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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="روبرت آلان فروك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت آلان فروك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Frosch" title="Robert A. Frosch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert A. Frosch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4" title="رابرت فروش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت فروش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Frosch" title="Robert A. Frosch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert A. Frosch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9" title="רוברט פרוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט פרוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83" title="روبرت آلان فروك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت آلان فروك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BBA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="ロバート・A・フロシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・A・フロシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Frosch" title="Robert A. Frosch – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert A. Frosch" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Frosch" title="Robert A. Frosch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert A. Frosch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frosch" title="Robert Frosch – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Frosch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Frosch" title="Robert A. Frosch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert A. 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Fletcher">James C. Fletcher</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Beggs" title="James M. Beggs">James M. Beggs</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1928-05-22</span>)</span>May 22, 1928<br />New York City</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 30, 2020<span style="display:none">(2020-12-30)</span> (aged 92)<br /><a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (BS. MA, PhD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IRI_Medal" title="IRI Medal">IRI Medal</a> (1996)<br /><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="IEEE Founders Medal">IEEE Founders Medal</a> (2001)<br /><a href="/wiki/FREng" class="mw-redirect" title="FREng">FREng</a><sup id="cite_ref-RAEng_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAEng-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1989)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical Physics">Theoretical Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">ARPA</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environmental_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Environmental Program">United Nations Environmental Program</a><br /><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/302032823/">Magnetic hyperfine structure in diatomic molecules</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1952)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Alan Frosch</b> (May 22, 1928 – December 30, 2020) was an American scientist who was the fifth administrator of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. He was the administrator from 1977 to 1981 during the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter administration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Frosch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in New York City, Frosch was educated in the public school system in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>. He earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in theoretical physics at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thesis-frosch-1952_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-frosch-1952-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between September 1951 and August 1963, Frosch worked as a research scientist and director of research programs for Hudson Laboratories of Columbia University in <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_Ferry,_New_York" title="Dobbs Ferry, New York">Dobbs Ferry, New York</a>, an organization under contract to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Research" title="Office of Naval Research">Office of Naval Research</a>. Until 1953, he worked on problems in underwater sound, <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">marine geology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_geophysics" title="Marine geophysics">marine geophysics</a>. Frosch was first associate and then director of the laboratories, where he managed 300 employees, two ocean-going research vessels, and a $3.5 million annual budget for fundamental research and engineering. During this period he was also technical director of <a href="/wiki/Project_Artemis" title="Project Artemis">Project Artemis</a>, a very large experimental active sonar system development. </p><p>In September 1963, Frosch went to Washington, D.C., to work with the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA) in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a>, serving as director for nuclear test detection (<a href="/wiki/Vela_(satellite)" title="Vela (satellite)">Project VELA</a>), and then as deputy director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, sharing responsibility for managing a $270 million per year program of research and development. In July 1966 he became Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development, responsible for all Navy programs of research, development, engineering, test and evaluation averaging $2.5 billion annually. From January 1973 to July 1975, Frosch served as assistant executive director of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environmental_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Environmental Program">United Nations Environmental Program</a>. With the rank of assistant secretary general of the United Nations, he was responsible for substantive global program activities of the United Nations system and other international activities related to environment matters. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobertAFrosch001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/RobertAFrosch001.jpg/220px-RobertAFrosch001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/RobertAFrosch001.jpg/330px-RobertAFrosch001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/RobertAFrosch001.jpg/440px-RobertAFrosch001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption>Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development meets the Commanding Officer of Naval Undersea Warfare Station.