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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>역사</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-역사-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>역사 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-고대,_중세" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#고대,_중세"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>고대, 중세</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-고대,_중세-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-네덜란드_독립_전쟁_시기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#네덜란드_독립_전쟁_시기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>네덜란드 독립 전쟁 시기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-네덜란드_독립_전쟁_시기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-뮌스터_대주교_연합_군대의_침략" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#뮌스터_대주교_연합_군대의_침략"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>뮌스터 대주교 연합 군대의 침략</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-뮌스터_대주교_연합_군대의_침략-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-나폴레옹_치하" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#나폴레옹_치하"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>나폴레옹 치하</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-나폴레옹_치하-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-나치의_침략과_해방" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#나치의_침략과_해방"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>나치의 침략과 해방</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-나치의_침략과_해방-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-스포츠" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#스포츠"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>스포츠</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-스포츠-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-인구" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#인구"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>인구</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-인구-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기후" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기후"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>기후</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-기후-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">흐로닝언</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 99개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 아라곤어" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="아라곤어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%86" title="خرننغن – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرننغن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="خرونينجين – 이집트 아랍어" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خرونينجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="이집트 아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qroningen" title="Qroningen – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qroningen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Гронінген (горад) – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гронінген (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Гронінген (горад) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гронінген (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="খ্রোনিঙেন – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রোনিঙেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(k%C3%AAr)" title="Groningen (kêr) – 브르타뉴어" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Groningen (kêr)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="브르타뉴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Olandres)" title="Groningen (kapital sa lalawigan sa Olandres) – 세부아노어" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Groningen (kapital sa lalawigan sa Olandres)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="세부아노어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 추바시어" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="추바시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(dinas)" title="Groningen (dinas) – 웨일스어" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Groningen (dinas)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="웨일스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD_(%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7)" title="Χρόνινγκεν (πόλη) – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρόνινγκεν (πόλη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningo_(urbo)" title="Groningo (urbo) – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Groningo (urbo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(hiria)" title="Groningen (hiria) – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Groningen (hiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86" title="خرونینگن – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرونینگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 피지어" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="피지어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningue_(ville)" title="Groningue (ville) – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groningue (ville)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 북부 프리지아어" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="북부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grins_(st%C3%AAd)" title="Grins (stêd) – 서부 프리지아어" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grins (stêd)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="서부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 스코틀랜드 게일어" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드 게일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(caayr)" title="Groningen (caayr) – 맹크스어" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Groningen (caayr)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="맹크스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9F_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="חרונינגן (עיר) – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חרונינגן (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Hollandia)" title="Groningen (Hollandia) – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Groningen (Hollandia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Գրոնինգեն – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրոնինգեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(citate)" title="Groningen (citate) – 인터링구아" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Groningen (citate)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="인터링구아" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen,_Groningen" title="Groningen, Groningen – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Groningen, Groningen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 인테르링구에" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="인테르링구에" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 