CINXE.COM
BBC Radio 3 - The Verb, Novels that Shaped Our Language
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="b-reith-sans-font b-header--black--white b-footer--black--white " lang="en-GB"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b12m","20200707222241","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1594160561"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>BBC Radio 3 - The Verb, Novels that Shaped Our Language</title> <link rel="icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://www.bbc.co.uk/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"><link rel="shortcut icon" sizes="196x196" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/208x208/p05jnq0g.jpg"> <link rel="shortcut icon" sizes="128x128" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/128x128/p05jnq0g.jpg"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80x80/p05jnq0g.jpg"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/128x128/p05jnq0g.jpg"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x160/p05jnq0g.jpg"> <script>document.documentElement.className += ' has-js';</script> <!-- iSite2 Project (Tenant space): progs-radio3 --> <!-- Environment: live --> <!-- Orbit: 3.0.0-992.569faf1e --> <!-- Analytics Web Module: 0.0.2-463.50829a9 --> <!-- NavID Web Module: 0.2.0-12.c29d11c --> <!-- User Activity Helper Web Module: 1.0.0-69.4f7707f --> <!-- Cookie Banner Web Module: 0.0.2-463.50829a9 --> <!-- Searchbox Web Module: 3.0.0-133.510d8d1 --> <!-- Promo Web Module: 3.0.0-133.0add52d --> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"><meta property="fb:admins" content="100004154058350"><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/aca157ce812540152d62d3742f6c491c/css/orb-ltr.min.css"><!--[if (lt IE 9) & (!IEMobile)]> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/aca157ce812540152d62d3742f6c491c/css/orb-ie-ltr.min.css"> <![endif]--><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ window.orb = { lang: 'en', bbcBaseUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk', bbcUrlPrefix: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.', staticHost: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/aca157ce812540152d62d3742f6c491c', figUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://fig.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/fig/2/fig.js', partialCookieOvenUrl: 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://cookie-oven.api.bbc' }; document.documentElement.className += (document.documentElement.className? ' ' : '') + 'orb-js'; window.orb.worldwideNavlinks = '<li class="orb-nav-homedotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-reeldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/reel">Reel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-worklife"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/worklife">Worklife</a></li><li class="orb-nav-traveldotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/travel">Travel</a></li><li class="orb-nav-future"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/future">Future</a></li><li class="orb-nav-culture"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/culture">Culture</a></li><li class="orb-nav-music"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/culture/music">Music</a></li><li class="orb-nav-tv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m">TV</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li>'; /*]]>*/</script><script>// Promise polyfill from https://github.com/bramstein/promis (function(){'use strict';var f,g=[];function l(a){g.push(a);1==g.length&&f()}function m(){for(;g.length;)g[0](),g.shift()}f=function(){setTimeout(m)};function n(a){this.a=p;this.b=void 0;this.f=[];var b=this;try{a(function(a){q(b,a)},function(a){r(b,a)})}catch(c){r(b,c)}}var p=2;function t(a){return new n(function(b,c){c(a)})}function u(a){return new n(function(b){b(a)})}function q(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;var c=!1;try{var d=b&&b.then;if(null!=b&&"object"==typeof b&&"function"==typeof d){d.call(b,function(b){c||q(a,b);c=!0},function(b){c||r(a,b);c=!0});return}}catch(e){c||r(a,e);return}a.a=0;a.b=b;v(a)}} function r(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;a.a=1;a.b=b;v(a)}}function v(a){l(function(){if(a.a!=p)for(;a.f.length;){var b=a.f.shift(),c=b[0],d=b[1],e=b[2],b=b[3];try{0==a.a?"function"==typeof c?e(c.call(void 0,a.b)):e(a.b):1==a.a&&("function"==typeof d?e(d.call(void 0,a.b)):b(a.b))}catch(h){b(h)}}})}n.prototype.g=function(a){return this.c(void 0,a)};n.prototype.c=function(a,b){var c=this;return new n(function(d,e){c.f.push([a,b,d,e]);v(c)})}; function w(a){return new n(function(b,c){function d(c){return function(d){h[c]=d;e+=1;e==a.length&&b(h)}}var e=0,h=[];0==a.length&&b(h);for(var k=0;k<a.length;k+=1)u(a[k]).c(d(k),c)})}function x(a){return new n(function(b,c){for(var d=0;d<a.length;d+=1)u(a[d]).c(b,c)})};window.Promise||(window.Promise=n,window.Promise.resolve=u,window.Promise.reject=t,window.Promise.race=x,window.Promise.all=w,window.Promise.prototype.then=n.prototype.c,window.Promise.prototype["catch"]=n.prototype.g);}()); // Polyfill Event constructor for IE ref: https://jira.dev.bbc.co.uk/browse/ORBITEN-919 // see: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/26596123 (function () { if (typeof window.CustomEvent === "function") { return false; } function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: undefined }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.Event = CustomEvent; })(); //Element.prototype.matches polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/matches#Polyfill if (!Element.prototype.matches) { Element.prototype.matches = Element.prototype.msMatchesSelector || Element.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector; } //NodeList.forEach Polyfill //from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/NodeList/forEach#Polyfill if (window.NodeList && !NodeList.prototype.forEach) { NodeList.prototype.forEach = Array.prototype.forEach; } // Object.assign polyfill from https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object/assign#Polyfill if (typeof Object.assign != 'function') { // Must be writable: true, enumerable: false, configurable: true Object.defineProperty(Object, "assign", { value: function assign(target, varArgs) { // .length of function is 2 'use strict'; if (target == null) { // TypeError if undefined or null throw new TypeError('Cannot convert undefined or null to object'); } var to = Object(target); for (var index = 1; index < arguments.length; index++) { var nextSource = arguments[index]; if (nextSource != null) { // Skip over if undefined or null for (var nextKey in nextSource) { // Avoid bugs when hasOwnProperty is shadowed if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(nextSource, nextKey)) { to[nextKey] = nextSource[nextKey]; } } } } return to; }, writable: true, configurable: true }); } // window.fetch polyfill https://github.com/github/fetch/blob/v0.11.0/fetch.js - chosen for IE9 compatibility if(typeof window.fetch !== 'function') { (function(self){"use strict";if(self.fetch){return}function normalizeName(name){if(typeof name!=="string"){name=String(name)}if(/[^a-z0-9\-#$%&'*+.\^_`|~]/i.test(name)){throw new TypeError("Invalid character in header field name")}return name.toLowerCase()}function normalizeValue(value){if(typeof value!=="string"){value=String(value)}return value}function Headers(headers){this.map={};if(headers instanceof Headers){headers.forEach(function(value,name){this.append(name,value)},this)}else if(headers){Object.getOwnPropertyNames(headers).forEach(function(name){this.append(name,headers[name])},this)}}Headers.prototype.append=function(name,value){name=normalizeName(name);value=normalizeValue(value);var list=this.map[name];if(!list){list=[];this.map[name]=list}list.push(value)};Headers.prototype["delete"]=function(name){delete this.map[normalizeName(name)]};Headers.prototype.get=function(name){var values=this.map[normalizeName(name)];return values?values[0]:null};Headers.prototype.getAll=function(name){return this.map[normalizeName(name)]||[]};Headers.prototype.has=function(name){return this.map.hasOwnProperty(normalizeName(name))};Headers.prototype.set=function(name,value){this.map[normalizeName(name)]=[normalizeValue(value)]};Headers.prototype.forEach=function(callback,thisArg){Object.getOwnPropertyNames(this.map).forEach(function(name){this.map[name].forEach(function(value){callback.call(thisArg,value,name,this)},this)},this)};function consumed(body){if(body.bodyUsed){return Promise.reject(new TypeError("Already read"))}body.bodyUsed=true}function fileReaderReady(reader){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){reader.onload=function(){resolve(reader.result)};reader.onerror=function(){reject(reader.error)}})}function readBlobAsArrayBuffer(blob){var reader=new FileReader;reader.readAsArrayBuffer(blob);return fileReaderReady(reader)}function readBlobAsText(blob){var reader=new FileReader;reader.readAsText(blob);return fileReaderReady(reader)}var support={blob:"FileReader"in self&&"Blob"in self&&function(){try{new Blob;return true}catch(e){return false}}(),formData:"FormData"in self,arrayBuffer:"ArrayBuffer"in self};function Body(){this.bodyUsed=false;this._initBody=function(body){this._bodyInit=body;if(typeof body==="string"){this._bodyText=body}else if(support.blob&&Blob.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){this._bodyBlob=body}else if(support.formData&&FormData.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){this._bodyFormData=body}else if(!body){this._bodyText=""}else if(support.arrayBuffer&&ArrayBuffer.prototype.isPrototypeOf(body)){}else{throw new Error("unsupported BodyInit type")}if(!this.headers.get("content-type")){if(typeof body==="string"){this.headers.set("content-type","text/plain;charset=UTF-8")}else if(this._bodyBlob&&this._bodyBlob.type){this.headers.set("content-type",this._bodyBlob.type)}}};if(support.blob){this.blob=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);if(rejected){return rejected}if(this._bodyBlob){return Promise.resolve(this._bodyBlob)}else if(this._bodyFormData){throw new Error("could not read FormData body as blob")}else{return Promise.resolve(new Blob([this._bodyText]))}};this.arrayBuffer=function(){return this.blob().then(readBlobAsArrayBuffer)};this.text=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);if(rejected){return rejected}if(this._bodyBlob){return readBlobAsText(this._bodyBlob)}else if(this._bodyFormData){throw new Error("could not read FormData body as text")}else{return Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)}}}else{this.text=function(){var rejected=consumed(this);return rejected?rejected:Promise.resolve(this._bodyText)}}if(support.formData){this.formData=function(){return this.text().then(decode)}}this.json=function(){return this.text().then(JSON.parse)};return this}var methods=["DELETE","GET","HEAD","OPTIONS","POST","PUT"];function normalizeMethod(method){var upcased=method.toUpperCase();return methods.indexOf(upcased)>-1?upcased:method}function Request(input,options){options=options||{};var body=options.body;if(Request.prototype.isPrototypeOf(input)){if(input.bodyUsed){throw new TypeError("Already read")}this.url=input.url;this.credentials=input.credentials;if(!options.headers){this.headers=new Headers(input.headers)}this.method=input.method;this.mode=input.mode;if(!body){body=input._bodyInit;input.bodyUsed=true}}else{this.url=input}this.credentials=options.credentials||this.credentials||"omit";if(options.headers||!this.headers){this.headers=new Headers(options.headers)}this.method=normalizeMethod(options.method||this.method||"GET");this.mode=options.mode||this.mode||null;this.referrer=null;if((this.method==="GET"||this.method==="HEAD")&&body){throw new TypeError("Body not allowed for GET or HEAD requests")}this._initBody(body)}Request.prototype.clone=function(){return new Request(this)};function decode(body){var form=new FormData;body.trim().split("&").forEach(function(bytes){if(bytes){var split=bytes.split("=");var name=split.shift().replace(/\+/g," ");var value=split.join("=").replace(/\+/g," ");form.append(decodeURIComponent(name),decodeURIComponent(value))}});return form}function headers(xhr){var head=new Headers;var pairs=xhr.getAllResponseHeaders().trim().split("\n");pairs.forEach(function(header){var split=header.trim().split(":");var key=split.shift().trim();var value=split.join(":").trim();head.append(key,value)});return head}Body.call(Request.prototype);function Response(bodyInit,options){if(!options){options={}}this.type="default";this.status=options.status;this.ok=this.status>=200&&this.status<300;this.statusText=options.statusText;this.headers=options.headers instanceof Headers?options.headers:new Headers(options.headers);this.url=options.url||"";this._initBody(bodyInit)}Body.call(Response.prototype);Response.prototype.clone=function(){return new Response(this._bodyInit,{status:this.status,statusText:this.statusText,headers:new Headers(this.headers),url:this.url})};Response.error=function(){var response=new Response(null,{status:0,statusText:""});response.type="error";return response};var redirectStatuses=[301,302,303,307,308];Response.redirect=function(url,status){if(redirectStatuses.indexOf(status)===-1){throw new RangeError("Invalid status code")}return new Response(null,{status:status,headers:{location:url}})};self.Headers=Headers;self.Request=Request;self.Response=Response;self.fetch=function(input,init){return new Promise(function(resolve,reject){var request;if(Request.prototype.isPrototypeOf(input)&&!init){request=input}else{request=new Request(input,init)}var xhr=new XMLHttpRequest;function responseURL(){if("responseURL"in xhr){return xhr.responseURL}if(/^X-Request-URL:/m.test(xhr.getAllResponseHeaders())){return xhr.getResponseHeader("X-Request-URL")}return}xhr.onload=function(){var status=xhr.status===1223?204:xhr.status;if(status<100||status>599){reject(new TypeError("Network request failed"));return}var options={status:status,statusText:xhr.statusText,headers:headers(xhr),url:responseURL()};var body="response"in xhr?xhr.response:xhr.responseText;resolve(new Response(body,options))};xhr.onerror=function(){reject(new TypeError("Network request failed"))};xhr.open(request.method,request.url,true);if(request.credentials==="include"){xhr.withCredentials=true}if("responseType"in xhr&&support.blob){xhr.responseType="blob"}request.headers.forEach(function(value,name){xhr.setRequestHeader(name,value)});xhr.send(typeof request._bodyInit==="undefined"?null:request._bodyInit)})};self.fetch.polyfill=true})(typeof self!