</figcaption></figure> <p>While at NASA, Frosch was responsible for overseeing the continuation of the development effort on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> program. During his tenure, the project underwent testing of the first orbiter, <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise" title="Space Shuttle Enterprise"><i>Enterprise</i></a>, at NASA's <a href="/wiki/Dryden_Flight_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryden Flight Research Center">Dryden Flight Research Center</a> in southern California. </p><p>He was appointed an International <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-RAEng_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAEng-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frosch left NASA with the change of administrations in January 1981 to become vice president for research at the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="General Motors Corporation">General Motors</a> Research Laboratories. In 1985, he was the recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Holland_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Holland Award">Maurice Holland Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Research_Institute" title="Industrial Research Institute">Industrial Research Institute</a> for a paper published in IRI's journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Research-Technology_Management" title="Research-Technology Management">Research Management</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, his leadership at GM was recognized once more by IRI with the presentation of their official <a href="/wiki/IRI_Medal" title="IRI Medal">Medal</a>. After retiring, he remained active in scientific and technical policy activities; as a senior research fellow at the Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, and a guest investigator at <a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution" title="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a>. </p><p>Frosch died in <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley, Massachusetts</a>, on December 30, 2020, at the age of 92, after a long illness.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Frosch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_A._Frosch" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert A. 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows">"List of Fellows"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Fellows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raeng.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fpeople-council-committees%2Fthe-fellowship%2Flist-of-fellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Frosch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesis-frosch-1952-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thesis-frosch-1952_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrosch1952" class="citation thesis cs1">Frosch, Robert Alan (1952). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/302032823/"><i>Magnetic hyperfine structure in diatomic molecules</i></a></span> (Ph.D.). <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35805315">35805315</a> – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Magnetic+hyperfine+structure+in+diatomic+molecules&rft.inst=Columbia+University&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35805315&rft.aulast=Frosch&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F302032823%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Frosch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frosch, Robert A. "R&D Choices and Technology Transfer," <i>Research Management</i>, Vol. 27, No. 3 (May–June 1984), pp. 11-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whoi.edu/who-we-are/about-us/people/obituary/robert-a-frosch/">"Robert A. Frosch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution" title="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woods+Hole+Oceanographic+Institution&rft.atitle=Robert+A.+Frosch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whoi.edu%2Fwho-we-are%2Fabout-us%2Fpeople%2Fobituary%2Frobert-a-frosch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Frosch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Frosch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/28066-1">Oral history interview transcript with Robert Frosch on 10 July 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> - Session I</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/28066-2">Oral history interview transcript with Robert Frosch on 23 July 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> - Session II</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/28066-3">Oral history interview transcript with Robert Frosch on 19 August 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> - Session III</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/28066-4">Oral history interview transcript with Robert Frosch on 15 September 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> - IV</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/28066-5">Oral history interview transcript with Robert Frosch on 6 October 1981, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a> - V</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/5904">Oral history interview transcript with Robert Frosch on 28 May 1998, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Fletcher" title="James C. Fletcher">James C. Fletcher</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/NASA_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Administrator">NASA Administrator</a> </b><br />1977–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Beggs" title="James M. Beggs">James M. Beggs</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASAadmin" title="Template:NASAadmin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASAadmin" title="Template talk:NASAadmin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASAadmin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASAadmin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrators and deputy administrators of NASA</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_NASA" title="Administrator of NASA">Administrators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._Keith_Glennan" title="T. Keith Glennan">T. Keith Glennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Fletcher" title="James C. Fletcher">James C. Fletcher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Frosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Beggs" title="James M. Beggs">James M. Beggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Fletcher" title="James C. Fletcher">James C. Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Truly" title="Richard H. Truly">Richard H. Truly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe" title="Sean O'Keefe">Sean O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Griffin" title="Michael D. Griffin">Michael D. Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridenstine" title="Jim Bridenstine">Jim Bridenstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nelson" title="Bill Nelson">Bill Nelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh Dryden</a></li> <li>Thomas Paine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_M._Lovelace" title="Alan M. Lovelace">Alan M. Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Graham" title="William Robert Graham">William Robert Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_D._Myers" title="Dale D. Myers">Dale D. Myers</a></li> <li>Richard Truly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mulville" title="Daniel Mulville">Daniel Mulville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Gregory" title="Frederick D. Gregory">Frederick D. Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Scolese" title="Christopher Scolese">Christopher Scolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Lightfoot_Jr." title="Robert M. Lightfoot Jr.">Robert M. Lightfoot Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jurczyk" title="Steve Jurczyk">Steve Jurczyk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Administrator_of_NASA" title="Deputy Administrator of NASA">Deputy administrators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hugh Dryden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seamans" title="Robert Seamans">Robert Seamans</a></li> <li>Thomas Paine</li> <li>George Low</li> <li>Alan Lovelace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mark" title="Hans Mark">Hans Mark</a></li> <li>William Graham</li> <li>Dale Myers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Thompson_Jr." title="James R. Thompson Jr.">James R. Thompson Jr.