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<li id="toc-Spirit_photographers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirit_photographers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Spirit photographers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirit_photographers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghost_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghost_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ghost photography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ghost_photography-sublist" class="cdx-button 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href="#Causes_for_apparent_ghost_photographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Causes for apparent ghost photographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_for_apparent_ghost_photographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_ghost_photographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_ghost_photographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern ghost photographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_ghost_photographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghost_camera_apps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghost_camera_apps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ghost camera apps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghost_camera_apps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografie_duchovn%C3%ADho_sv%C4%9Bta" title="Fotografie duchovního světa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fotografie duchovního světa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisterfotografie" title="Geisterfotografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geisterfotografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa_espiritual" title="Fotografía espiritual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotografía espiritual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EB%A0%B9%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84" title="심령사진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심령사진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_spiritica" title="Fotografia spiritica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fotografia spiritica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9C%8A%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F" title="心霊写真 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心霊写真" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_esp%C3%ADrita" title="Fotografia espírita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fotografia espírita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спиритическая фотография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спиритическая фотография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Attempt to capture images of ghosts or spirits</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Spirit photograph by Édouard Isidore Buguet</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Spirit photography</b> (also called <b>ghost photography</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> whose primary goal is to capture images of <a href="/wiki/Ghosts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosts">ghosts</a> and other spiritual <a href="/wiki/Non-physical_entity" title="Non-physical entity">entities</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">ghost hunting</a>. It dates back to the late 19th century. The end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and the mid-19th Century <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> movement contributed greatly to the popularity of spirit photography. The <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresence</a> of death in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian period">Victorian period</a> created a desire for evidence of the afterlife, and those who partook in Spirit Photography oftentimes hoped to receive images that depicted the likeness of a deceased relative or loved one. Photographers such as <a href="/wiki/William_H._Mumler" title="William H. Mumler">William Mumler</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Hope_(paranormal_investigator)" title="William Hope (paranormal investigator)">William Hope</a> ran thriving businesses taking photos of people with their supposed dead relatives. Both were shown to be frauds, but "true believers", such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, refused to accept the evidence as proof of a hoax. </p><p>As cameras became available to the general public, ghost photographs became common due to natural camera artifacts such as flash reflecting off dust particles, a camera strap or hair close to the lens, <a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">lens flare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">pareidolia</a>, or in modern times, deceptions using smart phone applications that add ghosts images to existing photographs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Ghost-in-the-Stereoscope-Stereoview-Card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The-Ghost-in-the-Stereoscope-Stereoview-Card.jpg/220px-The-Ghost-in-the-Stereoscope-Stereoview-Card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The-Ghost-in-the-Stereoscope-Stereoview-Card.jpg/330px-The-Ghost-in-the-Stereoscope-Stereoview-Card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The-Ghost-in-the-Stereoscope-Stereoview-Card.jpg/440px-The-Ghost-in-the-Stereoscope-Stereoview-Card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><i>The Ghost in the Stereoscope</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The first practical photography, introduced in 1839, used the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> process. In this and other early processes, the image was developed directly from the exposure plate, so <a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">multiple exposure</a> did not normally occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Spirit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spirit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, since they required long exposures, it was possible for passing movement to leave a faint image, and they were able to capture reflections in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Pepper%27s_ghost" title="Pepper's ghost">Pepper's ghost</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">Sir David Brewster</a>, in 1856, recognized that these effects could be used deliberately to create ghostly pictures. The <a href="/wiki/London_Stereoscopic_and_Photographic_Company" title="London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company">London Stereoscopic Company</a> used Brewster's idea to create a series of images called "The Ghost in the Stereoscope".<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen_Davies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The adoption of glass-plate negative processes around 1859 made it practical to reuse an exposure plate, with the possibility of prior images remaining visible; it was this effect that early spirit photographers relied on to create their images.<sup id="cite_ref-Spirit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spirit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As cameras fell in price and became more widespread, spirit photography boomed,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the methods could be crude.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen_Davies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon did not start to decline until the 1920s after skeptics such as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> tried to counteract spiritualistic fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-Spirit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spirit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirit_photographers">Spirit photographers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spirit photographers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An American jewelry engraver and amateur photographer named <a href="/wiki/William_H._Mumler" title="William H. Mumler">William Mumler</a> published, in 1862, a photograph of what was purportedly the spirit of his cousin, who had died 12 years earlier. The media sensation that this caused led Mumler to leave engraving and to begin a successful business as a "Spirit Photographic Medium", which he set up in New York and Boston servicing those hoping to find a supernatural connection with relatives killed in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen_Davies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Mumler's most famous images is a photograph of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a> posed with the purported spirit of her assassinated <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">husband</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nickell_Book_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickell_Book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The apparent spirits that Mumler had captured were double exposures of previous clients from photographic plates that were improperly cleaned.