=="undefined"?self:this); } if (typeof window.CustomEvent !== 'function') { function CustomEvent(event, params) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent('CustomEvent'); evt.initCustomEvent(event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; } (function() { var language = 'en'; language = 'en'; var modal = false; var istatsLabels = {name: '' || undefined}; function getMetaValue(propertyName) { var metaTag = document.querySelector( "meta[property='" + propertyName + "'], " + "meta[name='" + propertyName + "']"); if (metaTag) { return metaTag.getAttribute("content"); } else { throw new Error('No meta tag called: ' + propertyName) } } function generateCountername() { if (window.location.protocol === 'file:') { return 'local.file'; } var pathName = window.location.pathname .replace(/\/$/, "") .replace(/^\//, "") .replace(/\//g, '.'); return pathName + '.page'; } var additionalPageProperties = {}; additionalPageProperties['app_name'] = 'programmes'; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_1'] = 'Novels+that+Shaped+Our+Language'; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_2'] = 'The+Verb'; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_4'] = 'bbc_radio_three'; additionalPageProperties['custom_var_6'] = 'true'; var page = { name: '' || istatsLabels.name || generateCountername(), destination: 'programmes_ps' || null, producer: 'SOUNDS' || null, section: 'episode' || null, site: '' || istatsLabels.bbc_site || istatsLabels.app_name || istatsLabels.prod_name || null, contentId: 'urn:bbc:pips:m000b12m' || null, contentType: 'episode' || null, edition: '' || null, additionalProperties: additionalPageProperties }; function updatePageData(newData) { page = Object.assign(page, newData); } document.addEventListener('bbc-page-reset', function(event) { if (event.detail && event.detail.page) { updatePageData(event.detail.page); } document.dispatchEvent(new Event('bbc-page-updated')); }); window.bbcpage = { loadModule: function(deps) { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { window.require(deps, function () { resolve.apply(this, arguments); }, function (error) { reject(error); }); }) }, loadCSS: function (url, timeout) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/lib/_$']) .then(function($) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { var stylesheet = loadCSS(url); $.onloadCSS(stylesheet, function() { resolve(); }); if (timeout) { setTimeout(function () { reject(); }, timeout); } }); }); }, isModal: function () { return modal; }, getLanguage: function () { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { resolve(language); }); }, trackRegion: function (region, labels) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['istats-1']) .then(function(istats) { var trackLabels = { region: region }; for (var label in labels) { trackLabels[label] = labels[label]; } var linkType = labels.linkType || 'internal'; istats.track(linkType, trackLabels); }); }, getName: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.name); }, getDestination: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.destination); }, getProducer: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.producer); }, getSite: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.site); }, getSection: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.section); }, getContentType: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.contentType); }, getContentId: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.contentId); }, getEdition: function() { return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) { if (page.edition) { resolve(page.edition); return; } try { resolve(getMetaValue('x-audience').toLowerCase()); } catch (err){ // This property is related to Chartbeat; see http://support.chartbeat.com/docs/ if (window._sf_async_config) { resolve(window._sf_async_config.region || null); } } resolve(null); }); }, getReferrer: function() { return Promise.resolve(window.orb && window.orb.referrer !== null && window.orb.referrer !== undefined ? window.orb.referrer : document.referrer); }, getAdditionalProperties: function() { return Promise.resolve(page.additionalProperties); } }; var USERINFO_PREFIX = "www." || "www."; function initUserCache(orbitUser) { var availableAttr = [ 'X-Country', 'X-Ip_is_advertise_combined', 'X-Ip_is_uk_combined' ]; var userCache = availableAttr.reduce(function(user, curr, i) { if (!orbitUser[curr]) { return user; } var res = Object.assign({}, user); res[curr] = orbitUser[curr]; return res; }, {}); if (Object.keys(userCache).length !== availableAttr.length) { userCache._partial = true; } return userCache; } var user = initUserCache({ }); function checkStatus(response) { if (response.status >= 200 && response.status < 300) { return response; } else { var error = new Error(response.statusText); error.response = response; throw error; } } function parseJSON(response) { return response.json(); } var supportsCors = function() { return typeof XMLHttpRequest !== 'undefined' && 'withCredentials' in new XMLHttpRequest(); }; var getUserInfoFallback = function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/fig']) .then(function(orbFig) { return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { orbFig.load(function(fig) { var getCountryFallback = function() { if (fig.geo.isUK()) { return 'GB'; } else if (fig.geo.isEU()) { return 'EU'; } }; resolve({ 'X-Country': user.country || getCountryFallback(), 'X-Ip_is_uk_combined': fig().uk ? 'yes' : 'no', 'X-Ip_is_advertise_combined': fig().ad ? 'yes' : 'no' }); }, function () { reject('Error determining country. Timeout?'); }); }); }); }; var _userInfoRequest; var getUserInfo = function() { var host = window.location.host.toString().match(/bbc\.com$/) ? 'bbc.com' : 'bbc.co.uk'; var userInfoUrl = "https://" + USERINFO_PREFIX + host + '/userinfo'; if (!user._partial) { return Promise.resolve(user); } if (!_userInfoRequest) { if (typeof window.fetch === 'undefined' || !supportsCors()) { _userInfoRequest = getUserInfoFallback(); } else { _userInfoRequest = window.fetch(userInfoUrl, { credentials: 'same-origin' }) .then(checkStatus) .then(parseJSON) .then(function(userInfo) { user = userInfo; return user; }); } } return _userInfoRequest; }; var USER_PROFILE_URL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/userprofile";; var _helloRequest; var getSegmentations = function() { if (user.ageBand) { return Promise.resolve(user); } if (!_helloRequest) { if (typeof window.fetch === 'undefined' || !supportsCors()) { return Promise.resolve(user); } else { _helloRequest = window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']).then(function(idcta) { return idcta.initiateTokenRefresh().then(function() { return window.fetch(USER_PROFILE_URL, { credentials: 'include' }) .then(checkStatus) .then(parseJSON) .then(function(profileInfo) { Object.assign(user, profileInfo); return user; }); }); }); } } return _helloRequest; }; window.bbcuser = { getHashedId: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { return idcta.getCookieInstance().getHidFromCookie(); }); }, getAgeBand: function() { if (user['X-Age-Band']) { return Promise.resolve(user['X-Age-Band']); } return bbcuser.isSignedIn().then(function(isSignedIn) { if (isSignedIn) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { user['X-Age-Band'] = idcta.getUserDetailsFromCookie().ab; if (user['X-Age-Band'] === 'u13') { user['X-Age-Band'] = '0-12'; return user['X-Age-Band']; } else if (user['X-Age-Band'] === 'u16') { user['X-Age-Band'] = '13-15'; return user['X-Age-Band']; } else if (user['X-Age-Band'] === 'u18') { user['X-Age-Band'] = '16-17'; return user['X-Age-Band']; } else { user['X-Age-Band'] = undefined; return getSegmentations().then(function(userInfo) { user['X-Age-Band'] = userInfo['X-Age-Band']; return user['X-Age-Band'] || undefined; }).catch(function(error) { return user['X-Age-Band'] || undefined; }); } }); } else { return undefined; } }); }, getCountry: function() { if (user['X-Country']) { return Promise.resolve(user['X-Country']); } return getUserInfo().then(function(userInfo) { return userInfo['X-Country'] || 'GB'; }); }, isUKCombined: function() { return getUserInfo().then(function(userInfo) { if (!userInfo['X-Ip_is_uk_combined']) { throw new Error('missing isUKCombined from userinfo response'); } return userInfo['X-Ip_is_uk_combined'].toLowerCase() === 'yes'; }) }, canSeeAdverts: function() { return getUserInfo().then(function(userInfo) { if (!userInfo['X-Ip_is_advertise_combined']) { throw new Error('missing canSeeAdverts from userinfo response'); } return userInfo['X-Ip_is_advertise_combined'].toLowerCase() === "yes"; }); }, isSignedIn: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['idcta-v2/idcta-1']) .then(function(idcta) { return (idcta && idcta.getCookieInstance().hasCookie()); }); }, allowsPerformanceCookies: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled() && !!bbccookies.readPolicy('performance'); }); }, allowsFunctionalCookies: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled() && !!bbccookies.readPolicy('personalisation'); }); }, getCookieValue: function(cookieName) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return bbccookies.get(cookieName); }); }, resetCookiesPreferences: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { bbccookies.setDefaultCookiesSingleDomain(); }); }, hasCookiesEnabled: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function(bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.cookiesEnabled(); }); }, hasSeenCookieBanner: function() { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['orb/cookies']) .then(function (bbccookies) { return !!bbccookies.isCookiePolicySet(); }); }, logEvent: function (verb, noun, extraLabels) { return window.bbcuser.hasCookiesEnabled() .then(function(allowsCookies) { if (allowsCookies) { return window.bbcpage.loadModule(['istats-1']) .then(function(istats) { istats.log(verb, noun, extraLabels); }); } else { throw new Error('User cannot be tracked due to cookies preferences.'); } }); }, }; }());</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/aca157ce812540152d62d3742f6c491c/js/require.min.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-463.50829a9/cookie-banner/cookie-library.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.define !== undefined) { define('orb/cookies', function() { return window.bbccookies; }); }</script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/aca157ce812540152d62d3742f6c491c/js/api.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript">window.bbcFlagpoles_istats="ON",require.config({paths:{"istats-1":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-463.50829a9/istats/istats-1"}}),require(["istats-1","orb/cookies"],function(a,t){if(t.isAllowed("s1")){var e=(o=document.location.href.match(/^(?:https|http):\/\/\w*\.(?:(int|test|stage|live|)\.)?bbc\.(?:co\.uk|com)/))?void 0===o[1]||""===o[1]||"live"===o[1]?"//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/bbc/s":"//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/"+o[1]+"/s":"//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://sa.bbc.co.uk/bbc/test/s";a.addCollector({name:"default",url:e,separator:"&"});var s="unknown";a.setCountername(s),window.istats_countername&&a.setCountername(window.istats_countername),a.addLabels("ml_name=webmodule&ml_version=0.0.2-463.50829a9&blq_e=orbit&blq_r=orbit&blq_s=orbit&blq_v=default&language=en")}var o});</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241cs_/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.46.3/style/id-cta.css"><!