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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekokritika" title="Ekokritika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekokritika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98kokritik" title="Økokritik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Økokritik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ecocriticism" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kokriitika" title="Ökokriitika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ökokriitika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocr%C3%ADtica" title="Ecocrítica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecocrítica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بوم‌نقادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوم‌نقادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cocritique" title="Écocritique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écocritique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocr%C3%ADtica" title="Ecocrítica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ecocrítica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekokritisisme" title="Ekokritisisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekokritisisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocritica" title="Ecocritica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ecocritica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ecocriticism" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="エコクリティシズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エコクリティシズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਈਕੋਕ੍ਰਿਟੀਸਿਜ਼ਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਕੋਕ੍ਰਿਟੀਸਿਜ਼ਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocriticismo" title="Ecocriticismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecocriticismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekokritika" title="Ekokritika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ekokritika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Књижевна екологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књижевна екологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="சூழலியல் திறனாய்வு – Tamil" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interdisciplinary study of literature and environment</div> <p> <b>Ecocriticism</b> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> from an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> point of view, where literature scholars analyze texts that illustrate environmental concerns and examine the various ways literature treats the subject of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first originated by Joseph Meeker as an idea called "literary ecology" in his <i>The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology (</i>1972).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term 'ecocriticism' was coined in 1978 by William Rueckert in his essay "Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It takes an interdisciplinary point of view by analyzing the works of authors, researchers and poets in the context of environmental issues and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ecocritics brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation, though not all ecocritics agree on the purpose, methodology, or scope of ecocriticism. </p><p>In the United States, ecocriticism is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_Literature_and_Environment" title="Association for the Study of Literature and Environment">Association for the Study of Literature and Environment</a> (ASLE),<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which hosts a biennial conference for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature and the environmental humanities in general. ASLE publishes a journal—<i>Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment</i> (<i>ISLE</i>)—in which current international scholarship can be found. </p><p>Ecocriticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green (cultural) studies", "<a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">ecopoetics</a>", and "environmental literary criticism", and is often informed by other fields such as <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">sustainable design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">environmental history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">social ecology</a>, among others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecocriticism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In comparison with other 'political' forms of criticism, there has been relatively little dispute about the moral and philosophical aims of ecocriticism, although its scope has broadened from <a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">nature writing</a>, romantic poetry, and canonical literature to take in film, television, theatre, animal stories, architectures, scientific narratives and an extraordinary range of literary texts. At the same time, ecocriticism has borrowed methodologies and theoretically informed approaches liberally from other fields of literary, social and scientific study. </p><p>Cheryll Glotfelty's working definition in <i>The Ecocriticism Reader</i> is that "ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment",<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the implicit goals of the approach is to recoup professional dignity for what Glotfelty calls the "undervalued genre of <a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">nature writing</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence Buell defines "'ecocriticism' ... as [a] study of the relationship between literature and the environment conducted in a spirit of commitment to environmentalist praxis".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simon Estok noted in 2001 that "ecocriticism has distinguished itself, debates notwithstanding, firstly by the ethical stand it takes, its commitment to the natural world as an important thing rather than simply as an object of thematic study, and, secondly, by its commitment to making connections".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, in an article that extends ecocriticism to Shakespearean studies, Estok argues that ecocriticism is more than "simply the study of Nature or natural things in literature; rather, it is any theory that is committed to effecting change by analyzing the function–thematic, artistic, social, historical, ideological, theoretical, or otherwise–of the natural environment, or aspects of it, represented in documents (literary or other) that contribute to material practices in material worlds".