<sup id="cite_ref-Radford_Ghosts_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radford_Ghosts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869, Mumler's fraud was discovered and he was charged. He was acquitted, however, despite the evidence provided that one of his so-called spirits was shown to be still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen_Davies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/P._T._Barnum" title="P. T. Barnum">P.T. Barnum</a>, who testified against Mumler, was one of his outspoken critics, declaring he was taking advantage of people's grief. Mumler later moved on to doing regular photography.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Apparent ghost photographs taken by William H. Mumler</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumler_(Mumler).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The original self portrait of William Mumler allegedly featuring the ghost of his cousin"><img alt="The original self portrait of William Mumler allegedly featuring the ghost of his cousin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mumler_%28Mumler%29.jpg/160px-Mumler_%28Mumler%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Mumler_%28Mumler%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The original self portrait of William Mumler allegedly featuring the ghost of his cousin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumler_(Lincoln).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of Mumler's most famous images, purportedly showing Mary Todd Lincoln with the ghost of her husband, Abraham Lincoln"><img alt="One of Mumler's most famous images, purportedly showing Mary Todd Lincoln with the ghost of her husband, Abraham Lincoln" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mumler_%28Lincoln%29.jpg/107px-Mumler_%28Lincoln%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mumler_%28Lincoln%29.jpg/160px-Mumler_%28Lincoln%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mumler_%28Lincoln%29.jpg/214px-Mumler_%28Lincoln%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of Mumler's most famous images, purportedly showing <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a> with the ghost of her husband, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumler_(French).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Circa 1868"><img alt="Circa 1868" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mumler_%28French%29.jpg/104px-Mumler_%28French%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mumler_%28French%29.jpg/156px-Mumler_%28French%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mumler_%28French%29.jpg/208px-Mumler_%28French%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Circa 1868</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mumler_(Dow).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Circa 1871"><img alt="Circa 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mumler_%28Dow%29.jpg/106px-Mumler_%28Dow%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mumler_%28Dow%29.jpg/159px-Mumler_%28Dow%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mumler_%28Dow%29.jpg/212px-Mumler_%28Dow%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Circa 1871</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:This_photograph_of_the_Library_in_Combermere_Abbey_was_taken_by_Sybell_Corbet_in_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/This_photograph_of_the_Library_in_Combermere_Abbey_was_taken_by_Sybell_Corbet_in_1891.jpg/220px-This_photograph_of_the_Library_in_Combermere_Abbey_was_taken_by_Sybell_Corbet_in_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/This_photograph_of_the_Library_in_Combermere_Abbey_was_taken_by_Sybell_Corbet_in_1891.jpg/330px-This_photograph_of_the_Library_in_Combermere_Abbey_was_taken_by_Sybell_Corbet_in_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/This_photograph_of_the_Library_in_Combermere_Abbey_was_taken_by_Sybell_Corbet_in_1891.jpg/440px-This_photograph_of_the_Library_in_Combermere_Abbey_was_taken_by_Sybell_Corbet_in_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>This photograph of the Library in Combermere Abbey was taken by Sybell Corbet in 1891</figcaption></figure> <p>Spirit photography started appearing in England in 1872 from photographer <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hudson_(photographer)" title="Frederick Hudson (photographer)">Fredrick Hudson</a>'s studios.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen_Davies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He allegedly "gimmicked" his camera to hold a pre-exposed image that would move into place when he took his photo.<sup id="cite_ref-Nickell_Book_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickell_Book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Isidore_Buguet" title="Édouard Isidore Buguet">Édouard Buguet</a>, a French spirit photographer, who also had a studio in London, was arrested in Paris and prosecuted for fraud after making a full confession. He simulated spirits by wrapping dolls in gauze and attaching photos of faces onto them. His confession was widely publicized in the French and English press.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen_Davies-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891 one of the most famous spirit photographs was taken by Sybell Corbet. She took a photo of the library at <a href="/wiki/Combermere_Abbey" title="Combermere Abbey">Combermere Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in which appeared the "...faint outline of a man's head, collar and right arm". The figure was believed to be the ghost of Lord Combermere who had recently died and was being buried at the time the photo was taken. Because the exposure was one hour, it was believed by skeptics that someone, possibly a servant, had walked into the room and paused, causing the ghostly outline.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Williamhopehoax4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Williamhopehoax4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>A spirit photograph taken by <a href="/wiki/William_Hope_(paranormal_investigator)" title="William Hope (paranormal investigator)">William Hope</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most famous photographers at the turn of the century was <a href="/wiki/William_Hope_(paranormal_investigator)" title="William Hope (paranormal investigator)">William Hope</a>. In February 1922, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a>, a magician named Seymour, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Eric J. Dingwall</a> and William S. Marriott showed Hope to be a fraud. They devised a plan where they presented Hope with glass negatives that had secretly been marked with X-rays. The returned plate containing the spirit had no markings. Price wrote his findings in the <i>Journal of the Society for Psychical Research</i>. Despite this proof, prominent spiritualists, such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, claimed the report was a part of a conspiracy against Hope.<sup id="cite_ref-Polidoro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polidoro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hope had continued success despite the evidence against him.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paranormal investigator <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a> said that the case of William Hope and his followers demonstrate how difficult it can be to convince true believers, even when there is strong evidence of fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-Polidoro_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polidoro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other spirit photographers exposed as frauds include <a href="/wiki/David_Duguid_(medium)" title="David Duguid (medium)">David Duguid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wyllie" title="Edward Wyllie">Edward Wyllie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-X-Files_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-X-Files-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Camera_Clues_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camera_Clues-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pearsall" title="Ronald Pearsall">Ronald Pearsall</a> exposed the tricks of spirit photography in his book <i>The Table-Rappers</i> (1972).