CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="/Magazine/core.css?p=7530394371653845"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="/Magazine/core.js?p=7530394371653845"> <link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/1/8/538018_c6ek4e_565067_crop_crop_crop.jpg" imagesrcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/1/8/538018_c6ek4e_565067_crop_crop_crop.jpg 460w" />   <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/magazine/fonts/AvenirNextLight.woff" type="font/woff" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/magazine/fonts/AvenirNextDemi.woff" type="font/woff" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/magazine/fonts/AvenirNextMedium.woff" type="font/woff" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/magazine/fonts/AvenirNextBold.woff" type="font/woff" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" as="font" href="/magazine/fonts/PlantinLight.woff" type="font/woff" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/css/global_2024.css?v=202408111121"> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/css/eme_2024.css?v=202408131429"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha256-CSXorXvZcTkaix6Yvo6HppcZGetbYMGWSFlBw8HfCJo=" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" as="script" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://rum-static.pingdom.net/" > <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://account.chemistryworld.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.ampproject.org/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://connect.facebook.net">   <script> var spinJsVersion = "202406110917"; var spinCssVersion = "202406110934"; </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { otShowCookieFooter(); (function(){ var script = document.createElement("script"); script.type = "text/javascript"; script.setAttribute("async", "true"); script.setAttribute("src", 'https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js'); script.setAttribute("data-ot-ignore",""); script.setAttribute("crossorigin","anonymous"); document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(script); })(); } function otShowCookieFooter() { var geo = OneTrust.getGeolocationData().country + OneTrust.getGeolocationData().state.toUpperCase(); var otCookieFooter = document.getElementById('ot-cookie-footer'); if (geo.startsWith('BR')) { otCookieFooter.querySelector('li[data-locale="br"]').style.display = 'block'; otCookieFooter.style.display = 'block'; } else if (geo === 'USCA') { otCookieFooter.querySelector('li[data-locale="ca"]').style.display = 'block'; otCookieFooter.style.display = 'block'; } else { otCookieFooter.querySelector('li[data-locale="global"]').style.display = 'block'; otCookieFooter.style.display = 'block'; } } </script>  <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; </script> <title>Chemistry news, research and opinions | Chemistry World</title> <meta name="description" content="Chemistry, covered. Science news, research, reviews, features and opinions. Read Chemistry World to keep up with stories from across the chemical sciences." /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name="momentnowdate" content="2024-11-29 14:11:16.177"/> <meta name="momentlocale" content="en-gb"/> <meta name="momentlocaleformat" content="D MMMM YYYY"/> <meta name="momentrelative" content="false"/> <meta name="momentrelativeformat" content="YYYY,MM,DD"/> <meta name="momentrelativemorethan" content="10"/> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive" /> <meta name="blockthis" content="blockGA" /> <meta name="showwallpaper" content="true" /> <meta name="navcode" content="101600" /> <meta name="primarynavigation" content="Home" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Chemistry World" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Chemistry news, research and opinions | Chemistry World"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Chemistry, covered. Science news, research, reviews, features and opinions. Read Chemistry World to keep up with stories from across the chemical sciences." /> <meta property="twitter:title" content="Chemistry news, research and opinions | Chemistry World"/> <meta property="twitter:description" content="Chemistry, covered. Science news, research, reviews, features and opinions. Read Chemistry World to keep up with stories from across the chemical sciences."/> <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1024" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="536" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1024x536/P/web/i/b/a/CW-cutout-on-white-3.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Chemistry World" /> <meta property="twitter:image:src" content="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/1024x536/P/web/i/b/a/CW-cutout-on-white-3.jpg" /> <meta property="twitter:image:alt" content="Chemistry World" /> <link rel="icon" href="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" />  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/magazine/dest/graphics/favicons/mstile-144x144.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff" /> <link href="/Magazine/core.css?p=7530394371653845" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="/Magazine/print.css?p=7530394371653845" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print"> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha256-CSXorXvZcTkaix6Yvo6HppcZGetbYMGWSFlBw8HfCJo=" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script> <script>var newLang={"more":{"default":"Show more","searchtype":"Show more","searchdates":"Show more"},"less":{"default":"Show fewer","searchtype":"Show fewer","searchdates":"Show fewer"},"show":{"default":"show"},"hide":{"default":"hide"},"caption":{"show":"show caption","hide":"hide caption"},"carousel":{"play":"play slideshow","pause":"pause slideshow"}};</script> <script type="text/javascript"> var IPState = { useripstate: false, useripname: '' }; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({'StoryID':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFormatProperty':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryCategories':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryLayout':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryWidth':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryLayoutCode':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFormatCode':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryTypeCode':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryCategoriesCodes':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFullNavPath':'null'}); window.dataLayer.push({'UserID':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'NavCode':'101600'}); window.dataLayer.push({'MicrositeNavCode':'-1'}); window.dataLayer.push({'NavKey':'73'}); window.dataLayer.push({'NavigationAreaNavCode':'101600'}); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.dataLayer.push({'LoggedIn':'False'}); window.dataLayer.push({'UserStateLoggedIn':'False'}); window.dataLayer.push({'FullNavPath':'|1|101600|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'AccessStatus':'Granted'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Template':'SPIN'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Pubcode':'2'}); window.dataLayer.push({'PublicationName':'Chemistry World'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Title':'Chemistry news, research and opinions'}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryAccessControl':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryFormat':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'StoryType':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Headline':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'LongHeadline':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Intro':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Catchline':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Synopsis':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Standfirst':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Answer':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Source':undefined}); //window.dataLayer.push({'Refs':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Refs':undefined !== undefined ? undefined.slice(0,100) : undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Class':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Credits':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Postscript':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNav':'|Main Navigation|Home|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCurrent':'Home'}); window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCode':'|1|101600|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'PrimaryNavCodeCurrent':'101600'}); window.dataLayer.push({'Categories':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'CategoryCodes':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Tags':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'UserNeedsCodes':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'OverrideCodes':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'Bylines':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'FirstByline':undefined !== undefined ? undefined.slice(1,-1).split('|')[0] : undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'IssueDate':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'IssueDateTime':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'PublishDate':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'PublishDateTime':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'FullNavPath':'|1|101600|'}); window.dataLayer.push({'IPAccess':IPState.useripstate}); window.dataLayer.push({'IPOrg':IPState.useripname}); window.dataLayer.push({'HasReferrer':document.referrer !== '' ? 'Yes' : 'No'}); window.dataLayer.push({'ReferrerHostname':document.referrer !== '' ? new URL(document.referrer).hostname : null}); window.dataLayer.push({'AccessDeniedStoryID':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'AccessDeniedTitle':undefined}); window.dataLayer.push({'EmeReminder': localStorage.getItem('emeReminder') == null ? 'false' : Date.now() > JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('emeReminder')).expiresOn ? 'true' : 'false' }); window.dataLayer.push({'grecaptcha':'6LdWBLcnAAAAAP63g1FhMIsnUvW9oXipa06FmVhd'}); </script>   <link href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/css/global_2024.css?v=202408111121" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/css/eme_2024.css?v=202408131429" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ukIIghja0jlEYTsO8a7IUxKoRlo_Mum0z_ZH9YtfRmI" />  <meta name="robots" content="max-snippet:160"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="robots" content="max-video-preview:-1"> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive">  <meta name="p:domain_verify" content="3578264068c8ec673d41c1ec33e8f33c"/>  <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="cyhpd7cvny3xvtnirap0htx4adr49p" />  <meta name="theme-color" content="#000"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000">   <script> (function(){ var file = 'https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/css/spin_2024.css'; var tag = document.createElement('link'); var cache = "?v=" + spinCssVersion; tag.rel = 'stylesheet'; tag.type = 'text/css'; tag.href = file + cache; document.head.appendChild(tag); }()); </script>   <script> var _prum = [['id', '5853c94daa695936ee7b23c6'], ['mark', 'firstbyte', (new Date()).getTime()]]; (function() { var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0] , p = document.createElement('script'); p.async = 'async'; p.src = '//rum-static.pingdom.net/prum.min.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(p, s); })(); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function(d, s) { var config = { baseUrl:'account.chemistryworld.com', partyId: 0 }; var cacheDate = new Date(); cacheDate.setHours(0,0,0,0); var _abacus_ = d.createElement('script'); _abacus_.type = 'text/javascript'; _abacus_.async = true; _abacus_.src = ('https:' == d.location.protocol ? 'https://' : 'http://') + config.baseUrl + '/templatejs?partyId=' + config.partyId + '&cacheDate=' + cacheDate.getTime(); var sc = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; sc.parentNode.insertBefore(_abacus_, sc); })(document, 'script'); </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.setAttributeNode(d.createAttribute('data-ot-ignore'));j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MS3J9G');</script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PPW2GJH');</script>    <script type='text/javascript'> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var isStory = document.querySelector('body#story') != null; var isSpin = document.querySelector('body#spin2') != null; var isAvStory = document.querySelector('body#story.story-style-6, body#story.story-style-5') != null; var isOther = (!isSpin && !isStory && !isAvStory); /* || Size Mapping || */ var mapMpuAD = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]]). build(); var mapMpuB = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([1024, 0], [[300, 1050], [300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250]]). addSize([0, 0], [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]]). build(); var mapMpuCEF = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([1024, 0], [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250]]). addSize([0, 0], [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]]). build(); var mapLeaderboard = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([1024, 0], [[970, 250], [980, 90], [980, 120], [970, 90], [728, 90]]). addSize([768, 0], [[728, 90], [468, 60]]). addSize([0, 0], [[320, 100], [320, 50]]). build(); /* || Targeting for all slots || */ googletag.pubads().setTargeting('UserState', ((typeof advanceData === 'undefined' || advanceData === null)) ? 'Signed out' : 'Signed in'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('UserSubState', ((typeof advanceData === 'undefined' || advanceData === null) && (IPState.useripstate)) ? 'IP signed out' : (typeof advanceData === 'undefined' || advanceData === null) ? 'Casual' : (advanceData !== undefined && advanceData.imis !== undefined) ? 'Member' : (advanceData !== undefined && advanceData.products !== undefined) ? 'Subscriber' : (advanceData !== undefined && (IPState.useripstate)) ? 'IP signed in' : 'Registered'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('PrimaryNav', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.PrimaryNavCurrent && el.PrimaryNavCurrent != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.PrimaryNavCurrent; }).join('') : ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('PageTitle', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.Title && el.Title != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.Title; }).join('') : ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('HasReferrer', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.HasReferrer && el.HasReferrer != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.HasReferrer; }).join('') : ''); if (isStory) { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('StoryID', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.StoryID && el.StoryID != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.StoryID; }).join('') : ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('Bylines', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.Bylines && el.Bylines != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.Bylines; }).join('') : ''); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('Categories', (dataLayer) ? dataLayer.filter(function(el) { return el && el.Categories && el.Categories != 'null'; }).map(function(el) { return el.Categories; }).join('') : ''); }; /* || Define and call slots for specific pages || */ /* Story */ if (isStory) { // Leaderboard Top googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/Leaderboard_Top', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()); //Leaderboard bottom googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_Bottom_Leaderboard', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1579525223270-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU C googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_Related', [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-5'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuCEF). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU D googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_Comments', [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-3'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuAD). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU E googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_More', [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-4'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuCEF). addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 4, renderMarginPercent: 2, mobileScaling: 2.0 }); googletag.enableServices(); }; /* SPIN */ if (isSpin) { var slots = [ // Leaderboard Top googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/Leaderboard_Top', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()), // Leaderboard Inline 1 googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_1', [[320, 50], [970, 90], [970, 250], [980, 90], [980, 120], [468, 60], [320, 100], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-1') .defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard) .setCollapseEmptyDiv(true) .addService(googletag.pubads()), // Leaderboard Inline 2 googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_2', [[320, 50], [970, 90], [970, 250], [980, 90], [980, 120], [468, 60], [320, 100], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-2') .defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard) .setCollapseEmptyDiv(true) .addService(googletag.pubads()), // Leaderboard Inline 3 googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_Leaderboard_Inline_3', [[320, 50], [970, 90], [970, 250], [980, 90], [980, 120], [468, 60], [320, 100], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-3') .defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard) .setCollapseEmptyDiv(true) .addService(googletag.pubads()) ]; googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); googletag.pubads().refresh([slots[0]]); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 4, renderMarginPercent: 2, mobileScaling: 2.0 }); googletag.pubads().refresh([slots[1], slots[2], slots[3]]); }; // AV story if (isAvStory) { // Leaderboard Top googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/Leaderboard_Top', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()); //Leaderboard bottom googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_Bottom_Leaderboard', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1579525223270-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU A googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/MPU_Top', [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-2'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuAD). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU C googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_Related', [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-5'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuCEF). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU D googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_Comments', [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-3'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuAD). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU E googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_More', [[300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-4'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuCEF). addService(googletag.pubads()); // MPU F googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/CW_MPU_AV', [[300, 250], [160, 600], [300, 600], [320, 50], [200, 200], [320, 100], [250, 250], [336, 280], [120, 600]], 'div-gpt-ad-1594300296324-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuCEF). addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 4, renderMarginPercent: 2, mobileScaling: 2.0 }); googletag.enableServices(); }; /* Other pages (not enhanced ads) */ if (isOther) { var slots = [ // Leaderboard Top googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/Leaderboard_Top', [[970, 250], [980, 90], [970, 90], [728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'). defineSizeMapping(mapLeaderboard). addService(googletag.pubads()), // MPU A googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/MPU_Top', [[336, 280], [300, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50], [200, 200], [250, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-2'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuAD). addService(googletag.pubads()), // MPU B googletag.defineSlot('/97414310/MPU_Bottom', [[300, 1050], [300, 600], [120, 600], [160, 600], [336, 280], [300, 250], [200, 200], [250, 250], [320, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-1'). defineSizeMapping(mapMpuB). addService(googletag.pubads()) ]; googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); googletag.pubads().refresh([slots[0]]); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 4, renderMarginPercent: 2, mobileScaling: 2.0 }); googletag.pubads().refresh([slots[1], slots[2]]); }; }); </script> </head> <body id="spin2" class="SPIN2-master js-disabled enhanced-advertising enhanced-advertising-rhc-empty">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PPW2GJH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MS3J9G" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script type="text/javascript">document.body.className = document.body.className.replace('js-disabled', ''); document.cookie="_js=1; path=/";</script> <div id="wrapper"> <ul id="skiplinks"><li><a href="#wrapper_sleeve">Skip to main content</a></li><li><a href="#mainnav">Skip to navigation</a></li></ul> <header id="masthead" class="masthead"> <div class="htmlContent"> </div> <div class="hot-topics-container container showMenuPushed"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="hot-topics-item"><svg id="hot-topics-icon" viewBox="0 0 15 15" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>hot-topics</title><path d="M.31,7.44,7.56,14.7A1,1,0,0,0,9,14.7H9L14.7,9h0a1,1,0,0,0,0-1.45L7.44.31A1,1,0,0,0,6.79,0H1A.92.92,0,0,0,.27.27h0A.92.92,0,0,0,0,1V6.65a1,1,0,0,0,0,.14H0A1,1,0,0,0,.31,7.44ZM2.39,5.3a2.07,2.07,0,1,1,2.93,0A2.07,2.07,0,0,1,2.39,5.3Z" fill="#ababab" /></svg><span>Extras</span></li><li class="first"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li><a href="https://jobs.chemistryworld.com/">Jobs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/reading-room">Reading room</a></li><li class="last"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/puzzles">Puzzles</a></li></ul></div></div>  <div id="global-rsc-bar" class="container"> <div class="inner-sleeve" id="rsc-sleeve"> <a id="rsc-logo-link" href="https://www.rsc.org"> <svg version="1.1" id="rsc-group-logo" style="width:120px;" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="17 14 130 41" xml:space="preserve"> <title>Royal Society of Chemistry</title> <style type="text/css"> .rsc0{fill:#004976;} .rsc1{fill:#EEDC00;} .rsc2{fill:#97D700;} .rsc3{fill:#48A9C5;} .rsc4{opacity:0.5;fill:#48A9C5;} .rsc5{opacity:0.5;fill:#EEDC00;} </style> <g> <g> <path class="rsc0" d="M52.88,27.13h3.52c1,0,1.81,0.31,2.32,0.82c0.4,0.4,0.63,0.97,0.63,1.62v0.02c0,1.36-0.93,2.16-2.22,2.39 l2.51,3.36h-1.13l-2.37-3.19h-0.02h-2.31v3.19h-0.92L52.88,27.13z M56.32,31.32c1.23,0,2.1-0.63,2.1-1.69v-0.02 c0-1.01-0.77-1.62-2.09-1.62h-2.52v3.33H56.32z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M60.73,31.26v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02 c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C62.4,35.49,60.73,33.53,60.73,31.26z M68.12,31.26v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39 c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C66.79,34.63,68.12,33.13,68.12,31.26z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M72.65,32.1l-3.4-4.96h1.12l2.76,4.11l2.78-4.11h1.07l-3.4,4.95v3.26h-0.93V32.1z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M79.96,27.07h0.86l3.73,8.27h-0.99l-0.96-2.17h-4.45l-0.97,2.17h-0.95L79.96,27.07z M82.24,32.34l-1.86-4.19 l-1.87,4.19H82.24z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M85.93,27.13h0.92v7.36h4.6v0.86h-5.53V27.13z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M95.66,34.15l0.57-0.68c0.85,0.77,1.67,1.16,2.8,1.16c1.1,0,1.82-0.59,1.82-1.4v-0.02 c0-0.76-0.41-1.2-2.13-1.56c-1.88-0.41-2.75-1.02-2.75-2.37v-0.02c0-1.29,1.13-2.24,2.69-2.24c1.19,0,2.04,0.34,2.87,1.01 l-0.54,0.72c-0.76-0.62-1.52-0.89-2.36-0.89c-1.06,0-1.74,0.59-1.74,1.33v0.02c0,0.77,0.42,1.21,2.22,1.6 c1.82,0.4,2.66,1.07,2.66,2.32v0.02c0,1.41-1.17,2.32-2.79,2.32C97.7,35.46,96.64,35.03,95.66,34.15z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M103.08,31.26v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02 c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C104.75,35.49,103.08,33.53,103.08,31.26z M110.46,31.26v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39 c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C109.13,34.63,110.46,33.13,110.46,31.26z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M112.77,31.26v-0.02c0-2.32,1.73-4.25,4.14-4.25c1.48,0,2.37,0.53,3.19,1.3l-0.63,0.68 c-0.69-0.66-1.46-1.13-2.57-1.13c-1.81,0-3.17,1.48-3.17,3.37v0.02c0,1.9,1.37,3.39,3.17,3.39c1.12,0,1.86-0.43,2.64-1.19 l0.61,0.6c-0.85,0.87-1.79,1.44-3.27,1.44C114.51,35.49,112.77,33.62,112.77,31.26z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M121.62,27.13l0.92,0v8.22h-0.92V27.13z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M124.68,27.13l5.91,0v0.85l-4.99,0l0,2.81h4.46v0.85h-4.46v2.88l5.05,0v0.85l-5.97,0L124.68,27.13z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M134.43,27.99h-2.75v-0.86l6.43,0v0.86l-2.75,0l0,7.36h-0.93V27.99z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M142.16,32.1l-3.4-4.96h1.12l2.76,4.11l2.78-4.11l1.07,0l-3.4,4.95v3.26h-0.93V32.1z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M52.52,43v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02 c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C54.19,47.22,52.52,45.26,52.52,43z M59.9,43v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39 c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C58.57,46.37,59.9,44.86,59.9,43z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M63.05,38.87l5.88,0v0.86h-4.95v2.93h4.43v0.85h-4.43l0,3.58h-0.92L63.05,38.87z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M77.87,47.22c-2.41,0-4.19-1.87-4.19-4.23v-0.02c0-2.34,1.75-4.25,4.26-4.25c1.54,0,2.47,0.52,3.22,1.27 l-1.14,1.33c-0.63-0.58-1.27-0.93-2.09-0.93c-1.38,0-2.37,1.15-2.37,2.56v0.02c0,1.41,0.97,2.58,2.37,2.58 c0.93,0,1.51-0.38,2.15-0.96l1.15,1.16C80.38,46.66,79.45,47.22,77.87,47.22z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M88.13,47.08v-3.3h-3.32v3.3h-1.8l0-8.22h1.8v3.25h3.32l0-3.25h1.8v8.22H88.13z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M92.24,47.08v-8.22l6.17,0v1.61l-4.38,0v1.67l3.86,0v1.61l-3.86,0v1.73h4.44v1.61L92.24,47.08z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M106.81,47.08v-5.36l-2.3,3.51h-0.05l-2.28-3.47v5.33h-1.76l0-8.22h1.94l2.15,3.47l2.15-3.47h1.94l0,8.22 H106.81z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M110.99,47.08l0-8.22h1.8v8.22L110.99,47.08z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M118.09,47.2c-1.24,0-2.49-0.43-3.47-1.31l1.06-1.28c0.74,0.61,1.51,1,2.44,1c0.74,0,1.18-0.29,1.18-0.77 v-0.02c0-0.46-0.28-0.69-1.65-1.04c-1.65-0.42-2.71-0.88-2.71-2.51v-0.02c0-1.49,1.19-2.48,2.86-2.48c1.19,0,2.21,0.38,3.04,1.04 l-0.93,1.36c-0.72-0.5-1.44-0.81-2.13-0.81c-0.69,0-1.05,0.32-1.05,0.72v0.02c0,0.54,0.35,0.72,1.76,1.08 c1.66,0.43,2.59,1.03,2.59,2.46v0.02C121.09,46.28,119.85,47.2,118.09,47.2z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M126.54,40.53v6.55h-1.8l0-6.55h-2.49v-1.67l6.78,0v1.67H126.54z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M135.72,47.08l-1.75-2.63l-1.41,0v2.63h-1.8v-8.22h3.74c1.93,0,3.08,1.02,3.08,2.71v0.02 c0,1.33-0.71,2.16-1.75,2.55l2,2.93H135.72z M135.75,41.67c0-0.77-0.54-1.17-1.41-1.17h-1.79v2.36h1.82 c0.88,0,1.38-0.47,1.38-1.16V41.67z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M143.36,43.81v3.27l-1.8,0v-3.24l-3.14-4.98h2.1l1.95,3.3l1.99-3.3h2.04L143.36,43.81z" /> </g> <g> <path class="rsc0" d="M48.41,25.16c-0.76-0.76-1.59-1.46-2.49-2.06c-0.89-0.61-1.85-1.13-2.86-1.56c-1.01-0.43-2.06-0.76-3.16-0.98 s-2.23-0.34-3.39-0.34l0,6.64c0.7,0,1.39,0.07,2.06,0.21c0.66,0.14,1.31,0.34,1.92,0.6c0.61,0.26,1.19,0.58,1.73,0.95 s1.05,0.79,1.51,1.25L48.41,25.16z" /> <path class="rsc0" d="M43.73,44.36c-0.46,0.46-0.97,0.88-1.51,1.25s-1.12,0.69-1.73,0.95c-0.61,0.26-1.25,0.46-1.92,0.6 c-0.66,0.14-1.35,0.21-2.06,0.21c-0.7,0-1.39-0.07-2.06-0.21c-0.66-0.14-1.31-0.34-1.92-0.6c-0.61-0.26-1.19-0.58-1.73-0.95 s-1.05-0.79-1.51-1.25l-4.67,4.7c0.76,0.76,1.59,1.46,2.49,2.06c0.89,0.61,1.85,1.13,2.86,1.56c1.01,0.43,2.06,0.76,3.16,0.98 c1.09,0.23,2.23,0.34,3.39,0.34c1.16,0,2.29-0.12,3.39-0.34s2.15-0.56,3.16-0.98c1.01-0.43,1.96-0.95,2.86-1.56 c0.89-0.61,1.73-1.3,2.49-2.06L43.73,44.36z" /> </g> <path class="rsc1" d="M29.3,44.36c-0.46-0.46-0.88-0.97-1.25-1.52s-0.68-1.13-0.94-1.74c-0.26-0.61-0.46-1.26-0.59-1.92 c-0.14-0.67-0.21-1.36-0.21-2.07l-6.61,0c0,1.17,0.12,2.3,0.34,3.4c0.22,1.1,0.55,2.16,0.98,3.17c0.43,1.01,0.95,1.97,1.55,2.87 c0.6,0.9,1.29,1.74,2.05,2.5L29.3,44.36z" /> <path class="rsc2" d="M26.31,37.11c0-0.71,0.07-1.4,0.21-2.07c0.14-0.67,0.34-1.31,0.59-1.92c0.26-0.61,0.57-1.2,0.94-1.74 c0.37-0.55,0.78-1.05,1.25-1.52l-4.67-4.7c-0.76,0.76-1.45,1.6-2.05,2.5c-0.6,0.9-1.12,1.86-1.55,2.87 c-0.43,1.01-0.76,2.07-0.98,3.17s-0.34,2.24-0.34,3.4L26.31,37.11z" /> <path class="rsc3" d="M29.3,29.86c0.46-0.46,0.97-0.88,1.51-1.25c0.54-0.37,1.12-0.69,1.73-0.95c0.61-0.26,1.25-0.46,1.92-0.6 c0.66-0.14,1.35-0.21,2.06-0.21l0-6.64c-1.16,0-2.29,0.12-3.39,0.34c-1.09,0.23-2.15,0.56-3.16,0.98 c-1.01,0.43-1.96,0.95-2.86,1.56s-1.73,1.3-2.49,2.06L29.3,29.86z" /> <path class="rsc4" d="M40.15,18.35C38.97,18.12,37.76,18,36.52,18c-1.31,0-2.59,0.13-3.83,0.39s-2.43,0.63-3.57,1.11 c-1.14,0.48-2.22,1.07-3.23,1.76c-1.01,0.69-1.95,1.47-2.81,2.33c-0.86,0.86-1.64,1.81-2.32,2.83l9.14,6.19 c0.29-0.43,0.62-0.83,0.98-1.19c0.36-0.36,0.76-0.69,1.18-0.98c0.43-0.29,0.88-0.54,1.36-0.74s0.98-0.36,1.5-0.47 c0.52-0.11,1.06-0.16,1.61-0.16c0.52,0,1.03,0.05,1.53,0.15L40.15,18.35z" /> <path class="rsc5" d="M30.86,42.79c-0.36-0.36-0.69-0.76-0.98-1.19c-0.29-0.43-0.54-0.88-0.74-1.37c-0.2-0.48-0.36-0.99-0.47-1.51 c-0.11-0.52-0.16-1.07-0.16-1.62c0-0.52,0.05-1.04,0.15-1.53l-10.82-2.11c-0.23,1.18-0.35,2.4-0.35,3.65 c0,1.32,0.13,2.61,0.39,3.85c0.25,1.24,0.63,2.44,1.11,3.59c0.48,1.14,1.07,2.23,1.75,3.25c0.68,1.02,1.46,1.96,2.32,2.83 c0.86,0.86,1.8,1.65,2.81,2.33l6.16-9.18C31.62,43.48,31.22,43.15,30.86,42.79z" /> </g> </svg> </a> <div id="ip-auth0"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="13.099969" height="17.959562" style="margin-top:12px;"> <path xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" d="M 11.251854,7.8389094 H 3.3703797 V 5.8761746 c 0,-1.7532294 1.4264604,-3.1798594 3.1798594,-3.1798594 1.4316768,0 2.6934591,0.9633855 3.0687876,2.3427284 0.1229042,0.4519633 0.5889903,0.7186798 1.0410383,0.5958605 0.452048,-0.1229042 0.718807,-0.5890325 0.59586,-1.0410807 C 10.680422,2.477734 8.7452535,1 6.5501119,1 3.8613179,1 1.6738101,3.1875078 1.6738101,5.8763018 V 7.8574849 C 1.2895755,7.9381488 1,8.2795493 1,8.6874911 v 7.4238709 c 0,0.467782 0.3805025,0.8482 0.8482,0.8482 h 9.403569 c 0.467783,0 