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This echoes the functional approach of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">cultural ecology</a> branch of ecocriticism, which analyzes the analogies between ecosystems and imaginative texts and posits that such texts potentially have an ecological (regenerative, revitalizing) function in the cultural system.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Michael P. Cohen has observed, "if you want to be an ecocritic, be prepared to explain what you do and be criticized, if not satirized." Certainly, Cohen adds his voice to such critique, noting that one of the problems of ecocriticism has been what he calls its "praise-song school" of criticism. All ecocritics share an environmentalist motivation of some sort, but whereas the majority are 'nature endorsing',<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some are 'nature sceptical'. In part this entails a shared sense of the ways in which 'nature' has been used to legitimize gender, sexual and racial norms (so homosexuality has been seen as 'unnatural', for example), but it also involves scepticism about the uses to which 'ecological' language is put in ecocriticism; it can also involve a critique of the ways cultural norms of nature and the environment contribute to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. Greg Garrard has dubbed 'pastoral ecology' the notion that nature undisturbed is balanced and harmonious,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Dana Phillips has criticised the literary quality and scientific accuracy of <a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">nature writing</a> in <i>The Truth of Ecology</i>. Similarly, there has been a call to recognize the place of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> movement in redefining ecocritical discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the question of what ecocriticism is or should be, Camilo Gomides has offered an operational definition that is both broad and discriminating: "The field of enquiry that analyzes and promotes works of art which raise moral questions about human interactions with nature, while also motivating audiences to live within a limit that will be binding over generations".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He tests it for a film adaptation about Amazonian deforestation. Implementing the Gomides definition, Joseph Henry Vogel makes the case that ecocriticism constitutes an "economic school of thought" as it engages audiences to debate issues of resource allocation that have no technical solution. <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Nichols" title="Ashton Nichols">Ashton Nichols</a> has recently argued that the historical dangers of a romantic version of nature now need to be replaced by "urbanatural roosting", a view that sees urban life and the natural world as closely linked and argues for humans to live more lightly on the planet, the way virtually all other species do.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interdisciplinary nature of Ecocriticism and Islam as well as their mutual interest in nature led to the coinage of Islamecocriticism in 2021. Islemecocriticism is fully introduced by <i>ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment</i> in "Islamecocriticism: Green Islam Introduced to Ecocriticism."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article is shortly followed by a thorough representation of Material Islamecocriticism in "Matter Really Matters: A Poetic Material Islamecocritical Reading of Inanimateness Animism"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which appeared in <i>Kritika Kultura</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literary_studies">In literary studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecocriticism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In literary studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ecocritics investigate such things as the underlying <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> values, what, precisely, is meant by the word nature, and whether the examination of "place" should be a distinctive category, much like class, gender or race. Ecocritics examine human perception of <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>, and how it has changed throughout history and whether or not current environmental issues are accurately represented or even mentioned in popular culture and modern literature. Not only do ecocritics determine the actual meaning of <a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">nature writing</a> texts, but they use those texts for analyzing the practices of society in relationship to nature. They also critique visions that are human-centered and man/male centered. Scholars in ecocriticism engage in questions regarding <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a>, and the "mainstream assumption that the natural world be seen primarily as a resource for human beings" as well as critical approaches to changing ideas in "the material and cultural bases of modern society."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.empiricalecocriticism.com">empirical ecocritics</a>" have begun empirically evaluating the influence of ecofiction on its readers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other disciplines, such as history, economics, philosophy, ethics, and psychology, are also considered by ecocritics to be possible contributors to ecocriticism. </p><p>While William Rueckert may have been the first person to use the term <i>ecocriticism</i> (Barry 240) in his 1978 essay entitled <i>Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism,</i> ecocriticism as a movement owes much to <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a>'s 1962 environmental exposé <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i>. Drawing from this critical moment, Rueckert's intent was to focus on "the application of ecology and ecological concepts to the study of literature".