이도어" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="이도어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 아이슬란드어" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="아이슬란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" title="フローニンゲン – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フローニンゲン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გრონინგენი – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრონინგენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(bajar)" title="Groningen (bajar) – 쿠르드어" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Groningen (bajar)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga_(urbs)" title="Groninga (urbs) – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Groninga (urbs)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 룩셈부르크어" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="룩셈부르크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninge_(stad)" title="Groninge (stad) – 림버거어" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Groninge (stad)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="림버거어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningenas" title="Groningenas – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Groningenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningena" title="Groningena – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Groningena" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Groningen)" title="Groningen (Groningen) – 미낭카바우어" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Groningen (Groningen)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="미낭카바우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 몽골어" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="몽골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0)" title="ग्रोनिंगन (शहर) – 마라티어" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रोनिंगन (शहर)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="마라티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Groningen)" title="Groningen (Groningen) – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Groningen (Groningen)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunneng" title="Grunneng – 저지 독일어" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Grunneng" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="저지 독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunnen_(stad)" title="Grunnen (stad) – 저지 색슨어" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Grunnen (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="저지 색슨어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(stad)" title="Groningen (stad) – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groningen (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(by)" title="Groningen (by) – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Groningen (by)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga_(vila)" title="Groninga (vila) – 오크어" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Groninga (vila)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="오크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Гронинген (сахар) – 오세트어" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гронинген (сахар)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="오세트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 파피아먼토어" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="파피아먼토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="گروننگن شہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گروننگن شہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%86" title="خرونینګن – 파슈토어" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خرونینګن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="파슈토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 케추아어" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="케추아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B2ninga" title="Gròninga – 시칠리아어" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gròninga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="시칠리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 스코틀랜드어" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(city)" title="Groningen (city) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Groningen (city)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(mesto_v_Holandsku)" title="Groningen (mesto v Holandsku) – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Groningen (mesto v Holandsku)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронинген – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Meente)" title="Groningen (Meente) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Groningen (Meente)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 스와힐리어" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="스와힐리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Вилояти Гронинген – 타지크어" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вилояти Гронинген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="타지크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="โกรนิงเงิน – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โกรนิงเงิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Грониңен – 타타르어" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Грониңен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="타타르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гронінген – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гронінген" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="خرونیگین – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خرونیگین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(Niderlandiya)" title="Groningen (Niderlandiya) – 우즈베크어" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Groningen (Niderlandiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="우즈베크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groninga" title="Groninga – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Groninga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91)" title="Groningen (thành phố) – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Groningen (thành phố)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(stad)" title="Groningen (stad) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Groningen (stad)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(zif)" title="Groningen (zif) – 볼라퓌크어" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Groningen (zif)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="볼라퓌크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen – 와라이어" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Groningen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="와라이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="格罗宁根 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格罗宁根" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%B9" title="格罗宁根 