0.8482,-0.380503 0.8482,-0.8482 V 8.6874911 c 0,-0.4677823 -0.380502,-0.8482 -0.8482,-0.8482 M 7.6893293,14.185948 c 0.017303,0.09169 -0.04487,0.166713 -0.1381718,0.166713 H 5.5715859 c -0.093302,0 -0.155475,-0.07502 -0.1381717,-0.166713 l 0.3151911,-1.67053 C 5.5100066,12.297812 5.3602569,11.984444 5.3602569,11.636089 c 0,-0.657143 0.532712,-1.190025 1.1900246,-1.190025 0.657143,0 1.1900246,0.532712 1.1900246,1.190025 0,0.338898 -0.1419038,0.64442 -0.3692639,0.861135 z" id="ip-auth-padlock" /> </svg> <div id="ip-auth--name"></div> </div> <ul id="rsc-list"> <li><a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/">Publishing</a> </li> <li><a href="https://edu.rsc.org/">Education</a> </li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/membership-and-community/">Membership</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="masthead-leaderboard-top-wrapper" class="leaderboard container sticky"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div class="ad">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0' class="ad-ldrbrd"> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1469192590885-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="mast container full" role="banner" data-multi-toggle-menu> <div class="inner-sleeve" data-menu-open-pushed> <div class="mastheadLogo"> <a href="/"> <svg id="brand-logo" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 578.23 49.53"><title>Chemistry World</title><g id="letters"><path id="Path_10" data-name="Path 10" d="M434.38,48.73a24,24,0,1,1,24-24A24,24,0,0,1,434.38,48.73Zm0-40a16,16,0,1,0,16.06,16A16,16,0,0,0,434.38,8.74Z" transform="translate(0.01 0)" fill="#fff"/><path id="Path_11" data-name="Path 11" d="M84.43,48V1.56H111.6V8.91h-19V20h16.34V27.3H92.58V40.55h19.35V48H84.43Zm59.06,1.57L130,22.14,125,48h-7.77L126.8.06h.7L144,33.67,160.34.06h.7L170.5,48h-8.22l-5-25.81L144.36,49.53ZM178.2,48V1.56h8.41V48Zm30.57,1.57a29,29,0,0,1-12.53-2.75l-.07,0-.74-9.38.21.13c5,3.19,9,4.68,12.74,4.68,4.74,0,8-2.6,8-6.33,0-3.2-1.76-5.37-6.74-8.31l-3.46-2.09c-5.88-3.47-9.8-7-9.8-13.15C196.43,5.06,202.26,0,210.6,0a25.69,25.69,0,0,1,11.69,2.82l.07,0-.27,7.64-.17-.09c-4.56-2.48-8-3.64-10.72-3.64-4.16,0-6.74,2-6.74,5.16,0,2.86,2.21,4.69,6.28,7.07l3.33,2c7.75,4.58,10.78,8.71,10.78,14.71,0,8.3-6.46,13.88-16.07,13.88ZM243.55,48V8.85H227.93V1.56h39.58V8.85H252V48Zm55.74,0-14-19.17H281.5V48h-8.22V1.56h10.84c6.29,0,10.68.53,14.51,3.22a12.13,12.13,0,0,1,5.48,9.94c0,6.07-3.57,10.65-10.05,12.9l15,20.33h-9.78ZM285.1,22.62c7,0,10.66-2.51,10.66-7.25s-3.51-7-11.38-7H281.5V22.62ZM323,48V26.85L305.74,1.56h9.84L327.8,19.73,341.07,1.56h9.06l-18.7,25.23,0,21.17H323Z" transform="translate(0.01 0)" fill="#fff" opacity="0.8" style="isolation:isolate"/><path id="Path_12" data-name="Path 12" d="M489.61,48l-14-19.17h-3.74V48h-8.22V1.56h10.84c6.29,0,10.68.53,14.51,3.22a12.13,12.13,0,0,1,5.48,9.94c0,6.07-3.57,10.65-10.05,12.9l15,20.33h-9.78ZM475.43,22.62c7,0,10.66-2.51,10.66-7.25s-3.51-7-11.38-7h-2.88V22.62ZM505,48V1.56h8.35V40.49h19.86V48H505Zm34,0V1.56h11.3c17.17,0,27.83,8.89,27.83,23.2a21.7,21.7,0,0,1-11.5,19.73c-5.34,3-11,3.47-16.33,3.47h-11.3Zm12.34-7.61c11.42,0,18.24-5.83,18.24-15.59S562.85,9.17,551.42,9.17h-4.06V40.35h4.06ZM353.3,1.57h9.57l25,37.39-4,9.17Zm19.9,0h9.57l25,37.39-4,9.17Z" transform="translate(0.01 0)" fill="#fff"/><path id="Path_13" data-name="Path 13" d="M68.2,48V27.3H46.36V48H38.08V1.56h8.28V19.95H68.2V1.56h8.22V48ZM24,48.73a23.92,23.92,0,0,0,5.51-.65V39.8A16,16,0,1,1,24,8.74a15.86,15.86,0,0,1,5.51,1V1.45A24,24,0,1,0,24,48.73Z" transform="translate(0.01 0)" fill="#fff" opacity="0.8" style="isolation:isolate"/></g> </svg> </a> <p>Celebrating twenty years</p> <style> .mastheadLogo > p { text-transform: uppercase; font-family: Avenir,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 1rem; color: #fff; display: none; } @media screen and (min-width:1024px){ .mastheadLogo > p { display:inline-block } } </style> </div>   <div class="mastheadBrand"> <a href="/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="cw-logo" data-name="cw-logo" viewBox="0 1 90 60"> <defs> <style> .cw-logo-w {fill: #e6e6e6;} .cw-logo-c, .cw-logo-w, .cw-logo-twenty {stroke-width: 0px;} .cw-logo-c {fill: #b3b3b3;} .cw-logo-twenty {fill: #1f92d1;} </style> </defs> <path class="cw-logo-c" d="m19.79,1.14C8.25,5.29,0,16.32,0,29.3c0,16.04,12.62,29.13,28.48,29.88v-16.58c-6.71-.72-11.94-6.4-11.94-13.3s5.36-12.72,12.19-13.33L19.79,1.14Z"></path> <polygon class="cw-logo-w" points="41.74 1.04 24.31 1.04 58.66 58.12 66.35 41.92 41.74 1.04"></polygon> <path class="cw-logo-w" d="m89.83,41.92l-7.69,16.2L47.79,1.04h17.43l24.61,40.89ZM66.18,2.63c-.06-.03-.13-.05-.19-.08-.26-.09-.53-.13-.81-.12-.28,0-.57.08-.86.21l.57,1.32c.26-.12.5-.16.73-.11.23.04.41.17.53.38.12.2.16.4.12.59s-.16.35-.36.46c-.16.1-.33.14-.51.14s-.37-.03-.58-.09l-3.14-.95-1.06.64,2.33,3.87,1.1-.66-1.32-2.18,1.85.57c.18.05.37.1.55.15.18.05.36.07.55.08.18,0,.37,0,.55-.05s.37-.12.56-.24c.28-.17.49-.37.63-.6.14-.23.23-.48.25-.74,0-.03,0-.06,0-.09l-1.51-2.51Zm2.71,4.51c-.24-.1-.49-.15-.75-.17-.36-.02-.73.04-1.11.17s-.77.31-1.15.54c-.38.23-.72.48-1.01.76-.3.28-.53.59-.68.91-.16.33-.23.67-.23,1.03,0,.36.12.73.35,1.11.23.38.5.65.81.82s.65.26,1.01.27c.36.01.73-.05,1.12-.18s.77-.31,1.15-.54c.38-.23.71-.48,1.01-.76s.52-.58.67-.9c.11-.23.18-.48.21-.73l-1.4-2.33Zm-1.85,3.74c-.22.1-.43.18-.64.23-.21.05-.4.06-.58.03-.18-.03-.32-.13-.42-.3-.1-.17-.12-.34-.07-.52.05-.18.15-.35.29-.51.14-.16.3-.32.5-.46s.37-.27.55-.37c.17-.1.36-.2.57-.3.21-.1.42-.17.63-.22.21-.05.4-.05.59-.02.18.03.32.13.42.3.1.17.12.34.07.51s-.15.34-.29.5c-.14.16-.31.31-.5.45-.19.14-.37.26-.53.36-.17.1-.37.21-.58.31Zm4.6.82c-.24-.1-.49-.15-.75-.16-.36-.02-.73.04-1.11.17-.39.13-.77.31-1.15.54-.38.23-.72.48-1.01.76-.3.28-.53.58-.68.91-.16.33-.23.67-.23,1.03,0,.36.12.73.35,1.11.23.38.5.65.81.83.31.17.65.26,1.01.27.36.01.73-.05,1.12-.18s.77-.31,1.15-.54c.38-.23.71-.48,1.01-.76s.52-.58.67-.9c.11-.23.18-.48.21-.73l-1.41-2.34Zm-1.85,3.74c-.22.1-.43.18-.64.23-.21.05-.4.06-.58.03-.18-.03-.32-.13-.42-.3-.1-.17-.12-.34-.07-.51.05-.18.15-.35.29-.51s.3-.32.5-.46.37-.27.55-.37c.17-.1.36-.2.57-.3.21-.1.42-.17.63-.22s.4-.05.59-.02c.18.03.32.14.42.3.1.17.12.34.07.51-.06.17-.15.34-.29.5-.14.16-.31.31-.5.45s-.37.26-.53.36c-.17.1-.37.21-.58.31Zm5.14,1.72l-4.25-.21-1.07.64,1.52,2.52-1.04.63.71,1.19,1.04-.63.44.73,1.03-.62-.45-.74,3.07-1.85-1-1.66Zm-2.77,2.34l-.78-1.29,2.75.08v.02s-1.97,1.19-1.97,1.19Zm2.5,5.25l.78-.47-1.55-2.57-.78.47,1.55,2.57Zm4.11-1.2c-.06-.03-.12-.05-.18-.07-.26-.09-.53-.13-.81-.12-.28,0-.57.08-.86.21l.57,1.32c.26-.12.5-.16.73-.11.23.04.41.17.53.38.12.2.16.4.11.59s-.16.35-.35.46c-.16.1-.33.14-.51.14-.18,0-.37-.03-.58-.09l-3.14-.95-1.06.64,2.33,3.87,1.1-.66-1.32-2.19,1.85.58c.18.05.37.1.55.15s.36.07.55.08c.18,0,.37,0,.55-.05s.37-.12.56-.24c.28-.17.49-.37.63-.6s.23-.48.25-.74c0-.03,0-.05,0-.08l-1.52-2.52Zm2.71,4.51c-.24-.1-.48-.15-.74-.16-.36-.02-.73.04-1.11.17-.39.13-.77.31-1.15.54-.38.23-.72.48-1.01.77-.3.28-.53.58-.68.91-.16.33-.23.67-.23,1.03s.12.73.35,1.11c.23.38.5.65.81.83.31.17.65.26,1.01.27.36.01.73-.05,1.12-.18.39-.13.77-.31,1.15-.54.38-.23.71-.48,1.01-.76s.52-.58.67-.9c.11-.23.18-.47.21-.73l-1.41-2.34Zm-1.84,3.74c-.22.1-.43.18-.64.23-.21.05-.4.06-.58.03-.18-.03-.32-.13-.42-.3s-.12-.34-.07-.52c.05-.18.15-.35.29-.51s.3-.32.5-.46c.19-.14.37-.27.54-.37.17-.1.36-.2.57-.3s.43-.18.63-.22c.21-.05.4-.05.59-.02.18.03.32.14.42.3.1.17.12.34.07.51-.06.17-.15.34-.29.5-.14.16-.31.31-.49.45-.19.14-.37.26-.53.36-.17.1-.36.21-.58.31Zm4.45.59c-.06-.03-.12-.05-.18-.07-.26-.09-.53-.13-.81-.12-.28,0-.57.08-.86.21l.57,1.32c.26-.12.5-.16.73-.11.23.04.41.17.53.38.12.2.16.4.12.59-.05.19-.16.35-.36.46-.16.1-.33.14-.51.14-.18,0-.37-.03-.58-.09l-3.14-.95-1.06.64,2.33,3.87,1.1-.67-1.32-2.19,1.85.57c.18.05.37.1.55.15s.36.07.55.08c.18,0,.37,0,.55-.05s.37-.12.56-.24c.28-.17.49-.37.63-.6.14-.23.23-.48.25-.74,0-.02,0-.05,0-.07l-1.52-2.53Zm3.29,5.47l-4.25-.21-1.07.64,1.52,2.52-1.04.63.71,1.19,1.04-.63.44.73,1.03-.62-.45-.74,3.06-1.84-1-1.67Zm-2.76,2.34l-.78-1.29,2.75.08v.02s-1.97,1.19-1.97,1.19Z"></path> <g> <path class="cw-logo-twenty" d="m30.02,57.23v-2.67l5.28-4.77c.33-.32.6-.64.8-.97.2-.33.31-.7.31-1.11,0-.48-.15-.87-.46-1.17-.31-.3-.71-.45-1.22-.45-.54,0-.97.19-1.31.56s-.54.87-.6,1.48l-3.08-.42c.08-.69.26-1.3.56-1.84.3-.54.68-1,1.14-1.37.46-.38.98-.67,1.58-.87s1.22-.3,1.88-.3c.62,0,1.23.08,1.82.25s1.11.42,1.57.76c.46.34.82.78,1.1,1.3.27.52.41,1.13.41,1.84,0,.48-.06.92-.19,1.31-.13.39-.3.75-.53,1.08-.22.33-.48.64-.76.93s-.58.57-.89.85l-3.13,2.79h5.52v2.79h-9.79Z"></path> <path class="cw-logo-twenty" d="m50.82,50.43c0,.96-.09,1.87-.29,2.73-.19.87-.5,1.63-.92,2.28-.42.66-.97,1.18-1.63,1.57s-1.48.58-2.44.58-1.77-.19-2.45-.58c-.68-.39-1.23-.91-1.65-1.57-.43-.66-.74-1.42-.93-2.28-.19-.87-.29-1.78-.29-2.73s.09-1.86.29-2.72c.19-.86.5-1.61.93-2.26.43-.64.98-1.16,1.65-1.54.68-.38,1.49-.57,2.45-.57s1.77.19,2.44.57,1.21.9,1.63,1.54c.42.64.73,1.4.92,2.26.19.86.29,1.77.29,2.72Zm-3.29,0c0-.42-.02-.89-.08-1.4-.05-.51-.15-.98-.29-1.42-.14-.44-.34-.81-.6-1.11-.26-.3-.6-.45-1.02-.45s-.76.15-1.03.45-.47.67-.62,1.11c-.15.44-.25.91-.3,1.42-.05.51-.08.97-.08,1.4s.02.91.08,1.42c.05.52.15.99.3,1.43.15.44.35.81.62,1.11.27.3.61.45,1.03.45s.76-.15,1.02-.45c.26-.3.46-.67.6-1.11.14-.44.23-.92.29-1.43.05-.52.08-.99.08-1.42Z"></path> </g> </svg></a> </div> <div class="mastControls"> <nav data-multi-toggle-item="" class="mastNav loggedout hide"><span class="toggleIcon"><a href="#mastnav" data-toggle-button=""><span class="assistive">Mast navigation</span></a></span><ul id="mastnav" data-toggle-element=""><li><a class="popup signIn" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/sign-in">Sign In</a></li><li><a href="https://account.chemistryworld.com/register?campaigncode=CWRAN1704&returl=https%3a%2f%2fwww.chemistryworld.com/">Register</a></li><li><a href="https://account.chemistryworld.com/subscribe?sourcecode=CWSWO19&campaigncode=CWSubAN1904">Subscribe</a></li></ul></nav> <div class="mastheadSearch hide" data-multi-toggle-item=""> <span class="toggleIcon"> <a href="#search" data-toggle-button=""> <span class="assistive">Search our site</span> </a> </span> <form action="https://www.chemistryworld.com/searchresults" method="get" id="mastsearch" data-toggle-element=""> <fieldset> <div> <label for="search">Search our site</label> <input type="text" id="search" value="" name="qkeyword" class="text autocomplete" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search our site" data-minlength="0" data-autoselect="false" data-autoselectonblur="true" /> <button class="mastSearch" type="submit">Search</button> </div> </fieldset> </form> </div> <div class="menuToggle"> <span class="toggleIcon"><a href="#mobilemenu" data-menu-toggle-button=""><span class="assistive">Menu</span></a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menuContainer"> <div class="mobileMenu" id="mobilemenu"> <div class="sleeve"> <a class="menuClose" href="#wrapper"> <span>Close<span class="assistive"> menu</span></span> </a> <ul class="main"> <li class="home-icon"> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/"> <span>Home</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news"> <span>News</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research"> <span>Research</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry"> <span>Industry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion"> <span>Opinion</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features"> <span>Features</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture"> <span>Culture</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers"> <span>Careers</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts"> <span>Podcasts</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars"> <span>Webinars</span> </a> </li> <li class="hasChildren nav-highlight-new"> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections" aria-expanded="false"> <span>Collections</span> </a> <ul aria-hidden="true" class="subMenu hide"> <li class="parentBack"> <a class="toolbar" href="#"> <span class="header">Back<span class="assistive"> to parent navigation item</span></span> <span class="btn backBtn"> <i></i> </span> </a> </li> <li class="parentNav nav-highlight-new"> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections"> <span>Collections</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-highlight-new"> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/solutions-for-indias-sustainability-challenge"> <span>Solutions for India's sustainability challenge</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/the-future-of-analytical-chemistry"> <span>The future of analytical chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemistry-of-the-brain"> <span>Chemistry of the brain</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/water-and-the-environment"> <span>Water and the environment</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemical-bonding"> <span>Chemical bonding</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/antimicrobial-resistance"> <span>Antimicrobial resistance</span> </a> </li> <li class="break"> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/energy-storage-and-batteries"> <span>Energy storage and batteries</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/ai-and-automation"> <span>AI and automation</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/sustainability"> <span>Sustainability</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/research-culture"> <span>Research culture</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/nobel-prize"> <span>Nobel prize</span> </a> </li> <li class="partner-nav"> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/food-science-and-cookery"> <span>Food science and cookery</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/plastics-and-polymers"> <span>Plastics and polymers</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/periodic-table"> <span>Periodic table</span> </a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/coronavirus"> <span>Coronavirus</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/members"> <span>Members</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobileMenuClose"></div> <div id="mainnav" class="desktopNavigation container" data-menu-open-pushed=""><div class="dropdown vanityPanel"><div class="inner-sleeve"></div></div><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul class="main preJS"><li data-navcode="101600" data-rootnavcode="101600" class="current home-icon"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101602" data-rootnavcode="101602"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news"><span>News</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101599" data-rootnavcode="101599"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research"><span>Research</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101608" data-rootnavcode="101608"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry"><span>Industry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101609" data-rootnavcode="101609"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion"><span>Opinion</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101639" data-rootnavcode="101639"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features"><span>Features</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101610" data-rootnavcode="101610"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture"><span>Culture</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101614" data-rootnavcode="101614"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers"><span>Careers</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101636" data-rootnavcode="101636"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts"><span>Podcasts</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101618" data-rootnavcode="101618"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars"><span>Webinars</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101018" data-rootnavcode="101018" class="nav-highlight-new