<sup id="cite_ref-Rappers_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rappers-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_books">Early books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were several books published defending the possibility of spirit photography. Among the notable books were <i>The Case for Spirit Photography</i> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>, published in 1922 where Doyle attempted to defend William Hope and his Crewe Circle, a well known spiritualist group of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Conan_Doyle_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conan_Doyle-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other spiritualists who authored books supporting spirit photography were Georgiana Houghton who wrote <i>Chronicles of the Photographs of Spiritual Beings and Phenomena Invisible to the Material Eye</i> (1882) and James Coates who wrote <i>Photographing the Invisible</i> (1911).<sup id="cite_ref-1882_Book_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1882_Book-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1911_Book_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1911_Book-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ghost_photography">Ghost photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ghost photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>So what <i>would</i> be good photographic proof of ghosts? An authentic photograph of anyone born before the invention of photography would be a good start: Benjamin Franklin, William Shakespeare, or any of thousands of other people for whom we have a good record of their likeness but no photograph. Just one such photo would be more convincing than a thousand glowing blobs. Unfortunately, all the ghost photos offered so far are indistinguishable from intentional fakes and optical mistakes. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Benjamin Radford, <i>Skeptical Inquirer, Ghost Photos:Scams, Slipups, and Spirits</i>, November 3, 2006</cite></p> </div> <p>Paranormal investigator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a> makes a distinction between spirit photography and ghost photography in his book <i>The Science of Ghosts: Searching for Spirits of the Dead</i>, stating that spirit photography began in studios and eventually included ghosts photographed in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séance</a> rooms, whereas ghost photographs were taken in places that were considered haunted. Nickell states "...whereas spirit photos were invariably charlatans' productions, ghost photos could either be faked or appear inadvertently – as by reflection, accidental double exposure, or the like."<sup id="cite_ref-Nickell_Book_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickell_Book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once portable cameras became available to amateurs towards the end of the 1880s ghost photos became more frequent. In more modern times, cameras with built in flashes produced what some believed to be ectoplasm, or "<a href="/wiki/Orbs_of_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbs of Light">orbs</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Nickell_Book_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nickell_Book-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most ghost photos fall into one of two categories. They are either hazy, indistinct shapes that look human or orbs that are usually white and round. Both can easily be purposefully or accidentally created.<sup id="cite_ref-Big_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Big-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SI_Ghost_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Ghost-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_claims">Modern claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photograph anomalies have always been present in photography but in the 1990s television shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Hunters_(TV_series)" title="Ghost Hunters (TV series)">Ghost Hunters</a></i> claimed the abnormalities represented proof of the afterlife. In his book <i>Investigating Ghosts: The Scientific Search for Spirits</i> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Ben Radford</a> states that most evidence of ghosts in photographs or video are "...brief, ambiguous anomalies recorded with low-quality camera (or good-quality cameras sabotaged by low light conditions)." Radford believes that with camera technology advancing, especially with smart phones, there should be clearer, sharper images of ghosts. But the photos remain low quality and vague.<sup id="cite_ref-Radford_Ghosts_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radford_Ghosts-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Orbs""><span id=".22Orbs.22"></span>"Orbs"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Orbs""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter (photography)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_Dust_Orbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/House_Dust_Orbs.jpg/220px-House_Dust_Orbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/House_Dust_Orbs.jpg/330px-House_Dust_Orbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/House_Dust_Orbs.jpg/440px-House_Dust_Orbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Light reflecting off dust particles</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Westminster" title="University of Westminster">University of Westminster</a> professor Annette Hill, unusual light sources were often interpreted as "ghost lights" in spirit photography. Hill says that with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">digital photography</a>, "the ghost light is re-imagined as an orb", and many paranormal-themed websites show pictures containing visual artifacts they refer to as "orbs" that are claimed and debated as evidence of spirit presence, especially among <a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">ghost hunters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wagner_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orb_Project_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orb_Project-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, such <a href="/wiki/Backscatter#In_photography" title="Backscatter">common visual artifacts</a> are simply a result of <a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">flash photography</a> reflecting light off solid particles, such as dust, pollen, insects or liquid particles, especially rain, or even foreign material within the camera lens. These effects are especially common with modern <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera#Compacts" title="Digital camera">compact and ultra-compact digital cameras</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> describes the artifacts as a common photographic problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuji_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuji-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baron_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Camera_Clues_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camera_Clues-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_for_apparent_ghost_photographs">Causes for apparent ghost photographs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Causes for apparent ghost photographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_circular_shape_created_using_light_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_circular_shape_created_using_light_painting.jpg/220px-A_circular_shape_created_using_light_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_circular_shape_created_using_light_painting.jpg/330px-A_circular_shape_created_using_light_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/A_circular_shape_created_using_light_painting.jpg/440px-A_circular_shape_created_using_light_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4924" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A circular shape created using <a href="/wiki/Light_painting" title="Light painting">light