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格罗宁根" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_(si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF)" title="Groningen (siâⁿ) – 민난어" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Groningen (siâⁿ)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="민난어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%A7%E6%A0%B9" title="格羅寧根 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格羅寧根" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="광둥어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q749#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8" title="본문 보기 [c]" 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href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%98%EC%96%B4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="위키백과:동음이의어 문서"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/23px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/35px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/46px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> 다른 뜻에 대해서는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8_(%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%98)" class="mw-disambig" title="흐로닝언 (동음이의)">흐로닝언 (동음이의)</a> 문서를 참고하십시오.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311307">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above mergedrow" style="text-align:center; background:white; width:100%; vertical-align:middle; border-top: 0.3em solid #CDDEFF; border-bottom: 0.3em solid #CDDEFF;"><big>흐로닝언</big><br />Groningen<br />Grunn(en)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="display: table; width: 100%; background: none; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg/110px-Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg/165px-Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg/220px-Flag_of_Groningen_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Groningen_stad_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Groningen_stad_wapen.svg/110px-Groningen_stad_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Groningen_stad_wapen.svg/165px-Groningen_stad_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Groningen_stad_wapen.svg/220px-Groningen_stad_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="273" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; text-align:center;"><span class="nowrap">시기</span> </td> <td style="border:0; text-align:center;"><span class="nowrap">휘장</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311308">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:250px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Netherlands_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="흐로닝언은(는) 네덜란드 안에 위치해 있다"><img alt="흐로닝언은(는) 네덜란드 안에 위치해 있다" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Netherlands_location_map.svg/250px-Netherlands_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Netherlands_location_map.svg/375px-Netherlands_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, 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6.566667</span></span></span></a></span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header mergedrow" style="text-align: center; background: #CDDEFF;">행정</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">국가</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="네덜란드의 기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="네덜란드">네덜란드</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">행정 구역</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8_%EC%A3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="흐로닝언 주">흐로닝언 주</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header mergedrow" style="text-align: center; background: #CDDEFF;">지리</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">면적</th><td class="infobox-data">197.96 km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">해발</th><td class="infobox-data">7 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">시간대</th><td class="infobox-data">CET (UTC+1)<br /> · 일광 절약 시간제: CEST (UTC+2)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header mergedrow" style="text-align: center; background: #CDDEFF;">인문</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">인구</th><td class="infobox-data">233,218명(2020년)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">인구 밀도</th><td class="infobox-data">1,246명/km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">광역 인구</th><td class="infobox-data">360,748명</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header mergedrow" style="text-align: center; background: #CDDEFF;">지역 부호</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">웹사이트</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><span style="font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 네덜란드어, 영어">(네덜란드어/영어)</span></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groningen.nl/">공식 웹사이트</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:LocatieGroningen_(city).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/LocatieGroningen_%28city%29.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>흐로닝언 시의 위치</figcaption></figure> <p><b>흐로닝언</b>(<span lang="nl">Groningen</span>, 영어식: 그로닝겐)은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="네덜란드">네덜란드</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8_%EC%A3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="흐로닝언 주">흐로닝언 주</a>의 주도이다. 네덜란드 북부 상공업의 중심 도시로서, 인구는 약 185,000 명이다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="역사"><span id=".EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="고대,_중세"><span id=".EA.B3.A0.EB.8C.80.2C_.EC.A4.91.EC.84.B8"></span>고대, 중세</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 고대, 중세"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg/240px-RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg/360px-RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg/480px-RijksUniversiteit_Groningen_-_University_of_Groningen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>흐로닝언 대학</figcaption></figure> <p>흐로닝언에 나타난 최초의 인류 흔적은 기원전 3000년까지 거슬러 올라간다. 고대 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="로마 제국">로마 제국</a> <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%B2%A8%EA%B8%B0%EC%B9%B4" title="갈리아 벨기카">갈리아 벨기카</a> 주둔군의 숙영지가 이 지역에 설치되었던 것이 역사에 처음 기록된 부분이다. 기원 후 1000년 무렵 흐로닝언은 'wooden church'가 있는 곳으로 알려졌다. <a href="/wiki/1024%EB%85%84" title="1024년">1024년</a> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%ED%9D%90%ED%8A%B8" title="위트레흐트">위트레흐트</a> 주교령이 되었고, 흐로닝은 "Villa Cruoninga" 혹은 "Green River"라고 불렸다. 이 시기, 도시는 급속히 발전하였고 사람들은 당시 전 유럽에서 그랬듯, 주교에게서 완전한 도시의 독립을 얻길 바랐다. 1284년 흐로닝언은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%9E%90_%EB%8F%99%EB%A7%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="한자 동맹">한자 동맹</a>에 가입하였다 그리고 1405년 흐로닝은 마침내 자치 정부를 꾸리게 됐다. 