hasChildren twoSubNav"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections"><span>Collections</span></a><div class="dropdown"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="101756" data-rootnavcode="101018" class="nav-highlight-new"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/solutions-for-indias-sustainability-challenge"><span>Solutions for India's sustainability challenge</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101731" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/the-future-of-analytical-chemistry"><span>The future of analytical chemistry</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101684" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemistry-of-the-brain"><span>Chemistry of the brain</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101634" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/water-and-the-environment"><span>Water and the environment</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101621" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemical-bonding"><span>Chemical bonding</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101622" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/antimicrobial-resistance"><span>Antimicrobial resistance</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101623" data-rootnavcode="101018" class="break"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/energy-storage-and-batteries"><span>Energy storage and batteries</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="subnav"><ul><li data-navcode="101624" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/ai-and-automation"><span>AI and automation</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101626" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/sustainability"><span>Sustainability</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101629" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/research-culture"><span>Research culture</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101625" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/nobel-prize"><span>Nobel prize</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101630" data-rootnavcode="101018" class="partner-nav"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/food-science-and-cookery"><span>Food science and cookery</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101633" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/plastics-and-polymers"><span>Plastics and polymers</span></a></li><li data-navcode="101627" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/periodic-table"><span>Periodic table</span></a></li><li data-navcode="100764" data-rootnavcode="101018" class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/coronavirus"><span>Coronavirus</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></li><li data-navcode="101578" data-rootnavcode="101578"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/members"><span>Members</span></a></li><li class="more hide"><a href="#mobilemenu" data-menu-toggle-button="" aria-expanded="false"><span> More<span class="assistive"> navigation items</span></span></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="desktopNavigationSpace"></div> </div> </header>  <div id="eme-fixed-banner"></div> <div id="wrapper_sleeve" role="main" data-menu-open-pushed> <div class="container"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div id="top" class="area"> <div class="grid"> <div class="threeColumns"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="headlines-1_115305" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/reprieve-for-university-of-readings-chemistry-department-but-redundancies-loom/4020600.article" class="image"><img alt="University of Reading Chemistry department" class="lazyloaded" loading="eager" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/1/8/538018_c6ek4e_565067_crop_crop_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/1/8/538018_c6ek4e_565067_crop_crop_crop.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/1.type" class="storyType">News</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/reprieve-for-university-of-readings-chemistry-department-but-redundancies-loom/4020600.article">Reprieve for University of Reading’s chemistry department but redundancies loom</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{"publishdate": "2024-11-29T10:11:00"}">2024-11-29T10:11:00+00:00</span></p><p class="intro">Proposed closure has been averted although MSc and MChem programmes will end</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div id="headlines-1_115306" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture/mary-virginia-orna-it-felt-like-i-was-coming-home-to-something-i-never-knew-existed/4020410.article" class="image"><img alt="Mary Virginia Orna" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/1021.type" class="storyType">Opinion</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture/mary-virginia-orna-it-felt-like-i-was-coming-home-to-something-i-never-knew-existed/4020410.article">Mary Virginia Orna: ‘It felt like I was coming home to something I never knew existed’</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{"publishdate": "2024-11-29T09:45:00"}">2024-11-29T09:45:00+00:00</span></p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/air-frying-prevails-in-tests-on-indoor-pollutant-production/4020609.article" class="image"><img alt="Taking cooked chicked out of an air fryer" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/4/0/538040_gettyimages1221410933_744370.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/4/0/538040_gettyimages1221410933_744370.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research/28.type" class="storyType">Research</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/air-frying-prevails-in-tests-on-indoor-pollutant-production/4020609.article">Air-frying prevails in tests on indoor pollutant production</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{"publishdate": "2024-11-28T15:22:00"}">2024-11-28T15:22:00+00:00</span></p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/air-stable-rhenium-complex-catalyses-alkyne-metathesis/4020602.article" class="image"><img alt="Compound" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/2/1/538021_compound_375075.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/0/2/1/538021_compound_375075.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research/28.type" class="storyType">Research</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/air-stable-rhenium-complex-catalyses-alkyne-metathesis/4020602.article">Air-stable rhenium complex catalyses alkyne metathesis</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="date" data-date-timezone="{"publishdate": "2024-11-28T14:00:00"}">2024-11-28T14:00:00+00:00</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnThree"> <div id="headlines-1_115307" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a class="storyType" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry">Business</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/maintenance-error-led-to-deadly-hydrogen-sulfide-leak/4020607.article">Maintenance error led to deadly hydrogen sulfide leak</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a class="storyType" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry">Business</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/northvolt-bankruptcy-dents-european-battery-industry-ambitions/4020603.article">Northvolt bankruptcy dents European battery industry ambitions</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/1025.type" class="storyType">Careers</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/the-narrative-cv-a-step-towards-more-inclusive-science/4020495.article">The narrative CV: a step towards more inclusive science?</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research/28.type" class="storyType">Research</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/new-wittig-reaction-pathway-proves-old-dog-can-learn-new-tricks/4020575.article">New Wittig reaction pathway proves old dog can learn new tricks</a></h2></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="highlights_115308" class="spinNavigation spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading"> <div class="sleeve"> <div class="scrollHead"> <div class="sectionhead"> <h2>Highlights</h2> </div> <ul class="scrollerControls"> <li class="previous disabled"> <span>Previous</span> </li> <li class="next"> <span>Next</span> </li> </ul> </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/the-future-of-analytical-chemistry">The future of analytical chemistry</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemistry-of-the-brain">Chemistry of the brain</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/water-and-the-environment">Water and the environment</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/chemical-bonding">Chemical bonding</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/antimicrobial-resistance">Antimicrobial resistance</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/energy-storage-and-batteries">Energy storage and batteries</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/ai-and-automation">AI and automation</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/sustainability">Sustainability</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/research-culture">Research culture</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/nobel-prize">Nobel prize</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/food-science-and-cookery">Food science and cookery</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/plastics-and-polymers">Plastics and polymers</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/collections/periodic-table">Periodic table</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="twoColumnsSmallRight"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="highlights-1-2_115309" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-first item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-new-signs-bringing-greater-understanding-to-organic-chemistry/4020582.article" class="image layoutIcon pictureLayout"><img alt="Sign language in chemistry" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:1023px) 50vw, (max-width:1279px) 275px, 374px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/4/0/537940_index_signlanguage_679893_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/4/0/537940_index_signlanguage_679893_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/9/4/0/537940_index_signlanguage_679893_crop.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/9/4/0/537940_index_signlanguage_679893_crop.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x183/9/4/0/537940_index_signlanguage_679893_crop.jpg 275w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/9/4/0/537940_index_signlanguage_679893_crop.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/feature/1020.type" class="storyType">Feature</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-new-signs-bringing-greater-understanding-to-organic-chemistry/4020582.article">The new signs bringing greater understanding to organic chemistry</a></h2><p class="intro">Rebecca Trager speaks to a US team developing a sign language lexicon for chemistry concepts that combines form with meaning to make the field more accessible for everyone</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol right item-second item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-health-of-chemistry-across-the-pipeline/4020208.article" class="image"><img alt="Graph" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:1023px) 50vw, (max-width:1279px) 275px, 374px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/1/5/537815_index_20years_434882.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/1/5/537815_index_20years_434882.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/8/1/5/537815_index_20years_434882.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/8/1/5/537815_index_20years_434882.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/275x183/8/1/5/537815_index_20years_434882.jpg 275w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/374x249/8/1/5/537815_index_20years_434882.jpg 374w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/feature/1020.type" class="storyType">Feature</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-health-of-chemistry-across-the-pipeline/4020208.article">The health of chemistry across the pipeline</a></h2><p class="intro">More students in the UK are studying chemistry at A-level than 20 years ago, but how does that translate to universities?</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div id="highlights-1-2_115310" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle spin-1024-show-intro"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/thriving-as-a-deaf-chemistry-phd-student/4020487.article" class="image"><img alt="Asma Shiekh" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/3/6/537936_dscf2237_21150.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/3/6/537936_dscf2237_21150.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/9/3/6/537936_dscf2237_21150.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/9/3/6/537936_dscf2237_21150.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/3/6/537936_dscf2237_21150.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/1021.type" class="storyType">Opinion</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/thriving-as-a-deaf-chemistry-phd-student/4020487.article">Thriving as a Deaf chemistry PhD student</a></h2><p class="intro">Asma Sheikh talks about growing up, discovering her passion for chemistry and being a teaching assistant</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol right item-second item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/after-years-of-negotiations-a-global-agreement-to-tackle-plastic-pollution-is-within-sight/4020577.article" class="image layoutIcon pictureLayout"><img alt="Giant plastic tap" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/2/6/537926_gettyimages2149282664_657080.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/2/6/537926_gettyimages2149282664_657080.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/9/2/6/537926_gettyimages2149282664_657080.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/9/2/6/537926_gettyimages2149282664_657080.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/2/6/537926_gettyimages2149282664_657080.