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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about "scapegoat" in its religious and ritualistic sense. For the social-psychological sense of a person or group singled out for blame, see <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Scapegoat (disambiguation)">Scapegoat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, a <b>scapegoat</b> is one of a pair of kid goats that is released into the <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a>, taking with it all sins and impurities, while the other is sacrificed. The concept first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a>, in which a goat is designated to be cast into the desert to carry away the sins of the community. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_East_Window,_Lincoln_Cathedral_(14224253959).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg/300px-Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg/450px-Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg/600px-Detail_of_East_Window%2C_Lincoln_Cathedral_%2814224253959%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1504"></a><figcaption>Scapegoat ceremony depicted at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> in stained glass: "[<i>Aaron</i>]<i> is to take the two goats and present them before <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">the Lord</a> at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">the tent of meeting</a>. He is to <a href="/wiki/Cleromancy#In_Judaic_and_Christian_tradition" title="Cleromancy">cast lots</a> for the two goats—one lot for the Lord and the other for the scapegoat.</i>" (<a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 16:7–8)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head of the live goat, and confess over it all the iniquities of the people of Israel, and all their transgressions, all their sins, putting them on the head of the goat, and sending it away into the wilderness by means of someone designated for the task. The goat shall bear on itself all their iniquities to a barren region; and the goat shall be set free in the wilderness.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2016:21%E2%80%9322&version=nrsv">Leviticus 16:21–22</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Practices with some similarities to the scapegoat ritual also appear in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ancient_Judaism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Judaism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Christian_perspectives"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Christian perspectives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Similar_practices"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Similar practices</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ancient_Syria"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Syria</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Ancient_Greece"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Greece</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#In_literature"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">In literature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Scapegoat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Some scholars have argued that the scapegoat ritual can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> around 2400 BC, whence it spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Scapegoat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></div> <p>The word "scapegoat" is an English translation of the Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">'ăzāzêl</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עזאזל</span>), which occurs in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 16:8: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="he" class="poem"> <p>ונתן אהרן על שני השעירם גרלות גורל אחד ליהוה וגורל אחד לעזאזל </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats: one lot for the Lord, and the other lot for Azazel. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left"> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Mechon_Mamre)/Torah/Vayikra#Vayikra_16" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (Mechon Mamre)/Torah/Vayikra">(JPS)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a> Hebrew Lexicon<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gives <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">la-azazel</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לעזאזל</span></span>) as a <a href="/wiki/Reduplicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduplicative">reduplicative</a> intensive of the stem <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʕ-z-l</i></span>, "remove", hence <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">la-'ăzāzêl</i></span>, "for entire removal". This reading is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Greek Old Testament</a> translation as "the sender away (of sins)". The lexicographer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius</a> takes <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">azazel</i></span> to mean "averter", which he theorized was the name of a deity, to be appeased with the sacrifice of the goat.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alternatively, broadly contemporary with the Septuagint, the pseudepigraphical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> may preserve Azazel as the name of a <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fallen angel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And Azazel taught men to make swords, and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the metals of the earth and the art of working them, and bracelets, and ornaments, and the use of antimony, and the beautifying of the eyelids, and all kinds of costly stones, and all colouring <a href="/wiki/Tinctures" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinctures">tinctures</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Enoch 8:1, translation by R. H. Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/enoch/ENOCH_1.HTM">Online</a>.</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">Early English</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a> versions follow the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> and Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, which interpret <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">azazel</i></span> as "the goat that departs" (Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">tragos apopompaios</i></span>, "goat sent out", Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">caper emissarius</i></span>, "emissary goat"). <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> rendered the Latin as "(e)scape goat" in his <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">1530 Bible</a>. This translation was followed by subsequent versions up through the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible in 1611: "And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the Lord, and the other lot for the scapegoat."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several modern versions however either leave it as the proper noun Azazel, or footnote "for Azazel" as an alternative reading. </p><p>Jewish sources in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (Yoma 6:4,67b) give the etymology of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">azazel</i></span> as a compound of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">az</i></span>, strong or rough, and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">el</i></span>, mighty, that the goat was sent from the most rugged or strongest of mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Targums" class="mw-redirect" title="Targums">Targums</a> onwards the term <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">azazel</i></span> was also seen by some rabbinical commentators as the name of a Hebrew demon, angelic force, or pagan deity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two readings are still disputed today.