--[if IE 8]><link href="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.46.3/style/ie8.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <![endif]--><script type="text/javascript">(function() {if (!window.require) {throw new Error('idcta: could not find require module');}if (typeof(map) == 'undefined') {var map = {};}if (!!document.createElementNS && !!document.createElementNS('http://www.w3.org/2000/svg', 'svg').createSVGRect) {document.documentElement.className += ' id-svg';}var ptrt = new RegExp("[\\?&]ptrt=([^&]*)").exec(document.location.href);var ENDPOINT_URL = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://idcta.api.bbc.co.uk';var ENDPOINT_CONFIG = ('/idcta/config?callback=&ptrt=' + encodeURIComponent((ptrt ? ptrt[1] : document.location.href))).replace(/\&/g, '&');var ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS = '/idcta/translations?callback=';function hasPromise() {var P = window.Promise;var promiseToString = null;if (P) {try {promiseToString = Object.prototype.toString.call(P.resolve());} catch(e) {/*silently ignored*/}}return (promiseToString === '[object Promise]' && !P.cast);}if (hasPromise()) {define('idcta/es6-promise', function() {return window.Promise;});define('idcta-v2/es6-promise', function() {return window.Promise;});}map['idcta-v2'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.46.3/modules/idcta-v2';map['idcta-v2/config'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_CONFIG;map['idcta-v2/translations'] = ENDPOINT_URL + ENDPOINT_TRANSLATIONS;map['idcta'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.8.2/modules/idcta';map['idcta-v2/idcta-1'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/account/id-cta/1.46.3/modules/idcta-v2/dist/idcta-1.min';map['idcta-v2/experiment-snippet'] = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/idcta_live';const idctaShim = {deps: ['idcta-v2/idcta-1'],};require({shim: {'idcta-v2/statusbar': idctaShim,'idcta-v2/id-config': idctaShim},map: {'*': {'idcta/idcta-1': 'idcta-v2/idcta-1','idcta': 'idcta-v2',}},paths: map});window.idctaBaseUrl = ENDPOINT_URL;define('idcta/config', ['idcta-v2/config'], function(data) {return data;});define('idcta/translations', ['idcta-v2/translations'], function(data) {return data;});})();</script> <!-- BBCDOTCOM head --><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var _sf_startpt = (new Date()).getTime(); /*]]>*/</script><style type="text/css">.bbccom_display_none{display:none;}</style><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var bbcdotcomConfig, googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || [], bbcdotcomScripts = [], tp = window.tp || []; var bbcdotcom = false; (function(){ if(typeof require !== 'undefined') { require({ paths:{ "bbcdotcom":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.4.0/script" } }); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ var bbcdotcom = { adverts: { keyValues: { set: function() {} } }, advert: { write: function () {}, show: function () {}, isActive: function () { return false; }, layout: function() { return { reset: function() {} } } }, config: { init: function() {}, isActive: function() {}, setSections: function() {}, isAdsEnabled: function() {}, setAdsEnabled: function() {}, isAnalyticsEnabled: function() {}, setAnalyticsEnabled: function() {}, setAssetPrefix: function() {}, setFlagpoles: function() {}, setVersion: function () {}, setJsPrefix: function() {}, setSwfPrefix: function() {}, setCssPrefix: function() {}, setConfig: function() {}, getAssetPrefix: function() {}, getJsPrefix: function () {}, getSwfPrefix: function () {}, getCssPrefix: function () {}, isOptimizelyEnabled: function() {}, isThirdPartyDisabled: function() {}, isThirdPartyDisabledEU: function() {}, setEU: function() {} }, survey: { init: function(){ return false; } }, data: {}, init: function() {}, objects: function(str) { return false; }, locale: { set: function() {}, get: function() {} }, setAdKeyValue: function() {}, utils: { addEvent: function() {}, addHtmlTagClass: function() {}, log: function () {} }, addLoadEvent: function() {} }; /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (typeof orb !== 'undefined' && typeof orb.fig === 'function') { if (orb.fig('ad') && orb.fig('uk') == 0) { bbcdotcom.data = { ads: (orb.fig('ad') ? 1 : 0), stats: (orb.fig('uk') == 0 ? 1 : 0), statsProvider: orb.fig('ap') }; } } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/wwscripts/data">\x3C/script>'); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (typeof orb === 'undefined' || typeof orb.fig !== 'function') { bbcdotcom.data = { ads: bbcdotcom.data.a, stats: bbcdotcom.data.b, statsProvider: bbcdotcom.data.c }; } if (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/wwscripts/flag">\x3C/script>'); } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ if (window.bbcdotcom && (typeof bbcdotcom.flag == 'undefined' || (typeof bbcdotcom.data.ads !== 'undefined' && bbcdotcom.flag.a != 1))) { bbcdotcom.data.ads = 0; } if (/[?|&]ads/.test(window.location.href) || /(^|; )ads=on; /.test(document.cookie) || /; ads=on(; |$)/.test(document.cookie)) { bbcdotcom.data.ads = 1; bbcdotcom.data.stats = 1; } if (window.bbcdotcom && (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 || bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1)) { bbcdotcom.assetPrefix = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.4.0/"; if (/(sandbox|int)(.dev)*.bbc.co*/.test(window.location.href) || /[?|&]ads-debug/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ads-debug=') !== -1) { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.4.0/script/dist/bbcdotcom.dev.js">\x3C/script>'); } else { document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.4.0/script/dist/bbcdotcom.js">\x3C/script>'); } } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1) { document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://secure-us.imrworldwide.com/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://me-cdn.effectivemeasure.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ssc.api.bbc.com/">'); } if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.googletagservices.com/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/">'); document.write('<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/">'); }</script><script type="text/javascript">if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1) { document.write('<meta name="google-site-verification" content="auTeTTwSt_KBY_4iDoR00Lwb7-qzx1IgzJy6ztaWgEI" />'); }</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function(){ var GDPR_COUNTRIES = ['AT', 'BE', 'BG', 'HR', 'CY', 'CZ', 'DK', 'EE', 'FI', 'FR', 'DE', 'GR', 'HU', 'IE', 'IT', 'LV', 'LT', 'LU', 'MT', 'NL', 'PL', 'PT', 'RO', 'SK', 'SI', 'ES', 'SE', 'IS', 'LI', 'NO', 'CH']; if (window.bbcdotcom && (bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 || bbcdotcom.data.stats == 1)) { bbcdotcomConfig = {"adFormat":"standard","adKeyword":"","adMode":"smart","adsEnabled":true,"appAnalyticsSections":"","asyncEnabled":true,"disableInitialLoad":false,"advertInfoPageUrl":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/privacy\/cookies\/international\/","advertisementText":"Advertisement","analyticsEnabled":true,"thirdPartyDisabled":false,"sherlockEnabled":false,"permutiveEnabled":false,"appName":"","assetPrefix":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk\/bbcdotcom\/4.4.0\/","customAdParams":[],"customStatsParams":[],"headline":"","id":"","inAssociationWithText":"in association with","keywords":"","language":"","orbTransitional":false,"optimizelyEnabled":true,"palEnv":"live","productName":"","sections":[],"comScoreEnabled":true,"comscoreSite":"bbc","comscoreID":"19293874","comscorePageName":"","slots":"","sponsoredByText":"is sponsored by","adsByGoogleText":"Ads by Google","summary":"","type":"","features":{"testfeature":{"name":"testfeature","envs":["sandbox","int","test"],"on":true,"options":{},"override":null},"lxadverts":{"name":"lxadverts","envs":[],"on":true,"options":{},"override":null}},"staticBase":"\/bbcdotcom","staticHost":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk","staticVersion":"4.4.0","staticPrefix":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/static.bbc.co.uk\/bbcdotcom\/4.4.0","dataHttp":"tps.bbc.com","dataHttps":"www.bbc.com","flagHttp":"www.bbc.co.uk","flagHttps":"www.bbc.co.uk","analyticsHttp":"sa.bbc.com","analyticsHttps":"ssa.bbc.com"}; bbcdotcom.config.init(bbcdotcomConfig, bbcdotcom.data, window.location, window.document); bbcdotcom.config.setFlagpoles(bbcdotcom.flag || {}); bbcdotcom.config.setAssetPrefix("https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.bbc.co.uk/bbcdotcom/4.4.0/"); bbcdotcom.config.setVersion("4.4.0"); if (window.bbcuser && window.bbcuser.getCountry && typeof(window.bbcuser.getCountry) === 'function') { window.bbcuser.getCountry().then(function(countryCode) { var isEU = countryCode ? GDPR_COUNTRIES.indexOf(countryCode.toUpperCase()) !== -1 : false; bbcdotcom.config.setEU(isEU); }); } else if (window.orb && window.orb.fig && typeof(window.orb.fig) === 'function') { bbcdotcom.config.setEU(window.orb.fig('eu')); } document.write('<!--[if IE 7]><script type="text/javascript">bbcdotcom.config.setIE7(true);\x3C/script><![endif]-->'); document.write('<!--[if IE 8]><script type="text/javascript">bbcdotcom.config.setIE8(true);\x3C/script><![endif]-->'); document.write('<!--[if IE 9]><script type="text/javascript">bbcdotcom.config.setIE9(true);\x3C/script><![endif]-->'); if (/[?|&]ex-dp/.test(window.location.href) || document.cookie.indexOf('ex-dp=') !== -1) { bbcdotcom.utils.addHtmlTagClass('bbcdotcom-ex-dp'); } } })(); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">var initOptimizely = (function(isEnabled){ if(!isEnabled) return; var logger = window.bbcdotcom.Logger('bbcdotcom:head:optimizely'); /* Allow Optimizely in these paths */ var allowPaths = ['/', '/wwhp']; /* Only run on optimizely on homepage */ if (bbcdotcom.utils && allowPaths.indexOf(window.location.pathname) !== -1){ /* set correct OptimizelyURL for prod or sandbox */ var optimizelyURL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/bbccom_sandbox.js"; if(window.location.hostname === 'www.bbc.com') { optimizelyURL = "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/4621041136/s/bbccom_prod.js"; } /* Set cookie to 1 year */ window['optimizely'] = window['optimizely'] || []; window['optimizely'].push({ "type": "cookieExpiration", "cookieExpirationDays": 365 }); document.write('<script type="text/javascript" src="'+optimizelyURL+'">\x3C/script>'); } })( bbcdotcom.config.isOptimizelyEnabled() );</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.ads && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isGrapeshotEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isGrapeshotEnabled() && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && !bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService() ) { var gs_channels="DEFAULT"; (function () { var gsurl = window.location.href.split("?")[0]; bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://bbc.gscontxt.net/?url='+encodeURIComponent(gsurl)}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameActive && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameActive()&& bbcdotcom.config.isLotameEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isLotameEnabled()){ (function () { var clientId, lotameUrl, lotameAudienceUrl; clientId = (bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService()) ? '10826' : '10816'; lotameUrl = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://tags.crwdcntrl.net/c/'+clientId+'/cc.js?ns='+clientId; lotameAudienceUrl = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ad.crwdcntrl.net/5/c=10815/pe=y/var=ccauds'; bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:lotameUrl,id:"LOTCC"+clientId}); bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:lotameAudienceUrl}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isPermutiveEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isPermutiveEnabled() && bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService && !bbcdotcom.config.isWorldService()){ (function () { !function(n,e,o,r,i){if(!e){e=e||{},window.permutive=e,e.q=[],e.config=i||{},e.config.projectId=o,e.config.apiKey=r,e.config.environment=e.config.environment||"production";for(var t=["addon","identify","track","trigger","query","segment","segments","ready","on","once","user","consent"],c=0;c<t.length;c++){var f=t[c];e[f]=function(n){return function(){var o=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);e.q.push({functionName:n,arguments:o})}}(f)}}}(document,window.permutive,"e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491","1bb84885-9325-4fef-adda-a208032b2715",{"consentRequired":true}); bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://cdn.permutive.com/e488cdb0-e7cb-4d91-9648-60d437d8e491-web.js'}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ /** * ASYNC waits to make any gpt requests