</a></li> <li>Frederick Gregory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shana_Dale" title="Shana Dale">Shana Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Garver" title="Lori Garver">Lori Garver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dava_Newman" title="Dava Newman">Dava Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Morhard" title="James Morhard">James Morhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Melroy" title="Pamela Melroy">Pamela Melroy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting deputy administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Cohen_(Deputy_NASA_administrator)" title="Aaron Cohen (Deputy NASA administrator)">Aaron Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dailey" title="John R. Dailey">John R. Dailey</a></li> <li>Daniel Mulville</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesa_Roe" title="Lesa Roe">Lesa Roe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IEEE_Founders_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="Template:IEEE Founders Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="Template talk:IEEE Founders Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE Founders Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_Founders_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Founders_Medal" title="IEEE Founders Medal">Founders Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1953–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Norton_Goldsmith" title="Alfred Norton Goldsmith">Alfred Norton Goldsmith</a> (1954)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1955)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Heising" title="Raymond A. Heising">Raymond A. Heising</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ransom_Gail_Baker" title="Walter Ransom Gail Baker">Walter Ransom Gail Baker</a> (1958)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haraden_Pratt" title="Haraden Pratt">Haraden Pratt</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bown" title="Ralph Bown">Ralph Bown</a> (1961)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick Terman</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">Andrew McNaughton</a> (1964)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_William_Engstrom" title="Elmer William Engstrom">Elmer William Engstrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fletcher" title="Harvey Fletcher">Harvey Fletcher</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty" title="Patrick E. Haggerty">Patrick E. Haggerty</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Finley_Carter" title="E. Finley Carter">E. Finley Carter</a> (1969)</li> <li>Morris D. Hooven (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weber_(engineer)" title="Ernst Weber (engineer)">Ernst Weber</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaru_Ibuka" title="Masaru Ibuka">Masaru Ibuka</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Hyland" title="Lawrence A. Hyland">Lawrence A. Hyland</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grist_Brainerd" title="John Grist Brainerd">John G. Brainerd</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Edward W. Herold (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Wiesner" title="Jerome Wiesner">Jerome Wiesner</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Fink" title="Donald G. Fink">Donald G. Fink</a> (1978)</li> <li>Hanzo Omi (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillier" title="James Hillier">James Hillier</a> (1981)</li> <li>Shigeru Yonezawa (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Pettit" title="Joseph M. Pettit">Joseph M. Pettit</a> (1983)</li> <li>Koji Kobayashi (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Norris_(CEO)" title="William Norris (CEO)">William Norris</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Owens" title="James B. Owens">James B. Owens</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Munro_Ross" title="Ian Munro Ross">Ian Munro Ross</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bloch" title="Erich Bloch">Erich Bloch</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Dorros" title="Irwin Dorros">Irwin Dorros</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_W._Schmitt" title="Roland W. Schmitt">Roland W. Schmitt</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Olsen" title="Ken Olsen">Ken Olsen</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_R._Currie" title="Malcolm R. Currie">Malcolm R. Currie</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Norman R. Augustine</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_W._Rudge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan W. Rudge">Alan W. Rudge</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Rosen" title="Benjamin M. Rosen">Benjamin M. Rosen</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Galvin" title="Bob Galvin">Bob Galvin</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Frosch</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Everhart" title="Thomas Eugene Everhart">Thomas Eugene Everhart</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Stata" title="Ray Stata">Ray Stata</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Dresselhaus" title="Mildred Dresselhaus">Mildred Dresselhaus</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wong" title="Eugene Wong">Eugene Wong</a> (2005)</li> <li>Toshiharu Aoki (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_K._Jones" title="Anita K. Jones">Anita K. Jones</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sample" title="Steven Sample">Steven Sample</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Barrett_(chief_executive)" title="Craig Barrett (chief executive)">Craig Barrett</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Gray" title="Paul E. Gray">Paul E. Gray</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Gibbons" title="James F. Gibbons">James F. Gibbons</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._Kohli" title="F. C. Kohli">F. C. Kohli</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Beranek" title="Leo Beranek">Leo Beranek</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a> (2014)</li> <li>James Plummer (2015)</li> <li><i>No award</i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kanade" title="Takeo Kanade">Takeo Kanade</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._R._Narayana_Murthy" title="N. R. Narayana Murthy">N. R. Narayana Murthy</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Saxby" title="Robin Saxby">Robin Saxby</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen-Hsun_Huang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jen-Hsun Huang">Jen-Hsun Huang</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Samueli" title="Henry Samueli">Henry Samueli</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brooks_Slaughter" title="John Brooks Slaughter">John Brooks Slaughter</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Brooks" title="Rodney Brooks">Rodney Brooks</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsu-Jae_King_Liu" title="Tsu-Jae King Liu">Tsu-Jae King Liu</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283195#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000043592473">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/36632287">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1593698/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw8TG4fq8WW3Mr9qqKrv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2004076820">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810600036105606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:frosch.r-a">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w37z22">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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