158844.jpg?resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-epdiso e1fodxfw1">Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard, who sent Franklin D. Roosevelt their letter in 1939</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="13" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Sachs felt Roosevelt might be persuaded by someone of Einstein’s reputation, according to the book. Einstein—who was also encouraged by Hungarian physicists, including refugees Eugene Wigner and Edward Teller—<a href="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/key-documents/einstein-szilard-letter/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/key-documents/einstein-szilard-letter/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="sent a letter" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">sent a letter</a> dated August 2, 1939, urging Roosevelt about the possibility that Nazi Germany could develop an atomic bomb.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="14" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">“In the course of the last four months it has been made probable… that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new radium-like elements would be generated,” <a href="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/key-documents/einstein-szilard-letter/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/key-documents/einstein-szilard-letter/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="the letter read" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">the letter read</a>. “Now it appears almost certain that this could be achieved in the immediate future.”</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="15" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Warning that this phenomenon could also lead to the construction of particularly devastating bombs, Einstein encouraged Roosevelt to consider a similar program in the United States and urged him to make contact with physicists working on chain reactions in the United States, according to the letter.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="16" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Preoccupied with events in Europe, Roosevelt didn’t respond for nearly two months, making the physicists fear he wasn’t taking the threat of nuclear warfare seriously, <a href="https://www.energy.gov/management/articles/gosling-manhattan-project-making-atomic-bomb" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.energy.gov/management/articles/gosling-manhattan-project-making-atomic-bomb" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="according to the U.S. Department of Energy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">according to the U.S. Department of Energy</a>. On the contrary, however, Roosevelt felt Hitler achieving unilateral possession of such powerful bombs would pose a grave risk to the nation.</p><h2 data-node-id="17" class="body-h2 css-1aenskv emevuu60">The Letter Spurs Action</h2><section data-embed="body-image" data-lazy-id="P0-11" data-node-id="18" class="embed"><div size="medium" data-embed="body-image" class="align-center size-medium embed css-6i9ia4 e1fodxfw4"><div class="css-uwraif e1fodxfw3"><img alt="franklin roosevelt wearing a suit and tie, sitting at a table, signing a piece of paper with a pen" title="President Franklin D. Roosevelt" loading="lazy" width="2868" height="2128" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;width:100%;height:auto;" sizes="100vw" srcset="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/franklin-delano-roosevelt-the-32nd-president-of-the-united-news-photo-1688158914.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.901xh;0,0.0229xh&resize=640:* 640w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/franklin-delano-roosevelt-the-32nd-president-of-the-united-news-photo-1688158914.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.901xh;0,0.0229xh&resize=768:* 980w, https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/franklin-delano-roosevelt-the-32nd-president-of-the-united-news-photo-1688158914.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.901xh;0,0.0229xh&resize=980:* 1120w" src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/franklin-delano-roosevelt-the-32nd-president-of-the-united-news-photo-1688158914.jpg?crop=1.00xw:0.901xh;0,0.0229xh&resize=980:*" class="css-0 e193vzwj0"/><div class="css-swqnqv e1fodxfw2"><figcaption data-theme-key="photo-credit-figcaption" class="css-1am3yn9 e1g9hcy40"><span class="css-wuot6e e1geg53v1">Getty Images</span></figcaption><div data-element="caption" class="css-epdiso e1fodxfw1">President Franklin D. Roosevelt was encouraged to pursue the atomic bomb in part by Einstein’s letter.</div></div></div></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="19" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Roosevelt wrote back to Einstein on October 19, 1939, informing him about the establishment of a committee of civilian and military representatives to study uranium, according to the Energy Department. Although this was only the first of many such steps and decisions along the way, this committee was ultimately the catalyst for the Manhattan Project.