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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Portuguese contacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_East_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Dutch East Indies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_East_Indies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_from_the_Dutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_from_the_Dutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Independence from the Dutch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_from_the_Dutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Flora and Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Ethnic origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caste_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caste_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Caste system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caste_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Dances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beauty_pageant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beauty_pageant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Beauty pageant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beauty_pageant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Heritage sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bali</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" > 60 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_(%C9%99yal%C9%99t)" title="Bali (əyalət) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bali (əyalət)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF,_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বালি, ইন্দোনেশিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বালি, ইন্দোনেশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_S%C3%A9ng" title="Bali Séng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bali Séng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propinsi_Bali" title="Propinsi Bali – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Propinsi Bali" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Балі (правінцыя) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Балі (правінцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_Bali" title="Provinsi Bali – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Provinsi Bali" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_provints" title="Bali provints – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bali provints" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_de_Bali" title="Provincia de Bali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Provincia de Bali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balio_(provinco)" title="Balio (provinco) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balio (provinco)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="بالی (استان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالی (استان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_(province)" title="Bali (province) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bali (province)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A3%BC" title="발리주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발리주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="बाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8)" title="Бали (провинци) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бали (провинци)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="באלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بالی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بالی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%AE" title="Balî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Balî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_(province)" title="Bali (province) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bali (province)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pari" title="Pari – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pari" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="बाली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बाली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بالی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_(provinsi)" title="Bali (provinsi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bali (provinsi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_(provincie)" title="Bali (provincie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bali (provincie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E5%B7%9E" title="バリ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バリ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਾਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="صوبا بالی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوبا بالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بالي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بالي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8" title="កោះបាលី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កោះបាលី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_(prowincja)" title="Bali (prowincja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bali (prowincja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Бали (провинция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бали (провинция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali,_Indonesia" title="Bali, Indonesia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bali, Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="பாலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="จังหวัดบาหลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จังหวัดบาหลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Балі (провінція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Балі (провінція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8E%98%E7%9C%81" title="巴厘省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴厘省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8E%98%E7%9C%81" title="巴厘省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴厘省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali" title="Bali – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bali" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3125978#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bali&params=8_20_06_S_115_05_17_E_region:ID-BA_type:adm1st_scale:1000000">8°20′06″S 115°05′17″E / 8.33500°S 115.08806°E / -8.33500; 115.08806</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province and island in Indonesia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bali_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bali (disambiguation)">Bali (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in Indonesia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bali</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Province of Bali <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Provinsi Bali</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bali.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Bali"><img alt="Official seal of Bali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_Bali.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_Bali.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_Bali.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="482" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Pulau Dewata (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>) "Island of gods"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Bali Dwipa Jaya (<a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226572168">.mw-parser-output .script-bali{font-family:"Noto Sans Balinese","Tantular Bali","Noto Serif Balinese","Aksara Bali"}</style>ᬩᬮᬶ ᬤ᭄ᬯᬶᬧ ᬚᬬ "Glorious Bali Island"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_in_Indonesia_(special_marker).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bali_in_Indonesia_%28special_marker%29.svg/250px-Bali_in_Indonesia_%28special_marker%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bali_in_Indonesia_%28special_marker%29.svg/375px-Bali_in_Indonesia_%28special_marker%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bali_in_Indonesia_%28special_marker%29.svg/500px-Bali_in_Indonesia_%28special_marker%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="450" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   Bali in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">OpenStreetMap</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_6e3af2cb91f0b286d68360d3800c61e25b30a0a8"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bali&revid=1258597457&groups=_6e3af2cb91f0b286d68360d3800c61e25b30a0a8" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bali&revid=1258597457&groups=_6e3af2cb91f0b286d68360d3800c61e25b30a0a8 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bali&params=8_20_06_S_115_05_17_E_region:ID-BA_type:adm1st_scale:1000000">8°20′06″S 115°05′17″E / 8.33500°S 115.08806°E / -8.33500; 115.08806</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">14 August 1958<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">and largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Bali Provincial Government</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bali" title="List of governors of Bali">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sang_Made_Mahendra_Jaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sang Made Mahendra Jaya (page does not exist)">Sang Madé Mahendra Jaya</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Vice_Governor_of_Bali" title="Vice Governor of Bali">Vice Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,590.15 km2 (2,158.37 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">36th in Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Agung" title="Mount Agung">Mount Agung</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,031 m (9,944 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,404,300</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">16th in Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">790/km2 (2,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic groups<a href="#cite_note-census2010-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>90% <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li><li>5% <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li><li>3% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">East Indonesians</a></li><li>2% <a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li><li>1% <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a></li><li>0.38% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a></li><li>3% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Religion<a href="#cite_note-AGAMA-5">[5]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">87.91% <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">8.10% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">3.30% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.68% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.02% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> (official)</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> (native)</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">– <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida_Balinese" title="Nusa Penida Balinese">Nusa Penida Balinese</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">– <a href="/wiki/Highland_Balinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Balinese">Bali Aga Balinese</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">– <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese Malay">Balinese Malay</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B08" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+08">UTC+08</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">WITA</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ID-BA</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Total<a href="#cite_note-bpsgdpdata2022-7">[7]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 245.2 trillion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">19th</a>) <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 16.5 billion <a href="/wiki/Int$" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 51.5 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Per capita<a href="#cite_note-bpspercapitadata-8">[8]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 55.5 million (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">20th</a>) <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 3,741 <a href="/wiki/Int$" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 11,673 (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> - Growth<a href="#cite_note-bappenas2022-9">[9]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 4.84%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2024)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.786<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">5th</a>) – high</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baliprov.go.id/">baliprov.go.id</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (iii), (v), (vi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1194">1194</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2012 (36th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">19,519.9 ha (48,235 acres)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">1,454.8 ha (3,595 acres)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bali_Ba.png/40px-Bali_Ba.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bali_Ba.png/60px-Bali_Ba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bali_Ba.png/80px-Bali_Ba.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Balinese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese alphabet">Balinese alphabet</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Balinese" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Balinese characters.</div></div> </div> Bali (English:<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɑːli/</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226572168">ᬩᬮᬶ) is a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the westernmost of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>. East of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and west of <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller offshore islands, notably <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida" title="Nusa Penida">Nusa Penida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Lembongan" title="Nusa Lembongan">Nusa Lembongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Ceningan" title="Nusa Ceningan">Nusa Ceningan</a> to the southeast. The provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_cities_by_population" title="List of Indonesian cities by population">most populous city</a> in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the second-largest, after <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indonesia" title="Eastern Indonesia">Eastern Indonesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Denpasar_metropolitan_area" title="Denpasar metropolitan area">Denpasar metropolitan area</a> is the extended metropolitan area around <a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a>. The upland town of <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a> in Greater Denpasar is considered Bali's cultural centre. The province is Indonesia's main tourist destination, with a significant rise in tourism since the 1980s, and becoming an Indonesian area of <a href="/wiki/Overtourism" title="Overtourism">overtourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Tourism-related business makes up 80% of the Bali economy.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-13">[13]</a> Bali is the only <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hindu-majority province</a> in Indonesia, with 86.9% of the population adhering to <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-census2010-3">[3]</a> It is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bali. Other international events that have been held in Bali include <a href="/wiki/Miss_World_2013" title="Miss World 2013">Miss World 2013</a>, the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Annual_Meetings_of_the_International_Monetary_Fund_and_the_World_Bank_Group" title="Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group">Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2022_G20_Bali_summit" title="2022 G20 Bali summit">2022 G20 summit</a>. In March 2017, <a href="/wiki/TripAdvisor" class="mw-redirect" title="TripAdvisor">TripAdvisor</a> named Bali as the world's top destination in its Traveller's Choice award, which it also earned in January 2021.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Bali is part of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a>, the area with the highest biodiversity of marine species,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] especially fish and turtles.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In this area alone, over 500 reef-building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about seven times as many as in the entire <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Bali is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)" title="Subak (irrigation)">Subak irrigation system</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It is also home to a unified confederation of kingdoms composed of 10 traditional royal Balinese houses, each house ruling a specific geographic area. The confederation is the successor of the <a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali Kingdom</a>. The royal houses, which originated before <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonisation</a>, are not recognised by the government of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bali" title="History of Bali">History of Bali</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bali_panorama.jpg/220px-Bali_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bali_panorama.jpg/330px-Bali_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bali_panorama.jpg/440px-Bali_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)" title="Subak (irrigation)">Subak</a> irrigation system</figcaption></figure> Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian people</a> who migrated originally from the island of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> through <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hinzler-21">[21]</a> Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are closely related to the people of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> archipelago, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hinzler-21">[21]</a> Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lonely-23">[23]</a> In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, the <a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pasupata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhairawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhairawa">Bhairawa</a>, Siwa Shidanta, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodha">Bodha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, Resi, Sora and <a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a>. Each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Inscriptions from 896 and 911 do not mention a king, until 914, when Sri Kesarivarma is mentioned. They also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, where <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sivaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivaism">Shaivism</a> were practised simultaneously. <a href="/wiki/Mpu_Sindok" title="Mpu Sindok">Mpu Sindok</a>'s great-granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Mahendradatta" title="Mahendradatta">Mahendradatta</a> (Gunapriyadharmapatni), married the Bali king <a href="/wiki/Udayana_Warmadewa" title="Udayana Warmadewa">Udayana Warmadewa</a> (Dharmodayanavarmadeva) around 989, giving birth to <a href="/wiki/Airlangga" title="Airlangga">Airlangga</a> around 1001. This marriage also brought more <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and Javanese culture to Bali. Princess Sakalendukirana appeared in 1098. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150. Jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204.<a href="#cite_note-indianized-25">[25]</a>: 129, 144, 168, 180  Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> culture, beginning around the 1st century AD. The name Bali dwipa ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by <a href="/wiki/Sri_Kesari_Warmadewa" title="Sri Kesari Warmadewa">Sri Kesari Warmadewa</a> in 914 AD and mentioning Walidwipa. It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system <a href="/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)" title="Subak (irrigation)">subak</a> to grow rice in <a href="/wiki/Wet-field_cultivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet-field cultivation">wet-field cultivation</a>. Some religious and cultural traditions still practised today can be traced to this period. The Hindu-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a> (1293–1520 AD) on eastern <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> founded a Balinese colony in 1343. The uncle of <a href="/wiki/Hayam_Wuruk" title="Hayam Wuruk">Hayam Wuruk</a> is mentioned in the charters of 1384–86. Mass Javanese immigration to Bali occurred in the next century when the Majapahit Empire fell in 1520.<a href="#cite_note-indianized-25">[25]</a>: 234, 240  Bali's government then became an independent collection of Hindu kingdoms which led to a Balinese national identity and major enhancements in culture, arts, and economy. The nation with various kingdoms became independent for up to 386 years until 1906 when the Dutch subjugated and repulsed the natives for economic control and took it over.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_contacts">Portuguese contacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Portuguese contacts">edit</a>]</div> The first known <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European</a> contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a> sighted its northern shores. It was the first expedition of a series of bi-annual fleets to the Moluccas, that throughout the 16th century travelled along the coasts of the Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues, aboard the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1585, a ship foundered off the <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Peninsula" title="Bukit Peninsula">Bukit Peninsula</a> and left a few Portuguese in the service of <a href="/wiki/Dewa_Agung" title="Dewa Agung">Dewa Agung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_East_Indies">Dutch East Indies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dutch East Indies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1906_Puputan_monument_in_Denpasar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1906_Puputan_monument_in_Denpasar.jpg/170px-1906_Puputan_monument_in_Denpasar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1906_Puputan_monument_in_Denpasar.jpg/255px-1906_Puputan_monument_in_Denpasar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1906_Puputan_monument_in_Denpasar.jpg/340px-1906_Puputan_monument_in_Denpasar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Puputan" title="Puputan">Puputan</a> monument</figcaption></figure> In 1597, the Dutch merchant-explorer <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a> arrived at Bali, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> was established in 1602. The Dutch government expanded its control across the Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the 19th century. Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast when the Dutch pitted various competing Balinese realms against each other.<a href="#cite_note-ctpqur-29">[29]</a> In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms on the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control. In June 1860, the famous Welsh naturalist, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, travelled to Bali from <a href="/wiki/British_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="British Singapore">Singapore</a>, landing at <a href="/wiki/Buleleng,_Bali" title="Buleleng, Bali">Buleleng</a> on the north coast of the island. Wallace's trip to Bali was instrumental in helping him devise his <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a> theory. The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary that runs through the strait between Bali and <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>. It is a boundary between species. In his travel memoir <a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a>, Wallace wrote of his experience in Bali, which has a strong mention of the <a href="/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)" title="Subak (irrigation)">unique Balinese irrigation methods</a>: <blockquote>I was astonished and delighted; as my visit to Java was some years later, I had never beheld so beautiful and well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A slightly undulating plain extends from the seacoast about ten or twelve miles (16 or 19 kilometres) inland, where it is bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills. Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps of <a href="/wiki/Coconut_palms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut palms">coconut palms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a> and other fruit trees, are dotted about in every direction; while between them extend luxurious rice grounds, watered by an elaborate system of irrigation that would be the pride of the best-cultivated parts of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> </blockquote> The Dutch mounted large naval and ground <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1906)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)">assaults at the Sanur region</a> in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who rather than yield to the superior Dutch force committed ritual suicide (<a href="/wiki/Puputan" title="Puputan">puputan</a>) to avoid the humiliation of surrender.<a href="#cite_note-ctpqur-29">[29]</a> Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese killed themselves rather than surrender.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1908)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)">Dutch intervention in Bali</a>, a similar mass suicide occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in <a href="/wiki/Klungkung" class="mw-redirect" title="Klungkung">Klungkung</a>. Afterwards, the Dutch governours exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>. In the 1930s, anthropologists <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a>, artists <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Covarrubias" title="Miguel Covarrubias">Miguel Covarrubias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Spies" title="Walter Spies">Walter Spies</a>, and musicologist <a href="/wiki/Colin_McPhee" title="Colin McPhee">Colin McPhee</a> all spent time here. Their accounts of the island and its peoples created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of <a href="/wiki/Aesthetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetes">aesthetes</a> at peace with themselves and nature". Western tourists began to visit the island.<a href="#cite_note-Friend-32">[32]</a> The sensuous image of Bali was enhanced in the West by a quasi-pornographic 1932 documentary Virgins of Bali about a day in the lives of two teenage Balinese girls whom the film's narrator Deane Dickason notes in the first scene "bathe their shamelessly nude bronze bodies".<a href="#cite_note-doherty-33">[33]</a>: 134  Under the looser version of the <a href="/wiki/Hays_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Hays code">Hays code</a> that existed up to 1934, nudity involving "civilised" (i.e. white) women was banned, but permitted with "uncivilised" (i.e. all non-white women), a loophole that was exploited by the producers of Virgins of Bali.<a href="#cite_note-doherty-33">[33]</a>: 133  The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women was a great success in 1932, and almost single-handedly made Bali into a popular spot for tourists.<a href="#cite_note-doherty-33">[33]</a>: 135  <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> occupied Bali during World War II. It was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign, but as the airfields on <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> were inoperative due to heavy rains, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a> (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps Prajoda (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under the command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942, the Japanese forces landed near the town of Sanoer (Sanur). The island was quickly captured.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, <a href="/wiki/I_Gusti_Ngurah_Rai" title="I Gusti Ngurah Rai">I Gusti Ngurah Rai</a>, formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harshness of Japanese occupation forces made them more resented than the Dutch colonial rulers.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_from_the_Dutch">Independence from the Dutch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence from the Dutch">edit</a>]</div> In 1945, Bali was liberated by the British <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="5th Infantry Division (India)">5th infantry Division</a> under the command of Major-General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mansergh" title="Robert Mansergh">Robert Mansergh</a> who took the Japanese surrender. Once Japanese forces had been repatriated the island was handed over to the Dutch the following year. In 1946, the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed <a href="/wiki/State_of_East_Indonesia" title="State of East Indonesia">State of East Indonesia</a>, a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia, which was proclaimed and headed by <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Hatta</a>. Bali was included in the "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the United States of Indonesia">Republic of the United States of Indonesia</a>" when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The first governor of Bali, <a href="/wiki/Anak_Agung_Bagus_Suteja" title="Anak Agung Bagus Suteja">Anak Agung Bagus Suteja</a>, was appointed by President Sukarno in 1958, when Bali became a province.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contemporary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bali_memorial.jpg/220px-Bali_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bali_memorial.jpg/330px-Bali_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bali_memorial.jpg/440px-Bali_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">2002 Bali bombings</a> memorial</figcaption></figure> The 1963 eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Agung" title="Mount Agung">Mount Agung</a> killed thousands, created economic havoc, and forced many displaced Balinese to be <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmigration programme">transmigrated</a> to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, and those rejecting this system. Politically, the opposition was represented by supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Communist Party">Indonesian Communist Party</a> (PKI) and the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Nationalist Party">Indonesian Nationalist Party</a> (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programmes.<a href="#cite_note-ctpqur-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">A purported coup attempt</a> in Jakarta was averted by forces led by General Suharto. The army became the dominant power as it instigated <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian killings of 1965–66">a violent anti-communist purge</a>, in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population.<a href="#cite_note-ctpqur-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Friend-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs-38">[38]</a> With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.<a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs-38">[38]</a> As a result of the 1965–66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">out of the presidency</a>. His <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">"New Order"</a> government re-established relations with Western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form. The resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country.<a href="#cite_note-ctpqur-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">A bombing in 2002</a> by militant <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamists</a> in the tourist area of <a href="/wiki/Kuta,_Bali" title="Kuta, Bali">Kuta</a> killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and <a href="/wiki/2005_Bali_bombings" title="2005 Bali bombings">another in 2005</a>, severely reduced tourism, producing much economic hardship on the island. On 27 November 2017, Mount Agung erupted five times, causing the evacuation of thousands, disrupting air travel and causing much environmental damage. <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_eruptions_of_Mount_Agung" title="2017–2019 eruptions of Mount Agung">Further eruptions</a> also occurred between 2018 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> On 15–16 November 2022, the <a href="/wiki/2022_G20_Bali_summit" title="2022 G20 Bali summit">2022 G20 Bali summit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_G20_summits" title="List of G20 summits">seventeenth meeting</a> of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">Group of Twenty</a> (G20) was held in <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Dua" title="Nusa Dua">Nusa Dua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-host-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_bodies_of_water_in_Bali" title="List of bodies of water in Bali">List of bodies of water in Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Bali" title="List of mountains in Bali">List of mountains in Bali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BaliLandsat001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/BaliLandsat001.jpg/220px-BaliLandsat001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/BaliLandsat001.jpg/330px-BaliLandsat001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/BaliLandsat001.jpg/440px-BaliLandsat001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph of Bali</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali2022OSM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bali2022OSM.png/220px-Bali2022OSM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bali2022OSM.png/330px-Bali2022OSM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bali2022OSM.png/440px-Bali2022OSM.png 2x" data-file-width="5365" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption>Detailed map of Bali</figcaption></figure> The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2.0 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a>, and is approximately <a href="/wiki/8th_parallel_south" title="8th parallel south">8 degrees south</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. Bali and Java are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Bali_Strait" title="Bali Strait">Bali Strait</a>. East to west, the island is approximately 153 km (95 mi) wide and spans approximately 112 km (70 mi) north to south; administratively it covers 5,590.15 km2 (2,158.37 sq mi), or 5,387.31 km2 (2,080.05 sq mi) excluding offshore <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida" title="Nusa Penida">Nusa Penida</a> District,<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> which comprises three small islands off the southeast coast of Bali. Its population density was roughly 788 people/km2 (2,040 people/sq mi) in mid 2023. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali%27s_Gunung_Agung_seen_at_sunset_from_Gunung_Rinjani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bali%27s_Gunung_Agung_seen_at_sunset_from_Gunung_Rinjani.jpg/220px-Bali%27s_Gunung_Agung_seen_at_sunset_from_Gunung_Rinjani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bali%27s_Gunung_Agung_seen_at_sunset_from_Gunung_Rinjani.jpg/330px-Bali%27s_Gunung_Agung_seen_at_sunset_from_Gunung_Rinjani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bali%27s_Gunung_Agung_seen_at_sunset_from_Gunung_Rinjani.jpg/440px-Bali%27s_Gunung_Agung_seen_at_sunset_from_Gunung_Rinjani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2814" data-file-height="1407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Agung" title="Mount Agung">Mount Agung</a> is the highest point of Bali.</figcaption></figure> Bali's central mountains include several peaks over 2,000 metres (6,600 feet) in elevation and active volcanoes such as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Batur" title="Mount Batur">Mount Batur</a>. The highest is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Agung" title="Mount Agung">Mount Agung</a> (3,031 m; 9,944 ft), known as the "mother mountain", which is an active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> rated as one of the world's most likely sites for a massive eruption within the next 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In late 2017 <a href="/wiki/Mount_Agung#2017_seismic_activity_and_eruption" title="Mount Agung">Mount Agung started erupting</a> and large numbers of people were evacuated, temporarily closing the island's airport.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Mountains range from centre to the eastern side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's volcanic nature has contributed to its exceptional fertility and its tall mountain ranges provide the high rainfall that supports the highly productive agriculture sector. South of the mountains is a broad, steadily descending area where most of Bali's large rice crop is grown. The northern side of the mountains slopes more steeply to the sea and is the main coffee-producing area of the island, along with rice, vegetables, and cattle. The longest river, <a href="/wiki/Ayung_River" title="Ayung River">Ayung River</a>, flows approximately 75 km (47 mi) (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bali" title="List of rivers of Bali">List of rivers of Bali</a>). The island is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a>. Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west have <a href="/wiki/Black_sand" title="Black sand">black sand</a>. Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River is navigable by small <a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">sampan</a> boats. Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of <a href="/wiki/Tanah_Lot" title="Tanah Lot">Tanah Lot</a>, they are not yet used for significant tourism. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wonderfull_Nusa_Penida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wonderfull_Nusa_Penida.jpg/220px-Wonderfull_Nusa_Penida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wonderfull_Nusa_Penida.jpg/330px-Wonderfull_Nusa_Penida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wonderfull_Nusa_Penida.jpg/440px-Wonderfull_Nusa_Penida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The cliff of <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida" title="Nusa Penida">Nusa Penida</a> with Kelingking beach in the foreground</figcaption></figure> The largest city is the provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a>, near the southern coast. Its population is around 748,400 (mid 2023).<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-2">[2]</a> Bali's second-largest city is the old colonial capital, <a href="/wiki/Singaraja" title="Singaraja">Singaraja</a>, which is located on the north coast and is home to around 150,000 people in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Other important cities include the beach resort, <a href="/wiki/Kuta,_Bali" title="Kuta, Bali">Kuta</a>, which is practically part of Denpasar's urban area, and <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a>, situated at the north of Denpasar, is the island's cultural centre.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Three small islands lie to the immediate south-east and all are administratively part of the <a href="/wiki/Klungkung" class="mw-redirect" title="Klungkung">Klungkung</a> regency of Bali: <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida" title="Nusa Penida">Nusa Penida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Lembongan" title="Nusa Lembongan">Nusa Lembongan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Ceningan" title="Nusa Ceningan">Nusa Ceningan</a>. These islands are separated from Bali by the <a href="/wiki/Badung_Strait" title="Badung Strait">Badung Strait</a>. To the east, the <a href="/wiki/Lombok_Strait" title="Lombok Strait">Lombok Strait</a> separates Bali from <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a> and marks the <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeographical</a> division between the fauna of the <a href="/wiki/Indomalayan_realm" title="Indomalayan realm">Indomalayan realm</a> and the distinctly different fauna of <a href="/wiki/Australasian_realm" title="Australasian realm">Australasia</a>. The transition is known as the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, who first proposed a transition zone between these two major <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>. When sea levels dropped during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Pleistocene ice age</a>, Bali was connected to Java and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and to the mainland of Asia and shared the Asian fauna, but the deep water of the Lombok Strait continued to keep Lombok Island and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda archipelago</a> isolated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Being just 8 degrees south of the equator, Bali has a fairly even climate all year round. Average year-round temperature stands at around 30 °C (86 °F) with a humidity level of about 85%.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Daytime temperatures at low elevations vary between 20 and 33 °C (68 and 91 °F), but the temperatures decrease significantly with increasing elevation. The west monsoon is in place from approximately October to April, and this can bring significant rain, particularly from December to March. During the rainy season, there are comparatively fewer tourists seen in Bali. During the Easter and Christmas holidays, the weather is very unpredictable. Outside of the monsoon period, humidity is relatively low and any rain is unlikely in lowland areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_Fauna">Flora and Fauna</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flora and Fauna">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Conservation in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_Starling_-_Bali_Barat_MG_8974_(29654702785).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bali_Starling_-_Bali_Barat_MG_8974_%2829654702785%29.jpg/220px-Bali_Starling_-_Bali_Barat_MG_8974_%2829654702785%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bali_Starling_-_Bali_Barat_MG_8974_%2829654702785%29.jpg/330px-Bali_Starling_-_Bali_Barat_MG_8974_%2829654702785%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bali_Starling_-_Bali_Barat_MG_8974_%2829654702785%29.jpg/440px-Bali_Starling_-_Bali_Barat_MG_8974_%2829654702785%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bali_myna" title="Bali myna">Bali myna</a>, (Jalak Bali) is one of the protected birds located in <a href="/wiki/West_Bali_National_Park" title="West Bali National Park">West Bali National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_%E2%80%93_Uluwatu_Sunset_Temple_(2688001517).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bali_%E2%80%93_Uluwatu_Sunset_Temple_%282688001517%29.jpg/220px-Bali_%E2%80%93_Uluwatu_Sunset_Temple_%282688001517%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bali_%E2%80%93_Uluwatu_Sunset_Temple_%282688001517%29.jpg/330px-Bali_%E2%80%93_Uluwatu_Sunset_Temple_%282688001517%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bali_%E2%80%93_Uluwatu_Sunset_Temple_%282688001517%29.jpg/440px-Bali_%E2%80%93_Uluwatu_Sunset_Temple_%282688001517%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque" title="Crab-eating macaque">Crab-eating macaque monkeys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uluwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluwatu">Uluwatu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monkey_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Monkey_Forest.jpg/220px-Monkey_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Monkey_Forest.jpg/330px-Monkey_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Monkey_Forest.jpg/440px-Monkey_Forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ubud_Monkey_Forest" title="Ubud Monkey Forest">Ubud Monkey Forest</a></figcaption></figure> Bali lies just to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and thus has a fauna that is Asian in character, with very little Australasian influence, and has more in common with Java than with Lombok.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> An exception is the <a href="/wiki/Yellow-crested_cockatoo" title="Yellow-crested cockatoo">yellow-crested cockatoo</a>, a member of a primarily Australasian family. There are around 280 species of birds, including the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Bali_myna" title="Bali myna">Bali myna</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>. Others include <a href="/wiki/Barn_swallow" title="Barn swallow">barn swallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-naped_oriole" title="Black-naped oriole">black-naped oriole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_racket-tailed_treepie" class="mw-redirect" title="Black racket-tailed treepie">black racket-tailed treepie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crested_serpent-eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Crested serpent-eagle">crested serpent-eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crested_treeswift" title="Crested treeswift">crested treeswift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dollarbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollarbird">dollarbird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_sparrow" title="Java sparrow">Java sparrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_adjutant" title="Lesser adjutant">lesser adjutant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_shrike" title="Long-tailed shrike">long-tailed shrike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milky_stork" title="Milky stork">milky stork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_swallow" title="Pacific swallow">Pacific swallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red-rumped_swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-rumped swallow">red-rumped swallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_kingfisher" title="Sacred kingfisher">sacred kingfisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_eagle_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea eagle (bird)">sea eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodswallow" title="Woodswallow">woodswallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savanna_nightjar" title="Savanna nightjar">savanna nightjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stork-billed_kingfisher" title="Stork-billed kingfisher">stork-billed kingfisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow-vented_bulbul" title="Yellow-vented bulbul">yellow-vented bulbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_egret" title="Great egret">great egret</a>. Until the early 20th century, Bali was possibly home to several <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">large mammals</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> and the endemic <a href="/wiki/Bali_tiger" title="Bali tiger">Bali tiger</a>. The banteng still occurs in its domestic form, whereas leopards are found only in neighbouring Java, and the Bali tiger is extinct. The last definite record of a tiger on Bali dates from 1937 when one was shot, though the subspecies may have survived until the 1940s or 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-P.tigris-49">[49]</a> Pleistocene and Holocene megafaunas include <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giant_tapir" title="Giant tapir">giant tapir</a> (based on speculations that they might have reached up to the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a>),<a href="#cite_note-chazine-50">[50]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">Squirrels</a> are quite commonly encountered, less often is the <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet</a>, which is also kept in coffee farms to produce <a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">kopi luwak</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">Bats</a> are well represented, perhaps the most famous place to encounter them remaining is the Goa Lawah (Temple of the Bats) where they are worshipped by the locals and also constitute a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples, for instance at Gangga Beach. Two species of <a href="/wiki/Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">monkey</a> occur. The <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque" title="Crab-eating macaque">crab-eating macaque</a>, known locally as "kera", is quite common around human settlements and temples, where it becomes accustomed to being fed by humans, particularly in any of the three "monkey forest" temples, such as the popular one in the <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a> area. They are also quite often kept as pets by locals. The second monkey, endemic to Java and some surrounding islands such as Bali, is far rarer and more elusive and is the <a href="/wiki/Javan_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Javan langur">Javan langur</a>, locally known as "lutung". They occur in a few places apart from the <a href="/wiki/West_Bali_National_Park" title="West Bali National Park">West Bali National Park</a>. They are born an orange colour, though they would have already changed to a more blackish colouration by their first year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Java, however, there is more of a tendency for this species to retain its juvenile orange colour into adulthood, and a mixture of black and orange monkeys can be seen together as a family. Other rarer mammals include the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunda_pangolin" title="Sunda pangolin">Sunda pangolin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_giant_squirrel" title="Black giant squirrel">black giant squirrel</a>. Snakes include the <a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">king cobra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reticulated_python" title="Reticulated python">reticulated python</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Asian_water_monitor" title="Asian water monitor">water monitor</a> can grow to at least 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length and 50 kg (110 lb)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and can move quickly. The rich coral reefs around the coast, particularly around popular diving spots such as <a href="/wiki/Tulamben" title="Tulamben">Tulamben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amed_(Bali)" title="Amed (Bali)">Amed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menjangan_Island" title="Menjangan Island">Menjangan</a> or neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida" title="Nusa Penida">Nusa Penida</a>, host a wide range of marine life, for instance <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawksbill turtle">hawksbill turtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mola_mola" class="mw-redirect" title="Mola mola">giant sunfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manta_ray" title="Manta ray">giant manta ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_moray" title="Giant moray">giant moray</a> eel, <a href="/wiki/Bumphead_parrotfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumphead parrotfish">bumphead parrotfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_reef_shark" title="Grey reef shark">reef shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barracuda" title="Barracuda">barracuda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_snake" title="Sea snake">sea snakes</a>. Dolphins are commonly encountered on the north coast near <a href="/wiki/Singaraja" title="Singaraja">Singaraja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovina">Lovina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> A team of scientists surveyed from 29 April 2011, to 11 May 2011, at 33 sea sites around Bali. They discovered 952 species of reef fish of which 8 were new discoveries at Pemuteran, Gilimanuk, <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Dua" title="Nusa Dua">Nusa Dua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulamben" title="Tulamben">Tulamben</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candidasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidasa">Candidasa</a>, and 393 coral species, including two new ones at <a href="/wiki/Padangbai" title="Padangbai">Padangbai</a> and between Padangbai and <a href="/wiki/Amed_(Bali)" title="Amed (Bali)">Amed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The average coverage level of healthy coral was 36% (better than in <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Ampat">Raja Ampat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a> by 29% or in <a href="/wiki/Fakfak" title="Fakfak">Fakfak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaimana" title="Kaimana">Kaimana</a> by 25%) with the highest coverage found in Gili Selang and Gili Mimpang in <a href="/wiki/Candidasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidasa">Candidasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karangasem_Regency" title="Karangasem Regency">Karangasem Regency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Among the larger trees the most common are: <a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">banyan</a> trees, <a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">jackfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> species, <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a> trees and also endless rows of coconuts and banana species. Numerous flowers can be seen: <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">hibiscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frangipani" class="mw-redirect" title="Frangipani">frangipani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougainvillea" title="Bougainvillea">bougainvillea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">poinsettia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oleander" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleander">oleander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">water lily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo" title="Nelumbo">lotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begonia" title="Begonia">begonias</a>, orchids and <a href="/wiki/Hydrangea" title="Hydrangea">hydrangeas</a> exist. On higher grounds that receive more moisture, for instance, around <a href="/wiki/Kintamani,_Bali" title="Kintamani, Bali">Kintamani</a>, certain species of <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a> trees, <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> trees thrive well. Rice comes in many varieties. Other plants with agricultural value include: <a href="/wiki/Salak" title="Salak">salak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangosteen" title="Mangosteen">mangosteen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, Kintamani orange, coffee and <a href="/wiki/Water_spinach" class="mw-redirect" title="Water spinach">water spinach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uluwatu@bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Uluwatu%40bali.jpg/220px-Uluwatu%40bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Uluwatu%40bali.jpg/330px-Uluwatu%40bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Uluwatu%40bali.jpg/440px-Uluwatu%40bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uluwatu,_Bali" title="Uluwatu, Bali">Uluwatu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DJI_0128_Bali_Botanic_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DJI_0128_Bali_Botanic_Garden.jpg/220px-DJI_0128_Bali_Botanic_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DJI_0128_Bali_Botanic_Garden.jpg/330px-DJI_0128_Bali_Botanic_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DJI_0128_Bali_Botanic_Garden.jpg/440px-DJI_0128_Bali_Botanic_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bali_Botanic_Garden" title="Bali Botanic Garden">Bali Botanic Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bedugul" title="Bedugul">Bedugul</a></figcaption></figure> Over-exploitation by the <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">tourist industry</a> has led to 200 out of 400 rivers on the island drying up. Research suggests that the southern part of Bali would face a water shortage.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> To ease the shortage, the central government plans to build a water catchment and processing facility at Petanu River in Gianyar. The 300 litres capacity of water per second will be channelled to Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> A 2010 Environment Ministry report on its environmental quality index gave Bali a score of 99.65, which was the highest score of Indonesia's 33 provinces. The score considers the level of <a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">total suspended solids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">chemical oxygen demand</a> in water.