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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">== Major empirical findings == === Physiological effects === People "automatically feel the beat" of the music they listen to and instinctively adjust their walking pace and heart rate to the tempo of the music.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Franěk|first1=Marek|last2=van Noorden|first2=Leon|last3=Režný|first3=Lukáš|date=2014-12-02|title=Tempo and walking speed with music in the urban context|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=5|pages=1361|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01361|issn=1664-1078|pmc=4251309|pmid=25520682|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">"The BASES expert statement on the use of music in exercise". ''Functional U''. '''9''' (4): 10–13. July 2011.</ref> Listening to music during exercise can promote rhythmic activity due to synchronous music.<ref>"Can Listening to Music Improve Your Workout?". ''National Center for Health Research''. 2015-08-04. Retrieved 2020-11-08.</ref> In a study published in 2009, researchers at the Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences at [[Liverpool John Moores University]] had 12 subjects ride a stationary bicycle at a pace that they could sustain for 30 minutes while listening to a song of the subject's choice. In successive trials, they rode the bikes again, with the tempo of the music variously increased or decreased by 10%, without the subject's knowledge. The researchers results showed that the riders heart rate and mileage decreased when the tempo was slowed, while they rode a greater distance, increased their heart rate and enjoyed the music more at the faster tempo. Though the participants thought their workout was harder at the more upbeat tempo, the researchers found that when the faster-paced music was heard while exercising "the participants chose to accept, and even prefer, a greater degree of effort".<ref>{{cite journal | author = Waterhouse J, Hudson P, Edwards B | year = 2010 | title = Effects of music tempo upon submaximal cycling performance | journal = Scand J Med Sci Sports | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 662–9 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00948.x | pmid = 19793214 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In young untrained subjects, music was found to cause an increase in exercise duration due to fast and loud music when compared to other subjects that did not listen to music at all.<ref>Thakare, Avinash E; Mehrotra, Ranjeeta; Singh, Ayushi (2017-04-15). "Effect of music tempo on exercise performance and heart rate among young adults". ''International Journal of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology''. '''9''' (2): 35–39. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1944-8171. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 5435671. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 28533890.</ref> Loud music may improve performance however overexposure may lead to noise-induced hearing problems.<ref>Van Dyck, Edith (2019-05-15). "Musical Intensity Applied in the Sports and Exercise Domain: An Effective Strategy to Boost Performance?". ''Frontiers in Psychology''. '''10'''. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01145. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1664-1078. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 6529527. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 31156525.</ref> Scientists at the [[University of Wisconsin–La Crosse]] found in a 2003 study that participants who chose to listen to faster-paced music generated a higher heart rate, pedaled harder and generated more power, increasing their level of work by as much as 15% by diverting their focus to the music. The study tested 20 volunteers who listened to an MP3 player loaded with a mix of 13 songs that they selected and then rode an exercise bike for an hour at a pace and gear of their choice. The study found that heart rates rose from 133 to 146 beats per minute and power output increased accordingly, when listening to the tempo-less sound of crashing waves versus music with a medium to fast tempo.<ref>Fauber, John via ''[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]''. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9AQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fggGAAAAIBAJ&dq=exercise%20music%20tempo%20physiology&pg=6984%2C2509395 "Workout with a tempo: Choice of music can affect exercise intensity"], ''[[The Free Lance–Star]]'', November 9, 2003. Accessed August 26, 2010.</ref><ref>Staff. [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/4517.php "Upbeat Music Boosts Exercise Intensity"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224104744/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/4517.php |date=2009-02-24 }}, [[Medical News Today]], October 20, 2003. Accessed August 26, 2010.</ref> To further this idea, a study from the ''New York Times'' shows how music helps boost workouts. This experiment was done by testing a control group of people working out in a normal workout setting and the same group of people working out with machines that incorporated beats and rhythms into each rep. To do this, they installed the kits into three different workout machines, one a stair-stepper, the other two weight machines with bars that could be raised or pulled down to stimulate various muscles. Thomas Hans Fritz, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute who led the study said, “Participants could express themselves on the machines by, for instance, modulating rhythms and creating melodies.” Throughout each workout, the researchers monitored the force their volunteers generated while using the machines, as well as whether the weight lifters’ movements tended to stutter or flow and how much oxygen the volunteers consumed, a reliable measure of physical effort. Afterward, the scientists asked the volunteers to rate the tolerability or unpleasantness of the session, on a scale from 1 to 20.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/23/how-music-can-boost-our-workouts/?_r=1 |title=How Music Can Boost Our Workouts}}</ref> Max strength is unaffected by the use of music during exercise.