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/1.type" class="storyType">News</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/after-years-of-negotiations-a-global-agreement-to-tackle-plastic-pollution-is-within-sight/4020577.article">After years of negotiations, a global agreement to tackle plastic pollution is within sight</a></h2><p class="intro">The UN’s plastics treaty negotiations have faced many hurdles, but delegates are getting closer to a final agreement</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout half onecol left item-third item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/microcrystal-electron-diffraction-promises-a-revolution-in-study-of-proteins-small-molecules/4020342.article" class="image"><img alt="Figure" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width:479px) 100vw, (max-width:767px) 50vw, (max-width:1023px) 306px, 174px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/6/3/537363_1bnature025032_146758_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/3/6/3/537363_1bnature025032_146758_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/306x204/3/6/3/537363_1bnature025032_146758_crop.jpg 306w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/360x240/3/6/3/537363_1bnature025032_146758_crop.jpg 360w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/6/3/537363_1bnature025032_146758_crop.jpg 100w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research/28.type" class="storyType">Research</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/microcrystal-electron-diffraction-promises-a-revolution-in-study-of-proteins-small-molecules/4020342.article">Microcrystal electron diffraction promises a revolution in study of proteins, small molecules</a></h2><p class="intro">Technique offers a way to get around problems with hard-to-crystallise proteins, already scoring impressive successes with a Parkinson’s protein</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne">  <div class="leaderboard leaderboard-inline container ad-ldrbrd"> <div class="ad">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-1'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-1'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="research_115312" class="spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading"> <div class="sleeve"> <div class="scrollHead"> <div class="sectionhead"> <h2> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/research">Research</a> </h2> </div> <ul class="scrollerControls"> <li class="previous disabled"> <span>Previous</span> </li> <li class="next"> <span>Next</span> </li> </ul> </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/analytical-chemistry/170.subject" data-story="4019003">Analytical</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/biology/145.subject" data-story="4019010">Biology</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/catalysis/206.subject" data-story="4019002">Catalysis</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/energy/103.subject" data-story="4019008">Energy</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/environmental/115833.subject" data-story="4019004">Environmental</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/food/151.subject" data-story="4019005">Food</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/inorganic-chemistry/183.subject" data-story="4019000">Inorganic</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/materials/194.subject" data-story="4019007">Materials</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/medicinal-chemistry/163.subject" data-story="4019009">Medicinal</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/nanoscience/115834.subject" data-story="4019006">Nanoscience</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/organic-chemistry/211.subject" data-story="4018999">Organic</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/physical-chemistry/191.subject" data-story="4019001">Physical</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumns"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="research-1_115313" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/air-frying-prevails-in-tests-on-indoor-pollutant-production/4020609.article" class="image"><img alt="Taking cooked chicked out of an air fryer" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/4/0/538040_gettyimages1221410933_744370.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/4/0/538040_gettyimages1221410933_744370.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/air-frying-prevails-in-tests-on-indoor-pollutant-production/4020609.article">Air-frying prevails in tests on indoor pollutant production</a></h2><p class="intro">Environmental scientists find that pan-frying leads to peak VOC concentrations of 260ppb, versus 20ppb for air-frying</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div id="research-1_115314" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/air-stable-rhenium-complex-catalyses-alkyne-metathesis/4020602.article" class="image"><img alt="Compound" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/1/538021_compound_375075.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/1/538021_compound_375075.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/air-stable-rhenium-complex-catalyses-alkyne-metathesis/4020602.article">Air-stable rhenium complex catalyses alkyne metathesis</a></h2><p class="intro">Study presents first non-d<sup>0</sup> alkylidyne complex capable of effecting alkyne metathesis at room temperature</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnThree"> <div id="research-1_115315" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout list"><ul><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/new-wittig-reaction-pathway-proves-old-dog-can-learn-new-tricks/4020575.article">New Wittig reaction pathway proves old dog can learn new tricks</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/fluorspar-to-fluorine-chemicals-without-going-via-hazardous-hydrogen-fluoride/4020572.article">Fluorspar to fluorine chemicals without going via hazardous hydrogen fluoride</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/ai-tool-learns-to-build-molecules-fragment-by-fragment/4020594.article">AI tool learns to build molecules fragment by fragment</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/visible-light-powered-catalysts-clean-up-forever-chemicals/4020576.article">Visible light-powered catalysts clean up ‘forever chemicals’</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/protective-coating-for-timber-made-from-tree-bark-compounds/4020592.article">Protective coating for timber made from tree bark compounds</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/isotope-analysis-reveals-mundane-origins-of-remarkable-dinosaur-fossil-site/4020584.article">Isotope analysis reveals ‘mundane’ origins of remarkable dinosaur fossil site</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/scientists-uncover-the-chemistry-of-the-corpse-flowers-potent-stench/4020563.article">Scientists uncover the chemistry of the corpse flower’s potent stench</a></h2></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="research_115316" class="spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading"> <div class="sleeve"> <div class="scrollHead"> <div class="sectionhead"> <h2> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry">Industry</a> </h2> </div> <ul class="scrollerControls"> <li class="previous disabled"> <span>Previous</span> </li> <li class="next"> <span>Next</span> </li> </ul> </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/pharmaceutical-industry/43.subject" data-story="4019018">Pharmaceutical</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/petrochemical-industry/42.subject" data-story="4019019">Petrochemical</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/agrochemical-industry/40.subject" data-story="4019017">Agrochemical</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/fine-and-speciality-chemicals/41.subject" data-story="4019020">Fine/speciality</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/regulation/143.subject" data-story="4019021">Regulation</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/mergers-and-acquisitions/45.subject" data-story="4019022">M&A</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/whitepaper/2061.type" data-story="4019023">Whitepapers</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumnsWideLeft"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="industry-1_115317" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/maintenance-error-led-to-deadly-hydrogen-sulfide-leak/4020607.article" class="image"><img alt="Metal pipes and valves in a refinery" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/3/1/538031_shutterstock_1890593362_173080.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/3/1/538031_shutterstock_1890593362_173080.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/620x413/0/3/1/538031_shutterstock_1890593362_173080.jpg 620w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/maintenance-error-led-to-deadly-hydrogen-sulfide-leak/4020607.article">Maintenance error led to deadly hydrogen sulfide leak</a></h2><p class="intro">Workers opened live pipework 1.5m away from intended work site</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div id="industry-1_115318" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/northvolt-bankruptcy-dents-european-battery-industry-ambitions/4020603.article" class="image"><img alt="Scania CV AB battery assembly plant" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/2/538022_gettyimages2157373806_577870.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/0/2/2/538022_gettyimages2157373806_577870.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/northvolt-bankruptcy-dents-european-battery-industry-ambitions/4020603.article">Northvolt bankruptcy dents European battery industry ambitions</a></h2><p class="intro">Swedish startup aimed to challenge Asian producers, but stumbled in scaling production</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnThree"> <div id="industry-1_115331" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout list"><ul><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/how-long-are-medicines-good-for/4020553.article">How long are medicines good for?</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/fluorspar-to-fluorine-chemicals-without-going-via-hazardous-hydrogen-fluoride/4020572.article">Fluorspar to fluorine chemicals without going via hazardous hydrogen fluoride</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/europe-reconsiders-alzheimers-antibody-approval/4020595.article">Europe reconsiders Alzheimer’s antibody approval</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/countries-announce-new-steps-to-reduce-methane-emissions-at-cop29/4020581.article">Countries announce new steps to reduce methane emissions at Cop29</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/after-years-of-negotiations-a-global-agreement-to-tackle-plastic-pollution-is-within-sight/4020577.article">After years of negotiations, a global agreement to tackle plastic pollution is within sight</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/deadly-explosion-at-us-food-colouring-plant/4020565.article">Deadly explosion at US food colouring plant</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/new-recommendations-to-assist-uk-move-away-from-animals-in-chemical-safety-assessments/4020503.article">New recommendations to assist UK move away from animals in chemical safety assessments</a></h2></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="spin-newsletters-section-heading_117568" class="htmlContent"><div class="sleeve"> <div class="htmlContent sectionhead spin-section-heading" style="margin-bottom: 0;"> <h2 id="Signup_To_Newsletters"><a title="Sign up to our newsletters" href="/newsletters">Newsletters</a></h2> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumns"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div class="newsletterSignup-widget" data-ajax-load-content="" data-url="/newslettersingleclick?wid=2084" data-cache-bust="true"> </div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div class="newsletterSignup-widget" data-ajax-load-content="" data-url="/newslettersingleclick?wid=2097" data-cache-bust="true"> </div></div> <div class="column columnThree"> <div class="newsletterSignup-widget" data-ajax-load-content="" data-url="/newslettersingleclick?wid=2087" data-cache-bust="true"> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne">  <div class="leaderboard leaderboard-inline container ad-ldrbrd"> <div class="ad">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-2'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-2'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="research_116360" class="spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading"> <div class="sleeve"> <div class="scrollHead"> <div class="sectionhead"> <h2> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion">Opinion</a> </h2> </div> <ul class="scrollerControls"> <li class="previous disabled"> <span>Previous</span> </li> <li class="next"> <span>Next</span> </li> </ul> </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/editorials/58.subject" data-story="4019209">Editorials</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion#CW_columnists" data-story="4019509">Columnists</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/profiles/92.subject" data-story="4019510">Profiles</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/interview/578.subject" data-story="4019511">Interviews</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/letters/64.subject" data-story="4019210">Letters</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="twoColumnsSmallRight"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="opinion-1-2_116389" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle spin-1024-show-intro"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture/mary-virginia-orna-it-felt-like-i-was-coming-home-to-something-i-never-knew-existed/4020410.article" class="image"><img alt="Mary Virginia Orna" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg 100w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture/mary-virginia-orna-it-felt-like-i-was-coming-home-to-something-i-never-knew-existed/4020410.article">Mary Virginia Orna: ‘It felt like I was coming home to something I never knew existed’</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/julia-robinson/500505.bio">Julia Robinson</a></span></p><p class="intro">The 90-year-old colour chemist on overcoming discrimination and the three loves of her life; Latin, chemistry and Italian opera</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/how-long-are-medicines-good-for/4020553.article" class="image"><img alt="Drugs with expiry dates" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/5/4/537954_shutterstock_2141323401_625208_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/5/4/537954_shutterstock_2141323401_625208_crop.jpg 100w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/9/5/4/537954_shutterstock_2141323401_625208_crop.jpg 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/how-long-are-medicines-good-for/4020553.article">How long are medicines good for?</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/chemjobber/1217.bio">Chemjobber</a></span></p><p class="intro">Stability data is necessary but tedious work</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/thriving-as-a-deaf-chemistry-phd-student/4020487.article" class="image"><img alt="Asma Shiekh" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/3/6/537936_dscf2237_21150.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/3/6/537936_dscf2237_21150.jpg 100w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/9/3/6/537936_dscf2237_21150.jpg 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/thriving-as-a-deaf-chemistry-phd-student/4020487.article">Thriving as a Deaf chemistry PhD student</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/rebecca-trager/1905.bio">Rebecca Trager</a></span></p><p class="intro">Asma Sheikh talks about growing up, discovering her passion for chemistry and being a teaching assistant</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/letters-november-2024/4020375.article" class="image"><img alt="Fountain pen nib, writing" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 1179px) 100px, 220px" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/0/5/537905_shutterstock_286104224.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/0/5/537905_shutterstock_286104224.jpg 100w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/220x147/9/0/5/537905_shutterstock_286104224.jpg 220w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/letters-november-2024/4020375.article">Letters: November 2024</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/chemistry-world/1210.bio">Chemistry World</a></span></p><p class="intro">Readers celebrate longevity, ponder practical purposes, and more</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div id="opinion-1-2_115329" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle spin-1024-show-intro spin-show-separator-lines"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/do-chemists-die-young/4020094.article">Do chemists die young?