until the bottom of the page */ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.ads && bbcdotcom.data.ads == 1 && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcom.config.isAsync && bbcdotcom.config.isAsync() && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled() ) { (function () { bbcdotcomScripts.push({src:'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js'}); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ /* Load Lotame, Grapeshot and GPT without blocking rendering but executing in order */ if ( window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config && bbcdotcomScripts.length > 0 ) { (function () { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(function(){ if (!bbcdotcom.config.isThirdPartyDisabledEU()){ bbcdotcomScripts.forEach(function(item) { var script = document.createElement('script'); script.async = false; if(item.id) script.id = item.id; script.src = item.src; document.head.appendChild(script); }); } }); })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.head = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">// Globally available search context window.SEARCHBOX={"variant":"default","locale":"en","feature":"","navSearchboxStaticPrefix":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/5b8f8f15f9e62358c7140261c7cf6892/","searchboxAppStaticPrefix":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/5b8f8f15f9e62358c7140261c7cf6892/drawer","searchFormHtml":"<div tabindex=\"-1\" data-reactroot=\"\"><div><section class=\"se-searchbox-panel\"><div class=\"se-g-wrap\"><div class=\"se-g-layout\"><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox-title\" aria-hidden=\"true\">search</div><div class=\"se-g-layout__item se-searchbox\"><form accept-charset=\"utf-8\" id=\"searchboxDrawerForm\" method=\"get\" action=\"https://search.bbc.co.uk/search\"><label class=\"se-searchbox__input\" for=\"se-searchbox-input-field\"><span class=\"se-sr-only\">Search Term</span><input type=\"text\" name=\"q\" value=\"\" id=\"se-searchbox-input-field\" class=\"se-searchbox__input__field\" maxLength=\"512\" autoComplete=\"off\" autoCorrect=\"off\" autoCapitalize=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"/></label><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"scope\" value=\"\"/><button type=\"submit\" class=\"se-searchbox__submit\" tabindex=\"0\" data-bbc-container=\"se-searchbox-panel\" data-bbc-title=\"search-icon\" data-bbc-metadata=\"{"PAR":"form::1","CHD":"button::1"}\">Search</button><button type=\"button\" class=\"se-searchbox__clear se-searchbox__clear--visible\" tabindex=\"0\" data-bbc-container=\"se-searchbox-panel\" data-bbc-title=\"clear-icon\" data-bbc-metadata=\"{"PAR":"form::1","CHD":"button::2"}\" data-bbc-personalisation=\"{"QRY":""}\">Close</button></form></div></div></div></section><div aria-live=\"polite\" aria-atomic=\"true\" class=\"se-suggestions-container\"><section class=\"se-g-wrap\"></section></div></div></div>","searchScopePlaceholder":"<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"scope\" id=\"orb-search-scope\" value=\"sounds\">","searchScopeParam":"?scope=sounds","searchScopeTemplate":"sounds","searchPlaceholderWrapperStart":"","searchPlaceholderWrapperEnd":""}; window.SEARCHBOX.suppress = false; window.SEARCHBOX.searchScope = SEARCHBOX.searchScopeTemplate.split('-')[0];</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241cs_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/5b8f8f15f9e62358c7140261c7cf6892/css/main.css"><!--[if IE 8]> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/5b8f8f15f9e62358c7140261c7cf6892/script/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window['searchboxIEVersion'] = 8;</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/searchbox/5b8f8f15f9e62358c7140261c7cf6892/css/ie8.css"> <![endif]--><!--[if IE 9]> <script type="text/javascript">window['searchboxIEVersion'] = 9;</script> <![endif]--><script type="text/javascript">require.config({ "paths": { "orb/async/_footerpromo": 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/navpromo/1a758b67be1b457163af81ff41c92946/js/async/_footerpromo' } });</script> <script type="text/javascript">"use strict";!function(){window.__reverbStaticLocation="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/",window.__smarttagVersion="5.18.2",window.__reverb={},window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise=new Promise(function(e,n){window.__reverb.__resolveReverbLoaded=e,window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded=n}),window.__reverb.__reverbTimeout=setTimeout(function(){window.__reverb.__rejectReverbLoaded()},5e3);var n=function(r,d){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){if(r&&r.detail){var n=r.detail.label,t=r.detail.type,i=r.detail.elem,o=r.detail.originalEvent;r.detail.isClick&&(d=r.detail.isClick),e.userActionEvent(t,n,r.detail,i,o,d)}},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})};document.addEventListener("bbc-user-event",function(e){n(e,!1)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-user-click",function(e){n(e,!0)}),document.addEventListener("bbc-page-updated",function(){window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Reverb failed to load. Event not sent")})})}();</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241js_/https://mybbc-analytics.files.bbci.co.uk/reverb-client-js/reverb-1.4.0.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">window.__detectview={clickManagementEnabled:false};</script> <!-- BRANDINGID: br-00067 --> <!--[if (gt IE 8)|!(IE)]><!--> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241cs_/https://branding.files.bbci.co.uk/branding/live/css/85be87cba80cd9fef19bf31218a11438.css"/> <!--<![endif]--> <!--[if (lt IE 9)&(!IEMobile)]> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//branding.files.bbci.co.uk/branding/live/css/b48fb241aeb04b0d32b11864d5766e1b.css" /> <![endif]--> <script>require({paths: {'msi/content-loader': "//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://rmp.files.bbci.co.uk/radio-msi/latest"}});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241cs_/https://rmp.files.bbci.co.uk/on-air-panel/css/on-air-panel.308f0c193d7e635a7aab.css"> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241js_/https://rmp.files.bbci.co.uk/on-air-panel/js/polyfill.cafa061e3075957c5264.js" defer></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241js_/https://rmp.files.bbci.co.uk/on-air-panel/js/vendors.54c9f547e6614cb443ed.js" defer></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241js_/https://rmp.files.bbci.co.uk/on-air-panel/js/on-air-panel.308f0c193d7e635a7aab.js" defer></script> <style> .service-brand-logo-master { display: block; background-color: #CD202C; background-image: url('data: image/png;base64,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'); } .br-service-brand-box { background-color: #CD202C; } .br-service-brand-box--alt { background: #7B131A; } </style> <!--[if (gt IE 8)|!(IE)]><!--> <style> @media (min-width: 37.5em) { .service-brand-logo-master { background-image: url('data: image/png;base64,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'); } } </style> <!--<![endif]--> <!--[if (lt IE 9)&(!IEMobile)]> <style> .service-brand-logo-master { background-image: url('data: image/png;base64,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'); } </style> <![endif]--> <script> requirejs.config({ "paths": { 'jquery-1.9': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.bbci.co.uk/frameworks/jquery/0.4.1/sharedmodules/jquery-1.9.1", 'rv-bootstrap': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/rv-bootstrap-5faf60a64a", 'timezone-notification': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/timezone-notification-9476b56a8c", 'episode-guide': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/episode-guide-4b10409449", 'gallery': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/gallery-ad3f898914", 'picturefill': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/picturefill-29a13ac5b6", 'popup': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/popup-e49f2a49fe", 'snippets': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/snippets-c639b05eea", 'bump-3': "//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://emp.bbci.co.uk/emp/bump-3/bump-3", 'smp/smpFactory': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/smp/smpFactory-f57a2ab390", 'stream': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/stream-39232e1207", 'smp/smp': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/smp/smp-b7f0d4bec6", 'smp/recommendationsBump': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/smp/recommendationsBump-0c44d8e33c", 'smp/uasService': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/smp/uasService-8116e5dab1", 'cookieStore': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/cookieStore", 'uasclient': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.bbc.co.uk/uasclient/0.1.42/modules/uasclient", 'relay-1': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.bbc.co.uk/frameworks/relay/0.2.6/sharedmodules/relay-1", 'policy-service': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/policy-service-c495418b29", 'third-party': "https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/js/third-party-4cc5ca32e8", 'kite': 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/interactive/embed/', }, "priority": ['jquery-1.9', 'rv-bootstrap', 'timezone-notification'], "map": { "*": { "jquery": "jquery-1.9" } } }); </script> <!--[if (gt IE 8)|!(IE)]><!--> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241cs_/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/css/ds2013-132de06cf4.css"/> <!--<![endif]--> <!--[if (lt IE 9)&(!IEMobile)]> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/css/ds2013-ie-636cb2225a.css" /> <![endif]--> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b12m"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#CB2E3E"> <meta name="description" content="With Tim Minchin, Elif Shafak, Geoff Dyer and Kit de Waal"> <meta property="og:description" content="With Tim Minchin, Elif Shafak, Geoff Dyer and Kit de Waal"> <meta property="fb:pages" content="6025943146,7397061762,7519460786,7833211321,8244244903,8251776107,8585725981,21750735380,80758950658,125309456546,130593816777,154344434967,228735667216,260212261199,260967092113,294662213128,295830058648,304314573046,401538510458,107909022566650,118883634811868,129044383774217,156060587793370,156400551056385,163571453661989,168895963122035,185246968166196,193022337414607,193435954068976,194575130577797,215504865453262,239931389545417,273726292719943,283348121682053,286567251709437,292291897588734,310719525611571,317278538359186,413132078795966,470911516262605,512423982152360,647687225371774,658551547588605,742734325867560,944295152308991,958681370814419,1143803202301544,1159932557403143,1392506827668140,1411916919051820,1477945425811579,1659215157653827,1731770190373618"><meta property="og:site_name" content="BBC"> <meta property="og:title" content="BBC Radio 3 - The Verb, Novels that Shaped Our Language"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b12m"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200x675/p05jnq0g.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/272x272/p05jnq0g.jpg"> </head> <body id="top"> <noscript><p style="position: absolute; top: -999em"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://a1.api.bbc.co.uk/hit.xiti?&col=1&from=p&ptag=js&s=598253&p=episode::unknown&x1=[urn:bbc:pips:m000b12m]&x2=[responsive]&x3=[bbc_website]&x4=[en]&x7=[episode]&x8=[reverb-1.4.0-nojs]&x11=[programmes_ps]&x12=[SOUNDS]" height="1" width="1" alt=""></p></noscript> <!-- BBCDOTCOM bodyFirst --><div id="bbccom_interstitial_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_interstitial" class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled()) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bbccom_interstitial'); }); } }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper_ad" class="bbccom_display_none"></div><div id="bbccom_wallpaper" class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { var wallpaper; if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled()) { if (bbcdotcom.config.isAsync()) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('bbccom_wallpaper'); }); } else if (typeof googletag !== "undefined" && typeof googletag.display === "function") { googletag.display("wallpaper"); } wallpaper = bbcdotcom.adverts.adRegister.getAd('wallpaper'); } }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAdsEnabled()) { document.write(unescape('%3Cscript id="gnlAdsEnabled" class="bbccom_display_none"%3E%3C/script%3E')); } if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.config.isAnalyticsEnabled()) { document.write(unescape('%3Cscript id="gnlAnalyticsEnabled" class="bbccom_display_none"%3E%3C/script%3E')); } }()); /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.bodyFirst = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script> <div id="cookiePrompt"></div> <!--[if (gt IE 8) | (IEMobile)]><!