<ref>Kose, Bereket (2018). "Does Motivational Music Influence Maximal Bench Press Strength and Strength Endurance?". ''Asian Journal of Education and Training''. '''4''' (3): 197–200. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.20448/journal.522.2018.43.197.200.</ref><ref>Bartolomei, Sandro; Michele, Rocco Di; Merni, Franco (June 2015). "Effects of Self-Selected Music on Maximal Bench Press Strength and Strength Endurance". ''Perceptual and Motor Skills''. '''120''' (3): 714–721. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.2466/06.30.PMS.120v19x9. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0031-5125.</ref> In addition, it had been found that fast, loud music can lead to more optimal exercise when compared to slow, lower tempo music. Loud, high tempo music positively correlates with increased running rate and heart rate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Edworthy |first1=Judy |last2=Waring |first2=Hannah |date=2006-12-15 |title=The effects of music tempo and loudness level on treadmill exercise |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00140130600899104 |journal=Ergonomics |language=en |volume=49 |issue=15 |pages=1597–1610 |doi=10.1080/00140130600899104 |issn=0014-0139}}</ref> Higher tempo music, specifically music greater than 120 BPM, leads to what is called an ergogenic effect on physical performance; an ergogenic effect is any substance or mechanical device that leads to greater physical performance. Specifically, handgrip, velocity, power, and muscle endurance all increase when listening to music before or during exercise. It has also been found that the music preference of the individual has a significant effect on the level of ergogenic effect. Essentially, a person is more likely to perform better during physical activity when they are listening to music they enjoy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grgic |first=Jozo |date=August 2022 |title=Effects of Music on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review |url=https://journals.lww.com/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000682 |journal=Strength & Conditioning Journal |language=en |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=77–84 |doi=10.1519/SSC.0000000000000682 |issn=1524-1602}}</ref> Interestingly enough, motivational music has been found to have a significantly greater effect on women during aerobic and anerobic exercise. Women exhibited an overall more positive effect on physical performance compared to men when listening to all types of music, while men mainly benefited from listening to synchronous music.<ref name="Karageorghis 551–559">{{Cite journal |last1=Karageorghis |first1=C.I. |last2=Priest |first2=D.L. |last3=Williams |first3=L.S. |last4=Hirani |first4=R.M. |last5=Lannon |first5=K.M. |last6=Bates |first6=B.J. |date=November 2010 |title=Ergogenic and psychological effects of synchronous music during circuit-type exercise |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1469029210000816 |journal=Psychology of Sport and Exercise |language=en |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=551–559 |doi=10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.06.004}}</ref> === Psychological effects === Listening to music while exercising has been found in multiple studies to create an increased sense of motivation, distracting the mind while increasing heart rate. Faster tempo music has been found by researchers to motivate exercisers to work harder when performing at a moderate pace, but peak performance has been found to be unaffected by listening to music.<ref name="NYT2010">Reynolds, Gretchen. [http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/phys-ed-does-music-make-you-exercise-harder "Phys Ed: Does Music Make You Exercise Harder?"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 25, 2010. Accessed August 26, 2010.</ref><ref name=":1" /> A 2004 study by a research team from Australia, Israel and the United States found that runners performing at a pace where they were at 90% of their peak oxygen uptake enjoyed listening to music. The music had no effect however on their heart rate or running pace, regardless of the music's tempo.<ref name="NYT2010" /><ref>Tenenbaum, G.; Lidor, R.; Lavyan, N.; Morrow, K.; Tonnel, S.; Gershgoren, A.; Meis, J.; and Johnson, M. "The effect of music type on running perseverance and coping with effort sensations", ''Psychology of Sport and Exercise'' Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2004, Pages 89-109. {{doi|10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00041-9}}</ref> Generally, studies suggest that athletes use music in purposeful ways to facilitate training and performance. In one study, seventy elite Swedish athletes completed a questionnaire relating the empirical motives for listening to music. The results showed that most of them often listened to music during pre-event, pre-training sessions, and warm-ups. The athletes gave as reasons for listening to music that they felt that it increased activation, positive affect, motivation, performance levels, and flow.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Mohammadzadeh, Hasan; Tartibiyan, Bakhtiyar; Ahmadi, Azhdar (March 2008). "The Effects of Music on the Perceived Exertion Rate and Performance of Trained and Untrained Individuals During Progressive Exercise". ''EFEKTI MUZIKE NA PRIMETAN STEPEN NAPORA (NAPREZANJA) I IZVOÐENJE TRENIRANIH I NETRENIRANIH INDIVIDUA TOKOM PROGRESIVNOG VEŽBANJA''. '''6''' (1): 67–74.</ref> There are also types workout music using [[brainwave entrainment]] that claims to boost performance.<ref>[http://www.fitcatalyst.com Fit Catalyst - Workout Brainwave Entrainment]</ref> Some studies also suggest music can serve as a distractor to the pain or discomfort one experiences when performing difficult exercises. Psychologists North and Hargreaves believe that when working out and listening to music, the pain and music are competing stimuli.<ref name="Karageorghis 551–559"/> So, listening to music may help a person ignore fatigue, complete more repetitions of a specific exercise, or just enjoy their workout more. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Exercise and music</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_and_music">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_and_music</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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