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<span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Riksmål_versus_Bokmål" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riksmål_versus_Bokmål"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Riksmål versus Bokmål</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riksmål_versus_Bokmål-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_from_Danish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_Danish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Differences from Danish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_Danish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_the_traditional_Oslo_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_the_traditional_Oslo_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_the_traditional_Oslo_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bokmål</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="بوكمول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوكمول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukmol" title="Bukmol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bukmol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="বোকমাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোকমাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Букмал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Букмал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Букмол – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Букмол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Букмол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Букмол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girjed%C3%A1rogiella" title="Girjedárogiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Girjedárogiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AF%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%AA" title="ބޯކިމާލު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބޯކިމާލު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Μποκμάλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μποκμάλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%84" title="بوکمل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوکمل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%AA%B0" title="보크몰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보크몰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Բուկմոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուկմոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Букмол – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Букмол" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3km%C3%A1l" title="Bókmál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bókmál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נורווגית ספרותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורווגית ספרותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბუკმოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუკმოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Букмол – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Букмол" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%ABkmols" title="Būkmols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Būkmols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukmolas" title="Bukmolas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bukmolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბუკმოლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბუკმოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%83%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="بوكمول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوكمول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بوکمال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوکمال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ブークモール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブークモール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Букмол – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Букмол" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬੂਕਮਾਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੂਕਮਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بکمال – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بکمال" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="بوکمول ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوکمول ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_norveg%C3%A8isa_(Bokm%C3%A5l)" title="Lenga norvegèisa (Bokmål) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga norvegèisa (Bokmål)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_bokm%C3%A5l_norueguesa" title="Língua bokmål norueguesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua bokmål norueguesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Букмол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Букмол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱵᱳᱠᱢᱟᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱳᱠᱢᱟᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%86%D9%84" title="بۆکمۆل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆکمۆل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Књижевни норвешки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књижевни норвешки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjanorja" title="Kirjanorja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjanorja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பூக்மோல் மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூக்மோல் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Букмол – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Букмол" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Букмол – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Букмол" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Букмол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Букмол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="بوکمول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بوکمول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E9%9D%A2%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="书面挪威语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="书面挪威语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E6%96%87" title="書面挪威文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="書面挪威文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81%E8%AA%9E" title="書面挪威語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="書面挪威語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Norwegia_Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bahasa Norwegia Bokmål – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Norwegia Bokmål" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25167#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of two official written standards for the Norwegian