</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/ian-shaw/500598.bio">Ian Shaw</a></span></p><p class="intro">Death notices for chemists suggest perhaps not, despite the hazards found in many labs</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/what-are-the-limits-of-life/4020540.article">What are the limits of life?</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/philip-ball/1873.bio">Philip Ball</a></span></p><p class="intro">In search of design principles that would apply to living systems evolved anywhere in the universe</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/my-assistance-dog-gave-me-the-confidence-to-start-a-phd/4020422.article">My assistance dog gave me the confidence to start a PhD</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/emma-mccrea/500618.bio">Emma McCrea</a></span></p><p class="intro">When anxiety threatens, Phoenix is on hand to help</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/langleys-bolometer-and-the-importance-of-stamp-collecting/4020369.article">Langley’s bolometer and the importance of ‘stamp collecting’</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/andrea-sella/1073.bio">Andrea Sella</a></span></p><p class="intro">Mapping a spectrum of developments</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="webinars_115322" class="gridLayout col4 colour1 hastitle spin-section-heading"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars">Webinars</a></h2></div><ul><li class="first"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/broadband-benchtop-nmr-spectroscopy-its-more-than-just-proton-and-carbon/4020280.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="A scientist selects NMR tubes from a rack in a lab" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/9/5/7/536957_gettyimages932736770copytest2_528305_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/9/5/7/536957_gettyimages932736770copytest2_528305_crop.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/5/7/536957_gettyimages932736770copytest2_528305_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/9/5/7/536957_gettyimages932736770copytest2_528305_crop.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/broadband-benchtop-nmr-spectroscopy-its-more-than-just-proton-and-carbon/4020280.article">Broadband benchtop NMR spectroscopy: it’s more than just proton and carbon</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/oxford-instruments/5577.bio">Oxford Instruments</a></span></p><p class="intro">Join us for a demonstration of how benchtop NMR can be used to study elements beyond hydrogen and carbon</p></div></li><li><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/purposeful-simulation-maximising-impact-in-surface-chemistry-modelling/4020262.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="Surface adsorption" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/8/0/7/536807_schrodingernovemberwebinarimage32_336640.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/8/0/7/536807_schrodingernovemberwebinarimage32_336640.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/8/0/7/536807_schrodingernovemberwebinarimage32_336640.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/8/0/7/536807_schrodingernovemberwebinarimage32_336640.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/purposeful-simulation-maximising-impact-in-surface-chemistry-modelling/4020262.article">Purposeful simulation: Maximising impact in surface chemistry modelling</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/schrödinger/5842.bio">Schrödinger</a></span></p><p class="intro">Learn how to select appropriate computational models to deliver impact in surface chemistry research</p></div></li><li><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/emerging-routes-to-new-therapeutics-highlights-from-winning-horizon-prize-teams/4020235.article" class="image layoutIcon videoLayout"><img alt="Close up of a young female scientist pouring a blue chemical from a vial into a round bottom flask" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/7/2/6/536726_female_scientist_pouring_vial_getty_images_169_88451_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/7/2/6/536726_female_scientist_pouring_vial_getty_images_169_88451_crop.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/2/6/536726_female_scientist_pouring_vial_getty_images_169_88451_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/7/2/6/536726_female_scientist_pouring_vial_getty_images_169_88451_crop.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/emerging-routes-to-new-therapeutics-highlights-from-winning-horizon-prize-teams/4020235.article">Emerging routes to new therapeutics: Highlights from winning Horizon Prize teams</a></h2><p class="intro">Discover how new therapeutics have the potential to address unmet medical needs</p></div></li><li class="last"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/chemistwin-cloud-based-analysis-of-nmr-and-ir-spectra/4020231.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="Close-up of a laboratory sample analysis machine with multiple vials in a circular arrangement, featuring color-coded caps in red, yellow, and blue. The equipment is used for automated testing or sample processing in scientific or medical research" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px), (max-width: 768px), (max-width: 1024px),100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/7/0/2/536702_shutterstock_2482384319_231179.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/181x121/7/0/2/536702_shutterstock_2482384319_231179.jpg 181w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/7/0/2/536702_shutterstock_2482384319_231179.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/258x171/7/0/2/536702_shutterstock_2482384319_231179.jpg 258w" width="181" height="121" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/chemistwin-cloud-based-analysis-of-nmr-and-ir-spectra/4020231.article">ChemisTwin: Cloud-based analysis of NMR and IR spectra</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/merck/500596.bio">Merck</a></span></p><p class="intro">Discover how analytical software can support your workflow</p></div></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne">  <div class="leaderboard leaderboard-inline container ad-ldrbrd"> <div class="ad">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-3'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-leadeboard-inline-3'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="culture_115370" class="spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading"> <div class="sleeve"> <div class="scrollHead"> <div class="sectionhead"> <h2> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture">Culture</a> </h2> </div> <ul class="scrollerControls"> <li class="previous disabled"> <span>Previous</span> </li> <li class="next"> <span>Next</span> </li> </ul> </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/diversity/83.subject" data-story="4019067">Diversity</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/philosophy-of-science/93.subject" data-story="4019066">Philosophy</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/history/86.subject" data-story="4019065">History</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/arts/72.subject" data-story="4019109">Arts</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/puzzles" data-story="4019041">Puzzles</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/reviews" data-story="4019042">Reviews</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumnsWideLeft"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="culture-1_115335" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture/mary-virginia-orna-it-felt-like-i-was-coming-home-to-something-i-never-knew-existed/4020410.article" class="image"><img alt="Mary Virginia Orna" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" sizes="(max-width: 480px) 33vw, (max-width: 768px) 50vw, (max-width: 1024px) 65vw, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 100vw" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg 460w,https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/620x413/9/3/4/537934_mary_3_2copy_561049_crop.jpg 620w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/1021.type" class="storyType">Opinion</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture/mary-virginia-orna-it-felt-like-i-was-coming-home-to-something-i-never-knew-existed/4020410.article">Mary Virginia Orna: ‘It felt like I was coming home to something I never knew existed’</a></h2><p class="intro">The 90-year-old colour chemist on overcoming discrimination and the three loves of her life; Latin, chemistry and Italian opera</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div id="culture-1_115336" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/the-narrative-cv-a-step-towards-more-inclusive-science/4020495.article" class="image"><img alt="Hands holding CVs" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/8/4/537984_gettyimages1909218991_792738.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/8/4/537984_gettyimages1909218991_792738.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/1025.type" class="storyType">Careers</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/the-narrative-cv-a-step-towards-more-inclusive-science/4020495.article">The narrative CV: a step towards more inclusive science?</a></h2><p class="intro">Exploring an alternative to a traditional list of achievements</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnThree"> <div id="culture-1_115338" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle spin-1024-show-intro spin-show-separator-lines"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/feature/1020.type" class="storyType">Feature</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-new-signs-bringing-greater-understanding-to-organic-chemistry/4020582.article">The new signs bringing greater understanding to organic chemistry</a></h2><p class="intro">Rebecca Trager speaks to a US team developing a sign language lexicon for chemistry concepts that combines form with meaning to make the field more accessible for everyone</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-penultimate"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/1021.type" class="storyType">Opinion</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/thriving-as-a-deaf-chemistry-phd-student/4020487.article">Thriving as a Deaf chemistry PhD student</a></h2><p class="intro">Asma Sheikh talks about growing up, discovering her passion for chemistry and being a teaching assistant</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="subSleeve"><span class="story-type"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/1025.type" class="storyType">Careers</a></span><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/financial-challenges-affect-the-health-of-uk-chemistry/4020551.article">Financial challenges affect the health of UK chemistry</a></h2><p class="intro">Maintaining a healthy chemistry pipeline requires affordable education and training routes</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="from-our-partners_116362" class="htmlContent spin-section-heading"><div class="sleeve"> <h2>Sponsored</h2> </div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumns"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="sponsored-1_115332" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/setting-new-standards-for-british-laboratories/4020185.article" class="image"><img alt="Rosa Espinoza speaking behind a lecturn at the Lab Innovations conference in 2023" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/1/8/536518_lab_innovations_speaker_190421.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/1/8/536518_lab_innovations_speaker_190421.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/setting-new-standards-for-british-laboratories/4020185.article">Setting new standards for British laboratories</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/lab-innovations/500030.bio">Lab Innovations</a></span></p><p class="intro">Lab Innovations brings together experts from all corners of the industry</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/astrazeneca-synthetic-chemistry-prize-winner-celebrates-culmination-of-a-high-quality-academia-industry-collaboration/4020168.article" class="image"><img alt="Ruth Webster standing next to railing in front of a university building" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/4/9/8/536498_ruth_webster_877639.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/4/9/8/536498_ruth_webster_877639.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/astrazeneca-synthetic-chemistry-prize-winner-celebrates-culmination-of-a-high-quality-academia-industry-collaboration/4020168.article">AstraZeneca synthetic chemistry prize winner celebrates ‘culmination of a high-quality academia-industry collaboration’</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/astrazeneca/5839.bio">AstraZeneca</a></span></p><p class="intro">Ruth Webster from University of Cambridge wins 2024 AstraZeneca prize in synthetic chemistry for her work on iron catalysis</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/lessons-from-a-nobel-laureate-teach-us-how-to-think-better/4020297.article" class="image"><img alt="Daniel Kahneman" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/4/8/536948_gettyimages613175978_57990.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/4/8/536948_gettyimages613175978_57990.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/lessons-from-a-nobel-laureate-teach-us-how-to-think-better/4020297.article">Lessons from a Nobel laureate teach us how to think better</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/jmp/5568.bio">JMP</a>, By <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/phil-kay/500462.bio">Phil Kay</a></span></p><p class="intro">In a world of AI, chemists need statistical thinking</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/broadband-benchtop-nmr-spectroscopy-its-more-than-just-proton-and-carbon/4020280.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="A scientist selects NMR tubes from a rack in a lab" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/5/7/536957_gettyimages932736770copytest2_528305_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/5/7/536957_gettyimages932736770copytest2_528305_crop.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/broadband-benchtop-nmr-spectroscopy-its-more-than-just-proton-and-carbon/4020280.article">Broadband benchtop NMR spectroscopy: it’s more than just proton and carbon</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/oxford-instruments/5577.bio">Oxford Instruments</a></span></p><p class="intro">Join us for a demonstration of how benchtop NMR can be used to study elements beyond hydrogen and carbon</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div id="sponsored-1_116363" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/purposeful-simulation-maximising-impact-in-surface-chemistry-modelling/4020262.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="Surface adsorption" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/8/0/7/536807_schrodingernovemberwebinarimage32_336640.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/8/0/7/536807_schrodingernovemberwebinarimage32_336640.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/purposeful-simulation-maximising-impact-in-surface-chemistry-modelling/4020262.article">Purposeful simulation: Maximising impact in surface chemistry modelling</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/schrödinger/5842.bio">Schrödinger</a></span></p><p class="intro">Learn how to select appropriate computational models to deliver impact in surface chemistry research</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/chemistwin-cloud-based-analysis-of-nmr-and-ir-spectra/4020231.