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ancient_Judaism">Ancient Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Scapegoat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Judaism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg/220px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="2280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg/220px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg/330px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg/440px-William_Holman_Hunt_-_The_Scapegoat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scapegoat_(painting)" title="The Scapegoat (painting)">The Scapegoat</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>, 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>The scapegoat was a <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> that was designated (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">לַעֲזָאזֵֽל</span>) <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">la-'aza'zeyl</i></span>; "<a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">for absolute removal</a>" (for symbolic removal of the people's sins with the literal removal of the goat), and outcast in the desert as part of the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_Temple_service" title="Yom Kippur Temple service">Yom Kippur Temple service</a>, that began during the Exodus with the original Tabernacle and continued through the times of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">temples in Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>Once a year, on <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cohen_Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohen Gadol">Cohen Gadol</a> sacrificed a bull as a <a href="/wiki/Sin_offering" title="Sin offering">sin offering</a> to <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Judaism" title="Atonement in Judaism">atone</a> for sins he may have committed unintentionally throughout the year. Subsequently he took two goats and presented them at the door of the tabernacle. Two goats were chosen by <a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">lot</a>: one to be "for <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a>", which was offered as a blood sacrifice, and the other to be the scapegoat to be sent away into the wilderness and pushed down a steep ravine where it died.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blood of the slain goat was taken into the Holy of Holies behind the sacred veil and sprinkled on the mercy seat, the lid of the ark of the covenant. Later in the ceremonies of the day, the High Priest <a href="/wiki/Confession_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Confession in Judaism">confessed</a> the intentional sins of the Israelites to God placing them figuratively on the head of the other goat, the Azazel scapegoat, who would symbolically "take them away". </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Christian_perspectives">Christian perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Scapegoat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christian perspectives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Victim_soul" title="Victim soul">Victim soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Agnus-Dei_The_Scapegoat_(Agnus-Dei._Le_bouc_%C3%A9missaire.)_-_James_Tissot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Agnus-Dei_The_Scapegoat_%28Agnus-Dei._Le_bouc_%C3%A9missaire.%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/170px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Agnus-Dei_The_Scapegoat_%28Agnus-Dei._Le_bouc_%C3%A9missaire.%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="713"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Agnus-Dei_The_Scapegoat_%28Agnus-Dei._Le_bouc_%C3%A9missaire.%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/170px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Agnus-Dei_The_Scapegoat_%28Agnus-Dei._Le_bouc_%C3%A9missaire.%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Agnus-Dei_The_Scapegoat_%28Agnus-Dei._Le_bouc_%C3%A9missaire.%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/255px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Agnus-Dei_The_Scapegoat_%28Agnus-Dei._Le_bouc_%C3%A9missaire.%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Agnus-Dei_The_Scapegoat_%28Agnus-Dei._Le_bouc_%C3%A9missaire.%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg/340px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Agnus-Dei_The_Scapegoat_%28Agnus-Dei._Le_bouc_%C3%A9missaire.%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>Agnus-Dei: The Scapegoat</i> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Agnus-Dei. Le bouc émissaire</i></span>), by <a href="/wiki/James_Tissot" title="James Tissot">James Tissot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Christianity, this process prefigures the sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> on the cross through which God has been propitiated and sins can be expiated. Jesus Christ is seen to have fulfilled all of the biblical "types"—the High Priest who officiates at the ceremony, the Lord's goat that deals with the pollution of sin and the scapegoat that removes the "burden of sin". Christians believe that sinners who admit their guilt and confess their <a href="/wiki/Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sins">sins</a>, exercising faith and trust in the person and sacrifice of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, are forgiven of their sins. The sacrifice of these two goats foretells to a degree of what happened when Jesus and Barabbas were presented by Pontius Pilate to the people in Jerusalem. Barabbas (which means son of the father in Aramaic) who was guilty (burdened with sin) was released while Jesus (also the Son of the Father) who was innocent of Sin was presented by the High Priest and was sacrificed by the Romans through crucifixion. </p><p>Since the second goat was sent away to perish,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word "scapegoat" has developed to indicate a person who is blamed and punished for the actions of others. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Similar_practices">Similar practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Scapegoat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Similar practices" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Syria">Ancient Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Scapegoat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Syria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A concept superficially similar to the biblical scapegoat is attested in two ritual texts of the 24th century BC archived at <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were connected with ritual purification on the occasion of the king's wedding. In them, a she-goat with a silver bracelet hung from her neck was driven forth into the wasteland of "Alini"; "we" in the report of the ritual involves the whole community. Such "elimination rites", in which an animal, without confession of sins, is the vehicle of evils (not sins) that are chased from the community are widely attested in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Scapegoat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Ancient Greeks practiced scapegoating rituals in exceptional times based on the belief that the repudiation of one or two individuals would save the whole community.