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Erosion at Lebih Beach has seen seven metres (23 feet) of land lost every year. Decades ago, this beach was used for holy pilgrimages with more than 10,000 people, but they have now moved to <a href="/wiki/Masceti_Beach" title="Masceti Beach">Masceti Beach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 2017, a year when Bali received nearly 5.7 million tourists, government officials declared a "garbage emergency" in response to the covering of 3.6-mile stretch of coastline in plastic waste brought in by the tide, amid concerns that the pollution could dissuade visitors from returning.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_plastic-61">[61]</a> Indonesia is one of the world's worst plastic polluters, with some estimates suggesting the country is the source of around 10 per cent of the world's plastic waste. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">national legislature</a>, Bali is represented by nine members,<a href="#cite_note-borong-62">[62]</a> with a single electoral district covering the whole province.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The Bali Regional People's Representative Council, the provincial legislature, has 55 members.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The province's politics has historically been dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Democratic_Party_of_Struggle" title="Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle">Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle</a> (PDI-P), which has won by far the most votes in every election in Bali since the <a href="/wiki/1999_Indonesian_legislative_election" title="1999 Indonesian legislative election">first free elections in 1999</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bali" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Bali">List of districts of Bali</a></div> The province is divided into eight <a href="/wiki/Regencies_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies of Indonesia">regencies</a> (kabupaten) and one <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of Indonesia">city</a> (kota); all the regencies were originally inaugurated on 9 August 1958,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> while the city of Denpasar were created from part of Badung Regency on 15 January 1992. They are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census<a href="#cite_note-Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-67">[67]</a> and the 2020 census,<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-68">[68]</a> together with the official estimates as at mid 2023<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-2">[2]</a> and the Human Development Index for each regency and city. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kode Wilayah</th> <th>Name of City or Regency</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Area in km2</th> <th>Pop'n 2000 Census</th> <th>Pop'n 2010 Census</th> <th>Pop'n 2020 Census</th> <th>Pop'n mid 2023 Estimate</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> 2023 estimate </th></tr> <tr> <td>51.01</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jembrana_Regency" title="Jembrana Regency">Jembrana Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Negara,_Bali" title="Negara, Bali">Negara</a></td> <td align="right">849.13</td> <td align="right">231,806</td> <td align="right">261,638</td> <td align="right">317,064</td> <td align="right">323,500</td> <td>0.740 (High) </td></tr> <tr> <td>51.02</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabanan_Regency" title="Tabanan Regency">Tabanan Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabanan">Tabanan</a></td> <td align="right">849.31</td> <td align="right">376,030</td> <td align="right">420,913</td> <td align="right">461,630</td> <td align="right">466,100</td> <td>0.774 (High) </td></tr> <tr> <td>51.03</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badung_Regency" title="Badung Regency">Badung Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangupura" title="Mangupura">Mangupura</a></td> <td align="right">398.75</td> <td align="right">345,863</td> <td align="right">543,332</td> <td align="right">548,191</td> <td align="right">563,300</td> <td>0.831 (Very High) </td></tr> <tr> <td>51.04</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gianyar_Regency" title="Gianyar Regency">Gianyar Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gianyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianyar">Gianyar</a></td> <td align="right">364.36</td> <td align="right">393,155</td> <td align="right">469,777</td> <td align="right">515,344</td> <td align="right">524,000</td> <td>0.792 (High) </td></tr> <tr> <td>51.05</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klungkung_Regency" title="Klungkung Regency">Klungkung Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semarapura" title="Semarapura">Semarapura</a></td> <td align="right">313.96</td> <td align="right">155,262</td> <td align="right">170,543</td> <td align="right">206,925</td> <td align="right">208,700</td> <td>0.731 (High) </td></tr> <tr> <td>51.06</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangli_Regency" title="Bangli Regency">Bangli Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangli">Bangli</a></td> <td align="right">526.76</td> <td align="right">193,776</td> <td align="right">215,353</td> <td align="right">258,721</td> <td align="right">261,400</td> <td>0.708 (High) </td></tr> <tr> <td>51.07</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karangasem_Regency" title="Karangasem Regency">Karangasem Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amlapura" title="Amlapura">Amlapura</a></td> <td align="right">839.32</td> <td align="right">360,486</td> <td align="right">396,487</td> <td align="right">492,402</td> <td align="right">500,000</td> <td>0.689 (Medium) </td></tr> <tr> <td>51.08</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buleleng_Regency" title="Buleleng Regency">Buleleng Regency</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singaraja" title="Singaraja">Singaraja</a></td> <td align="right">1,322.68</td> <td align="right">558,181</td> <td align="right">624,125</td> <td align="right">791,813</td> <td align="right">808,900</td> <td>0.740 (High) </td></tr> <tr> <td>51.71</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a> City</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a></td> <td align="right">125.87</td> <td align="right">532,440</td> <td align="right">788,589</td> <td align="right">725,314</td> <td align="right">748,400</td> <td>0.847 (Very High) </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Totals</td> <td></td> <td align="right">5,590.15</td> <td align="right">3,146,999</td> <td align="right">3,890,757</td> <td align="right">4,317,404</td> <td align="right">4,404,300</td> <td>0.771 (High) </td></tr> </tbody></table> The province forms one of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Parliament">People's Representative Council</a>. The Bali Electoral District consists of all of the 8 regencies in the province, together with the city of Denpasar, and elects 9 members to the People's Representative Council.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> In the 1970s, the Balinese economy was largely agriculture-based in terms of both output and employment.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Tourism is now the largest single industry in terms of income, and as a result, Bali is one of Indonesia's wealthiest regions. In 2003, around 80% of Bali's economy was tourism related.<a href="#cite_note-tourism-13">[13]</a> By the end of June 2011, the rate of <a href="/wiki/Non-performing_loan" title="Non-performing loan">non-performing loans</a> of all banks in Bali were 2.23%, lower than the average of Indonesian banking industry non-performing loan rates (about 5%).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The economy, however, suffered significantly as a result of the terrorist bombings in <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Bali bombing">2002</a> and <a href="/wiki/2005_Bali_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Bali bombing">2005</a>. The tourism industry has since recovered from these events. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_carving_in_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wood_carving_in_Bali.jpg/220px-Wood_carving_in_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wood_carving_in_Bali.jpg/330px-Wood_carving_in_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wood_carving_in_Bali.jpg/440px-Wood_carving_in_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></figcaption></figure> Although tourism produces the GDP's largest output, agriculture is still the island's biggest employer.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Fishing also provides a significant number of jobs. Bali is also famous for its <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> who produce a vast array of handicrafts, including <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a> <a href="/wiki/Bali_Nusra_Tangi" title="Bali Nusra Tangi">cloth and clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">wooden carvings</a>, stone carvings, painted art and silverware. Notably, individual villages typically adopt a single product, such as wind chimes or wooden furniture. The <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Arabica coffee</a> production region is the highland region of <a href="/wiki/Kintamani,_Bali" title="Kintamani, Bali">Kintamani</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Batur" title="Mount Batur">Mount Batur</a>. Generally, Balinese coffee is processed using the wet method. This results in a sweet, soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavours include lemon and other citrus notes.<a href="#cite_note-SCAI-74">[74]</a> Many coffee farmers in Kintamani are members of a traditional farming system called <a href="/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)" title="Subak (irrigation)">Subak Abian</a>, which is based on the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> philosophy of "<a href="/wiki/Tri_Hita_Karana" title="Tri Hita Karana">Tri Hita Karana</a>". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relations with <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, other people, and the environment. The Subak Abian system is ideally suited to the production of <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_coffee" title="Fair trade coffee">fair trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_coffee" title="Organic coffee">organic coffee</a> production. Arabica coffee from Kintamani is the first product in Indonesia to request a <a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">geographical indication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BaliKintamani-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders floatright"> <caption>Number of tourists by nationality </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Tourists </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td align="center">1,225,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td align="center">1,185,764 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td align="center">371,850 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td align="center">283,539 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td align="center">273,317 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td align="center">257,897 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td align="center">213,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td align="center">206,814 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td align="center">194,773 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </td> <td align="center">184,477 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: none; font-size:80%; text-align:center">As of 2019<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuta_Beach_(6924448550).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kuta_Beach_%286924448550%29.jpg/220px-Kuta_Beach_%286924448550%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kuta_Beach_%286924448550%29.jpg/330px-Kuta_Beach_%286924448550%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kuta_Beach_%286924448550%29.jpg/440px-Kuta_Beach_%286924448550%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuta_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuta Beach">Kuta Beach</a> is a popular tourist spot.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg/220px-Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg/330px-Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg/440px-Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ogoh-ogoh" title="Ogoh-ogoh">Ogoh-ogoh</a> procession on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></figcaption></figure> In 1963 the Bali Beach Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Sanur,_Bali" title="Sanur, Bali">Sanur</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and boosted tourism in Bali. Before the Bali Beach Hotel construction, there were only three significant tourist-class hotels on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Vickers89-77">[77]</a> Construction of hotels and restaurants began to spread throughout Bali. Tourism further increased in Bali after the <a href="/wiki/Ngurah_Rai_International_Airport" title="Ngurah Rai International Airport">Ngurah Rai International Airport</a> opened in 1970. The Buleleng regency government encouraged the tourism sector as one of the mainstays for economic progress and social welfare. The <a href="/wiki/Tourism_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism industry">tourism industry</a> is primarily focused in the south, while also significant in the other parts of the island. The prominent tourist locations are the town of <a href="/wiki/Kuta,_Bali" title="Kuta, Bali">Kuta</a> (with its beach), and its outer suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Legian" title="Legian">Legian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminyak" title="Seminyak">Seminyak</a> (which were once independent townships), the east coast town of <a href="/wiki/Sanur_(Bali)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanur (Bali)">Sanur</a> (once the only tourist hub), <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a> towards the centre of the island, to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Ngurah_Rai_International_Airport" title="Ngurah Rai International Airport">Ngurah Rai International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimbaran" title="Jimbaran">Jimbaran</a> and the newer developments of <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Dua" title="Nusa Dua">Nusa Dua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pecatu" title="Pecatu">Pecatu</a>. The United States government lifted its travel warnings in 2008. The Australian government issued an advisory on Friday, 4 May 2012, with the overall level of this advisory lowered to 'Exercise a high degree of caution'. The Swedish government issued a new warning on Sunday, 10 June 2012, because of one tourist who died from methanol poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Australia last issued an advisory on Monday, 5 January 2015, due to new terrorist threats.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> An offshoot of tourism is the growing real estate industry. Bali's real estate has been rapidly developing in the main tourist areas of Kuta, Legian, Seminyak, and Oberoi. Most recently, high-end 5-star projects are under development on the Bukit peninsula, on the island's south side. Expensive villas are being developed along the cliff sides of south Bali, with commanding panoramic ocean views. Foreign and domestic, many <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> individuals and companies are fairly active, and investment into other areas of the island also continues to grow. Land prices, despite the worldwide economic crisis, have remained stable. In the last half of 2008, Indonesia's currency had dropped approximately 30% against the US dollar, providing many overseas visitors with improved value for their currencies. Bali's tourism economy survived the <a href="/wiki/Islamists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamists">Islamist</a> terrorist bombings of 2002 and 2005, and the tourism industry has slowly recovered and surpassed its pre-terrorist bombing levels; the long-term trend has been a steady increase in visitor arrivals. In 2010, Bali received 2.57 million foreign tourists, which surpassed the target of 2.0–2.3 million tourists. The average occupancy of starred hotels achieved 65%, so the island still should be able to accommodate tourists for some years without any addition of new rooms/hotels,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> although at the peak season some of them are fully booked. Bali received the Best Island award from <a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Leisure" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel and Leisure">Travel and Leisure</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Bali won because of its attractive surroundings (both mountain and coastal areas), diverse tourist attractions, excellent international and local restaurants, and the friendliness of the local people. The Balinese culture and its religion are also considered the main factor of the award. One of the most prestigious events that symbolize a strong relationship between a god and its followers is <a href="/wiki/Kecak" title="Kecak">Kecak</a> dance. According to BBC Travel released in 2011, Bali is one of the World's Best Islands, ranking second after <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, Greece.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gilbert" title="Elizabeth Gilbert">Elizabeth Gilbert</a>'s memoir <a href="/wiki/Eat,_Pray,_Love" title="Eat, Pray, Love">Eat, Pray, Love</a> was published, and in August 2010 it was adapted into the film <a href="/wiki/Eat_Pray_Love" title="Eat Pray Love">Eat Pray Love</a>. It took place at Ubud and <a href="/wiki/Padang_Padang_Beach" title="Padang Padang Beach">Padang-Padang Beach</a> in Bali. Both the book and the film fuelled a boom in tourism in Ubud, the hill town and cultural and tourist centre that was the focus of Gilbert's quest for balance and love through traditional spirituality and healing.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In January 2016, after musician <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> died, it was revealed that in his <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a>, Bowie asked for his ashes to be scattered in Bali, conforming to <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> rituals. He had visited and performed in several <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a> cities early in his career, including <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Since 2011, China has displaced Japan as the second-largest supplier of tourists to Bali, while Australia still tops the list while India has also emerged as a greater supply of tourists. Chinese tourists increased by 17% in 2011 from 2010 due to the impact of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ACFTA</a> and new direct flights to Bali.