같은 시기 돌로 지은 집들이 지어지고, 도시는 Hunze강을 통한 해상 무역 덕에 더 빨리 성장해갔다. 국제 무역이 더 긴급해지면서 도시는 국제적인 무역에 영향을 미치던 "Hanze"그룹에 가입하게 됐다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="네덜란드_독립_전쟁_시기"><span id=".EB.84.A4.EB.8D.9C.EB.9E.80.EB.93.9C_.EB.8F.85.EB.A6.BD_.EC.A0.84.EC.9F.81_.EC.8B.9C.EA.B8.B0"></span>네덜란드 독립 전쟁 시기</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 네덜란드 독립 전쟁 시기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>16세기에 들어 흐로닝언은 도시의 독립성을 지키려 더 노력하였다. 그러나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_5%EC%84%B8" title="카를 5세">카를 5세</a>는 흐로닝언은 다른 네덜란드 영토와 함께 묶이는 것이 좋다고 생각했고 1536년 마침내 흐로닝언을 정복하였다. 16세기까지 도시의 주류는 가톨릭이었다. 카를 5세의 뒤를 이른 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%A0%EB%A6%AC%ED%8E%98_2%EC%84%B8" title="펠리페 2세">펠리페 2세</a>에게 도시 사람들은 충성을 다했다. 그러나 '성상 파괴 운동(Beeldenstorm)'이 그 종지부를 찍게 하였다. 남부 주(州)의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%9C_%EA%B3%B5" title="오라녜 공">오라녜 공</a>에게서 파견된 괴한들이 흐로닝언에 들어와 교회에 있는 가톨릭의 상징들과 수도원을 부수고 흐로닝언과 위트레흐트 대주교의 권력을 상징하는 St. Walburgkerk 대성당을 파괴했다. 이때부터 wooden church는 Martinikerk라는 이름으로 불리는 흐로닝언의 가장 중심적인 교회가 됐다. Martinikerk 교회는 높이 100m에 이르는 Martinitower로도 유명하다. 이때부터 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%9D%BC%EB%85%9C_%EA%B3%B5_%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="오라녜 공 마우리츠">오라녜 공 마우리츠</a>와 스페인 왕 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%A0%EB%A6%AC%ED%8E%98_2%EC%84%B8" title="펠리페 2세">펠리페 2세</a> 사이에 전쟁이 지속됐다. 1594년 스페인군은 흐로닝언에서 철수했다. 이 시기 도시는 번창하는 중이었다. 흐로닝언은 거의 2배에 가까운 크기로 도시가 커졌다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="뮌스터_대주교_연합_군대의_침략"><span id=".EB.AE.8C.EC.8A.A4.ED.84.B0_.EB.8C.80.EC.A3.BC.EA.B5.90_.EC.97.B0.ED.95.A9_.EA.B5.B0.EB.8C.80.EC.9D.98_.EC.B9.A8.EB.9E.B5"></span>뮌스터 대주교 연합 군대의 침략</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 뮌스터 대주교 연합 군대의 침략"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1614%EB%85%84" title="1614년">1614년</a>에는 네덜란드 역사상 매우 유명한 우보 에미우스(Ubbo Emmius)에 의해 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="흐로닝언 대학 (없는 문서)">흐로닝언 대학</a>이 설립되었다. 그리고 흐로닝언은 아메리카 대륙과의 무역에도 활발히 참여하였다. 지금도 이 시기 건립된 많은 궁궐 건물들이 도시에 남아 있다. 이 시기 흐로닝언의 은 세공 역시 매우 유명해졌다. 그러나 1672년 네덜란드는 뮌스터(Munster)의 대주교 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%94%84_%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%8F%B0_%EA%B0%88%EB%A0%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="크리스토프 베르나르트 폰 갈렌 (없는 문서)">크리스토프 베르나르트 폰 갈렌</a>의 영도 아래에 있는 영국, 프랑스, 독일 연합군에게 공격을 당하게 됐다. 그의 연합 군대는 도시를 에워싸고 많은 양의 대포를 도시에 쏘았지만 흐로닝언을 함락시킬 수는 없었다. 흐로닝언이 이 공격에서 벗어났고 마침내 큰 승리를 거두게 됐다. 오늘날도 8월 24일에 이 승리를 기념하는 행사를 연다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="나폴레옹_치하"><span id=".EB.82.98.ED.8F.B4.EB.A0.88.EC.98.B9_.EC.B9.98.ED.95.98"></span>나폴레옹 치하</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 나폴레옹 치하"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1795년에 흐로닝언은 프랑스의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%98%ED%8F%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%B9_1%EC%84%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="나폴레옹 1세">나폴레옹 1세</a>와 그의 형제이자 당시 네덜란드의 왕에 올랐던 로데베이크 나폴레옹(Lodewijk Napoleon)의 통치하에 들어갔다. 이 시기 매우 잘 조직된 행정력이 흐로닝언과 중앙 정부 사이에 안착됐다. 나폴레옹의 몰락 후, 네덜란드는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%EB%9F%BC_1%EC%84%B8" title="빌럼 1세">빌럼 1세</a> 계승자들이 통치하는 왕국이 됐다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="나치의_침략과_해방"><span id=".EB.82.98.EC.B9.98.EC.9D.98_.EC.B9.A8.EB.9E.B5.EA.B3.BC_.ED.95.B4.EB.B0.A9"></span>나치의 침략과 해방</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 나치의 침략과 해방"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>19세기 흐로닝언은 많은 변화를 맞게 된다. 큰 부가 오가며 북유럽 최초의 철제 건물이 건설됐고, 도시의 경계들은 무너져갔다. 이런 방식으로 도시는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%88%ED%8B%80%EB%9F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="히틀러">히틀러</a>가 흐로닝언을 공격하는 1940년까지 빠르게 확장해갔다. 히틀러의 독일군은 흐로닝언에 있는 유대인들을 다 쫓아내버렸다. 나치에 대항하여 레지스탕스 활동을 벌이던 많은 흐로닝언인들이 잡혀 살해당하거나 중형에 처해졌다. 1945년 5월 캐나다군은 흐로닝언을 나치 치하 하에서 해방시켰다. 그러나 이 과정에서 1945년 이전 도시의 중심이자 많은 건물들이 서있었던 Grote Markt와 같은 중요 시설들이 많이 파괴됐다. 전쟁 이후 흐로닝언은 도시의 확장과 더불어 빠르게 재건됐다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="스포츠"><span id=".EC.8A.A4.ED.8F.AC.EC.B8.A0"></span>스포츠</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 스포츠"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A0%88%EB%94%94%EB%B9%84%EC%A7%80%EC%97%90" class="mw-redirect" title="에레디비지에">에레디비지에</a>의 <a href="/wiki/FC_%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8" title="FC 흐로닝언">FC 흐로닝언</a>이 이 곳을 연고지로 하고 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="인구"><span id=".EC.9D.B8.EA.B5.AC"></span>인구</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 인구"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="width:280px;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;border-left:1px #aaa solid;border-right:1px #aaa solid;background-color:lavender;padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">연도별 인구</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">연도</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right">인구</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="연당 인구 증감율">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1400 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1560 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1600 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.71%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1721 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,680</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.18%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1770 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">23,296</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.24%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1787 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">22,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.34%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1795 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,770</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.97%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:left">출처: <a href="#CITEREFLourensLucassen1997">Lourens & Lucassen 1997</a>, 30–31쪽<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> 괄호 없는 하버드 인용 error: 대상 없음: CITEREFLourensLucassen1997 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="기후"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.ED.9B.84"></span>기후</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 기후"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">흐로닝언 (<a href="/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%8D%B0_%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8_%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%AD" title="엘데 흐로닝언 공항">엘데 흐로닝언 공항</a>)의 기후 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">월 </th> <th scope="col">1월 </th> <th scope="col">2월 </th> <th scope="col">3월 </th> <th scope="col">4월 </th> <th scope="col">5월 </th> <th scope="col">6월 </th> <th scope="col">7월 </th> <th scope="col">8월 </th> <th scope="col">9월 </th> <th scope="col">10월 </th> <th scope="col">11월 </th> <th scope="col">12월 </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">연간 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">역대 최고 기온 °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;">32.8<br />(91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;">36.3<br />(97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;">27.4<br />(81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">36.9<br />(98.