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="Close-up of a laboratory sample analysis machine with multiple vials in a circular arrangement, featuring color-coded caps in red, yellow, and blue. The equipment is used for automated testing or sample processing in scientific or medical research" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/0/2/536702_shutterstock_2482384319_231179.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/7/0/2/536702_shutterstock_2482384319_231179.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/chemistwin-cloud-based-analysis-of-nmr-and-ir-spectra/4020231.article">ChemisTwin: Cloud-based analysis of NMR and IR spectra</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/merck/500596.bio">Merck</a></span></p><p class="intro">Discover how analytical software can support your workflow</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/copper-catalysed-carbon-heteroatom-bond-forming-processes/4020107.article" class="image layoutIcon heropictureLayout"><img alt="3D visualisation of nicotinic acid model on periodic table background." class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/0/9/536309_nicotinicacidshutterstock32_768803.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/3/0/9/536309_nicotinicacidshutterstock32_768803.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/webinars/copper-catalysed-carbon-heteroatom-bond-forming-processes/4020107.article">Copper-catalysed carbon-heteroatom bond-forming processes</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/merck/500596.bio">Merck</a></span></p><p class="intro">Explore cutting edge copper-catalysed carbon-heteroatom bond formations used in industrial applications</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-fourth item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/driving-innovation-in-the-uks-emerging-biotechnology-sector/4020059.article" class="image"><img alt="A photograph of a modern building exterior branded with RSSL" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/1/5/8/536158_rssl_innovation_hub_475799.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/1/5/8/536158_rssl_innovation_hub_475799.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/driving-innovation-in-the-uks-emerging-biotechnology-sector/4020059.article">Driving innovation in the UK’s emerging biotechnology sector</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/rssl/5562.bio">RSSL</a></span></p><p class="intro">Biotech startups and spinouts must overcome numerous challenges to get from lab to market. A new UK innovation hub aims to give this emerging sector the space, resources and expertise it needs.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnThree"> <div id="whitepapers_115333" class="spinBlock colour2 hastitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sectionhead"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/whitepaper/2061.type">Whitepapers</a></h2></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/infographic-become-a-lab-of-the-future/4020211.article" class="image"><img alt="Scientist in lab monitoring multiple instruments using Waters System Monitoring software on a desktop screen" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/9/2/536592_wg_lp_systemmonitoring_heroimage_1920x1080_final_275994.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/9/2/536592_wg_lp_systemmonitoring_heroimage_1920x1080_final_275994.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/infographic-become-a-lab-of-the-future/4020211.article">Infographic: become a lab of the future</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/waters-corporation/500045.bio">Waters Corporation</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/pfas-analysis-improving-efficiency-by-using-lc-ms-systems-with-system-monitoring-software/4020209.article" class="image"><img alt="Scientist monitoring Waters Xevo TQ Absolute mass spectrometer and Acquity UPLC system with real-time data on a computer screen" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/8/8/536588_xevotqabsolute_lab_021_sml_226873.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/8/8/536588_xevotqabsolute_lab_021_sml_226873.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/pfas-analysis-improving-efficiency-by-using-lc-ms-systems-with-system-monitoring-software/4020209.article">PFAS analysis: improving efficiency by using LC-MS systems with System Monitoring software</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/waters-corporation/500045.bio">Waters Corporation</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/revolutionising-pharmaceutical-quality-control-with-system-monitoring-a-case-study/4020120.article" class="image"><img alt="Laboratory with Waters Alliance iS HPLC systems and digital system monitoring display for real-time performance tracking" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/8/1/536581_watersallianceishplcsystemsandsystemmonitoring_271484.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/8/1/536581_watersallianceishplcsystemsandsystemmonitoring_271484.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/industry/revolutionising-pharmaceutical-quality-control-with-system-monitoring-a-case-study/4020120.article">Revolutionising pharmaceutical quality control with System Monitoring – a case study</a></h2><p class="meta"><span class="author">Sponsored by <a rel="author" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/waters-corporation/500045.bio">Waters Corporation</a></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="research_116361" class="spin2scroller colour1 spin-navbar-scroller spin-section-heading"> <div class="sleeve"> <div class="scrollHead"> <div class="sectionhead"> <h2> <a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers">Careers</a> </h2> </div> <ul class="scrollerControls"> <li class="previous disabled"> <span>Previous</span> </li> <li class="next"> <span>Next</span> </li> </ul> </div><div class="sliderContent"><div class="thumbs"><div class="swiper-container"><ul class="swiper-wrapper"><li class="swiper-slide first selected"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers-advice/558.subject" data-story="4019211">Careers advice</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/how-to/61.subject" data-story="4019212">How to...</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide "><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/working-life/96.subject" data-story="4019213">Working life</a></h2></div></div></div></li><li class="swiper-slide last"><div class="sleeve"><div class="sleeve-wrapper"><div class="sleeve-inner-text"><h2 class="heading"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/pay-and-benefits/50.subject" data-story="4019214">Pay and benefits</a></h2></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="threeColumns"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div id="careers-1_115324" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout full onecol left item-first item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/the-narrative-cv-a-step-towards-more-inclusive-science/4020495.article" class="image"><img alt="Hands holding CVs" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/8/4/537984_gettyimages1909218991_792738.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/460x307/9/8/4/537984_gettyimages1909218991_792738.jpg 460w" width="460" height="307" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/the-narrative-cv-a-step-towards-more-inclusive-science/4020495.article">The narrative CV: a step towards more inclusive science?</a></h2><p class="intro">Exploring an alternative to a traditional list of achievements</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnTwo"> <div id="careers-1_115323" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-first hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/financial-challenges-affect-the-health-of-uk-chemistry/4020551.article" class="image"><img alt="Stacks of pound coins" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/2/7/537927_gettyimages696593552_192997.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/9/2/7/537927_gettyimages696593552_192997.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/financial-challenges-affect-the-health-of-uk-chemistry/4020551.article">Financial challenges affect the health of UK chemistry</a></h2><p class="intro">Maintaining a healthy chemistry pipeline requires affordable education and training routes</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol right item-second item-penultimate hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/do-chemists-die-young/4020094.article" class="image"><img alt="Man with umbrella and hazard symbols coming down like rain" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/4/5/536545_lastretortpicsep12_24_381391.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/5/4/5/536545_lastretortpicsep12_24_381391.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/do-chemists-die-young/4020094.article">Do chemists die young?</a></h2><p class="intro">Death notices for chemists suggest perhaps not, despite the hazards found in many labs</p></div></div></div><div class="spinLayout thumb onecol left item-third item-last hasPicture"><div class="sleeve"><p class="picture"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/for-chemistry-to-thrive-it-needs-to-become-less-cliquey/4020182.article" class="image"><img alt="Plant coming through crack" class="lazyloaded" loading="lazy" src="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/2/4/9/537249_gettyimages521096340_213566_crop.jpg" srcset="https://d2cbg94ubxgsnp.cloudfront.net/Pictures/100x67/2/4/9/537249_gettyimages521096340_213566_crop.jpg 100w" width="100" height="67" /></a></p><div class="subSleeve"><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/for-chemistry-to-thrive-it-needs-to-become-less-cliquey/4020182.article">For chemistry to thrive, it needs to become less cliquey</a></h2><p class="intro">We need to help more people break through the barriers of tight networks</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="column columnThree"> <div id="careers-1_115325" class="spinBlock colour1 hasnotitle spin-1024-show-intro"><div class="sleeve"><div class="spinLayout list"><ul><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/when-goodwill-goes-bad/4020395.article">When goodwill goes bad</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/the-benefits-of-following-a-phd-with-an-mba/4020336.article">The benefits of following a PhD with an MBA</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/the-chemical-industry-is-falling-short-on-supporting-women/4020466.article">The chemical industry is falling short on supporting women</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/how-to-finish-a-phd/4020200.article">How to finish a PhD</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/culture/yvonne-perrie-good-research-culture-is-about-being-able-to-learn-and-fail-without-judgment/4019945.article">Yvonne Perrie: ‘Good research culture is about being able to learn and fail without judgment’</a></h2></li><li><h2><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/careers/how-taking-part-in-extracurricular-activities-during-your-phd-can-help-you-build-your-cv/4019954.article">How taking part in extracurricular activities during your PhD can help you build your CV</a></h2></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="columns" class="container"> <div id="colwrapper" class="inner-sleeve"> <div id="colmain"> <div id="content"> <div id="content_sleeve"> <div id="main" class="area"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="rightcolumn" class="fluidrightcolumn rightcolumn"> <div id="rightcolumn_sleeve"> <div id="mainright" class="area"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div id="foot" class="area"> <div class="grid"> <div class="oneColumn"> <div class="columnContainer"> <div class="column columnOne"> <div class="tab-widget-10 spin-popular-block" data-ajax-load-content="" data-cache-bust="true" data-url="/ajax/most?wid=2088"> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer_ad"> <div class="footer_ad_strip"> <div class="ad"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" class="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container footerTopNavPageText"> <div class="inner-sleeve"> <div class="nav topNav"><ul><li class="first"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/subscribe">Subscribe</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.rsc.org/advertise">Advertise</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/topics">Topics</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/issues">Issues</a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/contributors">Contributors</a></li><li class="last"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/rss">RSS</a></li></ul></div><div class="footerSocial">  <ul> <li class="footerSocialFacebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ChemistryWorld/" title="Follow on Facebook"></a> </li> <li class="footerSocialTwitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/ChemistryWorld#" title="Follow on Twitter"></a> </li> <li class="footerSocialLinkedin"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/1863015#" title="Connect on Linked in"></a> </li> <li class="footerSocialVimeo"> <a href="https://vimeo.com/chemistryworld" title="Watch on Vimeo"></a> </li> <li class="footerSocialYoutube"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ChemistryWorldUK" title="Watch on YouTube"></a> </li> <li class="footerSocialRSS"> <a href="/rss" title="Connect with us on RSS"></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container bottomNav"><div class="inner-sleeve"><ul><li class="first"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/help">Help</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/contact">Contact</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/cookies">Cookies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/terms-of-use">Terms of use</a></li><li><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li class="last"><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/permissions">Permissions</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="bottom"> <div class="container footerBottomNavPageText"> <div class="inner-sleeve">  <div class="footer-block"> <div class="sleeve"> <a href="https://www.rsc.org"> <svg version="1.1" id="rsc-group-logo-reversed" style="width: 160px;height: 70px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="17 14 134 42" xml:space="preserve"><title>Royal Society of Chemistry</title> <style type="text/css"> .rscrev0{fill:#FFFFFF;} .rscrev1{fill:#EEDC00;} .rscrev2{fill:#97D700;} .rscrev3{fill:#48A9C5;} .rscrev4{opacity:0.5;fill:#48A9C5;} .rscrev5{opacity:0.5;fill:#EEDC00;} </style> <g> <g> <path class="rscrev0" d="M52.88,27.13h3.52c1,0,1.81,0.31,2.32,0.82c0.4,0.4,0.63,0.97,0.63,1.62v0.02c0,1.36-0.93,2.16-2.22,2.39 l2.51,3.36h-1.13l-2.37-3.19h-0.02h-2.31v3.19h-0.92V27.13z M56.32,31.32c1.23,0,2.1-0.63,2.1-1.69v-0.02 c0-1.01-0.77-1.62-2.09-1.62h-2.52v3.33H56.32z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M60.73,31.26v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02 c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C62.4,35.49,60.73,33.53,60.73,31.26z M68.12,31.26v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39 c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C66.79,34.63,68.12,33.13,68.12,31.26z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M72.65,32.1l-3.4-4.96h1.12l2.76,4.11l2.78-4.11h1.07l-3.4,4.95v3.26h-0.93V32.1z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M79.96,27.07h0.86l3.73,8.27h-0.99l-0.96-2.17h-4.45l-0.97,2.17h-0.95L79.96,27.07z