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In January 2012, Chinese tourists increased by 222.18% compared to January 2011, while Japanese tourists declined by 23.54% year on year.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Bali authorities reported the island had 2.88 million foreign tourists and 5 million domestic tourists in 2012, marginally surpassing the expectations of 2.8 million foreign tourists.<a href="#cite_note-balitourism-87">[87]</a> Based on a <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a> survey in May 2013, 34.39 per cent of tourists are upper-middle class, spending between $1,286 and $5,592, and are dominated by Australia, India, France, China, Germany and the UK. Some Chinese tourists have increased their levels of spending from previous years. 30.26 per cent of tourists are middle class, spending between $662 and $1,285.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 2017 it was expected that <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> tourists would outnumber <a href="/wiki/Australian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian people">Australian</a> tourists. In January 2020, 10,000 Chinese tourists cancelled trips to Bali due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Because of the COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions, Bali welcomed 1.07 million international travelers in 2020, most of them between January and March, which is -87% compared to 2019. In the first half of 2021, they welcomed 43 international travelers.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The pandemic presented a major blow on Bali's tourism-dependent economy. On 3 February 2022, Bali reopened again for the first foreign tourists after 2 years of being closed due to the pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 2022 Indonesia's Minister of Health, Budi Sadikin, stated that the tourism industry in Bali will be complemented by the <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> At the beginning of 2023, the governor of Bali demanded a ban on the use of motorcycles by tourists. This happened after a series of accidents. Wayan Koster proposed to cancel the violators' visas. The move sparked widespread outrage on social media.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bali_MRT" title="Bali MRT">Bali MRT</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngurah_Rai_Internasional_Airport_Welcome_Sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ngurah_Rai_Internasional_Airport_Welcome_Sign.jpg/220px-Ngurah_Rai_Internasional_Airport_Welcome_Sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ngurah_Rai_Internasional_Airport_Welcome_Sign.jpg/330px-Ngurah_Rai_Internasional_Airport_Welcome_Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ngurah_Rai_Internasional_Airport_Welcome_Sign.jpg/440px-Ngurah_Rai_Internasional_Airport_Welcome_Sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4030" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ngurah_Rai_International_Airport" title="Ngurah Rai International Airport">I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ngurah_Rai_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngurah Rai Airport">Ngurah Rai International Airport</a> is located near Jimbaran, on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> at the southernmost part of the island. <a href="/wiki/Lt._Col._Wisnu_Airfield" title="Lt. Col. Wisnu Airfield">Lt. Col. Wisnu Airfield</a> is in northwest Bali. A coastal road circles the island, and three major two-lane arteries cross the central mountains at passes reaching 1,750 m in height (at Penelokan). The Ngurah Rai Bypass is a four-lane expressway that partly encircles Denpasar. Bali has no railway lines. There is a car ferry between Gilimanuk on the west coast of Bali to Ketapang on <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. In December 2010 the Government of Indonesia invited investors to build a new Tanah Ampo Cruise Terminal at <a href="/wiki/Karangasem_Regency" title="Karangasem Regency">Karangasem</a>, Bali with a projected worth of $30 million.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> On 17 July 2011, the first cruise ship (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_World" title="Pacific World">Sun Princess</a>) anchored about 400 metres (1,300 feet) away from the wharf of Tanah Ampo harbour. The current pier is only 154 metres (505 feet) but will eventually be extended to 300 to 350 metres (980–1,150 feet) to accommodate international cruise ships. The harbour is safer than the existing facility at Benoa and has a scenic backdrop of east Bali mountains and green rice fields.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The tender for improvement was subject to delays, and as of July 2013 the situation was unclear with cruise line operators complaining and even refusing to use the existing facility at Tanah Ampo.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trans_Sarbagita_bus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trans_Sarbagita_bus.JPG/220px-Trans_Sarbagita_bus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trans_Sarbagita_bus.JPG/330px-Trans_Sarbagita_bus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Trans_Sarbagita_bus.JPG/440px-Trans_Sarbagita_bus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trans_Sarbagita" title="Trans Sarbagita">Trans Sarbagita</a> bus</figcaption></figure> A memorandum of understanding was signed by two ministers, Bali's governor and <a href="/wiki/PT_Kereta_Api" class="mw-redirect" title="PT Kereta Api">Indonesian Train Company</a> to build 565 kilometres (351 miles) of railway along the coast around the island. As of July 2015, no details of these proposed railways have been released.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2019 it was reported in Gapura Bali that <a href="/wiki/Wayan_Koster" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayan Koster">Wayan Koster</a>, governor of Bali, "is keen to improve Bali's transportation infrastructure and is considering plans to build an electric rail network across the island".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On 16 March 2011 (Tanjung) Benoa port received the "Best Port Welcome 2010" award from London's "Dream World Cruise Destination" magazine.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Government plans to expand the role of Benoa port as export-import port to boost Bali's trade and industry sector.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In 2013, The Tourism and Creative Economy Ministry advised that 306 cruise liners were scheduled to visit Indonesia, an increase of 43 per cent compared to the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In May 2011, an integrated Area Traffic Control System (ATCS) was implemented to reduce traffic jams at four crossing points: Ngurah Rai statue, Dewa Ruci Kuta crossing, Jimbaran crossing and Sanur crossing. ATCS is an integrated system connecting all <a href="/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">traffic lights</a>, CCTVs and other traffic signals with a monitoring office at the police headquarters. It has successfully been implemented in other <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> countries and will be implemented at other crossings in Bali.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tol_Benoa-Jimbaran_(27432911116).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tol_Benoa-Jimbaran_%2827432911116%29.jpg/220px-Tol_Benoa-Jimbaran_%2827432911116%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tol_Benoa-Jimbaran_%2827432911116%29.jpg/330px-Tol_Benoa-Jimbaran_%2827432911116%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tol_Benoa-Jimbaran_%2827432911116%29.jpg/440px-Tol_Benoa-Jimbaran_%2827432911116%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3730" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Bali_Mandara_Toll_Road" title="Bali Mandara Toll Road">Bali Mandara Toll Road</a> view above the sea</figcaption></figure> On 21 December 2011, construction started on the Nusa Dua-Benoa-<a href="/wiki/Ngurah_Rai_International_Airport" title="Ngurah Rai International Airport">Ngurah Rai International Airport</a> toll road, which will also provide a special lane for motorcycles. This has been done by seven state-owned enterprises led by PT Jasa Marga with 60% of the shares. PT Jasa Marga Bali Tol will construct the 9.91-kilometre-long (6.16-mile) toll road (totally 12.7 kilometres (7.89 miles) with access road). The construction is estimated to cost Rp.2.49 trillion ($273.9 million). The project goes through 2 kilometres (1 mile) of mangrove forest and through 2.3 kilometres (1.4 miles) of beach, both within 5.4 hectares (13 acres) area. The elevated toll road is built over the mangrove forest on 18,000 concrete pillars that occupied two hectares of mangrove forest. This was compensated by the planting of 300,000 mangrove trees along the road. On 21 December 2011, the Dewa Ruci 450-metre (1,480-foot) underpass has also started on the busy Dewa Ruci junction near Bali Kuta Galeria with an estimated cost of Rp136 billion ($14.9 million) from the state budget.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> On 23 September 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Bali_Mandara_Toll_Road" title="Bali Mandara Toll Road">Bali Mandara Toll Road</a> was opened, with the Dewa Ruci Junction underpass being opened previously.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> To solve chronic traffic problems, the province will also build a toll road connecting Serangan with Tohpati, a toll road connecting Kuta, Denpasar, and Tohpati, and a flyover connecting Kuta and Ngurah Rai Airport.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bratan_Bali_Indonesia_Balinese-family-after-Puja-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bratan_Bali_Indonesia_Balinese-family-after-Puja-01.jpg/220px-Bratan_Bali_Indonesia_Balinese-family-after-Puja-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bratan_Bali_Indonesia_Balinese-family-after-Puja-01.jpg/330px-Bratan_Bali_Indonesia_Balinese-family-after-Puja-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bratan_Bali_Indonesia_Balinese-family-after-Puja-01.jpg/440px-Bratan_Bali_Indonesia_Balinese-family-after-Puja-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4695" data-file-height="3756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> family after performing <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> in a temple</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,120,322</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,469,930</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,777,811</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,895,649</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,146,999</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+8.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2005 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,378,092</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,890,757</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,148,588</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,317,404</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,404,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">sources:<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>The population of Bali was 3,890,757 as of the 2010 census, and 4,317,404 at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 4,404,300.<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-2">[2]</a> In 2021, the Indonesian Ministry of Justice estimated that there were 109,801 foreigners living on Bali, with most originating from Russia, the US, Australia, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, Italy, and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_origins">Ethnic origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ethnic origins">edit</a>]</div> A DNA study in 2005 by Karafet et al. found that 12% of Balinese <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome">Y-chromosomes</a> are of likely <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic Languages">Austroasiasic</a> origin, while 84% are of likely <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> origin, and 2% of likely <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caste_system">Caste system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Caste system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balinese_caste_system" title="Balinese caste system">Balinese caste system</a></div> Pre-modern Bali had four castes, as Jeff Lewis and Belinda Lewis state, but with a "very strong tradition of communal decision-making and interdependence".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The four castes have been classified as Sudra (<a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a>), Wesia (<a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishyas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Kshatriya" title="Balinese Kshatriya">Satria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriyas</a>) and Brahmana (<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The 19th-century scholars such as Crawfurd and Friederich suggested that the Balinese caste system had Indian origins, but Helen Creese states that scholars such as Brumund who had visited and stayed on the island of Bali suggested that his field observations conflicted with the "received understandings concerning its Indian origins".<a href="#cite_note-Creese2016p305-115">[115]</a> In Bali, the Shudra (locally spelt Soedra) has typically been the temple priests, though depending on the demographics, a temple priest may also be from the other three castes.<a href="#cite_note-belo4-116">[116]</a> In most regions, it has been the Shudra who typically make offerings to the gods on behalf of the Hindu devotees, chant prayers, recite meweda (Vedas), and set the course of Balinese temple festivals.<a href="#cite_note-belo4-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159154.92214786px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2305.1480644087px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 390.49270745593px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 105.28964909732px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Bali (2022)<a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-117">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (87.91%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (8.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (3.30%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.68%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (0.02%)</div> </div> </div></div> About 87.91% of Bali's population adheres to <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a>, formed as a combination of existing <a href="/wiki/Balinese_mythology" title="Balinese mythology">local beliefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> influences from mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. Minority religions include <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (8.10%), <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (3.30%), and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.68%) as for 2022.<a href="#cite_note-AGAMA-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-117">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-03.jpg/220px-Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-03.jpg/330px-Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-03.jpg/440px-Besakih_Bali_Indonesia_Pura-Besakih-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5528" data-file-height="3685" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Besakih_Temple" title="Besakih Temple">Mother Temple of Besakih</a>, one of Bali's most significant <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>.</figcaption></figure> The general beliefs and practices of Agama Hindu Dharma mix ancient traditions and contemporary pressures placed by Indonesian laws that permit only monotheist belief under the national ideology of <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-junemcdaniel-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-syamashita-119">[119]</a> Traditionally, Hinduism in Indonesia had a pantheon of deities and that tradition of belief continues in practice; further, Hinduism in Indonesia granted freedom and flexibility to Hindus as to when, how and where to pray.<a href="#cite_note-syamashita-119">[119]</a> However, officially, the Indonesian government considers and advertises Indonesian Hinduism as a <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic religion">monotheistic religion</a> with certain officially recognised beliefs that comply with its national ideology.<a href="#cite_note-junemcdaniel-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-syamashita-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Indonesian school textbooks describe Hinduism as having one supreme being, Hindus offering three daily mandatory prayers, and Hinduism as having certain common beliefs that in part parallel those of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-syamashita-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-jmcdaniel2013-121">[121]</a> Some scholars<a href="#cite_note-syamashita-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] contest whether these Indonesian government recognised and assigned beliefs to reflect the traditional beliefs and practices of Hindus in Indonesia before Indonesia gained independence from Dutch colonial rule. Balinese Hinduism has roots in Indian Hinduism and Buddhism, which arrived through <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Hindu influences reached the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian Archipelago</a> as early as the first century.<a href="#cite_note-jgonda-125">[125]</a> Historical evidence is unclear about the diffusion process of cultural and spiritual ideas from India. Java legends refer to Saka-era, traced to <a href="/wiki/78_AD" class="mw-redirect" title="78 AD">78 AD</a>. Stories from the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> Epic have been traced in Indonesian islands to the 1st century; however, the versions mirror those found in the southeast Indian peninsular region (now <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>).