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scapegoating was practiced with different rituals across ancient Greece for different reasons but was mainly used during extraordinary circumstances such as famine, drought, or plague.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scapegoat would usually be an individual of lower society such as a criminal, slave, or poor person and was referred to as the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pharmakos" title="Pharmakos">pharmakos</a></i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">katharma</i></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">peripsima</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a dichotomy, however, in the individuals used as scapegoats in mythical tales and the ones used in the actual rituals. In mythical tales, it was stressed that someone of high importance had to be sacrificed if the whole society were to benefit from the aversion of catastrophe (usually a king or the king's children).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since no king or person of importance would be willing to sacrifice himself or his children, the scapegoat in actual rituals would be someone of lower society who would be given value through special treatment such as fine clothes and dining before the sacrificial ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sacrificial ceremonies varied across Greece depending on the festival and type of catastrophe. In <a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Thrace" title="Abdera, Thrace">Abdera</a>, for example, a poor man was feasted and led around the walls of the city once before being chased out with stones.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Massilia, a poor man was feasted for a year and then cast out of the city in order to stop a plague.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a> refer to the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pharmakos</i></span> being killed, but many scholars reject this and argue that the earliest evidence (the fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Iambic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iambic poetry">iambic satirist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a>) show the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pharmakos</i></span> being only stoned, beaten, and driven from the community. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Scapegoat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>The scapegoat, as a religious and ritualistic practice and a metaphor for social exclusion, is one of the major preoccupations in <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Lyacos" title="Dimitris Lyacos">Dimitris Lyacos</a>'s <i>Poena Damni</i> trilogy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first book, <a href="/wiki/Z213:_Exit" title="Z213: Exit">Z213: Exit</a>, the narrator sets out on a voyage in the midst of a <a href="/wiki/Dystopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> landscape that is reminiscent of the desert mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> (16, 22). The text also contains references to the ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pharmakos" title="Pharmakos">pharmakos</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second book, <i><a href="/wiki/With_the_People_from_the_Bridge" title="With the People from the Bridge">With the People from the Bridge</a></i>, the male and female characters are treated apotropaically as vampires and are cast out from both the world of the living and that of the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the third book, <a href="/wiki/The_First_Death" title="The First Death">The First Death</a>, the main character appears irrevocably marooned on a desert island as a personification of miasma expelled to a geographical point of no return.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Scapegoat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a> – "The Festival of the Scapegoat" (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_guy" title="Fall guy">Fall guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_goat" title="Judas goat">Judas goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-eater" title="Sin-eater">Sin-eater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipping_boy" title="Whipping boy">Whipping boy</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Scapegoat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRutherford2020" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, Ian (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZr9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130"><i>Hittite Texts and Greek Religion: Contact, Interaction, and Comparison</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259995-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259995-7"><bdi>978-0-19-259995-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hittite+Texts+and+Greek+Religion%3A+Contact%2C+Interaction%2C+and+Comparison&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-259995-7&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZr9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyali-Darshan2020" class="citation web cs1">Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-scapegoat-ritual-and-its-ancient-near-eastern-parallels">"The Scapegoat Ritual and Its Ancient Near Eastern Parallels"</a>. <i>www.thetorah.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thetorah.com&rft.atitle=The+Scapegoat+Ritual+and+Its+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Parallels&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ayali-Darshan&rft.aufirst=Noga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-scapegoat-ritual-and-its-ancient-near-eastern-parallels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremmer2015" class="citation book cs1">Bremmer, Jan N. (2015). Eidinow, Esther; Kindt, Julia (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA610"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Religion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 610. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-105807-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-105807-3"><bdi>978-0-19-105807-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Greek+Religion&rft.pages=610&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-105807-3&rft.aulast=Bremmer&rft.aufirst=Jan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLSYCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Sarah Iles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zg9dGPXn5FkC&pg=PA34"><i>Ancient Religions</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 33–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03918-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03918-6"><bdi>978-0-674-03918-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Religions&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03918-6&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Iles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZg9dGPXn5FkC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPongratz-Leisten2006" class="citation book cs1">Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EJFyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">"Ritual Killing and Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East"</a>. In Finsterbusch, Karin; Lange, Armin (eds.). <i>Human Sacrifice in