painting</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insect_flights_in_the_night_in_front_of_a_spotlight_HP_L7869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Insect_flights_in_the_night_in_front_of_a_spotlight_HP_L7869.jpg/220px-Insect_flights_in_the_night_in_front_of_a_spotlight_HP_L7869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Insect_flights_in_the_night_in_front_of_a_spotlight_HP_L7869.jpg/330px-Insect_flights_in_the_night_in_front_of_a_spotlight_HP_L7869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Insect_flights_in_the_night_in_front_of_a_spotlight_HP_L7869.jpg/440px-Insect_flights_in_the_night_in_front_of_a_spotlight_HP_L7869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4960" data-file-height="3412" /></a><figcaption>Insect flights in the night in front of a spotlight HP L7869</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Biddle" title="Kenny Biddle">Kenny Biddle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a> in their article <i>So You Have a Ghost In Your Photo</i>, "Asserting that a particular image must be paranormal because it is unexplained only constitutes an example of the <a href="/wiki/Logical_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical fallacy">logical fallacy</a> called arguing from ignorance." They explain that the flash reflecting off a camera strap can produce a bright, white strand or a "spiralling vortex of spirit energy" depending upon the material the strap is made from. Other ghostly images can result from strands of hair, jewelry or flying insects. A flash illuminating a person's breath in cold weather, cigarette smoke or fog can look like "ectoplasmic mist". Long exposures, usually several seconds, can cause ethereal, see-through shapes or streaks of lines caused when the camera moves or if the object moves during the exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Spirit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spirit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ben Radford, in his book "Big – If True: Adventures in Oddity" includes the phenomenon called pareidolia, the tendency for people to see faces or animals in things such as clouds, tree trunks or food, as an explanation for finding ghosts in photographs. Shadows from trees, uneven surfaces, reflections of light from water or glass can all make us see "faces". He notes that a ghost's elbow or foot are rarely reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Big_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Big-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_ghost_photographs">Modern ghost photographs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern ghost photographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, tourist Henry Yau took a picture of a staircase with a ghostly figure inside the <a href="/wiki/The_Stanley_Hotel" title="The Stanley Hotel">Stanley Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. The hotel is well known for its apparent hauntings. Several amateur ghost hunters believe the photo to be unexplainable and believe that a ghost or possibly two ghosts are at the top of the stairs. According to paranormal investigator Kenny Biddle, the "ghosts" could have been created because the camera was in panorama mode, which takes several seconds, and which can cause a double image from the longer exposure. Biddle believes that the image represents the same person moving on the stairs. Ben Radford indicates that the way the woman on the stairs is dressed and the location add to the possibility that people will jump to the conclusion that the paranormal is at work. He states "she seems to be wearing a classic black or dark dress (as befits a fancy, well-known hotel); had she been wearing a yellow blazer and carrying a large Target shopping bag speculations about her spectral origins would likely have been scuttled."<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_Hotel_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_Hotel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Biddle, author Tim Scullion claims that he has taken pictures of ghosts. Biddle explains that Scullion's ghosts are produced by using long exposures showing motion blur, <a href="/wiki/Light_painting" title="Light painting">light painting</a>, dust particles catching light, <a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">lens flare</a>, or by overlaying blurry faces on a night scene. This overlay was clearly evident due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Image_noise" title="Image noise">image noise</a> where the faces appear, compared to the rest of the photo.<sup id="cite_ref-Biddle_Scullion_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biddle_Scullion-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retuschepult_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Retuschepult_4.jpg/220px-Retuschepult_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Retuschepult_4.jpg/330px-Retuschepult_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Retuschepult_4.jpg/440px-Retuschepult_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2276" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Retouching Desk circa 1870–1950</figcaption></figure> <p>An old photograph taken in 1900 became popular within the paranormal community after it was posted on the website Belfast.co.uk in 2016 in a history section about old <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> trades. The photo shows a group of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> girls from a linen factory. There is a mysterious, apparent ghostly hand sitting on the shoulder of one of the girls. The hand does not appear to belong to anyone in the picture. Biddle decided the photo was authentic and provides evidence that someone was most likely removed from the photo in his article <i>The 'Ghost Hand' of 1900</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. He describes how retouching photos by hand using a retouching desk, cutting out objects and people, then filling them in with pencil or charcoal was not uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-1900_photo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1900_photo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 18, 2020 a security firm received an alert at a construction site in Birmingham, England. On the monitor appeared the "ghostly" figure of a lone woman in a white dress walking across the property. The image went <a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">viral</a> and appeared in many tabloids such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Mirror</a></i>. Adam Lees, the managing director of a security firm who received the alert, stated "She's leaning forward and seems to be floating, and is holding something in her hands. To me it looks like she is wearing a wedding dress like she's waiting to get married. She looks like a ghostly bride." Biddle noted some unusual things with the image. The camera level seemed too low for a security camera, there were no dates or times on the image as would normally be seen from security software, and the image was in colour except for the area around the woman. Biddle surmised that the camera was in an infrared night vision mode and a flash was fired, explaining the overexposure of the figure and the colour distortion. Biddle reached out to Stewart Chapman, who had installed a permanent closed-circuit television system above the other system, and had posted two screen shots of a girl in a red dress showing it was not a ghost on the property but a drunken girl and her friend.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghostly_Bride_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghostly_Bride-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghost_camera_apps">Ghost camera apps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ghost camera apps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">applications</a> that place images of ghosts, aliens and monsters into actual pictures have been used for pranks or to try to fool people into thinking they are real images of ghosts. The apps are customizable allowing the user to place the ghost anywhere within a photo, rotate it, adjust its transparency, and erase parts. In 2014, there were over 250 ghost related applications for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> phones, one of the most popular being <i>GhostCam: Spirit Photography</i>. This app was used in a hoax that was used to generate publicity. The group named <i>Ghosts of New England Research Society</i> began publishing hoaxed ghost photos as authentic, hoping to promote an episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel" title="Discovery Channel">Discovery Channel's</a></i> <i>American Haunting</i> that the group appeared in. The photo showed a ghostly figure in a restaurant. Biddle spotted the forgery on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and noticed that the "ghost" looked like a well documented photo called <i>The Madonna of Bachelor's Grove</i> taken by the <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Research_Society" title="Ghost Research Society">Ghost Research Society</a></i> in 1991. It is unclear if the <i>Ghosts of New England Research Society</i> posted the photos knowing they were hoaxes or if they were fooled by the restaurant owner who sent them the photo. It was determined that the app was using <i>The Madonna of Bachelor's Grove</i> without permission and was removed after this incident.