<a href="#cite_note-jgonda-125">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pura_Bratan_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pura_Bratan_Bali.jpg/220px-Pura_Bratan_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pura_Bratan_Bali.jpg/330px-Pura_Bratan_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pura_Bratan_Bali.jpg/440px-Pura_Bratan_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pura_Ulun_Danu_Bratan" title="Pura Ulun Danu Bratan">Pura Ulun Danu Bratan</a></figcaption></figure> The Bali tradition adopted the pre-existing animistic traditions of the indigenous people. This influence strengthened the belief that the gods and goddesses are present in all things. Every element of nature, therefore, possesses its power, which reflects the power of the gods. A rock, tree, dagger, or woven cloth is a potential home for spirits whose energy can be directed for good or evil. Balinese Hinduism is deeply interwoven with art and ritual. Ritualising states of self-control are a notable feature of religious expression among the people, who for this reason have become famous for their graceful and decorous behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Apart from the majority of Balinese Hindus, there also exist <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese</a> immigrants whose traditions have melded with that of the locals. As a result, these Sino-Balinese embrace their original religion, which is a mixture of Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism, and Confucianism, and find a way to harmonise it with the local traditions. Hence, it is not uncommon to find local Sino-Balinese during the local temple's <a href="/wiki/Odalan" title="Odalan">odalan</a>. Moreover, Balinese Hindu priests are invited to perform rites alongside a Chinese priest in the event of the death of a Sino-Balinese. Nevertheless, the Sino-Balinese claim to embrace Buddhism for administrative purposes, such as their Identity Cards.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Indonesia" title="Catholic Church in Indonesia">Roman Catholic community</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Denpasar" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Denpasar">Diocese of Denpasar</a> that encompasses the province of Bali and <a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a> and has its <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pura_Penataran_Lempuyang_Bali_492102459.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penataran Lempuyang Temple, Gunung Lempuyang, Bali"><img alt="Penataran Lempuyang Temple, Gunung Lempuyang, Bali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pura_Penataran_Lempuyang_Bali_492102459.jpg/120px-Pura_Penataran_Lempuyang_Bali_492102459.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pura_Penataran_Lempuyang_Bali_492102459.jpg/180px-Pura_Penataran_Lempuyang_Bali_492102459.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Pura_Penataran_Lempuyang_Bali_492102459.jpg/240px-Pura_Penataran_Lempuyang_Bali_492102459.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="2191" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Penataran Lempuyang Temple, Gunung Lempuyang, Bali</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DenpasarSt.JosephChurch.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Joseph's Church, Denpasar"><img alt="Saint Joseph's Church, Denpasar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/DenpasarSt.JosephChurch.JPG/85px-DenpasarSt.JosephChurch.JPG" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/DenpasarSt.JosephChurch.JPG/127px-DenpasarSt.JosephChurch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/DenpasarSt.JosephChurch.JPG/170px-DenpasarSt.JosephChurch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2896" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Joseph's Church, Denpasar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_temple,_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ling Sii Miao Buddhist Temple, Denpasar"><img alt="Ling Sii Miao Buddhist Temple, Denpasar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chinese_temple%2C_Bali.jpg/120px-Chinese_temple%2C_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chinese_temple%2C_Bali.jpg/180px-Chinese_temple%2C_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Chinese_temple%2C_Bali.jpg/240px-Chinese_temple%2C_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="958" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ling Sii Miao Buddhist Temple, Denpasar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Masjid-Agung-Ibnu-Batutah-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ibnu Batutah Mosque, Kuta"><img alt="Ibnu Batutah Mosque, Kuta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Masjid-Agung-Ibnu-Batutah-02.jpg/120px-Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Masjid-Agung-Ibnu-Batutah-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Masjid-Agung-Ibnu-Batutah-02.jpg/180px-Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Masjid-Agung-Ibnu-Batutah-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Masjid-Agung-Ibnu-Batutah-02.jpg/240px-Kuta_Bali_Indonesia_Masjid-Agung-Ibnu-Batutah-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4718" data-file-height="3370" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ibnu Batutah Mosque, Kuta</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="90" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm/WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm/WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm/WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm/WIKITONGUES_-_Ni_Luh_speaking_Balinese.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese language</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> are the most widely spoken languages in Bali, and the vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese people</a> are <a href="/wiki/Bilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual">bilingual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilingual">trilingual</a>. The most common spoken language around the tourist areas is Indonesian, as many people in the tourist sector are not solely Balinese, but migrants from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and other parts of Indonesia. The Balinese language is heavily <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">stratified</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_caste_system" title="Balinese caste system">Balinese caste system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> are also commonly used by some Hindu priests in Bali, as Hindu literature was mostly written in Sanskrit. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and Chinese are the next most common languages (and the primary foreign languages) of many Balinese, owing to the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Tourism_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism industry">tourism industry</a>, as well as the English-speaking community and huge Chinese-Indonesian population. Other foreign languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> or <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> are often used in multilingual signs for foreign tourists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Balinese_architecture" title="Balinese architecture">Balinese architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_art" title="Balinese art">Balinese art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Balinese dance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bali" title="Music of Bali">Music of Bali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_cuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bali_cuisine.jpg/220px-Bali_cuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bali_cuisine.jpg/330px-Bali_cuisine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bali_cuisine.jpg/440px-Bali_cuisine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese cuisine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rejang_Adat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rejang_Adat.jpg/220px-Rejang_Adat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rejang_Adat.jpg/330px-Rejang_Adat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rejang_Adat.jpg/440px-Rejang_Adat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Rejang, a sacred Balinese dance to greet the gods that come down to the earth on ceremony day</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kecak_Pura_Luhur_Uluwatu_Rama_Sinta_2_201.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kecak_Pura_Luhur_Uluwatu_Rama_Sinta_2_201.jpg/220px-Kecak_Pura_Luhur_Uluwatu_Rama_Sinta_2_201.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kecak_Pura_Luhur_Uluwatu_Rama_Sinta_2_201.jpg/330px-Kecak_Pura_Luhur_Uluwatu_Rama_Sinta_2_201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Kecak_Pura_Luhur_Uluwatu_Rama_Sinta_2_201.jpg/440px-Kecak_Pura_Luhur_Uluwatu_Rama_Sinta_2_201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kecak" title="Kecak">Kecak</a> dance</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngaben_di_Nusa_Penida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ngaben_di_Nusa_Penida.jpg/220px-Ngaben_di_Nusa_Penida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ngaben_di_Nusa_Penida.jpg/330px-Ngaben_di_Nusa_Penida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ngaben_di_Nusa_Penida.jpg/440px-Ngaben_di_Nusa_Penida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ngaben" title="Ngaben">Cremation</a> ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida" title="Nusa Penida">Nusa Penida</a></figcaption></figure>Bali is renowned for its diverse and sophisticated art forms, such as painting, sculpture, woodcarving, handcrafts, and performing arts. <a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese cuisine</a> is also distinctive, and unlike the rest of Indonesia, pork is commonly found in Balinese dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Pig_roast" title="Pig roast">Babi Guling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Balinese percussion orchestra music, known as <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>, is highly developed and varied. Balinese performing arts often portray stories from Hindu epics such as the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> but with heavy Balinese influence. Famous <a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">Balinese dances</a> include <a href="/wiki/Pendet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendet">pendet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legong" title="Legong">legong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baris_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baris (dance)">baris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Topeng">topeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barong_(mythology)" title="Barong (mythology)">barong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamelan_gong_kebyar" title="Gamelan gong kebyar">gong keybar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kecak" title="Kecak">kecak</a> (the monkey dance). Bali boasts one of the most diverse and innovative performing arts cultures in the world, with paid performances at thousands of temple festivals, private ceremonies, and public shows.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 2018 Governor <a href="/wiki/I_Wayan_Koster" title="I Wayan Koster">I Wayan Koster</a> issued Bali Governor's Regulation No. 79 of 2018 which mandated that city officials wear traditional Balinese dress, such as that made of <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">songket</a>. This was followed by Circular No. 4 of 2021 which specified the use of <a href="/wiki/Balinese_textiles#Endek" title="Balinese textiles">Endek fabrics</a>, and was expanded to high-ranking individuals in the private sector and other institutions.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> Kaja and kelod are the Balinese equivalents of North and South, which refer to one's orientation between the island's largest mountain Gunung Agung (kaja), and the sea (kelod). In addition to spatial orientation, kaja and kelod have the connotation of good and evil; gods and ancestors are believed to live on the mountain whereas demons live in the sea. Buildings such as temples and residential homes are spatially oriented by having the most sacred spaces closest to the mountain and the unclean places nearest to the sea.<a href="#cite_note-Herbst-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Most temples have an inner courtyard and an outer courtyard which are arranged with the inner courtyard furthest kaja. These spaces serve as performance venues since most Balinese rituals are accompanied by any combination of music, dance, and drama. The performances that take place in the inner courtyard are classified as wali, the most sacred rituals which are offerings exclusively for the gods, while the outer courtyard is where bebali ceremonies are held, which are intended for gods and people. Lastly, performances meant solely for the entertainment of humans take place outside the temple's walls and are called bali-balihan. This three-tiered system of classification was standardised in 1971 by a committee of Balinese officials and artists to better protect the sanctity of the oldest and most sacred Balinese rituals from being performed for a paying audience.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dances">Dances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dances">edit</a>]</div> Tourism, Bali's chief industry, has provided the island with a foreign audience that is eager to pay for entertainment, thus creating new performance opportunities and more demand for performers. The impact of <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in indonesia">tourism</a> is controversial since before it became integrated into the economy, the Balinese performing arts did not exist as a capitalist venture, and were not performed for entertainment outside of their respective ritual context. Since the 1930s sacred rituals such as the <a href="/wiki/Barong_(mythology)" title="Barong (mythology)">barong</a> <a href="/wiki/Balinese_dance" title="Balinese dance">dance</a> have been performed both in their original contexts, as well as exclusively for paying tourists. This has led to new versions of many of these performances that have developed according to the preferences of foreign audiences; some villages have a barong mask specifically for non-ritual performances and an older mask that is only used for sacred performances.<a href="#cite_note-Sanger-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the year, there are many festivals celebrated locally or island-wide according to the traditional calendars.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The Hindu New Year, <a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a>, is celebrated in the spring by a day of silence. On this day everyone stays at home and tourists are encouraged (or required) to remain in their hotels. On the day before New Year, large and colourful sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Ogoh-ogoh" title="Ogoh-ogoh">Ogoh-ogoh</a> monsters are paraded and burned in the evening to drive away evil spirits. Other festivals throughout the year are specified by the Balinese <a href="/wiki/Pawukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawukon">pawukon</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendrical</a> system. Celebrations are held for many occasions such as a tooth-filing (coming-of-age ritual), <a href="/wiki/Ngaben" title="Ngaben">cremation</a> or odalan (temple festival). One of the most important concepts that Balinese ceremonies have in common is that of désa kala patra, which refers to how ritual performances must be appropriate in both the specific and general social context.<a href="#cite_note-Herbst-132">[132]</a> Many ceremonial art forms such as <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> kulit and <a href="/wiki/Topeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Topeng">topeng</a> are highly improvisatory, providing flexibility for the performer to adapt the performance to the current situation.<a href="#cite_note-Foley-137">[137]</a> Many celebrations call for a loud, boisterous atmosphere with much activity, and the resulting aesthetic, ramé, is distinctively Balinese. Often two or more <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bali" title="Music of Bali">gamelan</a> ensembles will be performing well within earshot, and sometimes compete with each other to be heard. Likewise, the audience members talk amongst themselves, get up and walk around, or even cheer on the performance, which adds to the many layers of activity and the liveliness typical of ramé.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tradition">Tradition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tradition">edit</a>]</div> Balinese society continues to revolve around each family's ancestral village, to which the cycle of life and religion is closely tied.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-139">[139]</a> Coercive aspects of traditional society, such as <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a> sanctions imposed by traditional authorities such as village councils (including "<a href="/wiki/Kasepekang" title="Kasepekang">kasepekang</a>", or <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunning</a>) have risen in importance as a consequence of the democratisation and decentralisation of Indonesia since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-139">[139]</a> Other than Balinese sacred rituals and festivals, the government presents <a href="/wiki/Bali_Arts_Festival" title="Bali Arts Festival">Bali Arts Festival</a> to showcase Bali's performing arts and various artworks produced by the local talents that they have. It is held once a year, from the second week of June until the end of July. Southeast Asia's biggest annual festival of words and ideas <a href="/wiki/Ubud_Writers_and_Readers_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubud Writers and Readers Festival">Ubud Writers and Readers Festival</a> is held at <a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a> in October, which is participated by the world's most celebrated writers, artists, thinkers, and performers.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> One unusual tradition is the naming of children in Bali. In general, Balinese people <a href="/wiki/Balinese_name#Birth_order" title="Balinese name">name their children</a> depending on the order they are born, and the names are the same for both males and females. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beauty_pageant">Beauty pageant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Beauty pageant">edit</a>]</div> Bali was the host of <a href="/wiki/Miss_World_2013" title="Miss World 2013">Miss World 2013</a> (63rd edition of the Miss World pageant). It was the first time Indonesia hosted an international beauty pageant. In 2022, Bali also co-hosted <a href="/wiki/Miss_Grand_International_2022" title="Miss Grand International 2022">Miss Grand International 2022</a> along with Jakarta, West Java, and Banten. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadion_Dipta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stadion_Dipta.jpg/220px-Stadion_Dipta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stadion_Dipta.jpg/330px-Stadion_Dipta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Stadion_Dipta.jpg/440px-Stadion_Dipta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kapten_I_Wayan_Dipta_Stadium" title="Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium">Kapten I Wayan Dipta Stadium</a>, the home of <a href="/wiki/Bali_United_F.C." title="Bali United F.C.">Bali United F.C.