--><header id="orb-banner" role="banner" aria-label="BBC"><!--<![endif]--><!--[if (lt IE 9) & (!IEMobile)]> <![if (IE 8)]> <header id="orb-banner" role="banner" class="orb-old-ie orb-ie8" aria-label="BBC"> <![endif]> <![if (IE 7)]> <header id="orb-banner" role="banner" class="orb-old-ie orb-ie7" aria-label="BBC"> <![endif]> <![if (IE 6)]> <header id="orb-banner" role="banner" class="orb-old-ie orb-ie6" aria-label="BBC"> <![endif]> <![endif]--><div id="orb-header" class="orb-nav-pri orb-nav-pri-white orb-nav-empty" dir="ltr"><div class="orb-nav-pri-container b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-blocks"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Homepage</a></div><section><div class="orb-skip-links"><h2>Accessibility links</h2><ul><li><a href="#programmes-content">Skip to content</a></li><li><a id="orb-accessibility-help" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li></ul></div></section><div id="mybbc-wrapper" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-id orb-nav-focus orb-nav-id-default"> <div id="idcta-statusbar" class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-focus" data-bbc-container="id-cta" data-bbc-event-type="click" data-bbc-ignore-views="1" data-bbc-metadata="{"id-cta-type": "statusbar-orb"}" data-bbc-source="responsive_web" data-bbc-title="id-cta-sign-in"><a id="idcta-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://account.bbc.com/account"><span id="idcta-username">BBC Account</span></a></div><script type="text/javascript">require(['idcta/statusbar'], function (statusbar) {new statusbar.Statusbar({id: 'idcta-statusbar', publiclyCacheable: true});});</script><!-- Because we are now loading the notification bell CSS asynchronously, we need this inline style hack to ensure that the notification div is hidden by default, and shown only if and when the bell code is loaded from notification-ui --><a id="notification-link" class="js-notification-link animated three" href="#" style="display: none"><span class="hidden-span">Notifications</span><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><div class="notification-link--triangle"></div><span id="not-num"></span></a> </div><nav role="navigation" aria-label="BBC" class="orb-nav"><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-links orb-nav-focus" id="orb-nav-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-three"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree">Three</a></li><li id="orb-nav-more" style="width: 88px" aria-controls="orb-panel-more"><a href="#orb-footer" data-alt="More" class="istats-notrack">Menu<span class="orb-icon orb-icon-arrow"></span></a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="orb-nav-section orb-nav-search"><a class="orb-search__button" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search?scope=sounds" title="Search the BBC">Search</a><form class="b-f" id="orb-search-form" role="search" method="get" action="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://search.bbc.co.uk/search" accept-charset="utf-8"><div><input type="hidden" name="scope" id="orb-search-scope" value="sounds"><label for="orb-search-q">Search the BBC</label><input id="orb-search-q" type="text" autocomplete="off" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" spellcheck="false" name="q" placeholder="Search"><button id="orb-search-button" class="orb-search__button">Search the BBC</button><input type="hidden" name="suggid" id="orb-search-suggid"></div></form></div></div><div id="orb-panels"></div></div></header> <!-- Styling hook for shared modules only --> <div id="orb-modules"> <div class="br-container"> <div class="br-container__inner"> <div class="br-masthead" id="br-masthead"><div class="br-masthead__inner"> <div class="b-g-p br-masthead__main br-masthead__main--medium"> <div class="br-masthead__onairpanel" id="onairpanel-container"> <div class="on-air-panel on-air-panel--bbc_radio_three" data-sid="bbc_radio_three" data-polling-dial="on" data-settings="{"url":"https://rms.api.bbc.co.uk","broadcastPollingFeed":"/v2/broadcasts/poll/"}"> <a class="on-air-panel__station-link"> <div class="on-air-panel__main on-air-panel__main--short on-air-panel__item"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="on-air-panel__speaker on-air-panel__link" width="32" height="32" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M21.099 4.383L19.678 5.85a14.635 14.635 0 0 1 4.017 10.113c0 3.935-1.537 7.505-4.017 10.112l1.42 1.467c2.84-2.981 4.597-7.066 4.597-11.579 0-4.513-1.756-8.6-4.596-11.579"/> <path d="M25.344 0l-1.425 1.472c3.567 3.73 5.776 8.847 5.776 14.49 0 5.643-2.21 10.76-5.777 14.49l1.425 1.472c3.926-4.102 6.352-9.737 6.352-15.962 0-6.226-2.425-11.86-6.351-15.962M16 3.575l-6.306 5.92H0v12.387h9.694L16 28.35z"/> </svg> <div class="on-air-panel__on-now"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="on-air-panel__pulse" width="42" height="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M16 2h1.832v7.313h4.032V11H16V2zm7.156 0h1.832v9h-1.832V2zM34.69 2a290.712 290.712 0 0 1-1.588 4.506c-.543 1.502-1.096 3-1.659 4.494h-1.974a355.714 355.714 0 0 1-1.66-4.494A290.712 290.712 0 0 1 26.222 2h2.01c.365 1.175.733 2.345 1.106 3.512.373 1.166.753 2.333 1.142 3.5.388-1.167.769-2.334 1.142-3.5.372-1.167.741-2.337 1.106-3.512h1.962zm1.233 0h5.852v1.611h-4.02v1.951h3.568v1.611h-3.568V9.39H42V11h-6.078V2zM6 0a6 6 0 1 0 0 12A6 6 0 0 0 6 0m0 1.5c2.481 0 4.5 2.019 4.5 4.5 0 2.482-2.019 4.5-4.5 4.5A4.505 4.505 0 0 1 1.5 6C1.5 3.52 3.52 1.5 6 1.5"/> <path class="live-svg-center" d="M9 6c0 1.654-1.346 3-3 3S3 7.654 3 6s1.346-3 3-3 3 1.346 3 3z"/> </svg> <span class="on-air-panel__on-now-text"></span> </div> </div> </a> <a href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl8t" class="on-air-panel__schedule-link"> <div class="on-air-panel__schedule on-air-panel__item"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="on-air-panel__link schedule-svg" width="32" height="32" viewbox="0 0 32 32" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M21.886 15.41c3.584 0 6.5 2.916 6.5 6.5 0 3.586-2.916 6.5-6.5 6.5a6.507 6.507 0 0 1-6.5-6.5c0-3.584 2.916-6.5 6.5-6.5zm-13.458.447h8.21c-1.189.929-2.102 1.857-2.623 3.714H8.428v5.572h5.587c1.148 2.786 4.234 5.348 7.871 5.348 4.616 0 8.357-3.63 8.357-8.245 0-2.627-1.214-5.46-3.11-6.389h3.581v-5.571H8.428v5.571zM1 6.571h5.571v-5.57H1zM1 15.857h5.571v-5.57H1zM1 25.142h5.571v-5.57H1zM8.429 6.571h22.285v-5.57H8.43z"/> <path d="M26.393 23.954l-3.107-2.508v-3.731H21.43v4.66l3.967 3.064z"/> </svg> <span class="on-air-panel__schedule-link-text on-air-panel__link"> Schedule </span> </div> </a> </div> </div> <span class="br-masthead__masterbrand service-brand-logo-master service-brand-logo-master--bbc_radio_three">BBC Radio 3</span> <div class="br-masthead__title"> <a href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnsf">The Verb</a> </div> </div> <div class="b-g-p"><div id="br-nav-programme" class="br-nav br-box-highlight br-highlight-bg-onbg080"><ul class="br-nav__list"><li class="br-nav__item"><a class="br-nav__link" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnsf">Home</a></li><li class="br-nav__item"><a class="br-nav__link" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnsf/episodes">Episodes</a></li><li class="br-nav__item"><a class="br-nav__link" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnsf/clips">Clips</a></li><li class="br-nav__item"><a class="br-nav__link" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnsf/galleries">Galleries</a></li><li class="br-nav__item"><a class="br-nav__link" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnsf/episodes/downloads">Podcast</a></li><li class="br-nav__item"><a class="br-nav__link" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/3LHjWWK1lRd4Y0zqNmcLJsD/ianmcmillan">Presenter</a></li><li class="br-nav__item"><a class="br-nav__link" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnsf/contact">Contact</a></li><!--BRANDING_PLACEHOLDER_NAV_END--></ul></div></div><script type="text/javascript"> define("branding-responsive-nav",[],function(){var e=function(e){this.setOptions(e)};return e.prototype={options:{},setOptions:function(e){var t={more_link_text:e&&e.more_link_text?e.more_link_text:"More"};this.options=t},getOptions:function(){return this.options},init:function(){function e(){var e=t.getWindowWidth(),n=t.getWindowHeight();(e!=i||n!=o)&&null!==t.local_nav_bar&&(t.processingNavigation=!1,t.processNavigation()),i=e,o=n}var t=this,n=null,i=this.getWindowWidth(),o=this.getWindowHeight();t.setupNavigation(),this.addListener(window,"resize",function(){clearTimeout(n),n=setTimeout(e,300)})},getWindowWidth:function(){var e=0;return"number"==typeof window.innerWidth?e=window.innerWidth:document.documentElement&&document.documentElement.clientWidth?e=document.documentElement.clientWidth:document.body&&document.body.clientWidth&&(e=document.body.clientWidth),e},getWindowHeight:function(){var e=0;return"number"==typeof window.innerHeight?e=window.innerHeight:document.documentElement&&document.documentElement.clientHeight?e=document.documentElement.clientHeight:document.body&&document.body.clientHeight&&(e=document.body.clientHeight),e},addListener:function(e,t,n){e.addEventListener?e.addEventListener(t,n,!1):e.attachEvent?e.attachEvent("on"+t,n):e["on"+t]=n},setupNavigation:function(){if(this.local_nav_bar=document.getElementById("br-nav-programme"),null!==this.local_nav_bar){var e=document.createElement("button");e.className="br-nav__morelink br-box-highlight";var t=document.createTextNode(this.getOptions().more_link_text);e.appendChild(t),e.id="more-link",this.local_nav_bar.insertBefore(e,this.local_nav_bar.firstChild);var n=document.createElement("ul");n.id="more-list",n.className="br-nav__more br-nav__list",this.local_nav_bar.appendChild(n),this.addListener(e,"click",function(){-1!==e.className.indexOf("open")?(e.className=e.className.replace("open",""),n.className=n.className.replace("open","")):(e.className+=" open",n.className+=" open")}),t=null,this.processNavigation()}},processingNavigation:!1,processNavigation:function(){if(null!==this.local_nav_bar){var e=document.getElementById("more-link"),t=this.local_nav_bar.getElementsByTagName("ul");t=t[0];var n=t.getElementsByTagName("li"),i=n[0];this.processingNavigation=!0;var o=document.getElementById("more-list");if(null!==o)for(;o.hasChildNodes();)t.appendChild(o.firstChild);if(!this._navIsTooLong(t,i))return e.className=e.className.replace("visible",""),void(e=t=n=i=o=null);for(e.className=e.className.replace("visible",""),e.className+=" visible";this._navIsTooLong(t,i)&&this.processingNavigation;)this._moveLastNavItem();e=t=n=i=o=null}},_moveLastNavItem:function(){var e=this.local_nav_bar.getElementsByTagName("ul")[0],t=document.getElementById("more-list");t.insertBefore(e.lastChild,t.firstChild),e=nav_items=last_item=t=null},_navIsTooLong:function(e,t){var n=e.getElementsByTagName("li"),i=n.length>1&&e.offsetHeight>t.scrollHeight;return n=null,i}},e}); /*<![CDATA[*/ require(['branding-responsive-nav'],function(responsiveNav){ var nav = new responsiveNav({ 'more_link_text' : 'More' }); nav.init(); }); /*]]>*/ </script> </div></div> <div class="programmes-page text-base programmes-page--flush" role="main"> <div id="programmes-content" class="skip-to-content-destination" tabindex="-1">Main content</div> <div class="b-g-p no-margin-vertical"> <div class="grid-wrapper grid-wrapper--flush map map--episode map--count-2"> <div class="grid 2/3@bpw2 2/3@bpe map__column map__column--first"> <div class="map__inner br-box-secondary" data-map-column="playout-details"> <div class="episode-playout"> <div id="episode-playout-m000b12m" class="playout"> <a href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000b12m" class="playout__blocklink" data-bbc-container="episode" data-bbc-title="cta"> <img class="image " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p05jnq0g.jpg" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80x45/p05jnq0g.jpg 80w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p05jnq0g.jpg 160w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p05jnq0g.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p05jnq0g.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p05jnq0g.jpg 640w" sizes="(min-width: 63em) 64000vw, (min-width: 48em) 66.666666666667vw, (min-width: 0em) 100vw, 100vw" alt=""> <div class="playout__overlay"> <div class="playout__message playout__message--icon br-highlight-bg-onbg--hover br-highlight-text-ontext--hover sounds"> <span class="playout__icon"><svg tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="gelicon gelicon--fill-container"><use xlink:href="/web/20200707222241im_/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b12m#gelicon--audio-visual--listen"/></svg></span> <span class="playout__messagetext">Listen now</span> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="island"> <div> <h1 class="no-margin">Novels that Shaped Our Language</h1> <div class="gamma"> <div class=""> <a class="context__item" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnsf" tabindex="-1">The Verb</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-wrapper"> <div class="grid 2/3@bpw 3/4@bpe"> <div class="episode-panel__intro"> <div class="map__intro__synopsis centi"> <div class="text--prose longest-synopsis"> <p>Part of the BBC's year-long celebration of books, The Verb looks at the way the language of novels inspires writers.