<sup id="cite_ref-apps_JREF_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apps_JREF-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another app called <i>Ghost Camera Prank</i> was used by a ghost tour group Facebook page, claiming a client had taken it. Tkay Anderson, co-founder of the Facebook page <i>There's a (ghost) App For That</i> was able to find the specific ghost used in the faked photo. Other clues were that the "ghost" was sharper than the rest of the picture, the ghost was black and white while the rest of the picture was in colour and the ghost was calculated to be about 11 feet tall.<sup id="cite_ref-apps_JREF_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apps_JREF-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018, the appeal and novelty of the ghost cam apps has begun to wear off, although there are still people who will attempt to pass off the results of these apps as authentic. Pranksters will try to fool their friends or families but sometimes the prank can go too far when their targets believe the hoax is true. Others, such as the owners of pubs, hotels or ghost hunting tours will try to profit from the photos by increasing their clientele or raising their prices.<sup id="cite_ref-Trouble_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trouble-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_mother_photography" title="Hidden mother photography">Hidden mother photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_art" title="Spiritualist art">Spiritualist art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtography" title="Thoughtography">Thoughtography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Spirit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spirit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spirit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spirit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spirit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBiddleNickell2020" class="citation web cs1">Biddle, Kenny; Nickell, Joe (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/06/so-you-have-a-ghost-in-your-photo/">"So You Have A Ghost In Your Photo"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200715170357/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/06/so-you-have-a-ghost-in-your-photo/">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=So+You+Have+A+Ghost+In+Your+Photo&rft.date=2020-08&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Kenny&rft.au=Nickell%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2020%2F06%2Fso-you-have-a-ghost-in-your-photo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen_Davies-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Owen_Davies_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Davies_(historian)" title="Owen Davies (historian)">Davies, Owen</a> (2007). <i>The Haunted: A Social History of Ghosts</i>. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 201–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-3924-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-3924-1"><bdi>978-1-4039-3924-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haunted%3A+A+Social+History+of+Ghosts&rft.place=Houndsmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire+and+New+York&rft.pages=201-204&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-3924-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimberlake2015" class="citation web cs1">Timberlake, Howard (June 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150629-the-intriguing-history-of-ghost-photography">"The intriguing history of ghost photography"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224143105/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150629-the-intriguing-history-of-ghost-photography">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+intriguing+history+of+ghost+photography&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Timberlake&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20150629-the-intriguing-history-of-ghost-photography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nickell_Book-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_Book_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_Book_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_Book_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nickell_Book_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickell2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a> (2012). <i>The Science of Ghosts: Searching for Spirits of the Dead</i>. New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 297–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-585-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-585-9"><bdi>978-1-61614-585-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Ghosts%3A+Searching+for+Spirits+of+the+Dead&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=297-305&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-585-9&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radford_Ghosts-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radford_Ghosts_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radford_Ghosts_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Radford" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Radford">Radford, Benjamin</a> (2017). <i>Investigating Ghosts: The Scientific Search for Spirits</i>. United States: Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. pp. 124–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9364-5516-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9364-5516-7"><bdi>978-0-9364-5516-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigating+Ghosts%3A+The+Scientific+Search+for+Spirits&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=124-143&rft.pub=Cataloguing-in-Publication+Data&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-9364-5516-7&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polidoro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polidoro_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polidoro_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolidoro2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a> (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2011/07/photos-of-ghosts-the-burden-of-believing-the-unbelievable/">"Photos Of Ghosts: The Burden Of Believing The Unbelievable"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812061237/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2011/07/photos-of-ghosts-the-burden-of-believing-the-unbelievable/">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Photos+Of+Ghosts%3A+The+Burden+Of+Believing+The+Unbelievable&rft.date=2011-08&rft.aulast=Polidoro&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2011%2F07%2Fphotos-of-ghosts-the-burden-of-believing-the-unbelievable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-X-Files-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-X-Files_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickell2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a> (2001). <i>Real-Life X-Files: Investigating the Paranormal</i>. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. pp. 260–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813122106" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813122106"><bdi>978-0813122106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real-Life+X-Files%3A+Investigating+the+Paranormal&rft.place=Kentucky&rft.pages=260-261&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0813122106&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Camera_Clues-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Camera_Clues_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camera_Clues_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickell2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a> (2005). <i>Camera Clues: A Handbook for Photographic Investigation</i>. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813191249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813191249"><bdi>978-0813191249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camera+Clues%3A+A+Handbook+for+Photographic+Investigation&rft.place=Kentucky&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0813191249&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rappers-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rappers_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsall1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pearsall" title="Ronald Pearsall">Pearsall, Ronald</a> (1972). <i>The Table-Rappers: The Victorians and the Occult</i>. 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New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416575535" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416575535"><bdi>978-1416575535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orb+Project&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1416575535&rft.aulast=Heinemann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Radford, Benjamin</a> (2017). 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United States: Thomson Course Technology. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598634051" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598634051"><bdi>978-1598634051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adobe+Photoshop+Forensics%3A+Sleuths%2C+Truths%2C+and+Fauxtography&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Thomson+Course+Technology&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1598634051&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a> (February 24, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4029">"Skeptoid #29: Orbs: The Ghost in the Camera"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience&rft.atitle=Is+Mysterious+Figure+at+Stanley+Hotel+a+Ghost%3F&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F54462-mysterious-figure-stanley-hotel-is-ghost-glitch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biddle_Scullion-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biddle_Scullion_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Biddle" title="Kenny Biddle">Biddle, Kenny</a> (September 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/breakthrough-ghost-photography-falls-short-of-a-breakthrough/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Breakthrough Ghost Photography' Falls Short Of A Breakthrough"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430120645/https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/breakthrough-ghost-photography-falls-short-of-a-breakthrough/">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=%22Ghostly+Bride%22+Caught+On+Construction+Site+Not+A+Ghost&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Kenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2Fexclusive%2Fghostly-bride-caught-on-construction-site-not-a-ghost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apps_JREF-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apps_JREF_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apps_JREF_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle2014" class="citation web cs1">Biddle, Kenny (October 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.randi.org/swift/instant-paranormal-the-ubiquitous-use-of-camera-apps">"Instant paranormal: The ubiquitous use of camera apps"</a>. <i>The James Randi Educational Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021194422/https://web.randi.org/swift/instant-paranormal-the-ubiquitous-use-of-camera-apps">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+James+Randi+Educational+Foundation&rft.atitle=Instant+paranormal%3A+The+ubiquitous+use+of+camera+apps&rft.date=2014-10-19&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Kenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.randi.org%2Fswift%2Finstant-paranormal-the-ubiquitous-use-of-camera-apps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trouble-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trouble_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle2018" class="citation web cs1">Biddle, Kenny (October 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/app-aritions-are-still-causing-trouble/">"App-Aritions Are Still Causing Trouble"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130043536/https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/app-aritions-are-still-causing-trouble/">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=App-Aritions+Are+Still+Causing+Trouble&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Kenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2Fexclusive%2Fapp-aritions-are-still-causing-trouble%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>James Black (1922). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000063000252?urlappend=%3Bseq=664">The spirit-photograph fraud: The evidence of trickery, and a demonstration of the tricks employed</a></i>. Scientific American, 127, 224–225, 286.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan_Louis2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan Louis (2008). <i>The Strange Case of William Mumler, Spirit Photographer</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Case+of+William+Mumler%2C+Spirit+Photographer&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Kaplan+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpirit+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cyril Permutt (1983). <i>Beyond the Spectrum: Survey of Supernormal Photography</i> Patrick Stephens Publishers Ltd; 1st edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-620-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85059-620-3">0-85059-620-3</a></li> <li>Walter Franklin Prince (1925, December). <i>My doubts about spirit photographs</i>. Scientific American, 133, 370–371.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirit_photography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spirit_photography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=1897\&v=NKY6jJbyCo0&feature=youtu.be&ab_channel=SkeptoidMedia">Principles of Curiosity with Brian Dunning showing how orbs can be created. (31:00)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastman.org/event/talks/online-spirit-photography-history-and-creation">George Eastman Museum Spirit Photography: History and Creation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spiritualism_and_spiritism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Template:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Template talk:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism_and_spiritism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spiritualism and spiritism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spiritualism_and_spiritism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apport_(paranormal)" title="Apport (paranormal)">Apport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_writing" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Correspondences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Correspondences">Cross-Correspondences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_guide" title="Spirit guide">Spirit guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_healing" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual healing">Spiritual healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsession_(Spiritism)" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Spirit obsession</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritualists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Acorah" title="Derek Acorah">Derek Acorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Altea" title="Rosemary Altea">Rosemary Altea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bailey_(medium)" title="Charles Bailey (medium)">Charles Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangs_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangs Sisters">Bangs Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Besinnet" title="Ada Besinnet">Ada Besinnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Braude" title="Stephen E. Braude">Stephen E. Braude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Breeze" title="William Breeze">William Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Brown_(spiritualist)" title="Rosemary