</a></figcaption></figure> Bali is a major world <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> destination with popular breaks dotted across the southern coastline and around the offshore island of <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Lembongan" title="Nusa Lembongan">Nusa Lembongan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a>, Bali, including <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida" title="Nusa Penida">Nusa Penida</a>, offers a wide range of dive sites with varying types of reefs, and tropical aquatic life. Bali was the host of <a href="/wiki/2008_Asian_Beach_Games" title="2008 Asian Beach Games">2008 Asian Beach Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> It was the second time Indonesia hosted an Asia-level <a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_event" title="Multi-sport event">multi-sport event</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> held the <a href="/wiki/1962_Asian_Games" title="1962 Asian Games">1962 Asian Games</a>. In 2023, Bali was the location for a major <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">eSports</a> event, the <a href="/wiki/Dota_2" title="Dota 2">Dota 2</a> Bali Major, the third and final Major of the <a href="/wiki/Dota_Pro_Circuit" title="Dota Pro Circuit">Dota Pro Circuit</a> season. The event was held at the Ayana Estate and the Champa Garden, and it was the first time that a Dota Pro Circuit Major was held in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, Bali is home to <a href="/wiki/Bali_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali United">Bali United</a> football club, which plays in <a href="/wiki/Liga_1_(Indonesia)" title="Liga 1 (Indonesia)">Liga 1</a>. The team was relocated from <a href="/wiki/Samarinda" title="Samarinda">Samarinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gianyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianyar">Gianyar</a>, Bali. Harbiansyah Hanafiah, the main commissioner of Bali United explained that he changed the name and moved the home base because there was no representative from Bali in the highest football tier in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Another reason was due to local fans in Samarinda preferring to support <a href="/wiki/Pusamania_Borneo_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Pusamania Borneo F.C.">Pusamania Borneo F.C.</a> rather than Persisam. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heritage_sites">Heritage sites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Heritage sites">edit</a>]</div> In June 2012, <a href="/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)" title="Subak (irrigation)">Subak</a>, the irrigation system for <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jatiluwih" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatiluwih">Jatiluwih</a>, central Bali was listed as a Natural <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism in Indonesia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0008-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0008-4"><bdi>978-1-4629-0008-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali%3A+A+Paradise+Created&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0008-4&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy17MAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tourism-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tourism_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tourism_13-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821140830/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,393799,00.html">Desperately Seeking Survival</a> Time. 25 November 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=11823142">"Bali named as best destination in the world by TripAdvisor"</a>. The New Zealand Herald. 22 March 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Bali+named+as+best+destination+in+the+world+by+TripAdvisor&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Ftravel%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D7%26objectid%3D11823142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coconuts.co/bali/lifestyle/bali-named-most-popular-destination-on-tripadvisors-2021-travelers-choice-awards/">"Bali named most popular destination on Tripadvisor's 2021 Travelers' Choice Awards"</a>. Coconuts Bali. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coconuts+Bali&rft.atitle=Bali+named+most+popular+destination+on+Tripadvisor%27s+2021+Travelers%27+Choice+Awards&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoconuts.co%2Fbali%2Flifestyle%2Fbali-named-most-popular-destination-on-tripadvisors-2021-travelers-choice-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudleyStolton2010" class="citation book cs1">Dudley, Nigel; Stolton, Sue (12 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wDJBQAAQBAJ">Arguments for Protected Areas: Multiple Benefits for Conservation and Use</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-54292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-54292-3"><bdi>978-1-136-54292-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arguments+for+Protected+Areas%3A+Multiple+Benefits+for+Conservation+and+Use&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-54292-3&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Stolton%2C+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-wDJBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512230756/http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/facts/coral_species.html">"Species diversity by ocean basin"</a>. NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. 9 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coralreef.noaa.gov/aboutcorals/facts/coral_species.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+diversity+by+ocean+basin&rft.pub=NOAA+Coral+Reef+Conservation+Program&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoralreef.noaa.gov%2Faboutcorals%2Ffacts%2Fcoral_species.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2012" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Kate (27 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-27/an-balis-subak-world-heritage-listed/4096016">"World heritage listing for Bali's 'Subak' tradition"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 14 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+heritage+listing+for+Bali%27s+%27Subak%27+tradition&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2012-06-27%2Fan-balis-subak-world-heritage-listed%2F4096016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1995" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Gfir3Ju70C">The Dark Side of Paradise: Political Violence in Bali</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8172-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8172-4"><bdi>0-8014-8172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Paradise%3A+Political+Violence+in+Bali&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8014-8172-4&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3Gfir3Ju70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#Taylor">Taylor</a>, pp. 5, 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinzler-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinzler_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinzler_21-1">b</a> Hinzler, Heidi (1995) Artifacts and Early Foreign Influences. From <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOey1995" class="citation book cs1">Oey, Eric, ed. (1995). Bali. Singapore: Periplus Editions. pp. 24–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9625930280" title="Special:BookSources/9625930280"><bdi>9625930280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9625930280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#Taylor">Taylor</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonely-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwayLyonWheeler1999" class="citation book cs1">Greenway, Paul; Lyon, James; Wheeler, Tony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balilombok00gree/page/15">Bali and Lombok</a>. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balilombok00gree/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86442-606-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-86442-606-2"><bdi>0-86442-606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+and+Lombok&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-86442-606-2&rft.aulast=Greenway&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Lyon%2C+James&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalilombok00gree%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/28/the-birthplace-balinese-hinduism.html">"The birthplace of Balinese Hinduism"</a>. The Jakarta Post. 28 April 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=The+birthplace+of+Balinese+Hinduism&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F04%2F28%2Fthe-birthplace-balinese-hinduism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianized-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indianized_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indianized_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCœdès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Coedès">Cœdès, George</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC">The Indianized States of Southeast Asia</a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDyJBFTdiwoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#Barski">Barski</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortesão1975" class="citation book cs1">Cortesão, Jaime (1975). Esparsos, Volume III. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esparsos%2C+Volume+III&rft.place=Coimbra&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Universidade+de+Coimbra+Biblioteca+Geral&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Cortes%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> "...passing the island of 'Balle', on whose heights the nau Sabaia, of Francisco Serrão, was lost" – from Antonio de Abreu, and in <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a> and Antonio Galvão's chronicles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PbNS0LHn60C&pg=PA288">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Hanna, Willard A. (2004) Bali Chronicles. Periplus, Singapore, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7946-0272-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7946-0272-X">0-7946-0272-X</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-ctpqur-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ctpqur_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctpqur_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctpqur_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctpqur_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctpqur_29-4">e</a> Vickers, Adrian (1995), From <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOey1995" class="citation book cs1">Oey, Eric, ed. (1995). Bali. Singapore: Periplus Editions. pp. 26–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9625930280" title="Special:BookSources/9625930280"><bdi>9625930280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=26-35&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9625930280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1869" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869). The Malay Archipelago. Periplus Editions (HK) Limited. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0563-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0563-6"><bdi>978-0-7946-0563-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malay+Archipelago&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+%28HK%29+Limited&rft.date=1869&rft.isbn=978-0-7946-0563-6&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Russel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#Haer">Haer</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Friend-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friend_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friend_32-1">b</a> Friend, Theodore. Indonesian Destinies, Harvard University Press, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01137-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01137-6">0-674-01137-6</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-doherty-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doherty_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doherty_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-doherty_33-2">c</a> Doherty, Thomas Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231110952" title="Special:BookSources/0231110952">0231110952</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemen,_L1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">Klemen, L (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325051425/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/bali.html">"The Capture of Bali Island, February 1942"</a>. Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/bali.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2012. 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Routledge. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35541-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35541-8"><bdi>978-1-135-35541-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Territories+of+Indonesia&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-06-17&rft.isbn=978-1-135-35541-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Iem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlfPJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/25/only-223-percent-loans-bali-are-bad.html">"Only 2.23 percent of loans in Bali are bad"</a>. 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BRILL Academic. pp. 305 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31583-9"><bdi>978-90-04-31583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+in+the+Early+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=305+with+footnotes&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31583-9&rft.au=Helen+M.+Creese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQpRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-belo4-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belo4_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-belo4_116-1">b</a> Jane Belo (1953), Bali: Temple Festival, Monograph 22, American Ethnological Society, University of Washington Press, pages 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-RELIGION-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RELIGION_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RELIGION_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama">"Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama"</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Religious Affairs</a>. 31 August 2022. 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Nova Religio. 14 (1): 93–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2010.14.1.93">10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.93</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=Agama+Hindu+Dharma+Indonesia+as+a+New+Religious+Movement%3A+Hinduism+Recreated+in+the+Image+of+Islam&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-111&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2010.14.1.93&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-syamashita-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syamashita_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syamashita_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syamashita_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syamashita_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-syamashita_119-4">e</a> Shinji Yamashita (2002), Bali and Beyond: Explorations in the Anthropology of Tourism, Berghahn, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1571813275" title="Special:BookSources/978-1571813275">978-1571813275</a>, pp. 57-65 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Michel Picard (2003), in Hinduism in Modern Indonesia (Editor: Martin Ramstedt), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700715336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700715336">978-0700715336</a>, pp. 56–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-jmcdaniel2013-121"><a href="#cite_ref-jmcdaniel2013_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2013" class="citation journal cs1">McDaniel, J. (November 2013). "A Modern Hindu Monotheism: Indonesian Hindus as 'People of the Book'". The Journal of Hindu Studies. 6 (3): 333–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit030">10.1093/jhs/hit030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Modern+Hindu+Monotheism%3A+Indonesian+Hindus+as+%27People+of+the+Book%27&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-362&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit030&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Anthony Forge (1980), Balinese Religion and Indonesian Identity, in Indonesia: The Making of a Culture (Editor: James Fox), Australian National University, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0909596590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0909596590">978-0909596590</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Putu Setia (1992), Cendekiawan Hindu Bicara, Denpasar: Yayasan Dharma Naradha, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9798357008" title="Special:BookSources/978-9798357008">978-9798357008</a>, pp. 217–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1981" class="citation book cs1">Becker, J. (1981). "Hindu-Buddhist Time in Javanese Gamelan Music". The Study of Time IV. Springer. pp. 161–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-5947-3_13">10.1007/978-1-4612-5947-3_13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-5949-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-5949-7"><bdi>978-1-4612-5949-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindu-Buddhist+Time+in+Javanese+Gamelan+Music&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Time+IV&rft.pages=161-172&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4612-5947-3_13&rft.isbn=978-1-4612-5949-7&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jgonda-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jgonda_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgonda_125-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a>, The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1">Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions</a>, p. 1, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pp. 1–54 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Slattum, J. (2003) Balinese Masks: Spirits of an Ancient Drama. Indonesia, Asia Pacific, Japan, North America, Latin America, and Europe Periplus Editions (H) Ltd </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voicesoftheshadows.blogspot.com/2021/01/hectic-yet-void-week.html">"Hectic, yet void, week"</a>. Voicesoftheshadows.blogspot.com. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 30 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hectic%2C+yet+void%2C+week&rft.pub=Voicesoftheshadows.blogspot.com&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoicesoftheshadows.blogspot.com%2F2021%2F01%2Fhectic-yet-void-week.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI_Wayan_Arka2005" class="citation journal cs1">I Wayan Arka (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fprag.15.2-3.02ark">"Speech Levels, Social Predicates and Pragmatic Structure in Balinese: A Lexical Approach"</a>. Pragmatics. 