M82.24,32.34l-1.86-4.19 l-1.87,4.19H82.24z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M85.93,27.13h0.92v7.36h4.6v0.86h-5.53V27.13z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M95.66,34.15l0.57-0.68c0.85,0.77,1.67,1.16,2.8,1.16c1.1,0,1.82-0.59,1.82-1.4v-0.02 c0-0.76-0.41-1.2-2.13-1.56c-1.88-0.41-2.75-1.02-2.75-2.37v-0.02c0-1.29,1.13-2.24,2.69-2.24c1.19,0,2.04,0.34,2.87,1.01 l-0.54,0.72c-0.76-0.62-1.52-0.89-2.36-0.89c-1.06,0-1.74,0.59-1.74,1.33v0.02c0,0.77,0.42,1.21,2.22,1.6 c1.82,0.4,2.66,1.07,2.66,2.32v0.02c0,1.41-1.17,2.32-2.79,2.32C97.7,35.46,96.64,35.03,95.66,34.15z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M103.08,31.26v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02 c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C104.75,35.49,103.08,33.53,103.08,31.26z M110.46,31.26v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39 c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C109.13,34.63,110.46,33.13,110.46,31.26z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M112.77,31.26v-0.02c0-2.32,1.73-4.25,4.14-4.25c1.48,0,2.37,0.53,3.19,1.3l-0.63,0.68 c-0.69-0.66-1.46-1.13-2.57-1.13c-1.81,0-3.17,1.48-3.17,3.37v0.02c0,1.9,1.37,3.39,3.17,3.39c1.12,0,1.86-0.43,2.64-1.19 l0.61,0.6c-0.85,0.87-1.79,1.44-3.27,1.44C114.51,35.49,112.77,33.62,112.77,31.26z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M121.62,27.13h0.92v8.22h-0.92V27.13z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M124.68,27.13h5.91v0.85h-4.99v2.81h4.46v0.85h-4.46v2.88h5.05v0.85h-5.97V27.13z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M134.43,27.99h-2.75v-0.86h6.43v0.86h-2.75v7.36h-0.93V27.99z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M142.16,32.1l-3.4-4.96h1.12l2.76,4.11l2.78-4.11h1.07l-3.4,4.95v3.26h-0.93V32.1z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M52.52,43v-0.02c0-2.27,1.69-4.25,4.18-4.25c2.49,0,4.16,1.96,4.16,4.23c0.01,0.01,0.01,0.01,0,0.02 c0,2.27-1.69,4.25-4.18,4.25C54.19,47.22,52.52,45.26,52.52,43z M59.9,43v-0.02c0-1.87-1.36-3.39-3.22-3.39 c-1.87,0-3.2,1.5-3.2,3.37v0.02c0,1.87,1.36,3.39,3.22,3.39C58.57,46.37,59.9,44.86,59.9,43z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M63.05,38.87h5.88v0.86h-4.95v2.93h4.43v0.85h-4.43v3.58h-0.92V38.87z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M77.87,47.22c-2.41,0-4.19-1.87-4.19-4.23v-0.02c0-2.34,1.75-4.25,4.26-4.25c1.54,0,2.47,0.52,3.22,1.27 l-1.14,1.33c-0.63-0.58-1.27-0.93-2.09-0.93c-1.38,0-2.37,1.15-2.37,2.56v0.02c0,1.41,0.97,2.58,2.37,2.58 c0.93,0,1.51-0.38,2.15-0.96l1.15,1.16C80.38,46.66,79.45,47.22,77.87,47.22z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M88.13,47.08v-3.3h-3.32v3.3h-1.8v-8.22h1.8v3.25h3.32v-3.25h1.8v8.22H88.13z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M92.24,47.08v-8.22h6.17v1.61h-4.38v1.67h3.86v1.61h-3.86v1.73h4.44v1.61H92.24z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M106.81,47.08v-5.36l-2.3,3.51h-0.05l-2.28-3.47v5.33h-1.76v-8.22h1.94l2.15,3.47l2.15-3.47h1.94v8.22H106.81 z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M110.99,47.08v-8.22h1.8v8.22H110.99z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M118.09,47.2c-1.24,0-2.49-0.43-3.47-1.31l1.06-1.28c0.74,0.61,1.51,1,2.44,1c0.74,0,1.18-0.29,1.18-0.77 v-0.02c0-0.46-0.28-0.69-1.65-1.04c-1.65-0.42-2.71-0.88-2.71-2.51v-0.02c0-1.49,1.19-2.48,2.86-2.48c1.19,0,2.21,0.38,3.04,1.04 l-0.93,1.36c-0.72-0.5-1.44-0.81-2.13-0.81c-0.69,0-1.05,0.32-1.05,0.72v0.02c0,0.54,0.35,0.72,1.76,1.08 c1.66,0.43,2.59,1.03,2.59,2.46v0.02C121.09,46.28,119.85,47.2,118.09,47.2z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M126.54,40.53v6.55h-1.8v-6.55h-2.49v-1.67h6.78v1.67H126.54z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M135.72,47.08l-1.75-2.63h-1.41v2.63h-1.8v-8.22h3.74c1.93,0,3.08,1.02,3.08,2.71v0.02 c0,1.33-0.71,2.16-1.75,2.55l2,2.93H135.72z M135.75,41.67c0-0.77-0.54-1.17-1.41-1.17h-1.79v2.36h1.82 c0.88,0,1.38-0.47,1.38-1.16V41.67z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M143.36,43.81v3.27h-1.8v-3.24l-3.14-4.98h2.1l1.95,3.3l1.99-3.3h2.04L143.36,43.81z"/> </g> <g> <path class="rscrev0" d="M48.41,25.16c-0.76-0.76-1.59-1.46-2.49-2.06c-0.89-0.61-1.85-1.13-2.86-1.56c-1.01-0.43-2.06-0.76-3.16-0.98 s-2.23-0.34-3.39-0.34v6.64c0.7,0,1.39,0.07,2.06,0.21c0.66,0.14,1.31,0.34,1.92,0.6c0.61,0.26,1.19,0.58,1.73,0.95 c0.54,0.37,1.05,0.79,1.51,1.25L48.41,25.16z"/> <path class="rscrev0" d="M43.73,44.36c-0.46,0.46-0.97,0.88-1.51,1.25c-0.54,0.37-1.12,0.69-1.73,0.95c-0.61,0.26-1.25,0.46-1.92,0.6 c-0.66,0.14-1.35,0.21-2.06,0.21c-0.7,0-1.39-0.07-2.06-0.21c-0.66-0.14-1.31-0.34-1.92-0.6c-0.61-0.26-1.19-0.58-1.73-0.95 c-0.54-0.37-1.05-0.79-1.51-1.25l-4.67,4.7c0.76,0.76,1.59,1.46,2.49,2.06c0.89,0.61,1.85,1.13,2.86,1.56 c1.01,0.43,2.06,0.76,3.16,0.98S35.36,54,36.52,54c1.16,0,2.29-0.12,3.39-0.34s2.15-0.56,3.16-0.98c1.01-0.43,1.96-0.95,2.86-1.56 c0.89-0.61,1.73-1.3,2.49-2.06L43.73,44.36z"/> </g> <path class="rscrev1" d="M29.3,44.36c-0.46-0.46-0.88-0.97-1.25-1.52s-0.68-1.13-0.94-1.74s-0.46-1.26-0.59-1.92 c-0.14-0.67-0.21-1.36-0.21-2.07H19.7c0,1.17,0.12,2.3,0.34,3.4s0.55,2.16,0.98,3.17c0.43,1.01,0.95,1.97,1.55,2.87 c0.6,0.9,1.29,1.74,2.05,2.5L29.3,44.36z"/> <path class="rscrev2" d="M26.31,37.11c0-0.71,0.07-1.4,0.21-2.07c0.14-0.67,0.34-1.31,0.59-1.92s0.57-1.2,0.94-1.74 s0.78-1.05,1.25-1.52l-4.67-4.7c-0.76,0.76-1.45,1.6-2.05,2.5c-0.6,0.9-1.12,1.86-1.55,2.87s-0.76,2.07-0.98,3.17 s-0.34,2.24-0.34,3.4H26.31z"/> <path class="rscrev3" d="M29.3,29.86c0.46-0.46,0.97-0.88,1.51-1.25c0.54-0.37,1.12-0.69,1.73-0.95c0.61-0.26,1.25-0.46,1.92-0.6 c0.66-0.14,1.35-0.21,2.06-0.21v-6.64c-1.16,0-2.29,0.12-3.39,0.34s-2.15,0.56-3.16,0.98c-1.01,0.43-1.96,0.95-2.86,1.56 s-1.73,1.3-2.49,2.06L29.3,29.86z"/> <path class="rscrev4" d="M40.15,18.35C38.97,18.12,37.76,18,36.52,18c-1.31,0-2.59,0.13-3.83,0.39c-1.24,0.25-2.43,0.63-3.57,1.11 c-1.14,0.48-2.22,1.07-3.23,1.76c-1.01,0.69-1.95,1.47-2.81,2.33s-1.64,1.81-2.32,2.83l9.14,6.19c0.29-0.43,0.62-0.83,0.98-1.19 c0.36-0.36,0.76-0.69,1.18-0.98c0.43-0.29,0.88-0.54,1.36-0.74c0.48-0.2,0.98-0.36,1.5-0.47c0.52-0.11,1.06-0.16,1.61-0.16 c0.52,0,1.03,0.05,1.53,0.15L40.15,18.35z"/> <path class="rscrev5" d="M30.86,42.79c-0.36-0.36-0.69-0.76-0.98-1.19c-0.29-0.43-0.54-0.88-0.74-1.37s-0.36-0.99-0.47-1.51 c-0.11-0.52-0.16-1.07-0.16-1.62c0-0.52,0.05-1.04,0.15-1.53l-10.82-2.11c-0.23,1.18-0.35,2.4-0.35,3.65 c0,1.32,0.13,2.61,0.39,3.85s0.63,2.44,1.11,3.59c0.48,1.14,1.07,2.23,1.75,3.25c0.68,1.02,1.46,1.96,2.32,2.83 c0.86,0.86,1.8,1.65,2.81,2.33l6.16-9.18C31.62,43.48,31.22,43.15,30.86,42.79z"/> </g> </svg> </a> <div class="footer-block-content"> <nav> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/about-us/">Our mission</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/news-events/">News and events</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/campaigning-outreach/">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/awards-funding/">Awards and funding</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/campaigning-outreach/global-challenges/">Global challenges</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.rsc.org/support-us/">Support our work</a></li> </ul> </nav> <p><span class="footer-copyright">© Royal Society of Chemistry <script type="text/javascript"> document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); </script></span><span class="footer-charity-number">Registered charity number: 207890</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="sleeve" id="ot-cookie-footer"> <ul id="ot-cookie-msg"> <li data-locale="global">This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. See how this site uses <a href="/cookies">cookies</a>.</li> <li data-locale="ca">This website collects cookies to deliver a better user experience. <a href="/cookies">Do not sell my personal data</a>.</li> <li data-locale="br">Este site coleta cookies para oferecer uma melhor experiência ao usuário. Veja como este site usa <a href="/cookies">cookies</a>.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <p class="webvision">Site powered by <a href="https://www.abacusemedia.com/webvisioncloud">Webvision Cloud</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="/Magazine/core.js?p=7530394371653845" defer></script>   <script src="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/js/global_2024.js?v=202409231836" defer></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/manuelmhtr/countries-and-timezones@latest/dist/index.min.js" defer></script> <script src="https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/js/eme_2024.js?v=20240815855" defer></script> <style> /* OneTrust Banner/PC TCF customisation */ #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk { font-family: Avenir,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy-title, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-dpd-title { font-size:1rem; line-height: 1.2rem; font-weight: 700; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-dpd-title, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-b-addl-desc h3{ font-size:0.7rem; line-height: 1rem; font-weight: 600; padding-bottom:0; padding-top:0.5rem } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk :not(.ot-dpd-desc)>.ot-b-addl-desc { font-size:0.9rem; margin-bottom:0 } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-tcf2-vendor-count.ot-text-bold{ font-weight:normal } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-iab-2 #onetrust-policy-text, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .ot-dpd-desc { font-size: 0.7rem; line-height:1rem } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .category-menu-switch-handler h3 { font-size:0.9rem; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-always-active { color: #1f92d1; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-active-menu { border-color: #1f92d1 } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-tgl input:checked+.ot-switch .ot-switch-nob:before { background-color: #1f92d1 } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk button:not(.ot-link-btn), #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk button { text-transform: uppercase; font-weight: normal } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-banner-sdk .onetrust-vendors-list-handler { color:#696969 } #onetrust-banner-sdk button:before, #onetrust-pc-sdk button:before { content:none } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-accept-btn-handler, #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-reject-all-handler, #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-pc-btn-handler, #onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-close-btn-link #onetrust-close-btn-container button { font-size:0.8rem } #onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-close-btn-link #onetrust-close-btn-container { position:relative; top:unset; right:unset; bottom:12px; width:100%; text-align:center; display:inline-block; } #onetrust-banner-sdk.ot-close-btn-link #onetrust-close-btn-container button { color:#000; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-accept-btn-handler, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-reject-all-handler, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk button:not(#clear-filters-handler):not(.ot-close-icon):not(#filter-btn-handler):not(.ot-remove-objection-handler):not(.ot-obj-leg-btn-handler):not([aria-expanded]):not(.ot-link-btn), #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-leg-btn-container .ot-active-leg-btn{ background-color: #1f92d1; border-color: unset; } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy{ height:250px; overflow-y:scroll } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy::-webkit-scrollbar{ width:11px } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{ border-radius:10px; background:#c1c1c1 } #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-policy{ scrollbar-arrow-color:#c1c1c1; scrollbar-darkshadow-color:#c1c1c1; scrollbar-face-color:#c1c1c1; scrollbar-shadow-color:#c1c1c1 } #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-accordion-layout .ot-acc-grpdesc, #onetrust-pc-sdk ul.ot-subgrps li p, #onetrust-pc-sdk ul.ot-subgrps li h5 { font-size:0.8rem; line-height: 1.2rem } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-pgph-link { font-size: 0.7rem !important; color: #1f92d1; } #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-cat-grp .ot-always-active { font-size: 0.7rem; margin-bottom:0.5rem; color: #1f92d1; text-transform:uppercase } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .privacy-notice-link, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .category-vendors-list-handler { color: #1f92d1; text-decoration:none } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-ven-link, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-ven-legclaim-link { color: #1f92d1; } #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-ven-hdr .ot-ext-lnk { display:none; } #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-chkbox input:checked~label::before { background-color: #1f92d1; } #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-chkbox label::before { border-color: #1f92d1 } #onetrust-pc-sdk #filter-btn-handler { background-color: #1f92d1 } /*OneTrust policy page */ #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy #cookie-policy-title, #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy li { color: #212121 } #ot-sdk-cookie-policy .ot-sdk-container { width: 100% !important; max-width: 100%; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 !important; box-sizing: border-box; } #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy .ot-sdk-cookie-policy-group-desc, #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy #cookie-policy-description { font-size:1rem; line-height:1.602rem; margin-bottom:24px; color:#444; } #ot-sdk-cookie-policy h3 { font-size: 1.424rem; line-height: 1.802rem; font-family: Avenir,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight: 400; display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #313131; } #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy .ot-sdk-cookie-policy-title { margin-bottom: 16px; color: #212121; } #ot-sdk-cookie-policy h4 { display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #313131; font-family: Avenir,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight: 400; } #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy .ot-sdk-cookie-policy-group { font-size: 1.266rem; line-height: 1.602rem; color: #212121; } #ot-sdk-cookie-policy thead, #ot-sdk-cookie-policy tr, #ot-sdk-cookie-policy td { font-family: Avenir, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; } #ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings { background-color: #147098; border-color: #147098; color: #FFFFFF; font-weight:normal; } #ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings:before { content: none !important; } #ot-sdk-btn.ot-sdk-show-settings:hover { background-color: #147098; opacity:0.7; } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) { #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy .ot-sdk-cookie-policy-group-desc, #ot-sdk-cookie-policy-v2.ot-sdk-cookie-policy #cookie-policy-description { font-size:1.266rem; line-height:2.027rem; margin-bottom:28px; color:#444; } } @media screen and (min-width:1024px) { #ot-sdk-cookie-policy h3 { font-size: 1.802rem; line-height: 2.281rem; } } /* Cookie footer*/ #ot-cookie-footer { display:none; } #ot-cookie-msg { columns:1; -webkit-columns: 1; justify-content: center; } #ot-cookie-msg>li { display:none; } #ot-cookie-msg>li a { color:#1f92d1; } </style>  <script> (function(){ var file = 'https://assets.chemistryworld.com/common/js/spin_2024.js'; var tag = document.createElement('script'); var cache = "?v=" + spinJsVersion; tag.defer = true; tag.async = false; tag.src = file + cache; document.body.appendChild(tag); }()); </script> </body> </html>