Brown (spiritualist)">Rosemary Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Browne" title="Sylvia Browne">Sylvia Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eva Carrière">Eva Carrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Collins" title="Doris Collins">Doris Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cook_(medium)" title="Florence Cook (medium)">Florence Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Cummins" title="Geraldine Cummins">Geraldine Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience_Worth" title="Patience Worth">Pearl Curran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Decker_(medium)" title="Frank Decker (medium)">Frank Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Duncan" title="Helen Duncan">Helen Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Brothers" title="Eddy Brothers">Eddy Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Edwards_(healer)" title="Harry Edwards (healer)">Harry Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward" title="John Edward">John Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eglinton" title="William Eglinton">William Eglinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Evans_(medium)" title="Colin Evans (medium)">Colin Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_sisters" title="Fox sisters">Fox sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Flint" title="Leslie Flint">Leslie Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ford_(psychic)" title="Arthur Ford (psychic)">Arthur Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Fry" title="Colin Fry">Colin Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_J._Garrett" title="Eileen J. Garrett">Eileen Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Goligher" title="Kathleen Goligher">Kathleen Goligher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Goold" title="Rita Goold">Rita Goold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Guzyk" title="Jan Guzyk">Jan Guzyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hare_(chemist)" title="Robert Hare (chemist)">Robert Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Harris" title="Alec Harris">Alec Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Higginson_(medium)" title="Gordon Higginson (medium)">Gordon Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hodgson_(parapsychologist)" title="Richard Hodgson (parapsychologist)">Richard Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dunglas_Home" title="Daniel Dunglas Home">Daniel Dunglas Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mme._d%27Esperance" title="Mme. d'Esperance">Elizabeth Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hope_(paranormal_investigator)" title="William Hope (paranormal investigator)">William Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_O%27Delia_Diss_Debar" title="Ann O'Delia Diss Debar">Swami Laura Horos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Husk" title="Cecil Husk">Cecil Husk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Hyslop" title="James H. Hyslop">James H. Hyslop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kardec" title="Allan Kardec">Allan Kardec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franek_Kluski" title="Franek Kluski">Franek Kluski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Osborne_Leonard" title="Gladys Osborne Leonard">Gladys Osborne Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Melzer" title="Heinrich Melzer">Heinrich Melzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine_Mirabelli" title="Carmine Mirabelli">Carmine Mirabelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ward_Monck" title="Francis Ward Monck">Francis Ward Monck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Usborne_Moore" title="William Usborne Moore">William Usborne Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorin_Morgan-Richards" title="Lorin Morgan-Richards">Lorin Morgan-Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stainton_Moses" title="William Stainton Moses">William Stainton Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einer_Nielsen" title="Einer Nielsen">Einer Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusapia_Palladino" title="Eusapia Palladino">Eusapia Palladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonora_Piper" title="Leonora Piper">Leonora Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Post-Parrish" title="Ethel Post-Parrish">Ethel Post-Parrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Van_Praagh" title="James Van Praagh">James Van Praagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Reese" title="Bert Reese">Bert Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estelle_Roberts" title="Estelle Roberts">Estelle Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Roberts" title="Jane Roberts">Jane Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Roy_(medium)" title="William Roy (medium)">William Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Schneider" title="Rudi Schneider">Rudi Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Silbert" title="Maria Silbert">Maria Silbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slade_(medium)" title="Henry Slade (medium)">Henry Slade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Stokes" title="Doris Stokes">Doris Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosina_Thompson" title="Rosina Thompson">Rosina Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82awa_Tomczyk" title="Stanisława Tomczyk">Stanisława Tomczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ena_Twigg" title="Ena Twigg">Ena Twigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Valiantine" title="George Valiantine">George Valiantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Webber" title="Jack Webber">Jack Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta_Wriedt" title="Etta Wriedt">Etta Wriedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Xavier" title="Chico Xavier">Chico Xavier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spiritualist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spiritualist organizations">List of Spiritualist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_church" title="Spiritualist church">Spiritualist churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritist_centre" title="Spiritist centre">Spiritist centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Spiritualist_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="London Spiritualist Alliance">London Spiritualist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritualist_Association_of_Churches" title="National Spiritualist Association of Churches">National Spiritualist Association of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualists%27_National_Union" title="Spiritualists' National Union">Spiritualists' National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualist_Association_of_Great_Britain" title="Spiritualist Association of Great Britain">Spiritualist Association of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_church_movement" title="Spiritual church movement">Spiritual church movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Findlay_College" title="Arthur Findlay College">Arthur Findlay College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Spiritualist_Federation" title="International Spiritualist Federation">International Spiritualist Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skeptics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Abbott_(magician)" title="David Abbott (magician)">David Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Miller_Beard" title="George Miller Beard">George Miller Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brandon" title="Ruth Brandon">Ruth Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._Branson" title="L. H. Branson">Lionel Branson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" title="William Benjamin Carpenter">William Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Clodd" title="Edward Clodd">Edward Clodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Smith_Conklin" title="Edmund Smith Conklin">Edmund Smith Conklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millais_Culpin" title="Millais Culpin">Millais Culpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cumberland" title="Stuart Cumberland">Stuart Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Eric Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Joseph Dunninger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Evans" title="Henry R. Evans">Henry Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">Chris French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_H._Hall" title="Trevor H. Hall">Trevor H. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">William A. Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._M._Hansel" title="C. E. M. Hansel">C. E. M. Hansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Heredia" title="Carlos María de Heredia">Carlos María de Heredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hertz" title="Carl Hertz">Carl Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_LeFevre_Krebs" title="Stanley LeFevre Krebs">Stanley LeFevre Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mackenberg" title="Rose Mackenberg">Rose Mackenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maudsley" title="Henry Maudsley">Henry Maudsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._McComas" title="Henry C. McComas">Henry C. McComas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgess_McHargue" title="Georgess McHargue">Georgess McHargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Arthur_Mercier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Arthur Mercier">Charles Arthur Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Moll_(German_psychiatrist)" title="Albert Moll (German psychiatrist)">Albert Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mulholland_(magician)" title="John Mulholland (magician)">John Mulholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Oursler" title="Fulton Oursler">Fulton Oursler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Joe Nickell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Clephan_Palmer" title="E. Clephan Palmer">E. Clephan Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Pearsall" title="Ronald Pearsall">Ronald Pearsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Frank Podmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Massimo Polidoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Harry Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_J._Proskauer" title="Julien J. Proskauer">Julien J. Proskauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">Donovan Rawcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Rinn" title="Joseph F. Rinn">Joseph F. Rinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bechhofer_Roberts" title="C. E. Bechhofer Roberts">C. E. Bechhofer Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Gordon Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Tanner" title="Amy Tanner">Amy Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Lloyd_Tuckett" title="Ivor Lloyd Tuckett">Ivor Lloyd Tuckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Forbes_Winslow" title="L. Forbes Winslow">Lyttelton Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ghosts_and_ghostlore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghosts" title="Template:Ghosts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghosts" title="Template talk:Ghosts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghosts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghosts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ghosts_and_ghostlore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">ghostlore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghosts" title="List of ghosts">List of ghosts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_ghost_lights" title="Atmospheric ghost lights">Ghost lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_highways" title="List of reportedly haunted highways">Haunted highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">Haunted house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_train" title="Ghost train">Haunted trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_ship" title="Ghost ship">Haunted ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape Theory">Residual haunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">Vengeful ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_dead" title="Procession of the dead">Procession of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent<br />and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madam_Koi_Koi" title="Madam Koi Koi">Madam Koi Koi</a></li> <li>South Africa (<a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_South_Africa" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in South Africa">locations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(deity)" title="Nat (deity)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_China" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in China">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Tibetan_culture" title="Ghosts in Tibetan culture">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_in_Filipino_cultures" title="Souls in Filipino cultures">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the Philippines">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoota_(ghost)" title="Bhoota (ghost)">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Japan" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Japan">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onry%C5%8D" title="Onryō">Onryō</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwisin" title="Gwisin">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Malay_culture" title="Ghosts in Malay culture">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Thai_culture" title="Ghosts in Thai culture">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Thailand" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Thailand">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Vietnamese_culture" title="Ghosts in Vietnamese culture">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_English-speaking_cultures" title="Ghosts in English-speaking cultures">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Scotland" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland">locations in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">locations in United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_France" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in France">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_beings_in_Slavic_religion" title="Supernatural beings in Slavic religion">Slavic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Romania" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Canada" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duppy" title="Duppy">Duppy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Navajo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindi" title="Chindi">Chindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_sickness" title="Ghost sickness">Ghost sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mexican_culture" title="Ghosts in Mexican culture">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Mexico" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Mexico">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_California" title="Reportedly haunted locations in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_ghostlore" title="Indiana ghostlore">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Oregon" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Pennsylvania" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Colombia" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Polynesian_culture" title="Ghosts in Polynesian culture">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_and_spirits_in_M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Ghosts and spirits in Māori culture">Maori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mesopotamian_religions" title="Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Ancient Egyptian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Classical antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spirit photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Films about ghosts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_horror" title="Indonesian horror">Indonesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Stories about ghosts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaidan" title="Kaidan">Kaidan</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Booty_v_Barnaby" title="Booty v Barnaby">Booty v Barnaby</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Ghost_murder_case" title="Hammersmith Ghost murder case">Hammersmith Ghost murder case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophilia" title="Spectrophilia">Spectrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Kardecist spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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