15 (2–3): 169–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fprag.15.2-3.02ark">10.1075/prag.15.2-3.02ark</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pragmatics&rft.atitle=Speech+Levels%2C+Social+Predicates+and+Pragmatic+Structure+in+Balinese%3A+A+Lexical+Approach&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=169-203&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fprag.15.2-3.02ark&rft.au=I+Wayan+Arka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1075%252Fprag.15.2-3.02ark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/food-drink/article/3217030/anthony-bourdain-loved-it-where-eat-best-spit-roasted-pork-bali-and-why-chef-called-it-best-pig-i">"Where to eat what Anthony Bourdain called 'the best pig I have ever had'"</a>. South China Morning Post. 16 April 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Where+to+eat+what+Anthony+Bourdain+called+%27the+best+pig+I+have+ever+had%27&rft.date=2023-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Ffood-drink%2Farticle%2F3217030%2Fanthony-bourdain-loved-it-where-eat-best-spit-roasted-pork-bali-and-why-chef-called-it-best-pig-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmigh1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Emigh" title="John Emigh">Emigh, John</a> (1996). Masked Performance: The Play of Self and Other in Ritual and Theatre. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1336-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1336-X"><bdi>0-8122-1336-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masked+Performance%3A+The+Play+of+Self+and+Other+in+Ritual+and+Theatre&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8122-1336-X&rft.aulast=Emigh&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> The author is a Western theatre professor who has become a performer in Balinese <a href="/wiki/Topeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Topeng">topeng</a> theatre himself. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_Julnis_Firmansyah2023" class="citation news cs1">M Julnis Firmansyah (2 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/1687068/jokowi-lauds-bali-governor-over-mandatory-traditional-attire-every-tuesday-thursday">"Jokowi Lauds Bali Governor over Mandatory Traditional Attire Every Tuesday, Thursday"</a>. Tempo. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Jokowi+Lauds+Bali+Governor+over+Mandatory+Traditional+Attire+Every+Tuesday%2C+Thursday&rft.date=2023-02-02&rft.au=M+Julnis+Firmansyah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2F1687068%2Fjokowi-lauds-bali-governor-over-mandatory-traditional-attire-every-tuesday-thursday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbst-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herbst_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herbst_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbst1997" class="citation book cs1">Herbst, Edward (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicesbalienergi00herb">Voices in Bali: Energes and Perceptions in Vocal Music and Dance Theater</a>. Hanover: University Press of New England. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicesbalienergi00herb/page/n24">1</a>–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-6316-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-6316-1"><bdi>0-8195-6316-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+in+Bali%3A+Energes+and+Perceptions+in+Vocal+Music+and+Dance+Theater&rft.place=Hanover&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8195-6316-1&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoicesbalienergi00herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#Gold">Gold</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#Gold">Gold</a>, pp. 18–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger1988" class="citation journal cs1">Sanger, Annette (1988). "Blessing or Blight? The Effects of Touristic Dance-Drama on village Life in Singapadu, Bali". Come Mek Me Hol' Yu Han': The Impact of Tourism on Traditional Music. Berlin: Jamaica Memory Bank: 89–104 (90–93).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Come+Mek+Me+Hol%27+Yu+Han%27%3A+The+Impact+of+Tourism+on+Traditional+Music&rft.atitle=Blessing+or+Blight%3F+The+Effects+of+Touristic+Dance-Drama+on+village+Life+in+Singapadu%2C+Bali&rft.pages=89-104+%2890-93%29&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=Annette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaTTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT25">Rough Guide to Bali & Lombok</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8135-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-8135-2"><bdi>978-1-4053-8135-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Guide+to+Bali+%26+Lombok&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-8135-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFaTTAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foley-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Foley_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoleySedanaSedana2005" class="citation journal cs1">Foley, Kathy; Sedana, I Nyoman; Sedana, I Nyoman (Autumn 2005). "Mask Dance from the Perspective of a Master Artist: I Ketut Kodi on "Topeng"". Asian Theatre Journal. 22 (2). University of Hawai'i Press: 199–213 (208). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fatj.2005.0031">10.1353/atj.2005.0031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162336494">162336494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Mask+Dance+from+the+Perspective+of+a+Master+Artist%3A+I+Ketut+Kodi+on+%22Topeng%22&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-213+%28208%29&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fatj.2005.0031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162336494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rft.au=Sedana%2C+I+Nyoman&rft.au=Sedana%2C+I+Nyoman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#Gold">Gold</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelford2010" class="citation news cs1">Belford, Aubrey (12 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/world/asia/13iht-bali.html">"Customary Law Revival Neglects Some Balinese"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207064353/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/13/world/asia/13iht-bali.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Customary+Law+Revival+Neglects+Some+Balinese&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft.aulast=Belford&rft.aufirst=Aubrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F10%2F13%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F13iht-bali.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181011120908/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2018/10/ubud-writers-readers-festival-2018-what-to-expect/">"What to expect at Southeast Asia's biggest festival of words and ideas"</a>. Asian Correspondent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiancorrespondent.com/2018/10/ubud-writers-readers-festival-2018-what-to-expect/">the original</a> on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Correspondent&rft.atitle=What+to+expect+at+Southeast+Asia%27s+biggest+festival+of+words+and+ideas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiancorrespondent.com%2F2018%2F10%2Fubud-writers-readers-festival-2018-what-to-expect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magicseaweed.com/Bali-Lombok-Surf-Forecast/55/">"About Bali + Lombok"</a>. magicseaweed.com. Retrieved 14 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Bali+%2B+Lombok&rft.pub=magicseaweed.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagicseaweed.com%2FBali-Lombok-Surf-Forecast%2F55%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719035703/http://ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?VKZk7uGbk%2FBst5Hhk+WoCw=%3D">"Olympic Council of Asia : Games"</a>. ocasia.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?VKZk7uGbk/Bst5Hhk+WoCw==">the original</a> on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympic+Council+of+Asia+%3A+Games&rft.pub=ocasia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focasia.org%2FGame%2FGameParticular.aspx%3FVKZk7uGbk%2FBst5Hhk%2BWoCw%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sg.news.yahoo.com/dota-2-bali-major-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2023-dpcs-final-major-014545870.html">"Dota 2 Bali Major: Everything you need to know about the 2023 DPC's final Major"</a>. sg.news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dota+2+Bali+Major%3A+Everything+you+need+to+know+about+the+2023+DPC%27s+final+Major&rft.pub=sg.news.yahoo.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsg.news.yahoo.com%2Fdota-2-bali-major-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-2023-dpcs-final-major-014545870.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribunnews.com/superball/2014/12/17/putra-samarinda-berubah-jadi-bali-united-pusam">"Putra Samarinda Berubah Jadi Bali United Pusam"</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Putra+Samarinda+Berubah+Jadi+Bali+United+Pusam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribunnews.com%2Fsuperball%2F2014%2F12%2F17%2Fputra-samarinda-berubah-jadi-bali-united-pusam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1194">"Cultural Landscape of Bali Province"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Landscape+of+Bali+Province&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Barski" class="citation book cs1">Andy Barski, Albert Beaucort; Bruce Carpenter, Barski (2007). Bali and Lombok. Dorling Kindersley, London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2878-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2878-9"><bdi>978-0-7566-2878-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+and+Lombok&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley%2C+London&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-2878-9&rft.au=Andy+Barski%2C+Albert+Beaucort&rft.au=Bruce+Carpenter%2C+Barski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Haer" class="citation book cs1">Haer, Debbie Guthrie; <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Morillot" title="Juliette Morillot">Morillot, Juliette</a> & Toh, Irene (2001). Bali, a traveller's companion. Editions Didier Millet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4217-35-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4217-35-4"><bdi>978-981-4217-35-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali%2C+a+traveller%27s+companion&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-4217-35-4&rft.au=Haer%2C+Debbie+Guthrie&rft.au=Morillot%2C+Juliette&rft.au=Toh%2C+Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gold" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Lisa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicinbaliexper0000gold">Music in Bali: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514149-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514149-0"><bdi>0-19-514149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Bali%3A+Experiencing+Music%2C+Expressing+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-514149-0&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicinbaliexper0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Taylor" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesia00jean">Indonesia: Peoples and Histories</a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5"><bdi>0-300-10518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Peoples+and+Histories&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-10518-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesia00jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pringle" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Robert (2004). Bali: Indonesia's Hindu Realm; A short history of. Short History of Asia Series. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-863-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86508-863-3"><bdi>1-86508-863-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali%3A+Indonesia%27s+Hindu+Realm%3B+A+short+history+of&rft.series=Short+History+of+Asia+Series&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86508-863-3&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2012" class="citation book cs1">Black, Robert (2012). Bali Fungus. Snake Scorpion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4775-0824-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4775-0824-4"><bdi>978-1-4775-0824-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+Fungus&rft.pub=Snake+Scorpion+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4775-0824-4&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2010" class="citation book cs1">Copeland, Jonathan (2010). Secrets of Bali: Fresh Light on the Morning of the World. Orchid Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-524-118-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-524-118-3"><bdi>978-974-524-118-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+Bali%3A+Fresh+Light+on+the+Morning+of+the+World&rft.pub=Orchid+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-974-524-118-3&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cotterell, Arthur (2015). Bali: A cultural history, Signal Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909930179" title="Special:BookSources/9781909930179">9781909930179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Covarrubias" title="Miguel Covarrubias">Covarrubias, Miguel</a> (1946). Island of Bali. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9625930604" title="Special:BookSources/9625930604">9625930604</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemen,_L1999–2000" class="citation web cs1">Klemen, L (1999–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html">"Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Campaign%3A+The+Dutch+East+Indies+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.date=1999%2F2000&rft.au=Klemen%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarfare.gq%2Fdutcheastindies%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhee2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_McPhee" title="Colin McPhee">McPhee, Colin</a> (2003). A House in Bali. Tuttle Publishing; New edition, 2000 (first published in 1946 by J. Day Co). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-629-1"><bdi>978-962-593-629-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+House+in+Bali&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing%3B+New+edition%2C+2000+%28first+published+in+1946+by+J.+Day+Co%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-962-593-629-1&rft.aulast=McPhee&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShavit2006" class="citation book cs1">Shavit, David (2006). Bali and the Tourist Industry: A History, 1906–1942. McFarland & Co Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1572-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1572-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-1572-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+and+the+Tourist+Industry%3A+A+History%2C+1906%E2%80%931942&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1572-4&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers1994" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Adrian (1994). Travelling to Bali: Four Hundred Years of Journeys. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-65-3081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-65-3081-3"><bdi>978-967-65-3081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travelling+to+Bali%3A+Four+Hundred+Years+of+Journeys&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-967-65-3081-3&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2012" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Adrian (2012). Bali: A Paradise Created. Tuttle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-4260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-4260-0"><bdi>978-0-8048-4260-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali%3A+A+Paradise+Created&rft.pub=Tuttle&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-4260-0&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittenRoehayat_Emon_SoeriaatmadjaSuraya_A._Afiff1997" class="citation book cs1">Whitten, Anthony J.; Roehayat Emon Soeriaatmadja; Suraya A. Afiff (1997). The Ecology of Java and Bali. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-072-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-072-5"><bdi>978-962-593-072-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Java+and+Bali&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-962-593-072-5&rft.aulast=Whitten&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft.au=Roehayat+Emon+Soeriaatmadja&rft.au=Suraya+A.+Afiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWijaya2003" class="citation book cs1">Wijaya, Made (2003). Architecture of Bali: A Source Book of Traditional and Modern Forms. Thames & Hudson Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-34192-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-34192-6"><bdi>978-0-500-34192-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+Bali%3A+A+Source+Book+of+Traditional+and+Modern+Forms&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-500-34192-6&rft.aulast=Wijaya&rft.aufirst=Made&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bali at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bali" class="extiw" title="c:Bali">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bali" class="extiw" title="voy:Bali">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bali">"Bali" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bali&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABali" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baliprov.go.id/">Bali provincial government official website</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1615621">Bali</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Garuda Pancasila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/60px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/90px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg/120px-National_emblem_of_Indonesia_Garuda_Pancasila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Special Capital Region of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Maluku" title="North Maluku">North Maluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Surakarta" title="Special Region of Surakarta">Special Region of Surakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sumatra" title="Central Sumatra">Central Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_(province)" title="East Timor (province)">East Timor</a> (de facto)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Lists by <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_governors_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current governors in Indonesia">Current governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GDP" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_GRP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indonesian provinces by GRP per capita">GRP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_poverty_rate" title="List of Indonesian provinces by poverty rate">Poverty rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ID" title="ISO 3166-2:ID">ISO codes</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3125978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151216682">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1330607/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80015517">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628991">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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