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="20" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">In 1940, Einstein sent Roosevelt two more letters on March 7 and April 25, recommending additional work on nuclear research, according to <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691141746?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691141746" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="An Einstein Encyclopedia" data-vars-ga-product-id="40302855-b5c6-44fc-88d5-1579ac094ca5" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691141746" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691141746" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691141746?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/QZaX/amazon-an-einstein-encyclopedia","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691141746?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-brand="Princeton University Press" data-vars-ga-product-price="$9.80" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="8d2abe51-d564-4788-b2ae-d5b54eab4d4d" data-vars-ga-product-sem3-brand="Princeton University Press" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="sale | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">An Einstein Encyclopedia</a></em> by Alice Calaprice and others. He wrote again on March 25, 1945, expressing his growing fears about the possible misuse of uranium, but it wasn’t delivered before Roosevelt’s death a little more than two weeks later.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="21" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">The more famous 1939 letter, however, came to be known as the Einstein-Szilard letter and is widely considered to be the key stimulus for the United States developing the atomic bomb, according to Lanouette.</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="22" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Einstein never worked on the Manhattan Project and had no prior knowledge of plans to use the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. A pacifist who despised war, Einstein came to deeply regret his role in the development of the bomb, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/02/archives/the-einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message-to-president.html" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/02/archives/the-einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message-to-president.html" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="later saying" data-vars-ga-product-id="59c1b14a-bcb7-46d3-b51d-e2bcd920fd4c" rel="nofollow" data-href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/02/archives/the-einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message-to-president.html" data-product-url="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/02/archives/the-einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message-to-president.html" data-affiliate="false" data-affiliate-url data-affiliate-network data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="ef20aa6f-7db8-41a7-bf43-66f7d3f97d8e" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">later saying</a>: “Had I known that the Germans would not succeed in developing an atomic bomb, I would have done nothing.”</p><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="23" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60">Einstein harbored these regrets for this rest of his life. In 1954, one year before his death, Einstein discussed the matter in a letter to his friend, chemist Linus Pauling. Although he cited the fear of Germany developing a bomb as a partial justification, he nevertheless <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1986/12/20/einstein-letter-sold-to-forbes/1f5d23ff-47e3-43ba-a7c0-0199643f1933/" target="_blank" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1986/12/20/einstein-letter-sold-to-forbes/1f5d23ff-47e3-43ba-a7c0-0199643f1933/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="described his letter to Roosevelt" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">described his letter to Roosevelt</a> as the “one great mistake in my life.”</p><hr data-node-id="24" class="css-18pb4rg emevuu60"/><h2 data-node-id="25" class="body-h3 css-v29hju emevuu60">Einstein Appears in the 2023 <em>Oppenheimer</em> Movie</h2><section data-embed="youtube" data-lazy-id="P0-12" data-node-id="26" class="embed"><div data-embed="youtube"><section data-lazy-parent="P0-12" class="embed"><div data-embed="youtube" class="embed align-center css-10klw3m ekrjau21"><div class="css-nnemls ekrjau20"><img data-dynamic-svg="true" src="/_assets/design-tokens/fre/static/icons/social/youtube.ce3e1ae.svg?primary=currentColor&id=link-out-embed" loading="lazy" data-testid="dynamic-svg-base" height="auto" width="auto" alt="youtube" class="css-1msakm2 ekrjau22"/><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-theme-key="base-link" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uYPbbksJxIg" aria-label="View full post on Youtube" class="css-0 e1c1bym14">View