</p> <p>Joining Ian McMillan to champion the books that have inspired them are Tim Minchin, Kit De Waal, Elif Shafak and Geoff Dyer.</p> <p>Presenter: Ian McMillan<br/>Producer: Faith Lawrence</p> </div> </div> <div class="popup buttons__download"> <input class="popup__status" type="checkbox" id="download-popup" checked> <div class="buttons__download"> <h2 class="popup__button text-base br-linkinvert buttons__download__link"> <label for="download-popup"> <span class="buttons__icon"><svg tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="gelicon gelicon--centi gelicon--leading"><use xlink:href="/web/20200707222241im_/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b12m#gelicon--basics--download"/></svg></span> Download </label> </h2> </div> <div class="popup__holder" id="download-popup-holder"> <div class="popup__content popup__content--download br-box-secondary br-secondary-link-onbg br-secondary-link-onborder popup__content--js"> <h3 class="popup__header br-secondary-link-onborder--beforeafter br-secondary-linkhover-onborder--hover-beforeafter gamma no-margin deemphasize"> <label class="popup__close island--squashed br-secondary-bg-onborder br-linkinvert" for="download-popup-holder"> <span class="pull--right-spaced"><svg tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="gelicon gelicon--centi popup__close--button"><use xlink:href="/web/20200707222241im_/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b12m#gelicon--basics--no"/></svg> </span>Choose your file </label> </h3> <ul class="list-unstyled popup__list"> <li> <a class="link-complex popup__list__item island--squashed br-secondary-bg-ontext br-secondary-bg-onbg--hover br-secondary-link-ontext--hover" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://open.live.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/6/redir/version/2.0/mediaset/audio-nondrm-download/proto/https/vpid/p07td0dq.mp3" download="The Verb, Novels that Shaped Our Language - m000b12m.mp3" aria-label="Download Higher quality (128kbps) "> Higher quality (128kbps) </a> </li> <li> <a class="link-complex popup__list__item island--squashed br-secondary-bg-ontext br-secondary-bg-onbg--hover br-secondary-link-ontext--hover" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://open.live.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/6/redir/version/2.0/mediaset/audio-nondrm-download-low/proto/https/vpid/p07td0dq.mp3" download="The Verb, Novels that Shaped Our Language - m000b12m.mp3" aria-label="Download Lower quality (64kbps) "> Lower quality (64kbps) </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid 1/3@bpw 1/4@bpe"> <div class="map__intro"> <p class="episode-panel__meta"> Available now </p> <p class="episode-panel__meta"> <svg tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="gelicon gelicon--centi gelicon--leading"><use xlink:href="/web/20200707222241im_/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b12m#gelicon--core--duration"/></svg>45 minutes </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid 1/3@bpw2 1/3@bpe map__column map__column--2 map__column--last"> <div class="map__inner"> <div class="br-box-secondary" data-map-column="tx"><div class="island"> <h2>Last on</h2><div class="broadcast-event programme"> <div class="programme__img"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/images/logos/64x36/bbc_radio_three-bc8f91d766.png" alt="" width="64" height="36"/></div><div class="programme__body programme__body--flush"> <div class="broadcast-event__time beta" data-timezone="true" title="08 Nov 2019" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2019-11-08T22:00:00+00:00"> <span class="broadcast-event__date text-base timezone--date">Fri 8 Nov 2019</span> <span class="timezone--time">22:00</span> </div> <div class="programme__service box-link__elevated micro text--subtle"><span>BBC Radio 3</span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="br-box-secondary map__column map__fauxcolumn" data-map-column="more"><div class="island"> <h2>More episodes</h2> <div class="grid-wrapper"> <div class="grid 1/2@bpw 1/1@bpw2 1/1@bpe"> <div class="component--sibling br-keyline"> <h3 class="delta text--shout no-margin">Previous</h3> <div class="programme programme--radio programme--episode block-link" data-pid="m0009syl"> <div class="programme__img 1/4@bpb1 1/4@bpb2 1/3@bpw programme__img--available programme__img--hasimage programme__img--standalone-cta"> <div class="cta cta__standalone"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m0009syl" title="Listen now" data-bbc-container="episode" data-bbc-title="prev:cta" tabindex="-1"> <div class="cta__icon cta__with-link"> <svg tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="gelicon gelicon--half-container"><use xlink:href="/web/20200707222241im_/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b12m#gelicon--audio-visual--listen"/></svg> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="programme__body"> <h4 class="programme__titles"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0009syl" class="br-blocklink__link block-link__target" data-bbc-container="episode" data-bbc-title="prev:title"><span class="programme__title gamma"><span>Alone</span></span></a></h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid 1/2@bpw 1/1@bpw2 1/1@bpe"> <div class="component--sibling br-keyline"> <h3 class="delta text--shout no-margin">Next</h3> <div class="programme programme--radio programme--episode block-link" data-pid="m000b7x0"> <div class="programme__img 1/4@bpb1 1/4@bpb2 1/3@bpw programme__img--available programme__img--hasimage programme__img--standalone-cta"> <div class="cta cta__standalone"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000b7x0" title="Listen now" data-bbc-container="episode" data-bbc-title="next:cta" tabindex="-1"> <div class="cta__icon cta__with-link"> <svg tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="gelicon gelicon--half-container"><use xlink:href="/web/20200707222241im_/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b12m#gelicon--audio-visual--listen"/></svg> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="programme__body"> <h4 class="programme__titles"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b7x0" class="br-blocklink__link block-link__target" data-bbc-container="episode" data-bbc-title="next:title"><span class="programme__title gamma"><span>German poetry after the Berlin Wall</span></span></a></h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p> <a href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnsf/episodes"> See all episodes from The Verb </a> </p> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="prog-layout programmes-page"> <div class="grid-wrapper grid-wrapper--center"> <div class="grid grid--bounded 13/24@bpw2 13/24@bpe"> <div class="br-box-page prog-box"> <div id="features" class="feature-list"> <div class="component component--box component--box-flushbody-vertical component--box--primary component--feature"> <div class="component__header br-box-page"> <h2>Kit de Waal</h2> </div> <div class="component__body br-box-page"> <div class="feature br-keyline"> <div class="feature__img 13/24"> <img class="image lazyload " data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p07tchgq.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80x45/p07tchgq.jpg 80w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p07tchgq.jpg 160w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p07tchgq.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p07tchgq.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p07tchgq.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/768x432/p07tchgq.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/896x504/p07tchgq.jpg 896w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1008x567/p07tchgq.jpg 1008w" data-sizes="auto" alt="Kit de Waal"> </div> <div class="feature__description centi"> <p>Kit de Waal is a member of the panel that has chosen ‘The Novels That Shaped Our World’, as part of the BBC’s season celebrating the 300th anniversary of the birth of the British novel. For ‘The Verb’ Kit explains why she takes pleasure in the language of Andrea Levy’s ‘Small Island’, a book that tells the story of Jamaican immigrants to Britain after World War Two, and which resonates with her as it contains echoes of her father’s story. Kit's latest novel is 'The Trick to Time'.</p> <p>The Novels that Shaped Our World is available here <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/l001pcb2">https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/l001pcb2</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component--box component--box-flushbody-vertical component--box--primary component--feature"> <div class="component__header br-box-page"> <h2>Elif Shafak</h2> </div> <div class="component__body br-box-page"> <div class="feature br-keyline"> <div class="feature__img 13/24"> <img class="image lazyload " data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p07tck9v.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80x45/p07tck9v.jpg 80w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p07tck9v.jpg 160w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p07tck9v.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p07tck9v.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p07tck9v.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/768x432/p07tck9v.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/896x504/p07tck9v.jpg 896w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1008x567/p07tck9v.jpg 1008w" data-sizes="auto" alt="Elif Shafak"> </div> <div class="feature__description centi"> <p>Elif Shafak’s writing has been shaped by Virginia Woolf’s ‘Orlando’. For Shafak, who was nominated this year for the Booker Prize, the themes of the novel still resonate nearly a hundred years after it was first published. Woolf’s style of writing, such as her use of inverted sentences, was particularly important to Shafak when she switched from writing in Turkish to English. She celebrates the ‘commute’ she makes in travelling between different languages – sometimes she might start a dream in one language and end it another - and the way English contains words with many different ethnic origins.</p><p><br/></p><p>Elif's latest novel 10 Minutes 38 Seconds in this Strange World is published by Viking. </p><p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component--box component--box-flushbody-vertical component--box--primary component--feature"> <div class="component__header br-box-page"> <h2>Tim Minchin</h2> </div> <div class="component__body br-box-page"> <div class="feature br-keyline"> <div class="feature__img 13/24"> <img class="image lazyload " data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p07tcdmr.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80x45/p07tcdmr.jpg 80w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p07tcdmr.jpg 160w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p07tcdmr.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p07tcdmr.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p07tcdmr.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/768x432/p07tcdmr.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/896x504/p07tcdmr.jpg 896w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1008x567/p07tcdmr.jpg 1008w" data-sizes="auto" alt="Tim Minchin"> </div> <div class="feature__description centi"> <p>Tim Minchin celebrates his favourite novel, Kurt Vonnegut’s cult classic ‘Slaughterhouse Five’ – which was published 50 years ago. Minchin praises Vonnegut’s ‘understated whimsy’ and explains why he thinks the repeated phrase ‘so it goes’ works so well - making the pedestrian beautiful, and encapsulating the ideas and the style of the book. Tim also performs ‘If the Plane Goes Down’ for the first time on radio – a song which might be called Vonnegutian in its humour and self-awareness.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component--box component--box-flushbody-vertical component--box--primary component--feature"> <div class="component__header br-box-page"> <h2>Geoff Dyer</h2> </div> <div class="component__body br-box-page"> <div class="feature br-keyline"> <div class="feature__img 13/24"> <img class="image lazyload " data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p07tcjlf.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80x45/p07tcjlf.jpg 80w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p07tcjlf.jpg 160w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p07tcjlf.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p07tcjlf.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p07tcjlf.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/768x432/p07tcjlf.