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ecologically minded individuals and scholars have been publishing progressive works of ecotheory and criticism since the explosion of environmentalism in the late 1960s and 1970s. However, because there was no organized movement to study the ecological/environmental side of literature, these important works were scattered and categorized under a litany of different subject headings: <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoralism</a>, human ecology, regionalism, American Studies etc. British <a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">marxist critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a>, for example, wrote a seminal critique of pastoral literature in 1973, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_and_the_City" title="The Country and the City">The Country and the City</a></i>. </p><p>Another early ecocritical text, Joseph Meeker's <i>The Comedy of Survival</i> (1974), proposed a version of an argument that was later to dominate ecocriticism and environmental philosophy; that environmental crisis is caused primarily by a cultural tradition in the West of separation of culture from nature, and elevation of the former to moral predominance. Such <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrism</a> is identified in the tragic conception of a hero whose moral struggles are more important than mere biological survival, whereas the science of animal ethology, Meeker asserts, shows that a "comic mode" of muddling through and "making love not war" has superior ecological value. In the later, "second wave" ecocriticism, Meeker's adoption of an ecophilosophical position with apparent scientific sanction as a measure of literary value tended to prevail over Williams's ideological and historical critique of the shifts in a literary genre's representation of nature. </p><p>As Glotfelty noted in <i>The Ecocriticism Reader</i>, "One indication of the disunity of the early efforts is that these critics rarely cited one another's work; they didn't know that it existed...Each was a single voice howling in the wilderness."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, ecocriticism—unlike feminist and Marxist criticisms—failed to crystallize into a coherent movement in the late 1970s, and indeed only did so in the US in the 1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the mid-1980s, scholars began to work collectively to establish ecocriticism as a genre, primarily through the work of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Literature_Association" title="Western Literature Association">Western Literature Association</a> in which the revaluation of <a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">nature writing</a> as a non-fictional literary genre could function. During the late-1980s poet <a href="/wiki/Jack_Collom" title="Jack Collom">Jack Collom</a> was awarded a 2nd <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> grant, for his ground-breaking work in this emerging genre. Collom taught an influential Eco-Lit course at <a href="/wiki/Naropa_University" title="Naropa University">Naropa University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>, for nearly two decades. In 1990, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Reno" title="University of Nevada, Reno">University of Nevada, Reno</a>, Glotfelty became the first person to hold an academic position as a professor of Literature and the Environment, and UNR, with the aid of the now-retired Glotfelty and the remaining professor <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Branch" title="Michael P. Branch">Michael P. Branch</a>, has retained the position it established at that time as the intellectual home of ecocriticism even as ASLE has burgeoned into an organization with thousands of members in the US alone. From the late 1990s, new branches of ASLE and affiliated organizations were started in the UK, Japan, Korea, Australia and New Zealand (ASLEC-ANZ), India (OSLE-India), Southeast Asia (ASLE-ASEAN), Taiwan, Canada and continental Europe. The emergence of ecocriticism in British literary criticism is usually dated to the publication in 1991 of <i>Romantic Ecology: Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bate" title="Jonathan Bate">Jonathan Bate</a>. </p><p>Ecocriticism’s second wave emerged in the 2000s through a more complex understanding of the overall history of global environmentalism and environmental justice. According to <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Buell_(academic)" title="Lawrence Buell (academic)">Lawrence Buell</a>, former Harvard professor and proponent of ecocriticism, the second wave of ecocriticism aligns with public health environmentalism, with ethics and politics that are sociocentric rather than ecocentric. The second wave not only considers rural landscapes or wilderness, but also landscapes of urban and industrial transformation. It is inspired by writers such as Charles Dickens, who wrote about Victorian-era public health concerns, and the American novelist <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>, as well as by global activists, such as <a href="/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa" title="Ken Saro-Wiwa">Ken Saro-Wiwa</a>, who was executed for his protests against ecological devastation in Nigeria, and <a href="/wiki/Michiko_Ishimure" title="Michiko Ishimure">Michiko Ishimure</a>, who wrote about <a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a> and the effects of mercury poisoning<i>.</i> The second wave of ecocriticism distinguishes itself from the first wave by prioritizing the exploration of issues such as environmental resource distribution, environmental justice, minority and socioeconomic impacts related to environmental circumstances. A representative of second-wave ecocriticism is the 2002 <i>Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy.</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent eco-critical scholarship has seen issues concerning eco-anxiety, veganism, and activism take precedence. Scholars are now starting to take into consideration the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on environmental activism and the climate crisis more broadly. In their 2022 Special Issue for <i>Green Letters</i> entitled 'A New Poetics of Space', the co-editors, Lucy Jeffery and Vicky Angelaki, remark: 'We hope that through the analysis of the act of walking in the creative arts we can understand our role in shaping the environmental state in which we find ourselves. Throughout this volume we ask: is there a way yet to describe how our attitude towards our being in the environment has shifted since the Covid-19 pandemic?' <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scholarly volume is evidence of a current trend in eco-critical scholarship to explore the impact of the twenty-first century's technological developments, societal shifts, environmental challenges, and political situation through the perspective of creative works that are concerned with the poetics of space, health, and the environment (both urban and rural). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecocriticism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_studies" title="Animal studies">Animal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolinguistics" title="Ecolinguistics">Ecolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecocriticism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehc.english.ucsb.edu/?page_id=2388">"What is ecocriticism? – Environmental Humanities Center"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+ecocriticism%3F+%E2%80%93+Environmental+Humanities+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehc.english.ucsb.edu%2F%3Fpage_id%3D2388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeker1972" class="citation book cs1">Meeker, Joseph W. (1972). <i>The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816516865" title="Special:BookSources/9780816516865"><bdi>9780816516865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comedy+of+Survival%3A+Studies+in+Literary+Ecology&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780816516865&rft.aulast=Meeker&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0014.xml">"Ecocriticism"</a>. <i>obo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obo&rft.atitle=Ecocriticism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780190221911%2Fobo-9780190221911-0014.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology</i>. Athens, Georgia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. 1996. pp. xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-780-8203-1781-6" title="Special:BookSources/9-780-8203-1781-6"><bdi>9-780-8203-1781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecocriticism+Reader%3A+Landmarks+in+Literary+Ecology&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=xxviii&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9-780-8203-1781-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aresearchguide.com/ecocriticism.html">"What is Ecocriticism?: Literary Movements"</a>. <i>A Research Guide for Students</i>. 27 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Research+Guide+for+Students&rft.atitle=What+is+Ecocriticism%3F%3A+Literary+Movements&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aresearchguide.com%2Fecocriticism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glotfelty & Fromm 1996, p. xviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glotfelty & Fromm 1996, p. xxxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">430, n.20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estok 2001, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estok 2005, pp. 16-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zapf 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Soper" title="Kate Soper">Kate Soper</a>, "What is Nature?", 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry 2009, pp. 56-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buell 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomides2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gomides, C. (1 January 2006). "Putting a New Definition of Ecocriticism to the Test: The Case of The Burning Season, a Film (Mal)Adaptation". <i>Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 13–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisle%2F13.1.13">10.1093/isle/13.1.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-0962">1076-0962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Studies+in+Literature+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Putting+a+New+Definition+of+Ecocriticism+to+the+Test%3A+The+Case+of+The+Burning+Season%2C+a+Film+%28Mal%29Adaptation&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-23&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisle%2F13.1.13&rft.issn=1076-0962&rft.aulast=Gomides&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan" class="citation web cs1">Macmillan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.macmillan.com/beyondromanticecocriticism-1/AshtonNichols">"Macmillan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macmillan&rft.au=Macmillan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.macmillan.com%2Fbeyondromanticecocriticism-1%2FAshtonNichols&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abolfotoh, Inas. "Islamecocriticism: Green Islam Introduced to Ecocriticism." <i>ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment</i>, vol. 28, no. 4, 2021, pp. 1371-90, https:// doi.org/10.1093/isle/isaa139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abolfotoh, Inas. "Matter Really Matters: A Poetic Material Islamecocritical Reading of Inanimateness Animism." <i>Kritika Kultura</i>, vol. 0, no. 37, 2021, pp. 102-27, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.13185/KK2021.003706">https://dx.doi.org/10.13185/KK2021.003706</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2011" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Timothy (2011). <i>The Cambridge Introduction to Literature and the Environment</i>. New York: Cambridge UP. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521720908" title="Special:BookSources/9780521720908"><bdi>9780521720908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+Literature+and+the+Environment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521720908&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider-MayersonWeik_von_MossnerMałecki2020" class="citation journal cs1">Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew; Weik von Mossner, Alexa; Małecki, W. P. (1 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/isle/article/27/2/327/5849158">"Empirical Ecocriticism: Environmental Texts and Empirical Methods"</a>. <i>Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 327–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisle%2Fisaa022">10.1093/isle/isaa022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-0962">1076-0962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Studies+in+Literature+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Empirical+Ecocriticism%3A+Environmental+Texts+and+Empirical+Methods&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=327-336&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisle%2Fisaa022&rft.issn=1076-0962&rft.aulast=Schneider-Mayerson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Weik+von+Mossner%2C+Alexa&rft.au=Ma%C5%82ecki%2C+W.