full post on Youtube</a></div></div></section></div></section><p data-journey-content="true" data-node-id="27" class="css-1nd4gv7 emevuu60"><em>Oppenheimer</em>, now available for rent or purchase on <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Oppenheimer-Cillian-Murphy/dp/B0CKRY4Z3J?tag=bio-auto-20" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.amazon.com/Oppenheimer-Cillian-Murphy/dp/B0CKRY4Z3J" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Prime Video" data-vars-ga-product-id="e14d0068-29c2-4078-8064-b96b3296b85b" data-href="https://www.amazon.com/Oppenheimer-Cillian-Murphy/dp/B0CKRY4Z3J" data-product-url="https://www.amazon.com/Oppenheimer-Cillian-Murphy/dp/B0CKRY4Z3J" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://www.amazon.com/Oppenheimer-Cillian-Murphy/dp/B0CKRY4Z3J?tag=bio-auto-20" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/QZaT/www-amazon-com-product-not-found-500-https-www-amazon-com-oppenheimer-cillian-murphy-dp-b0ckry4z3j","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Amazon"},"metadata":{"links":{"default":"https://www.amazon.com/Oppenheimer-Cillian-Murphy/dp/B0CKRY4Z3J?tag=bio-auto-20"}}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="962acfc5-a694-4c90-a1be-4c4a03b4fa2c" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">Prime Video</a> and <a href="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=74968X1712615&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftv.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Foppenheimer%2Fumc.cmc.5gylew9icuhfiifdv3oxwxen8" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/oppenheimer/umc.cmc.5gylew9icuhfiifdv3oxwxen8" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Apple TV+" data-vars-ga-product-id="fc36221b-79a0-4ec1-ad48-ff838eb617ec" data-href="https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/oppenheimer/umc.cmc.5gylew9icuhfiifdv3oxwxen8" data-product-url="https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/oppenheimer/umc.cmc.5gylew9icuhfiifdv3oxwxen8" data-affiliate="true" data-affiliate-url="https://go.redirectingat.com?id=74968X1712615&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftv.apple.com%2Fus%2Fmovie%2Foppenheimer%2Fumc.cmc.5gylew9icuhfiifdv3oxwxen8" data-affiliate-network="{"afflink_redirect":"/_p/afflink/QZaV/apple-oppenheimer-applea-tv","site_id":"73ce8f33-abd8-4d76-b5c7-1c72caf717ce","network":{"name":"Skimlinks"}}" data-vars-ga-product-price="$0.00" data-vars-ga-product-retailer-id="d138fa4f-a601-4578-9cb9-498b74c92d5c" data-vars-ga-link-treatment="(not set) | (not set)" class="body-link product-links css-1dhrel9 e1aq0z090">Apple TV+</a>, is directed and written by <a href="https://www.biography.com/movies-tv/christopher-nolan" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/movies-tv/christopher-nolan" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Christopher Nolan" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Christopher Nolan</a>. <a href="https://www.biography.com/actors/a44535365/cillian-murphy/" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/actors/a44535365/cillian-murphy/" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Cillian Murphy" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Cillian Murphy</a> stars as <a href="https://www.biography.com/scientists/j-robert-oppenheimer" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/j-robert-oppenheimer" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="J. Robert Oppenheimer" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, and Tom Conti portrays <a href="https://www.biography.com/scientists/albert-einstein" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/scientists/albert-einstein" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Albert Einstein" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Albert Einstein</a>. Other cast members include <a href="https://www.biography.com/actors/emily-blunt" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/actors/emily-blunt" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Emily Blunt" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Emily Blunt</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/actors/matt-damon" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/actors/matt-damon" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Matt Damon" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Matt Damon</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/actors/robert-downey-jr" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/actors/robert-downey-jr" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Robert Downey Jr." class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Robert Downey Jr.