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/896x504/p07tcjlf.jpg 896w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1008x567/p07tcjlf.jpg 1008w" data-sizes="auto" alt="Geoff Dyer"> </div> <div class="feature__description centi"> <p>Geoff Dyer is a huge fan of the Austrian novelist Thomas Bernhard. Dyer explains how the book he was supposed to be writing on DH Lawrence, ‘Out of Sheer Rage’, ended up so heavily inspired by Bernhard, it was ‘as if he came crashing into the party’. Dyer has chosen to talk about Bernhardt’s novel ‘Concrete’, a book he loves almost despite himself, calling its long sentences ‘thoroughly off-putting’, and its darkness ‘hysterically funny’. For details of all Geoff Dyer's books please visit his <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/http://geoffdyer.com/">website </a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component--box component--box--primary" id="broadcasts"> <div class="component__header br-box-page"> <h2>Broadcast</h2> </div> <div class="component__body br-box-page"> <div class="ml"> <div class="ml__content"> <ul class="grid-wrapper highlight-box-wrapper--grid"> <li class="grid 1/2 1/3@bpb1 1/3@bpb2 1/4@bpw 1/3@bpw2 1/3@bpe"><div class="broadcast-event programme programme--grid highlight-box--grid"> <div class="programme__img"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/images/logos/64x36/bbc_radio_three-bc8f91d766.png" alt="" width="64" height="36"/></div><div class="programme__body programme__body--flush"> <div class="broadcast-event__time beta" data-timezone="true" title="08 Nov 2019" datatype="xsd:dateTime" content="2019-11-08T22:00:00+00:00"> <span class="broadcast-event__date text-base timezone--date">Fri 8 Nov 2019</span> <span class="timezone--time">22:00</span> </div> <div class="programme__service box-link__elevated micro text--subtle"><span>BBC Radio 3</span></div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component--box component--box-flushbody component--box--primary" id="collections"> <div class="component__header br-box-page"> <h2>Featured in...</h2> </div> <div class="component__body br-box-page"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><div class="programme block-link highlight-box--list br-keyline br-blocklink-page br-page-linkhover-onbg015--hover"> <div class="programme__img programme__img--hasimage 1/4@bpb1 1/4@bpb2 1/3@bpw"><img class="image lazyload " data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180_b/p03t8mtb.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80x45_b/p03t8mtb.jpg 80w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90_b/p03t8mtb.jpg 160w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180_b/p03t8mtb.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270_b/p03t8mtb.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360_b/p03t8mtb.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/768x432_b/p03t8mtb.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/896x504_b/p03t8mtb.jpg 896w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1008x567_b/p03t8mtb.jpg 1008w" data-sizes="auto" alt=""> <div class="cta cta__overlay"> <div class="cta__icon cta__without-link"> <svg tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="gelicon gelicon--half-container"><use xlink:href="/web/20200707222241im_/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000b12m#gelicon--media--collection"/></svg> </div> </div> </div> <div class="programme__body"> <h3 class="programme__titles"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03t8msh" class="br-blocklink__link block-link__target" data-bbc-container="episode" data-bbc-title="featured-in:group:title"><span class="programme__title "><span>Arts</span></span></a></h3> <p class="programme__synopsis text--subtle">Creativity, performance, debate</p> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid grid--bounded 11/24@bpw2 11/24@bpe"> <div class="superpromo component component--box component--box--striped component--box-flushbody component--box--secondary"> <div class="component__header br-box-highlight"> <h2>35 Years of Spoken Word</h2> </div> <div class="component__body br-box-subtle"> <a class="superpromo__img" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p05n0vn9"><img class="image lazyload " data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p05n0y3y.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80xn/p05n0y3y.jpg 80w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p05n0y3y.jpg 160w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p05n0y3y.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p05n0y3y.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p05n0y3y.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/768xn/p05n0y3y.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/896xn/p05n0y3y.jpg 896w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1008xn/p05n0y3y.jpg 1008w" data-sizes="auto" alt="35 Years of Spoken Word"></a> <div class="superpromo__content"> <p class="superpromo__synopsis centi text--subtle">A season of Poetry and Performance from Hull.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="superpromo component component--box component--box--striped component--box-flushbody component--box--secondary"> <div class="component__header br-box-highlight"> <h2>BBC Arts</h2> </div> <div class="component__body br-box-subtle"> <a class="superpromo__img" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/0/"><img class="image lazyload " data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p01zxhgm.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80xn/p01zxhgm.jpg 80w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p01zxhgm.jpg 160w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p01zxhgm.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p01zxhgm.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p01zxhgm.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/768xn/p01zxhgm.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/896xn/p01zxhgm.jpg 896w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1008xn/p01zxhgm.jpg 1008w" data-sizes="auto" alt="BBC Arts"></a> <div class="superpromo__content"> <p class="superpromo__synopsis centi text--subtle">Explore the BBC Arts website and discover the best of British art and culture.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="superpromo component component--box component--box--striped component--box-flushbody component--box--secondary"> <div class="component__header br-box-highlight"> <h2>The Dylan Thomas Collection</h2> </div> <div class="component__body br-box-subtle"> <a class="superpromo__img" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01y9rrm"><img class="image lazyload " data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p01yjvgw.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80xn/p01yjvgw.jpg 80w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160xn/p01yjvgw.jpg 160w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320xn/p01yjvgw.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p01yjvgw.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640xn/p01yjvgw.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/768xn/p01yjvgw.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/896xn/p01yjvgw.jpg 896w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1008xn/p01yjvgw.jpg 1008w" data-sizes="auto" alt="The Dylan Thomas Collection"></a> <div class="superpromo__content"> <p class="superpromo__synopsis centi text--subtle">Listen to programmes, poetry readings and commentary from Radio 3's Dylan Thomas Day.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="podcast"> <div class="component component--box component--box--striped component--box-flushbody component--box--secondary"> <div class="component__header br-box-highlight"> <h2>Podcast</h2> </div> <div class="component__body br-box-subtle"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li class=""> <div class="programme programme--radio programme--brand block-link programme programme--radio programme--brand block-link highlight-box--list br-keyline br-blocklink-page br-page-linkhover-onbg015--hover" data-pid="b006tnsf"> <div class="programme__img 1/4@bpb1 1/4@bpb2 1/3@bpw programme__img--hasimage"> <div class="programme__img-box"> <img class="image lazyload " data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p05jnq0g.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/80x45/p05jnq0g.jpg 80w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/160x90/p05jnq0g.jpg 160w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/320x180/p05jnq0g.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480x270/p05jnq0g.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/640x360/p05jnq0g.jpg 640w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/768x432/p05jnq0g.jpg 768w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/896x504/p05jnq0g.jpg 896w, https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1008x567/p05jnq0g.jpg 1008w" data-sizes="auto" alt=""> </div> </div> <div class="programme__body"> <h3 class="programme__titles"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnsf/episodes/downloads" class="br-blocklink__link block-link__target" data-bbc-container="episode" data-bbc-title="podcast:title"><span class="programme__title "><span>The Verb</span></span></a></h3> <p class="programme__synopsis text--subtle centi"> <span>Radio 3's cabaret of the word, featuring the best poetry, new writing and performance</span> </p> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="br-box-subtle text-base programmes-page programmes-page--flush" id="programmes-footer"><div class="footer-wrapper br-keyline"> <div class="footer g-f-l"> <h2 class="visually-hidden">Related Content</h2> <div class="grid-wrapper grid-wrapper--flush"> <div class="grid grid--flush 1/2@bpw 5/12@bpw2 5/12@bpe"><div class="b-g-p"><div class="footer__similar b-g-p component"> <h3 class="beta">Similar programmes</h3><div> <h4 class="inline micro">By genre:</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled micro"><li><a href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/genres/factual">Factual</a> > <a href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/genres/factual/artscultureandthemedia">Arts, Culture & the Media</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="grid grid--flush 1/2@bpw 1/4@bpw2 1/4@bpe"> </div><div class="grid grid--flush 1/2 1/6@bpw2 1/6@bpe footer__service centi"> <div class="footer__service-island br-service-brand-box fauxcolumn"><img alt="BBC Radio 3 homepage" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://programmes.files.bbci.co.uk/programmes-frontend/images/logos/112x63/bbc_radio_three-13faad41fc.png"><div class="footer__watch-live"> <div class="lazy-module" data-lazyload-inc="/schedules/network/radio3/on-now?partial=2013" data-lazyload-threshold="768" data-lazyload-delay="true"> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="grid grid--flush 1/2 1/6@bpw2 1/6@bpe footer__service-nav centi"><div class="footer__service__nav"><div class="br-service-brand-box--alt fauxcolumn"> <ul class="footer__service__nav__list list-unstyled footer__service-island"><li class="footer__service__navitem"> <a class="br-text" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl8t/this_week">Schedule</a> </li><li class="footer__service__navitem"> <a class="br-text" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio3">Podcasts</a> </li><li class="footer__service__navitem"> <a class="br-text" href="/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006tnxf/features/composer-a-z">Composers</a> </li></ul> </div></div></div></div> </div> </div></div> <script> require(['rv-bootstrap']); </script> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Programmes","item":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"The Verb","item":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/b006tnsf"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Novels that Shaped Our Language","item":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/m000b12m"}],"@context":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/schema.org"} </script> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@type":"RadioEpisode","identifier":"m000b12m","episodeNumber":null,"description":"With Tim Minchin, Elif Shafak, Geoff Dyer and Kit de Waal","datePublished":"2019-11-08","image":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p05jnq0g.jpg","name":"Novels that Shaped Our Language","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/m000b12m","partOfSeries":{"@type":"RadioSeries","image":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p05jnq0g.jpg","description":"Radio 3's cabaret of the word, featuring the best poetry, new writing and performance","identifier":"b006tnsf","name":"The Verb","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/b006tnsf"},"publication":{"@type":"OnDemandEvent","publishedOn":{"@type":"BroadcastService","broadcaster":{"@type":"Organization","legalName":"British Broadcasting Corporation","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1200x675\/p01tqv8z.png"},"name":"BBC","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/"},"name":"BBC Sounds","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/sounds"},"duration":"PT2671S","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/sounds\/play\/m000b12m","startDate":"2019-11-08T22:00:00+00:00"},"@context":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200707222241\/https:\/\/schema.org"} </script> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="gelicons-source"><defs><symbol id="gelicon--audio-visual--listen" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M21.4 4.8L20 6.2a14 14 0 0 1 0 19.6l1.4 1.4a16 16 0 0 0 0-22.4z"/><path d="M25.6.5L24.2 2a19.9 19.9 0 0 1 0 28.1l1.4 1.4a22 22 0 0 0 0-31zM16 4l-6 6H0v12h10l6 6V4z"/></symbol><symbol id="gelicon--basics--download" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28.2 12.2L19 21.4V0h-6v21.4l-9.2-9.2L0 16l14 14H2v-6H0v8h16l16-16-3.8-3.8zM30 30h-8l-2 2h12v-8h-2v6z"/></symbol><symbol id="gelicon--basics--no" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M32 3.5L28.5 0 16 12.5 3.5 0 0 3.5 12.5 16 0 28.5 3.5 32 16 19.5 28.5 32l3.5-3.5L19.5 16 32 3.5z"/></symbol><symbol id="gelicon--core--duration" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M17 15.4V6h-2v10.6l8.8 5.1 1-1.8-7.8-4.5z"/><path d="M16 4A12 12 0 1 1 4 16 12 12 0 0 1 16 4m0-4a16 16 0 1 0 16 16A16 16 0 0 0 16 0z"/></symbol><symbol id="gelicon--media--collection" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M4 26h22V4h2v24H4v-2z"/><path d="M8 32v-2h22V8h2v24H8z"/><path d="M0 24h24V0H0z"/></symbol></defs></svg> </div> </div> <!