Jewish and Christian Tradition</i>. BRILL. pp. 22–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0940-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0940-3"><bdi>978-90-474-0940-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritual+Killing+and+Sacrifice+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.btitle=Human+Sacrifice+in+Jewish+and+Christian+Tradition&rft.pages=22-28&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0940-3&rft.aulast=Pongratz-Leisten&rft.aufirst=Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEJFyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZatelli1998" class="citation journal cs1">Zatelli, Ida (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1585505">"The Origin of the Biblical Scapegoat Ritual: The Evidence of Two Eblaite Texts"</a>. <i>Vetus Testamentum</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 254–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568533982721604">10.1163/1568533982721604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-4935">0042-4935</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1585505">1585505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Biblical+Scapegoat+Ritual%3A+The+Evidence+of+Two+Eblaite+Texts&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=254-263&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0042-4935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1585505%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568533982721604&rft.aulast=Zatelli&rft.aufirst=Ida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1585505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p. 736.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gesenius. "I have no doubt that it should be rendered 'averter<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archie T. Wright <i>The Origin of Evil Spirits: The Reception of Genesis 6.1–4</i> Page 111. 2005. "However, the corresponding Aramaic fragment of / Enoch 10.4 does not use the name Azazel; instead, the name has been reconstructed by Milik to read Asa'el. Stuckenbruck suggests the presence of the biblical form Azazel in the Ethiopic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, David P. "Azazel". Pages 1:536–537 in <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Bible Dictionary">Anchor Bible Dictionary</a>. Edited by David Noel Freedman et al. New York: Doubleday, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Symbolism of the Azazel Goat</i>. Ralph D. Levy. 1998. "This is still fairly straightforward, and is translated by the majority of the versions as "for Azazel" (Targums Onkelos and Pseudo-Jonathan follow this understanding, as do the RSV, NRSV, REB, and Tanakh). KJV and NKJV have "to be the scapegoat".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr"><i>The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. 1991. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebsterne00merr/page/411">411</a>–412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-603-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-603-9"><bdi>978-0-87779-603-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merriam-Webster+New+Book+of+Word+Histories&rft.pages=411-412&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-603-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerriamwebsterne00merr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=2203&letter=A&search=Azazel#6890">"AZAZEL"</a>. JewishEncyclopedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AZAZEL&rft.pub=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D2203%26letter%3DA%26search%3DAzazel%236890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The JPS guide to Jewish traditions. Page 224. Ronald L. Eisenberg, Jewish Publication Society – 2004. "(Leviticus 16:8–10). In talmudic times, a popular rabbinic interpretation was that Azazel referred to the place to which the goat was sent, the eretz g'zera (inaccessible region) of Leviticus (16:22). Later, Azazel became associated with another..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The JPS Torah Commentary: Leviticus Nahum M. Sarna, Chaim Potok, Jewish Publication Society – 1989. "According to the first, Azazel is the name of the place in the wilderness to which the scapegoat was dispatched; ... According to the second line of interpretation, Azazel describes the goat. The word 'aza'zel is a contraction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanby1933" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Danby" title="Herbert Danby">Danby, H.</a>, ed. (1933), <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah"><i>The Mishnah</i></a>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815402-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815402-X"><bdi>0-19-815402-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mishnah&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=0-19-815402-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span>, s.v. <i>Yoma</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DanbyMishnah/page/n199/mode/1up">6:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>, p. 569. Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Frazer" class="mw-redirect" title="James Frazer">James Frazer</a>, Worsworth Reference. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-310-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85326-310-9">1-85326-310-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="href" class="citation journal cs1">Zatelli, Ida (April 1998). "The Origin of the Biblical Scapegoat Ritual: The Evidence of Two Eblaite Text". <i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum">Vetus Testamentum</a></i>. <b>48</b> (2): 254–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568533982721604">10.1163/1568533982721604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Biblical+Scapegoat+Ritual%3A+The+Evidence+of+Two+Eblaite+Text&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=254-263&rft.date=1998-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568533982721604&rft.aulast=Zatelli&rft.aufirst=Ida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David P. Wright, <i>The Disposal of the Impurity: Elimination Rites in the Bible and in Hittite and Mesopotamian Literature</i> (Atlanta: Scholars Press) 1987:15–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremmer1983" class="citation journal cs1">Bremmer, Jan (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/3418242/6576.pdf">"Scapegoat Rituals in Ancient Greece"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i>. <b>87</b>: 299–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F311262">10.2307/311262</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311262">311262</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170199478">170199478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Studies+in+Classical+Philology&rft.atitle=Scapegoat+Rituals+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=299-320&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170199478%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311262%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F311262&rft.aulast=Bremmer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F3418242%2F6576.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestbrook" class="citation journal cs1">Westbrook, Raymond. "Who Led the Scapegoat in Leviticus 16:21?". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Who+Led+the+Scapegoat+in+Leviticus+16%3A21%3F&rft.aulast=Westbrook&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Precarious Destitute: A Possible Commentary on the Lives of Unwanted Immigrants by Michael O'Sullivan. Cha Magazine, Reviews / June 2015 (Issue 28).