</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/actors/florence-pugh" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/actors/florence-pugh" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Florence Pugh" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Florence Pugh</a>, <a href="https://www.biography.com/actors/rami-malek" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/actors/rami-malek" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Hyperlink" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="Rami Malek" class="body-link css-1dhrel9 emevuu60">Rami Malek</a>, Josh Hartnett, Casey Affleck, and Kenneth Branagh. </p><section data-embed="editorial-link" data-lazy-id="P0-13" data-node-id="28" class="embed"><aside class="css-1bcp5is e94w1mj9"><h6 class="css-1o43tej e94w1mj7"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">Keep Reading</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></h6><ul class="css-c4s2gi e94w1mj8"><li class="css-1mti1bk e94w1mj6"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/actors/g44665041/the-oppenheimer-cast-and-their-irl-counterparts" data-vars-ga-call-to-action="The Oppenheimer Cast And Their IRL Counterparts" data-vars-ga-ux-element="Editorial Links" data-vars-ga-outbound-link="https://www.biography.com/actors/g44665041/the-oppenheimer-cast-and-their-irl-counterparts" class="css-1bn7a5e e1c1bym14"><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-before" class="css-0 eagam8p0"></span><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/matt-damon-emily-blunt-cillian-murphy-and-florence-pugh-news-photo-1689602449.jpg?crop=0.910xw:0.683xh;0,0.0673xh&resize=300:*" alt="oppenheimer premiere in london" title="Oppenheimer Premiere in London" width="120" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-1l0uuk1 e94w1mj4"/><span class="css-8lle59 e94w1mj5">The Oppenheimer Cast And Their IRL Counterparts</span><span aria-hidden="true" data-theme-key="title-design-element-after" class="css-0 eagam8p1"></span></a></li></ul></aside></section><div data-journey-blur="partial" data-ad-exclude="true" class="css-19m4yzp e1jy25xv0"><div class="css-sfzxfp ev8dhu59"><span class="css-3mrz81 ev8dhu51"><img src="https://hips.hearstapps.com/rover/profile_photos/7b0fd6ec-180e-4db7-98aa-b972ecefdf97_1675802159.file?fill=1:1&resize=120:*" alt="Headshot of Colin McEvoy" title="Headshot of Colin McEvoy" width="100%" height="100%" decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="css-o0wq4v ev8dhu53"/></span><div class="css-gorqpr ev8dhu58"><span class="css-0 ev8dhu56"><a data-theme-key="base-link" href="/author/262609/colin-mcevoy" class="e1c1bym13 css-1u4yww4 e1c1bym14"><span>Colin McEvoy</span></a></span><div class="css-anqsjp ev8dhu57">Senior News Editor, Biography.com</div></div><div class="css-1dsojn8 ev8dhu55"><div class="css-4gdkqa ev8dhu54"><p>Colin McEvoy joined the <em>Biography.com</em> staff in 2023, and before that had spent 16 years as a journalist, writer, and communications professional. 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He had fled the Nazis after Hitler came to power. He had come up with the idea of a nuclear chain reaction, even before nuclear fission, the splitting of atoms was discovered. And so when nuclear fission was discovered in Berlin in late 1938, Szilard immediately thought, hey, you could probably use this to make a chain reaction. And if you could make a chain reaction, you might be able to make nuclear weapons. Scientists in many countries went to their leaders and said, \"You know, \"maybe this is something we should be worried about.\" And the person who did that in the United States was Leo Szilard. Nobody knew who Leo Szilard was in 1939, but they did know his very good friend, Albert Einstein. So Szilard went to Einstein and said, \"Let's write a letter.\" And they ended up writing a letter to President Roosevelt that essentially said, \"Hey, \"there's been these new discoveries in science. \"There is a possibility of a very large weapon being made. \"Somebody should be looking at this.\" Roosevelt was given this letter, and he agreed, \"Sure.\" He created the uranium committee, a very small scale research project where the goal is to just find out, are atomic bombs gonna be a problem? Einstein was a name that they were thinking of making on the uranium committee. You can actually find versions of their early notes on this, but then they cross it out. And they decided not to bring him in on the project. And they had sort of two reasons for this. One was Einstein's politics were pretty far to the left of what was considered proper at the time, and this was enough to get him a very large FBI file by itself. The other reason is he is an older scientist at this point, and the kind of work that Einstein did is not about practical, how do you build a plant to make enriched uranium? It's not that kind of physics. Even his famous equation, E = MC squared, it doesn't really tell you how to build a bomb. It doesn't even tell you if a bomb could be built. It just tells you that an atomic bomb is not gonna violate the laws of conservation of mass and energy, which is a useful thing to know. But it's sort of like saying Newton's equations don't tell you whether or not you can go to Mars or not, but they're useful if you are happening to go on the way to Mars. So Einstein's role in the project was a lot less than I think most people think, but he did have this one interesting bit at the very beginning of writing this letter."