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">일평균 최고 기온 °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">13.9<br />(57.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">일일 평균 기온 °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">9.8<br />(49.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">일평균 최저 기온 °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;">11.9<br />(53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;">0.8<br />(33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">5.5<br />(41.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">역대 최저 기온 °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;">−22.0<br />(−7.6) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;">−22.9<br />(−9.2) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;">−18.4<br />(−1.1) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;">−8.1<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;">0.1<br />(32.2) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;">−6.9<br />(19.6) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;">−13.6<br />(7.5) </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;">−22.0<br />(−7.6) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">−22.9<br />(−9.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">평균 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%88%98%EB%9F%89" title="강수량">강수량</a> mm (인치) </th> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;">72.7<br />(2.86) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;">54.7<br />(2.15) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;">54.1<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;">41.3<br />(1.63) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;">57.9<br />(2.28) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;">65.0<br />(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;">85.0<br />(3.35) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;">77.8<br />(3.06) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;">75.4<br />(2.97) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;">71.4<br />(2.81) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;">70.0<br />(2.76) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;">79.4<br />(3.13) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">804.7<br />(31.68) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">평균 강수일수 <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;">9.5 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;">11.7 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;">12.1 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">136.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">평균 강설일수 </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;">8 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;">7 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;">5 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;">0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;">3 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;">6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">33 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">평균 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80_%EC%8A%B5%EB%8F%84" title="상대 습도">상대 습도</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000A5; color:#FFFFFF;">90 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;">88 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;">89 </td> <td style="background: #0000A1; color:#FFFFFF;">91 </td> <td style="background: #00009E; color:#FFFFFF;">92 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">85 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">평균 월간 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84" title="일조시간">일조시간</a> </th> <td style="background: #6E6E6E; color:#FFFFFF;">60.7 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA5; color:#000000;">86.1 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF2B; color:#000000;">139.0 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;">188.7 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;">218.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;">198.6 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;">212.3 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;">196.3 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;">150.7 </td> <td style="background: #B3B373; color:#000000;">112.9 </td> <td style="background: #777777; color:#FFFFFF;">63.4 </td> <td style="background: #666666; color:#FFFFFF;">56.1 </td> <td style="background: #C0C021; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">1,682.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">출처: 네덜란드 왕립 기상연구소 (평년값: 1991년~2020년, 극값: 1906년~현재)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_280.pdf">“Klimaattabel Eelde, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 네덜란드 왕립 기상연구소<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2022년 5월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Klimaattabel+Eelde%2C+langjarige+gemiddelden%2C+tijdvak+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C+%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD+%EA%B8%B0%EC%83%81%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klimaatatlas.nl%2Ftabel%2Fstationsdata%2Fklimtab_8110_280.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weerstatistieken.nl/eelde/1906/januari">“Eelde, gehomogeniseerde langjarige extremen, tijdvak 1906–2022”</a>. 네덜란드 왕립 기상연구소<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2022년 5월 19일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eelde%2C+gehomogeniseerde+langjarige+extremen%2C+tijdvak+1906%E2%80%932022&rft.pub=%EB%84%A4%EB%8D%9C%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C+%EC%99%95%EB%A6%BD+%EA%B8%B0%EC%83%81%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%86%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweerstatistieken.nl%2Feelde%2F1906%2Fjanuari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%9D%EC%96%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span 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