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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_and_second_books_(Liber_Primus_and_Liber_Secundus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_and_second_books_(Liber_Primus_and_Liber_Secundus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First and second books (<i>Liber Primus</i> and <i>Liber Secundus</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_and_second_books_(Liber_Primus_and_Liber_Secundus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_and_fourth_books_(Liber_Tertius_and_Liber_Quartus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_and_fourth_books_(Liber_Tertius_and_Liber_Quartus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Third and fourth books (<i>Liber Tertius</i> and <i>Liber Quartus</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_and_fourth_books_(Liber_Tertius_and_Liber_Quartus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_book_(Liber_Quintus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_book_(Liber_Quintus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Fifth book (<i>Liber Quintus</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_book_(Liber_Quintus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" 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font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">De finibus bonorum et malorum <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+finibus+bonorum+et+malorum&rft.author=%5B%5BCicero%5D%5D&rft.date=45+BCE&rft.place=%5B%5BRoman+Republic%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicero;_De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum_Wellcome_L0022191.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cicero%3B_De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum_Wellcome_L0022191.jpg/220px-Cicero%3B_De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum_Wellcome_L0022191.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cicero%3B_De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum_Wellcome_L0022191.jpg/330px-Cicero%3B_De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum_Wellcome_L0022191.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Cicero%3B_De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum_Wellcome_L0022191.jpg/440px-Cicero%3B_De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum_Wellcome_L0022191.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1642" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>De finibus bonorum et malorum</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">45 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Academica_(Cicero)" title="Academica (Cicero)">Academica</a> </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>De finibus bonorum et malorum</b></i> ("On the ends of good and evil") is a <a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> orator, politician, and <a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic Skeptic</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a>. It consists of three dialogues, over five books, in which Cicero discusses the philosophical views of <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus of Ascalon</a> (whose hybrid system mingled Stoicism with an "<a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Old Academy</a>" tradition of Platonism and <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a>). The treatise is structured so that each philosophical system is described in its own book, and then disputed in the following book (with exception of Antiochus' view which is both explained and disputed in book five). The book was developed in the summer of the year 45 BC, and was written over the course of about one and a half months. Together with the <i><a href="/wiki/Tusculanae_Quaestiones" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusculanae Quaestiones">Tusculanae Quaestiones</a></i> written shortly afterwards and the <i><a href="/wiki/Academica_(Cicero)" title="Academica (Cicero)">Academica</a></i>, <i>De finibus bonorum et malorum</i> is one of the most extensive philosophical works of Cicero. </p><p>Cicero dedicated the book to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_and_second_books_(Liber_Primus_and_Liber_Secundus)"><span id="First_and_second_books_.28Liber_Primus_and_Liber_Secundus.29"></span>First and second books (<i>Liber Primus</i> and <i>Liber Secundus</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First and second books (Liber Primus and Liber Secundus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first two books are a dialogue set at Cicero's country home in <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> between himself and a young <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a> named <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Manlius_Torquatus_(praetor_49_BC)" title="Lucius Manlius Torquatus (praetor 49 BC)">Lucius Torquatus</a>, while another young Roman named Gaius Triarius listens on. In the first book, the interlocutors present the Epicurean theory of <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a>, which holds that pleasure in the form of <i><a href="/wiki/Aponia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponia">aponia</a></i> (absence of pain) is regarded as the highest good. In the second book, Cicero criticizes this view, attacking the Epicurean definition of pleasure and arguing that it is inconsistent to hold pleasure as the absence of pain as the final good, since these are not one single good, but rather two distinct goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_and_fourth_books_(Liber_Tertius_and_Liber_Quartus)"><span id="Third_and_fourth_books_.28Liber_Tertius_and_Liber_Quartus.29"></span>Third and fourth books (<i>Liber Tertius</i> and <i>Liber Quartus</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Third and fourth books (Liber Tertius and Liber Quartus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the next two books <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> ethics are discussed. In the third book Cicero's interlocutor, <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Marcus Porcius Cato</a>, presents Stoic doctrine. Here Cicero introduces the technical terms used by the Stoics into <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>. The highest and only good of the Stoics is <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> (moral good). In the fourth book, Cicero casts doubt on this <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>, arguing a supposed natural state (the "cradle argument"), as well as issues regarding the exclusion of other goods entailed by Stoic doctrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_book_(Liber_Quintus)"><span id="Fifth_book_.28Liber_Quintus.29"></span>Fifth book (<i>Liber Quintus</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fifth book (Liber Quintus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the last book Cicero presents in the form of a dialogue between himself and several friends the theory of <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudaimonia</a> taught by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochus of Ascalon</a>, which treats <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a> as a subgroup of <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>. This theory includes both virtue and external goods as the highest good. At the end of the book, Cicero criticized logical inconsistencies of this teaching, but more briefly and only addressing details, not broader principles. Cicero then declares that he follows this school of thought, albeit not without reservations, while respecting the valuable aspects of the teachings presented in the