-- BrandingProjectId: "67", ThemeVersionId: "5365", NavigationVersionId: "83". Published on 2020-07-07T01:22:39+00:00 --> </div> <div id="orb-footer" class="orb-footer" dir="ltr"><div id="navp-orb-footer-promo"></div><aside role="complementary"><div id="orb-aside" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><div class="orb-footer-inner" role="navigation" aria-label="BBC"><h2 class="orb-footer-lead">Explore the BBC</h2><div class="orb-footer-primary-links"><ul><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/">Home</a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news">News</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport">Sport</a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather">Weather</a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer">iPlayer</a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds">Sounds</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc">CBBC</a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies">CBeebies</a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food">Food</a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize">Bitesize</a></li><li class="orb-nav-arts"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts">Arts</a></li><li class="orb-nav-taster"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/taster">Taster</a></li><li class="orb-nav-local"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/localnews">Local</a></li><li class="orb-nav-three"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree">Three</a></li></ul></div></div></div></aside><footer role="contentinfo"><div id="orb-contentinfo" class="orb-nav-sec b-r b-g-p"><script>window.orb.worldwideFooterlinks = '<li class="orb-footer-ads"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://advertising.bbcworldwide.com/">Advertise with us<'+'/a><'+'/li><li class="orb-footer-adchoices"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/cookies/how-can-i-change-my-bbc-cookie-settings/">AdChoices / Do Not Sell My Info<'+'/a><'+'/li>';</script><div class="orb-footer-inner"> <ul><li class="orb-footer-terms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/terms/">Terms of Use</a></li><li class="orb-footer-about"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc">About the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-privacy"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="orb-footer-cookies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/cookies/">Cookies</a></li><li class="orb-footer-accessibility"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">Accessibility Help</a></li><li class="orb-footer-parental"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/guidance">Parental Guidance</a></li><li class="orb-footer-contact"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/contact">Contact the BBC</a></li><li class="orb-footer-newsletter"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter">Get Personalised Newsletters</a></li></ul><small><em class="orb-hilight">Copyright © 2020 BBC.</em> The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. <span class="orb-footer-links"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/help/web/links/" class="orb-hilight">Read about our approach to external linking.</a></span></small></div></div></div></footer></div><script id="orb-js-script" data-assetpath="https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/aca157ce812540152d62d3742f6c491c/" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/aca157ce812540152d62d3742f6c491c/js/orb.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">require(['orb/lib/_$'], function($) { $.ready(function() { initialiseFooter(); }); var scrollCheckTimer; var didScroll; var previousPosition = 0; var delta = 5; var PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT = 1500; var pageLength = 0; function initialiseFooter() { // Suppress this feature on browsers we no longer test var myNav = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(); var oldIE = (myNav.indexOf('msie') !== -1) && parseInt(myNav.split('msie')[1], 10) <= 10; if (!oldIE) { require(['orb/cookies'], function (bbccookies) { var disabledByCookie = (parseInt(bbccookies.get('ckns_nav_promofail')) || 0) >= 3; if (!disabledByCookie) { window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { setUpLazyLoading(); } }); } }); } } function setUpLazyLoading() { // offsetHeight is expensive to calculate, only do it once. pageLength = Math.abs(document.body.offsetHeight); if (pageLength < getViewportHeight() + 300 || pageLength - getCurrentPosition() < PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT) { loadPromo(); } else { window.onscroll = function () { didScroll = true; }; scrollCheckTimer = setInterval(function () { if (didScroll) { hasScrolled(); didScroll = false; } }, 250); } } function loadPromo() { clearInterval(scrollCheckTimer); require(['orb/async/_footerpromo'], function(promo) { promo.init('https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://navpromo.api.bbci.co.uk', ''); }); } function getViewportHeight() { return window.innerHeight; } function getCurrentPosition() { return Math.abs(window.scrollY || document.body.scrollTop || document.documentElement.scrollTop); } function hasScrolled() { var currentPosition = getCurrentPosition(); if (Math.abs(previousPosition - currentPosition) <= delta) { return; } if (currentPosition > previousPosition) { if ((pageLength - currentPosition) <= PROMO_SHOW_BREAKPOINT) { loadPromo(); } } previousPosition = currentPosition; } })</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ require(['orb/nav'], function(nav) { window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { if (isUK) { nav.loadJs('https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit/aca157ce812540152d62d3742f6c491c/js/edr.min.js'); } }); }); /*]]>*/</script> <script type="text/javascript">require.config({ paths: { "mybbc/templates": '//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.1.3/templates', "mybbc/notifications": '//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.1.3/js' } }); require(['mybbc/notifications/NotificationsMain', 'idcta/idcta-1'], function (NotificationsMain, idcta) { var loadNotifications = function (isUK) { if (isUK) { window.bbcpage.loadCSS('//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.1.3/css/main.min.css').then(function() { NotificationsMain.run(idcta, '//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://mybbc.files.bbci.co.uk/notification-ui/4.1.3/'); }); } }; window.bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function(isUK) { loadNotifications(isUK); }); });</script> <!-- BBCDOTCOM bodyLast --><div class="bbccom_display_none"><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && window.bbcdotcom.analytics && bbcdotcom.config && !bbcdotcom.config.isSportApp() && !bbcdotcom.config.isReel()) { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(bbcdotcom.analytics.page, bbcdotcom.analytics); } /*]]>*/</script><noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241im_/https://ssc.api.bbc.com/?c1=2&c2=19293874&ns_site=bbc&name=" height="1" width="1" alt=""></noscript><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.currencyProviders) { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(bbcdotcom.currencyProviders.write, bbcdotcom.currencyProviders); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.currencyProviders) { bbcdotcom.checkThirdPartyFirst(bbcdotcom.currencyProviders.postWrite, bbcdotcom.currencyProviders); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ if (window.bbcdotcom && bbcdotcom.data && bbcdotcom.data.stats && bbcdotcom.data.stats === 1 && bbcdotcom.utils && window.location.pathname === '/') { var wwhpEdition = bbcdotcom.utils.getMetaPropertyContent('wwhp-edition'); var _sf_async_config={}; /** CONFIGURATION START **/ _sf_async_config.uid = 50924; _sf_async_config.domain = "bbc.co.uk"; _sf_async_config.title = "Homepage"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? ' - '+wwhpEdition : ''); _sf_async_config.sections = "Homepage"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? ', Homepage - '+wwhpEdition : ''); _sf_async_config.region = wwhpEdition; _sf_async_config.path = "/"+(wwhpEdition !== '' ? '?'+wwhpEdition : ''); /** CONFIGURATION END **/ (function(){ function loadChartbeat() { window._sf_endpt=(new Date()).getTime(); var e = document.createElement("script"); e.setAttribute("language", "javascript"); e.setAttribute("type", "text/javascript"); e.setAttribute('src', '//web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'); document.body.appendChild(e); } var oldonload = window.onload; window.onload = (typeof window.onload != "function") ? loadChartbeat : function() { oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); }; })(); } /*]]>*/</script><script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { window.bbcdotcom.bodyLast = true; }()); /*]]>*/</script></div><!-- BBCDOTCOM all code in page --><script type="text/javascript">if (window.SEARCHBOX.suppress === false && window.SEARCHBOX.locale && /^en-?.*?/.test(window.SEARCHBOX.locale)) { require.config({ paths: { "search/searchbox": window.SEARCHBOX.searchboxAppStaticPrefix, } }); if (bbcuser && bbcuser.isUKCombined) { bbcuser.isUKCombined().then(function (isUK) { if (isUK) { require(['search/searchbox/searchboxDrawer'], function (SearchboxDrawer) { SearchboxDrawer.run(window.SEARCHBOX); }); } }); } }</script> <script type="text/javascript">window.COOKIES_STATIC_HOST = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-463.50829a9/cookie-banner/cookie-prompt/';</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk/orbit-webmodules/0.0.2-463.50829a9/cookie-banner/cookie-banners.bundle.js" async=""></script><script type="text/javascript">require(["istats-1","orb/cookies"],function(o,t){if(t.isAllowed("s1"))try{if(!require.s.contexts._.config.paths.idcta)return void i();require(["idcta/idcta-1"],function(t){t&&"function"==typeof t.getIStatsLabels&&o.addLabels(t.getIStatsLabels()),i()},function(t){throw t})}catch(t){console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&console.log("an exception occurred while adding idcta labels to istats, invoking istats without them",t),i()}function i(){o.invoke()}});</script><script type="text/javascript">"use strict";window.__reverb.__reverbLoadedPromise.then(function(e){return e.initialise().then(function(){return e.viewEvent()})},function(){console.log("Failed to load reverb. No event sent")});</script><script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707222241js_/https://nav.files.bbci.co.uk//user-activity-helper/1d5fa47d9ba60d5c52b377ec3208b7be/js/detectview.bundle.js" async=""></script> <!-- Programmes Version: 1466 --> </body> <script type="text/javascript"> require(['popup'], function(popup) { new popup({containerSelector: '.popup', useParentContainerWidth: true}); }); </script> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 22:22:41 Jul 07, 2020 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 02:38:19 Nov 25, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.52 exclusion.robots: 0.026 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.017 esindex: 0.01 cdx.remote: 12.17 LoadShardBlock: 341.559 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 330.335 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 87.565 (2) load_resource: 113.574 -->