language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Norwegian Bokmål</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Bokmål-language text"><i lang="nb">bokmål</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Urban East Norwegian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="no-NO-03-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈbûːkmoːɫ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i><br />(written only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Scandinavian languages">East Scandinavian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Norwegian Bokmål</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Norse">Old East Norse</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Danish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Danish">Early Old Danish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish#Medieval_Danish" title="History of Danish">Late Old Danish</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Bokmål (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a> (unofficial)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian alphabet">Norwegian alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Language_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Language Council">Norwegian Language Council</a> (Bokmål)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy" title="Norwegian Academy">Norwegian Academy</a> (Riksmål)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=nb">nb</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=328">nob</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nob" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nob">nob</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/norw1259">norw1259</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-AAA-ba">to -be and 52-AAA-cd to -cg 52-AAA-ba to -be and 52-AAA-cd to -cg</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Bokmål</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Urban East Norwegian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="no-NO-03-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈbûːkmoːɫ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5e\/Bokm%C3%A5l_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg\/Bokm%C3%A5l_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Bokm\u00e5l (Pronuncation).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Bokm%C3%A5l_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg/Bokm%C3%A5l_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Bokm%C3%A5l_(Pronuncation).ogg" title="File:Bokmål (Pronuncation).ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">book-tongue</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is one of the official written standards for the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>. Bokmål is by far the most used written form of Norwegian today, as it is adopted by 85% to 90%<sup id="cite_ref-Vikor_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vikor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the population in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. There is no countrywide standard or agreement on the pronunciation of Bokmål and the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">spoken dialects</a> vary greatly. </p><p>Bokmål is regulated by the governmental <a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Language Council of Norway</a>. A related, more conservative <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> standard, commonly known as <i><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></i>, is regulated by the non-governmental <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_for_Language_and_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature">Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature</a>. The written standard is a Norwegianised variety of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish language</a>. </p><p>The first Bokmål orthography was officially adopted in 1907 under the name <i>Riksmål</i> after being under development since 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-Lundeby_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundeby-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architects behind the reform were <a href="/wiki/Marius_Nygaard_(academic)" title="Marius Nygaard (academic)">Marius Nygaard</a> and Jacob Jonathan Aars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">written Danish</a>- commonly used since the <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">past union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>- to <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koiné</a> spoken by the Norwegian urban elite, especially in the capital. When the large conservative newspaper <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i></span> adopted the 1907 orthography in 1923, Danish writing was practically out of use in Norway. The name <i>Bokmål</i> was officially adopted in 1929 after a proposition to call the written language <i>Dano-Norwegian</i> lost by a single vote in the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Lagting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lundeby_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundeby-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government does not regulate <i>spoken</i> Bokmål and recommends that normalised pronunciation should follow the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">phonology</a> of the speaker's local dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there is a spoken variety of Norwegian that, in the region of <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stlandet" class="mw-redirect" title="Østlandet">South-Eastern Norway</a>, is commonly seen as the <i>de facto</i> standard for spoken Bokmål. In <i>The Phonology of Norwegian</i>, Gjert Kristoffersen writes that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bokmål [...] is in its most common variety looked upon as reflecting formal middle-class urban speech, especially that found in the eastern part of Southern Norway [sic], with the capital Oslo as the obvious centre. One can therefore say that Bokmål has a spoken realisation that one might call an unofficial standard spoken Norwegian. It is in fact often referred to as Standard Østnorsk ('Standard East Norwegian').