<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.asiancha.com/content/view/2105/505/">https://www.asiancha.com/content/view/2105/505/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berfrois.com/2018/11/berfrois-interviews-dimitris-lyacos/">"Berfrois Interviews Dimitris Lyacos"</a>. 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berfrois+Interviews+Dimitris+Lyacos&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berfrois.com%2F2018%2F11%2Fberfrois-interviews-dimitris-lyacos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitris Lyacos, Z213: Exit, Shoestring Press 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pangyrus.com/review/dimitris-lyacos-poena-damni-i-z213-exit-ii-with-the-people-from-the-bridge-iii-the-first-death/">"Dimitris Lyacos: Poena Damni: I: Z213: Exit; II: With the People from the Bridge; III: The First Death | Pangyrus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dimitris+Lyacos%3A+Poena+Damni%3A+I%3A+Z213%3A+Exit%3B+II%3A+With+the+People+from+the+Bridge%3B+III%3A+The+First+Death+%26%23124%3B+Pangyrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pangyrus.com%2Freview%2Fdimitris-lyacos-poena-damni-i-z213-exit-ii-with-the-people-from-the-bridge-iii-the-first-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitris Lyacos, With the People from the Bridge, Shoestring Press 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitris Lyacos, The First Death, Shoestring Press 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poeticsresearch.com/article/a-column-of-cloud-and-a-column-of-fire-dimitris-lyacos-poena-damni-by-robert-zaller/">"Journal of Poetics Research – A lively journal for all"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Poetics+Research+%E2%80%93+A+lively+journal+for+all&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoeticsresearch.com%2Farticle%2Fa-column-of-cloud-and-a-column-of-fire-dimitris-lyacos-poena-damni-by-robert-zaller%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScapegoat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Жертвен козел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жертвен козел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouc%27h_ar_pec%27hedo%C3%B9" title="Bouc'h ar pec'hedoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bouc'h ar pec'hedoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctima_expiat%C3%B2ria" title="Víctima expiatòria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Víctima expiatòria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%9Btn%C3%AD_ber%C3%A1nek" title="Obětní beránek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obětní beránek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndebuk_(religion)" title="Syndebuk (religion) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syndebuk (religion)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCndenbock" title="Sündenbock – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sündenbock" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αποδιοπομπαίος τράγος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποδιοπομπαίος τράγος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivo_expiatorio" title="Chivo expiatorio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chivo expiatorio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeka_kapro" title="Propeka kapro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Propeka kapro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopla-buruko" title="Kopla-buruko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kopla-buruko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2_%D8%B7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87" title="بز طلیعه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بز طلیعه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouc_%C3%A9missaire" title="Bouc émissaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouc émissaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambing_hitam" title="Kambing hitam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kambing hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capro_espiatorio" title="Capro espiatorio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capro espiatorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%90%D7%96%D7%9C_(%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94)" title="שעיר לעזאזל (מצווה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שעיר לעזאזל (מצווה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caper_emissarius" title="Caper emissarius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caper emissarius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ABnnebock" title="Sënnebock – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sënnebock" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atpirkimo_o%C5%BEys" title="Atpirkimo ožys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atpirkimo ožys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zondeb%C3%B3k" title="Zondebók – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zondebók" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%B1nbak" title="Bűnbak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bűnbak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambing_hitam" title="Kambing hitam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kambing hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zondebok" title="Zondebok – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zondebok" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndebukk" title="Syndebukk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syndebukk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndebukk" title="Syndebukk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syndebukk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boc_emissari" title="Boc emissari – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boc emissari" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_expiat%C3%B3rio" title="Bode expiatório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bode expiatório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aap_isp%C4%83%C8%99itor" title="Țap ispășitor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țap ispășitor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Козёл отпущения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Козёл отпущения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gre%C5%A1ni_kozel" title="Grešni kozel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grešni kozel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntipukki" title="Syntipukki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syntipukki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndabock" title="Syndabock – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syndabock" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnah_ke%C3%A7isi" title="Günah keçisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Günah keçisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Козел відпущення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Козел відпущення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_d%C3%AA_g%C3%A1nh_t%E1%BB%99i" title="Con dê gánh tội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Con dê gánh tội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E6%AD%BB%E8%B2%93" title="食死貓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="食死貓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BF%E7%BD%AA%E7%BE%8A" title="替罪羊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="替罪羊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 17:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li 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