}],"croppedPreviewImage":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/vidthumb/images/einstein-thumbnail-64b9826e1ad39.png?crop=1.00xw:1.00xh;0,0","description":"Albert Einstein played a key role in jumpstarting the US's research into nuclear weapons.","duration":147,"title":"Einstein's Real Role in the Manhattan Project","created_at":"2023-07-20T19:11:47.750359Z","transcodings":[{"mapped_preset_name":"rover_16x9_240p_sd"},{"mapped_preset_name":"rover_16x9_360p_sd"},{"mapped_preset_name":"rover_16x9_720p_hd"},{"mapped_preset_name":"rover_16x9_480p_sd"},{"full_url":"https://streaming.hearstdigitalstudios.com/2ef8925b-1644-4a71-b290-e0221289276f/video_rover_16x9_1080p_hd_1689878042_7941.mp4","mapped_preset_name":"rover_16x9_1080p_hd"},{}],"nearest_aspect_ratio":"16:9"},{"id":"7aa74382-d0f3-4cbf-8c1f-21165aafcb50","role":4,"media_id":"0c75809f-b463-404e-b1df-cc79ef4527b5","media_type":"image","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/dr-leo-szilard-a-member-of-the-metallurgical-laboratory-of-news-photo-1688158406.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.76292xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.65537xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.43692xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.98306xh;center,top","4x6":"0.50862xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.26215xh;center,top","6x4":"0.765xw:0.668xh;0.0306xw,0.118xh","8x1":"1xw:0.16384xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.26215xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.39322xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.65537xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.7373xh;center,top","8x10":"0.61034xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.42914xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.80101xh;center,top"},"embed_image_link_url":"","embed_image_link_title":"","embed_image_link_new_tab":"0","embed_image_link_nofollow":"1"},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_description":"leo szilard wearing a suit and tie, sitting at a table, and speaking to someone off camera","seo_meta_title":"Leo Szilard appearing before the U.S. Senate"},"image_id":"7aa74382-d0f3-4cbf-8c1f-21165aafcb50","height":2996,"pathname":"/images/dr-leo-szilard-a-member-of-the-metallurgical-laboratory-of-news-photo-1688158406.jpg","width":3927,"created_at":"2023-06-30T20:53:27.943586Z","source":{"title":"Getty Images"}},{"id":"d772b17c-cfad-45ed-8664-805a131c4365","role":4,"media_id":"9e5667d8-68c8-4395-821c-0befdccb7b5d","media_type":"image","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/letter-written-by-albert-einstein-with-the-help-of-leo-news-photo-1688158844.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.75843xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.65926xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.4395xh;center,top","4x3":"1xw:0.98888xh;center,top","4x6":"0.50562xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.2637xh;center,top","6x4":"1xw:0.87901xh;center,top","8x1":"1xw:0.16481xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.2637xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.39555xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.65926xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.74166xh;center,top","8x10":"0.60675xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.42662xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.80576xh;center,top"},"embed_image_link_url":"","embed_image_link_title":"","embed_image_link_new_tab":"0","embed_image_link_nofollow":"1"},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_description":"albert einstein and leo szilard sitting at a table, looking over a letter","seo_meta_title":"Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard look at a letter"},"image_id":"d772b17c-cfad-45ed-8664-805a131c4365","height":3868,"pathname":"/images/letter-written-by-albert-einstein-with-the-help-of-leo-news-photo-1688158844.jpg","width":5100,"created_at":"2023-06-30T21:00:45.725163Z","source":{"title":"Getty Images"}},{"id":"fa7f2a82-4aef-4d03-8ef5-e53788c817de","role":4,"media_id":"54f9ae3f-e764-42fc-99e7-e1e2ce3a43f7","media_type":"image","hips_url":"https://hips.hearstapps.com/hmg-prod/images/franklin-delano-roosevelt-the-32nd-president-of-the-united-news-photo-1688158914.jpg","hips_prefix":"hmg-prod","metadata":{"crops":{"1x1":"0.74198xw:1xh;center,top","2x1":"1xw:0.67387xh;center,top","3x1":"1xw:0.44925xh;center,top","4x3":"0.98931xw:1xh;center,top","4x6":"0.49465xw:1xh;center,top","5x1":"1xw:0.26955xh;center,top","6x4":"1.00xw:0.901xh;0,0.0229xh","8x1":"1xw:0.16847xh;center,top","10x2":"1xw:0.26955xh;center,top","10x3":"1xw:0.40432xh;center,top","10x5":"1xw:0.67387xh;center,top","16x9":"1xw:0.75811xh;center,top","8x10":"0.59358xw:1xh;center,top","9x16":"0.41736xw:1xh;center,top","18x11":"1xw:0.82362xh;center,top"},"embed_image_link_url":"","embed_image_link_title":"","embed_image_link_new_tab":"0","embed_image_link_nofollow":"1"},"image_metadata":{"seo_meta_description":"franklin roosevelt wearing a suit and tie, sitting at a table, signing a piece of paper with a pen","seo_meta_title":"President Franklin D. 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