<sup id="cite_ref-Kristoffersen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristoffersen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Standard Østnorsk (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">'Standard East Norwegian'</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or sometimes described as "<a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a>" is the pronunciation most commonly given in dictionaries. However, Standard Østnorsk as a spoken language is not used (and does not have <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige</a>) outside South-Eastern Norway. All spoken variations of the Norwegian language are used in the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> (parliament) and in Norwegian national broadcasters such as <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV_2_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV 2 (Norway)">TV 2</a>, even in cases where the conventions of Bokmål are used. The spoken variation typically reflects a speaker's native region. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokm%C3%A5l&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Up until about 1300, the written language of Norway, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a>, was essentially the same as the other <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Dialects" title="Old Norse">Old Norse dialects</a>. The speech, however, was gradually differentiated into local and regional dialects. As long as Norway remained an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872-1397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Norway (872-1397)">independent kingdom</a>, the written language remained essentially constant.<sup id="cite_ref-Haugen_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haugen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1380,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway entered into a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Denmark. By the early 16th century, Norway had lost its separate political institutions, and together with Denmark formed the political unit known as <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> until 1814, progressively becoming the weaker member of the union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During this period, the modern Danish and Norwegian languages emerged. Norwegian went through a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a> transition, and a Danish written language more heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> was gradually standardised. This process was aided by the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, which prompted <a href="/wiki/Christiern_Pedersen" title="Christiern Pedersen">Christiern Pedersen</a>'s translation of the Bible into Danish. Remnants of written Old Norse and Norwegian were thus displaced by the Danish standard, which became used for virtually all administrative documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Haugen_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haugen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gjerset_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gjerset-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norwegians used Danish primarily in writing, but it gradually came to be spoken by urban elites on formal or official occasions. Although Danish never became the spoken language of the vast majority of the population, by the time Norway's ties with Denmark were severed in 1814, a <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a> vernacular often called the "educated daily speech"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> had become the mother tongue of elites in most Norwegian cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristiania" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiania">Kristiania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>. This Dano-Norwegian <i><a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koiné</a></i> could be described as Danish with regional Norwegian pronunciation (see <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a>), some Norwegian vocabulary, and simplified grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knudknudsen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Knudknudsen.jpg/170px-Knudknudsen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Knudknudsen.jpg/255px-Knudknudsen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Knudknudsen.jpg/340px-Knudknudsen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="3501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Knud_Knudsen_(linguist)" title="Knud Knudsen (linguist)">Knud Knudsen</a>, often called the "father of Bokmål"</figcaption></figure> <p>With the gradual subsequent process of Norwegianisation of the written language used in the cities of Norway, from Danish to Bokmål and Riksmål, the upper-class <a href="/wiki/Sociolects" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociolects">sociolects</a> in the cities changed accordingly. In 1814, when Norway was ceded from Denmark <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">to Sweden</a>, Norway defied Sweden and her allies, declared independence and adopted a democratic constitution. Although compelled to submit to a dynastic union with Sweden, this spark of independence continued to burn, influencing the evolution of language in Norway. Old language traditions were revived by the patriotic poet <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Henrik Wergeland</a> (1808–1845), who championed an independent non-Danish written language.<sup id="cite_ref-Gjerset_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gjerset-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haugen indicates that: </p> <blockquote><p>"Within the first generation of liberty, two solutions emerged and won adherents, one based on the speech of the upper class and one on that of the common people. The former called for Norwegianisation of the Danish writing, the latter for a brand new start."<sup id="cite_ref-Haugen_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haugen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The more conservative of the two language transitions was advanced by the work of writers like <a href="/wiki/Peter_Christen_Asbj%C3%B8rnsen" title="Peter Christen Asbjørnsen">Peter Asbjørnsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Moe" title="Jørgen Moe">Jørgen Moe</a>, schoolmaster and agitator for language reform <a href="/wiki/Knud_Knudsen_(linguist)" title="Knud Knudsen (linguist)">Knud Knudsen</a>, and Knudsen's famous disciple, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a>, as well as a more cautious Norwegianisation by <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haugen_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haugen-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Larsen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larsen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Knudsen's work on language reform in the mid-19th century was important for the 1907 orthography and a subsequent reform in 1917, so much so that he is now often called the "father of Bokmål". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokm%C3%A5l&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Norwegian language conflict</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riksmål_versus_Bokmål"><span id="Riksm.C3.A5l_versus_Bokm.C3.A5l"></span>Riksmål versus Bokmål</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokm%C3%A5l&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Riksmål versus Bokmål"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk,_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk%2C_1955.jpg/170px-Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk%2C_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk%2C_1955.jpg/255px-Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk%2C_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk%2C_1955.jpg/340px-Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk%2C_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Poster from a campaign against mandatory <a href="/wiki/Samnorsk" title="Samnorsk">Samnorsk</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1955</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the creation of <a href="/wiki/Landsm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsmål">Landsmål</a>, the Danish written in Norway was referred to as <i>(det almindelige) Bogmaal</i>, etc. ("(The ordinary) book language"), e.g. in <i>Den norske Literatur fra 1814 indtil vore Dage</i> (Hans Olaf Hansen, 1862), or the synonym <i>Bogsprog</i>, e.g. in the 1885 decision that adopted Landsmål as a co-official language. </p><p>The term <i>Riksmål</i> (<i>Rigsmaal</i>), meaning <i>National Language</i>, was first proposed by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1899 as a name for the Norwegian variety of written Danish as well as spoken Dano-Norwegian. It was borrowed from Denmark where it denoted standard written and spoken Danish. The same year the Riksmål movement became organised under his leadership in order to fight against the growing influence of Nynorsk, eventually leading to the foundation of the non-governmental organisation <a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5lsforbundet" class="mw-redirect" title="Riksmålsforbundet">Riksmålsforbundet</a> in 1907, which he led until his death in 1910. </p><p>The 1907 reform documents do not mention the language by name, but the term <i>Riksmål</i> eventually caught on and was adopted by the Ministry of Church and Education in the years leading up to the 1917 spelling reform, appearing in its 1908 publication <i>Utredning av spørsmaalet om et mulig samarbeide mellem landsmaal og riksmaal i retskrivningen</i> ("Investigation of the question of a possible cooperation between Landmål and Riksmål with regards to orthography"). Through this work an official policy to merge the standards (to a common <i><a href="/wiki/Samnorsk" title="Samnorsk">Samnorsk</a></i>) through spelling reforms came to be. </p><p>In line with these plans, the 1917 reform introduced some elements from <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a> and Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms. The reform met some resistance from the Riksmål movement, and <i>Riksmålsvernet</i> (The Society for the Protection of Riksmål) was founded in 1919. </p><p>In 1929, the parliament voted to rename the written standards. <i>Bokmål</i> was re-introduced as the official name for the Dano-Norwegian standard, replacing <i>Riksmål</i>, while <i>Landsmål</i> was renamed <i>Nynorsk</i>. </p><p>In 1938 both written standards were heavily reformed and many common spellings and grammatical endings were made mandatory. This meant the removal of many traditional Dano-Norwegian forms in Bokmål, a decision that was harshly criticised by the Riksmål movement for being too radical and premature. While it criticised the adoption of Nynorsk spellings, it initially also expressed support for making the orthography more <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic</a>, for instance by removing silent h's in interrogative pronouns (which was done in Swedish a few years earlier). </p><p>The resistance culminated in the 1950s under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_%C3%98verland" title="Arnulf Øverland">Arnulf Øverland</a>. Riksmålsforbundet organised a parents' campaign against Samnorsk in 1951, and the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was founded in 1953. Because of this resistance, the 1959 reform was relatively modest, and some of the common traditional Danish spellings and inflections were admitted back into the standard through the reforms in 1981 and 2005. </p><p>Currently, Riksmål denotes a language form regulated by the non-governmental organisation The Norwegian Academy of Language and Literature. It is based on pre-1938 Bokmål and has been regulated by The Academy as a private alternative to the official Bokmål spelling standard since the 1950s. Over time it has accepted widespread "radical" spellings into the Riksmål standard. Since the official Samnorsk policy was abolished, Riksmål and Bokmål have converged, and The Academy currently edits an online dictionary that covers both. The differences have diminished (now being comparable to <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="American and British English differences">American and British English differences</a>), but The Academy still upholds its own standard. </p><p>Norway's most popular daily newspaper, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no"><a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a></i></span>, is notable for its use of Riksmål as its standard language. Use of Riksmål is rigorously pursued, even with regard to readers' letters, which are "translated" into the standard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Aftenposten</i></span> gave up its most markedly conservative "signal words" in 1990. </p><p>While the specifics of the debate are unique to Norway, some parallels can be found in Austrian German and the <a href="/wiki/One_Standard_German_Axiom" title="One Standard German Axiom">One Standard German Axiom</a>, which revolves over the kind of standard to be used in a non-dominant country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokm%C3%A5l&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Special:EditPage/Bokmål">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/200px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/300px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/400px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2105" data-file-height="2980" /></a><figcaption>Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities. Red is Bokmål, blue is <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> and gray denotes neutral areas.