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fisle%2Farticle%2F27%2F2%2F327%2F5849158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider-MayersonWeik_von_MossnerMałeckiHakemulder2023" class="citation book cs1">Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew; Weik von Mossner, Alexa; Małecki, Wojciech; Hakemulder, Frank, eds. (2023). <i>Empirical ecocriticism: environmental narratives for social change</i>. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-1535-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5179-1535-3"><bdi>978-1-5179-1535-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empirical+ecocriticism%3A+environmental+narratives+for+social+change&rft.place=Minneapolis+London&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-5179-1535-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glotfelty & Fromm 1996, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glotfelty & Fromm 1996, p. vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Buell, Lawrence (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/quiparle.19.2.0087">"Ecocriticism: Some Emerging Trends"</a>. <i>Qui Parle</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 87–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5250%2Fquiparle.19.2.0087">10.5250/quiparle.19.2.0087</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1041-8385">1041-8385</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/quiparle.19.2.0087">10.5250/quiparle.19.2.0087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141536349">141536349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qui+Parle&rft.atitle=Ecocriticism%3A+Some+Emerging+Trends&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=87-115&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1041-8385&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141536349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5250%2Fquiparle.19.2.0087%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5250%2Fquiparle.19.2.0087&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5250%2Fquiparle.19.2.0087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcocriticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Jeffery, Lucy and Vicky Angelaki, ‘Introduction’, <i>Green Letters</i>, 26.3, (2022), Special Issue ‘A New Poetics of Space’, 203-209 (p. 208), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14688417.2022.2113632">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14688417.2022.2113632</a> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecocriticism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Abram, David. <i>The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World</i>. New York: Pantheon, 1996.</li> <li>Alex, Rayson K., S. Susan Deborah & Sachindev P.S. <i>Culture and Media: Ecocritical Explorations</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014.</li> <li>Barry, Peter. "Ecocriticism". <i>Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory</i>. 3rd ed. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bate,_Jonathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bate, Jonathan">Bate, Jonathan</a>. <i>Romantic Ecology: Wordsworth and the Environmental Tradition</i>. London and New York: Routledge, 1991.</li> <li>Bladow, Kyle and Jennifer Ladino (Eds). "Affective Ecocriticism: Emotion, Embodiment, Environment". Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2018.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Buell_(academic)" title="Lawrence Buell (academic)">Buell, Lawrence</a>. <i>The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1995.</li> <li>Bilbro, Jeffrey. <i>Loving God's Wildness: The Christian Roots of Ecological Ethics in American Literature</i>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2015.</li> <li>Buell, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/2637816/Buell_ToxicDiscourse.pdf?sequence=4">"Toxic Discourse."</a> <i>Critical Inquiry</i> 24.3 (1998): 639–665.</li> <li>Buell, Lawrence. <i>Writing for an Endangered World: Literature, Culture, and Environment in the U.S. and Beyond</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001.</li> <li>Cohen, Michael P. "Blues in Green: Ecocriticism Under Critique." <i>Environmental History</i> 9. 1 (January 2004): 9–36.</li> <li>Coupe, Laurence, ed. <i>The Green Studies Reader: From Romanticism to Ecocriticism</i>. London: Routledge, 2000.</li> <li>Cranston, CA. & Robert Zeller, eds. "The Littoral Zone: Australian Contexts and their Writers". New York: Rodopi, 2007.</li> <li>Estok, Simon C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050211214042/http://www.asle.umn.edu/archive/intro/estok.html">"A Report Card on Ecocriticism."</a> <i>AUMLA</i> 96 (November): 200–38.</li> <li>Estok, Simon C. (2005). "Shakespeare and Ecocriticism: An Analysis of 'Home' and 'Power' in King Lear." <i>AUMLA</i> 103 (May 2005): 15–41.</li> <li>Forns-Broggi, Roberto. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paginadepoesia.com.ar/escritos_pdf/Fornix_5_6_tercera_parte.pdf">La aventura perdida del ecopoema</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409025636/http://www.paginadepoesia.com.ar/escritos_pdf/Fornix_5_6_tercera_parte.pdf">Archived</a> 9 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" in <i>Fórnix</i> 5/6 (2007): 376–394. <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li>Frederick, Suresh. <i>Contemporary Contemplations on Ecoliterature</i>. New Delhi:Authorpress, 2012.</li> <li>Frederick, Suresh. <i>Ecocriticism: Paradigms and Praxis</i>. Chennai: NCBH, Dec 2019. Print.</li> <li>Frederick, Suresh and Samuel Rufus. <i>Contemporary Contemplations on Green Literatures</i>. New Delhi: Authorpress, 2021.</li> <li>Garrard, Greg, <i>Ecocriticism</i>. New York: Routledge, 2004.</li> <li>Garrard, Greg (ed.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Ecocriticism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.</li> <li>Glotfelty, Cheryll and Harold Fromm (Eds). <i>The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology</i>. Athens and London: University of Georgia, 1996.</li> <li>Gomides, Camilo. 'Putting a New Definition of Ecocriticism to the Test: The Case of The Burning Season, a film (mal)Adaptation". <i>ISLE</i> 13.1 (2006): 13–23.