previous books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></i>, a commonly used <a href="/wiki/Placeholder_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Placeholder text">placeholder text</a>, is based on <i>De finibus</i>. The placeholder text is taken from parts of the first book's discourse on <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a>. Words of the original text have been altered, added, and removed in <i>Lorem ipsum</i>, rendering it nonsensical as <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnnasBetegh2016" class="citation book cs1">Annas, Julia Elisabeth; Betegh, Gábor (2016). <i>Cicero's "De finibus": philosophical approaches</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107074835" title="Special:BookSources/9781107074835"><bdi>9781107074835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cicero%27s+%22De+finibus%22%3A+philosophical+approaches&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107074835&rft.aulast=Annas&rft.aufirst=Julia+Elisabeth&rft.au=Betegh%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADe+finibus+bonorum+et+malorum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="la" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:De_finibus_bonorum_et_malorum" class="extiw" title="s:la:De finibus bonorum et malorum"><i>De finibus bonorum et malorum</i></a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/fin.shtml"><i>De finibus bonorum et malorum</i>, Latin text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/de_Finibus/home.html"><i>De Finibus</i></a>, English translation by Harris Rackham, <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0ZuoEMeeeAC&dq">Side by Side Latin and English, transl. by Harris Rackham</a>, Google Books</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=On+the+Ends+of+Good+and+Evil&author=Cicero&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>On the Ends of Good and Evil</i>, english translation by Harris Rackham</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cicero" title="Template:Cicero"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cicero" title="Template talk:Cicero"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cicero" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cicero"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_life_of_Cicero" title="Personal life of Cicero">Personal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Cicero" title="Political career of Cicero">Political career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writings_of_Cicero" title="Writings of Cicero">Writings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhetoric<br />and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Inventione" title="De Inventione">De Inventione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Oratore,_Book_III" title="De Oratore, Book III">Book III</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Oratorical_Partitions" title="A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions">De Partitionibus Oratoriae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Optimo_Genere_Oratorum" title="De Optimo Genere Oratorum">De Optimo Genere Oratorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brutus_(Cicero)" title="Brutus (Cicero)">Brutus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orator_(Cicero)" title="Orator (Cicero)">Orator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Legibus" title="De Legibus">De Legibus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hortensius_(Cicero)" title="Hortensius (Cicero)">Hortensius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Academica_(Cicero)" title="Academica (Cicero)">Academica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consolatio_(Cicero)" title="Consolatio (Cicero)">Consolatio</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tusculanae_Disputationes" title="Tusculanae Disputationes">Tusculanae Disputationes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum" title="De Natura Deorum">De Natura Deorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Divinatione" title="De Divinatione">De Divinatione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_fato" title="De fato">De Fato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cato_Maior_de_Senectute" title="Cato Maior de Senectute">Cato Maior de Senectute</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laelius_de_Amicitia" title="Laelius de Amicitia">Laelius de Amicitia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De Re Publica</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Somnium_Scipionis" title="Somnium Scipionis">Somnium Scipionis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxa_Stoicorum" title="Paradoxa Stoicorum">Paradoxa Stoicorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M-T-Cicero.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero"><img alt="Marcus Tullius Cicero" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/M-T-Cicero.jpg/80px-M-T-Cicero.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/M-T-Cicero.jpg/120px-M-T-Cicero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/M-T-Cicero.jpg/160px-M-T-Cicero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Marcus Tullius Cicero</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Imperio_Cn._Pompei" title="De Imperio Cn. Pompei">De Imperio Cn. Pompei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_orations" title="Catilinarian orations">In Catilinam I–IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Toga_Candida" title="In Toga Candida">In Toga Candida</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Milone" title="Pro Milone">Pro Milone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Marcello" title="Pro Marcello">Pro Marcello</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philippicae" title="Philippicae">Philippicae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judicial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Quinctio" title="Pro Quinctio">Pro Quinctio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Roscio_Amerino" title="Pro Roscio Amerino">Pro Roscio Amerino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divinatio_in_Caecilium" title="Divinatio in Caecilium">Divinatio in Caecilium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Verrem" title="In Verrem">In Verrem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Tullio" title="Pro Tullio">Pro Tullio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Caecina" title="Pro Caecina">Pro Caecina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Cluentio" title="Pro Cluentio">Pro Cluentio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Archia_Poeta" title="Pro Archia Poeta">Pro Archia Poeta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pro_Caelio" title="Pro Caelio">Pro Caelio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Atticum" title="Epistulae ad Atticum">Epistulae ad Atticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Brutum" title="Epistulae ad Brutum">Epistulae ad Brutum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Familiares" title="Epistulae ad Familiares">Epistulae ad Familiares</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Quintum_Fratrem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem">Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5075154387215330970002">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/201926795">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4215059-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr96003708">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12221773k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12221773k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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