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursula_K._Heise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursula K. Heise (page does not exist)">Heise, Ursula K.</a> "Greening English: Recent Introductions to Ecocriticism." <i>Contemporary Literature</i> 47.2 (2006): 289–298.</li> <li>Indian Journal of Ecocriticism<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2012)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenella_Iovino" title="Serenella Iovino">Iovino, Serenella</a> and Serpil Oppermann (Eds). "Material Ecocriticism". Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014.</li> <li>Kroeber, Karl. <i>Ecological Literary Criticism: Romantic Imagining and the Biology of Mind</i>. New York: Columbia UP, 1994.</li> <li>Lindholdt, Paul. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739194980/Explorations-in-Ecocriticism-Advocacy-Bioregionalism-and-Visual-Design">Explorations in Ecocriticism: Advocacy, Bioregionalism, and Visual Design</a>,</i> Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Marx" title="Leo Marx">Marx, Leo</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Machine_in_the_Garden" title="The Machine in the Garden">The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_C._McKusick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James C. McKusick (page does not exist)">McKusick, James C.</a> <i>Green Writing: Romanticism and Ecology</i>. New York: St. Martin's, 2000.</li> <li>Meeker, Joseph W. "The Comedy of Survival: Studies in Literary Ecology." New York: Scribner's, 1972.</li> <li>Moore, Bryan L. <i>Ecology and Literature: Ecocentric Personification from Antiquity to the Twenty-first Century</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.</li> <li>Morton, Timothy. <i>The Ecological Thought</i>. Cambridge, MAL Harvard University Press, 2012.</li> <li>Nichols, Ashton. "Beyond Romantic Ecocriticism: Toward Urbanatural Roosting." New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Paperback, 2012.</li> <li>Nicolson, Marjorie Hope. <i>Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory: The Development of the Aesthetics of the Infinite</i>. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1959.</li> <li>Phillips, Dana. <i>The Truth of Ecology: Nature, Culture, and Literature in America</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.</li> <li>Rueckert, William. "Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism." <i>Iowa Review</i> 9.1 (1978): 71–86.</li> <li>Rojas Pérez, Walter. <i>La ecocrítica hoy</i>. San José, Costa Rica: Aire Moderno, 2004.</li> <li>Selvamony, Nirmal, Nirmaldasan & Rayson K. Alex. <i>Essays in Ecocriticism</i>. Delhi: Sarup and Sons and OSLE-India, 2008.</li> <li>Slovic, Scott. <i>Seeking Awareness in American Nature Writing: Henry Thoreau, Annie Dillard, Edward Abbey, Wendell Berry, Barry Lopez.</i> Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah Press, 1992.</li> <li>Vogel, Joseph Henry. "Ecocriticism as an Economic School of Thought: Woody Allen's Match Point as Exemplary." <i>OMETECA: Science and Humanities</i> 12 (2008): 105–119.</li> <li>Williams, Raymond. <i>The Country and the City.</i> London: Chatto and Windus, 1973.</li> <li>Zapf, Hubert. "Literary Ecology and the Ethics of Texts." <i>New Literary History</i> 39.4 (2008): 847–868.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecocriticism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ecocriticism</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ecocriticism&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ecocriticism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ecocriticism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/isle">ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and the Environment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecocriticism.ca">Journal of Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118161155/http://www.ecozona.eu/index.php/journal">Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asle.org.uk/green-letters/">Green Letters: Studies in Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asle.org/">Association for the Study of Literature and Environment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.easlce.eu/">European Association for the Study of Literature, Culture and Environment (EASLCE)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordforsk.org/en/programmes/projects/nordic-network-for-interdisciplinary-environmental-studies-nies">Nordic Network for Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies (NIES)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907114542/http://www.nordforsk.org/en/programmes/projects/nordic-network-for-interdisciplinary-environmental-studies-nies">Archived</a> 7 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/groupgieco/">GIECO: Grupo de Investigación en Ecocrítica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017045631/https://sites.google.com/site/groupgieco/">Archived</a> 17 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westernamericanliterature.com/ecocriticism/">Articles on ecocriticism in <i>Western American Literature</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(cultural_studies)" title="Cultural materialism (cultural studies)">Cultural materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Darwinian criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_poetics" title="Descriptive poetics">Descriptive poetics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Feminist criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(literature)" title="Formalism (literature)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Marxist criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonial criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_literary_criticism" title="Psychoanalytic literary criticism">Psychoanalytic criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader-response_criticism" title="Reader-response criticism">Reader-response criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_formalism" title="Russian formalism">Russian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_literary_criticism" title="Semiotic literary criticism">Semiotic criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_criticism" title="Sociological criticism">Sociological criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism" title="Source criticism">Source criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_theory" title="Thing theory">Thing theory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antique-books-woodward.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antique-books-woodward.jpg/70px-Antique-books-woodward.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antique-books-woodward.jpg/105px-Antique-books-woodward.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antique-books-woodward.jpg/140px-Antique-books-woodward.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1017" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists and critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boccaccio" class="mw-redirect" title="Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">de Pizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Ji_(Shiheng)" title="Lu Ji (Shiheng)">Lu Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Tasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Boileau-Despr%C3%A9aux" title="Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux">Boileau-Despréaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke (Edmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Young" title="Edward Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Schlegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Louise_Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Louise Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Sanctis" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco De Sanctis">De Sanctis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Sainte-Beuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Zola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._E._Hulme" title="T. E. Hulme">Hulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Shklovsky" title="Viktor Shklovsky">Shklovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Bakhtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke (Kenneth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanth_Brooks" title="Cleanth Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Muka%C5%99ovsk%C3%BD" title="Jan Mukařovský">Mukařovský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich" title="Ernst Gombrich">Gombrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Poulet" title="Georges Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Achebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Iser" title="Wolfgang Iser">Iser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayden_White" title="Hayden White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ricoeur" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ricoeur">Ricoeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_Loy" title="Mina Loy">Loy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_de_Andrade" title="Oswald de Andrade">de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Paz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_humanities" title="Template:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_humanities" title="Template talk:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crop_art" title="Crop art">Crop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">wildlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Sustainable art</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/100px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/150px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG/200px-CHINTREUIL_-_Le_Boulot_blanc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1646" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolinguistics" title="Ecolinguistics">Ecolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosemiotics" title="Ecosemiotics">Ecosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">Traditional ecological knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecocomposition" title="Ecocomposition">Ecocomposition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopoetry" title="Ecopoetry">Ecopoetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocriticism" title="Geocriticism">Geocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_literature" title="Outdoor literature">Outdoor literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Aesthetics of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty#Ecophenomenology" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Ecophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_theology" title="Environmental theology">Environmental theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion and environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_ecology" title="Spiritual ecology">Spiritual ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_adult_education" title="Environmental adult education">adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts-based_environmental_education" title="Arts-based environmental education">arts-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_interpretation" title="Heritage interpretation">Environmental interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environmental journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_education" title="Outdoor education">Outdoor education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_interpretation" title="Thematic interpretation">Thematic interpretation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_studies" title="Animal studies">Animal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (<a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">ethic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">museums</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">Popular science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property theory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">common property</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">science studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Food" title="Slow Food">Slow food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_place" title="Spirit of place">Spirit of place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Sustainability studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomuseum" title="Ecomuseum">Ecomuseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_trail" title="Educational trail">Educational trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_assessment" title="Landscape assessment">assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_planning" title="Landscape planning">planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable 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