</figcaption></figure><p>In the Norwegian discourse, the term <i>Dano-Norwegian</i> is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names <i>Riksmål</i> and <i>Bokmål</i>, meaning <i>state language</i> and <i>book language</i> respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> in the 19th century, a written language based on rural <a href="/wiki/Modern_Norwegian" title="Modern Norwegian">Modern Norwegian</a> dialects and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">puristic</a> opposition to the Danish and Dano-Norwegian spoken in Norwegian cities. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokm%C3%A5l&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_Danish">Differences from Danish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokm%C3%A5l&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Differences from Danish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_and_Standard_Danish" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish">Differences between Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish</a></div> <p>The following table shows a few central differences between Bokmål and Danish. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Differences between Bokmål and Danish </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Danish </th> <th>Bokmål </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">Definite plural suffix either -ene or -erne</span><br />the women<br />the wagons </td> <td><i>yes</i><br />kvind<b>erne</b><br />vogn<b>ene</b> </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />kvinn<b>ene</b><br />vogn<b>ene</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Scandinavian diphthongs<br />heath<br />hay </td> <td><i>no</i><br />h<b>e</b>de<br />h<b>ø</b> </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>yes</i><br />h<b>ei</b><br />h<b>øy</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Softening of p, t and k<br />loss (noun)<br />food (noun)<br />roof (noun)<br /> </td> <td><i>yes</i><br />ta<b>b</b><br />ma<b>d</b><br />ta<b>g</b> </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />ta<b>p</b><br />ma<b>t</b><br />ta<b>k</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Danish vocabulary<br />afraid (adjective)<br />angry (adjective)<br />boy (noun)<br />frog (noun) </td> <td><i>yes</i><br /><span class="nowrap">bange (<small>also</small> ræd)</span><br />vred<br />dreng (<small>also</small> gut)<br />frø </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />redd<br />sint or vred<br />gutt<br />frosk </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_the_traditional_Oslo_dialect">Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokm%C3%A5l&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most natives of Oslo today speak a dialect that is an amalgamation of <i>vikværsk</i> (which is the technical term for the traditional dialects in the Oslofjord area) and written Danish; and subsequently Riksmål and Bokmål, which primarily inherited their non-Oslo elements from Danish. The present-day Oslo dialect is also influenced by other Eastern Norwegian dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristoffersen_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristoffersen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table shows some important cases where traditional Bokmål and <a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Standard Østnorsk</a> followed Danish rather than the traditional <a href="/wiki/Oslo_dialect" title="Oslo dialect">Oslo dialect</a> as it is commonly portrayed in literature about Norwegian dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristoffersen_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristoffersen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many of these cases, radical Bokmål follows the traditional Oslo dialect and Nynorsk, and these forms are also given. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Differences between Bokmål and the traditional Oslo dialect </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2">Danish </th> <th colspan="2">Bokmål/Standard Østnorsk </th> <th rowspan="2">traditional Oslo dialect </th> <th rowspan="2">Nynorsk<sup>1</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>traditional </th> <th>radical </th></tr> <tr> <td>Differentiation between masculine and feminine<br />a small man<br />a small woman </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br /><b>en</b> lill<b>e</b> mand<br /><b>en</b> lill<b>e</b> kvinde </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br /><b>en</b> lit<b>en</b> mann<br /><b>en</b> lit<b>en</b> kvinne </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>yes</i><br /><b>en</b> lit<b>en</b> mann<br /><b>ei</b> lit<b>a</b> kvinne </td></tr> <tr> <td>Differentiation between masc. and fem. definite plural<br />the boats<br />the wagons </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />båd<b>ene</b><br />vogn<b>ene</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />båt<b>ene</b><br />vogn<b>ene</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>yes</i><br />båt<b>ane</b><br />vogn<b>ene</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Definite plural neuter suffix<br />the houses </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>-ene/erne</i><br />hus<b>ene</b> </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>-ene</i><br />hus<b>ene</b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>-a</i><br />hus<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Weak</a> past participle suffix<br />cycled </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>-et</i><br />cykl<b>et</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>-et</i><br />sykl<b>et</b> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>-a</i><br />sykl<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Weak</a> preterite suffix<br />cycled </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>-ede</i><br />cykl<b>ede</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Strong</a> past participle suffix<br />written </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>-et</i><br />skrev<b>et</b> </td> <td><i>-i</i><br />skriv<b>i</b> </td> <td><i>-e</i><br />skriv<b>e</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Split infinitive<br />come<br />lie (in bed) </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />komm<b>e</b><br />ligg<b>e</b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>yes</i><br />komm<b>a</b><br />ligg<b>e</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Splitting of masculines ending on unstressed vowel<br />ladder<br />round </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />stig<b>e</b><br />rund<b>e</b> </td> <td><i>yes</i><br />steg<b>a</b><br />rund<b>e</b> </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />stig<b>e</b><br />rund<b>e</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Scandinavian diphthongs<br />leg (noun)<br />smoke (noun)<br />soft/wet (adjective) </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />b<b>e</b>n<br />r<b>ø</b>g<br />bl<b>ø</b>d </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />b<b>e</b>n<br />r<b>ø</b>k<br />bl<b>ø</b>t </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>yes</i><br />b<b>ei</b>n<br />r<b>øy</b>k<br />bl<b>au</b>t </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Scandinavian u for o<br />bridge (noun) </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />br<b>o</b><sup>2</sup> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>yes</i><br />br<b>u</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Scandinavian a-umlaut<br />floor (noun) </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br />g<b>u</b>lv<br /> </td> <td><i>yes</i><br />g<b>o</b>lv </td> <td><i>yes</i><br />g<b>ø</b>lv </td> <td><i>yes</i><br />g<b>o</b>lv </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stress on first syllable in loan words<br />banana (noun) </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/baˈnaˀːn/</span> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background: #fcfce0"><i>no officially recognised<br />standard pronunciation</i> </td> <td><i>yes</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbɑnɑn/</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup (April 2017)">with a short vowel?</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background: #fcfce0"><i>no officially recognised<br />standard pronunciation</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Retroflex flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɽ/</span> from old Norse <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rð/</span><br />table, board (noun) </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/boˀːr/</span> </td> <td><i>yes</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/buːɽ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Retroflex flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɽ/</span> from old Norse <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span><br />sun (noun) </td> <td style="background: #f9f9c0"><i>no</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/soˀːl/</span> </td> <td><i>yes</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/suːɽ/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup>1</sup> Closest match to the traditional Oslo dialect. </p><p><sup>2</sup> However, Bokmål uses <i>ku</i> "cow" and (now archaic) <i>su</i> "sow" exclusively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokm%C3%A5l&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="no:"> Bokmål language edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Language">Danish Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">History of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnorsk" title="Samnorsk">Samnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a> – Unofficial Norwegian written standard language</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bokm%C3%A5l&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Reference-AHD-Bokmål" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Bokm%C3%A5l">"Bokmål"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DBokm%25C3%25A5l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bokmal">"Bokmål"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501110725/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bokmal">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbokmal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501110731/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Bokm%25C3%25A5l">"Bokmål"</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bokm%C3%A5l">"Bokmål"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Oxford Dictionaries</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5l&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FBokm%25C3%25A5l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Bokm%C3%A5l">"Bokmål"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bokm%C3%A5l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FBokm%25C3%25A5l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vikor-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vikor_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikør,_Lars" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lars_Vik%C3%B8r" title="Lars Vikør">Vikør, Lars</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203190655/http://www.sprakrad.no/Tema/Fakta/">"<i>Fakta om norsk språk</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakrad.no/Tema/Fakta/">the original</a> on 2014-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fakta+om+norsk+spr%C3%A5k&rft.au=Vik%C3%B8r%2C+Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakrad.no%2FTema%2FFakta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lundeby-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lundeby_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lundeby_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundeby,_Einar" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Einar_Lundeby" class="mw-redirect" title="Einar Lundeby">Lundeby, Einar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130222201525/http://www.sprakradet.no/nb-no/Politikk-Fakta/Fakta/Andre_oversikter/Stortinget_og_spraaksaken/">"<i>Stortinget og språksaken</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/nb-no/Politikk-Fakta/Fakta/Andre_oversikter/Stortinget_og_spraaksaken/">the original</a> on 2013-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stortinget+og+spr%C3%A5ksaken&rft.au=Lundeby%2C+Einar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2Fnb-no%2FPolitikk-Fakta%2FFakta%2FAndre_oversikter%2FStortinget_og_spraaksaken%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalvorsen" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Fjeld_Halvorsen" title="Eyvind Fjeld Halvorsen">Halvorsen, Eyvind Fjeld</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Marius_Nygaard/utdypning">"Marius Nygaard"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Knut_Helle" title="Knut Helle">Helle, Knut</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon" title="Norsk biografisk leksikon">Norsk biografisk leksikon</a></i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102115232/http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Marius_Nygaard/utdypning">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marius+Nygaard&rft.btitle=Norsk+biografisk+leksikon&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Kunnskapsforlaget&rft.aulast=Halvorsen&rft.aufirst=Eyvind+Fjeld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snl.no%2F.nbl_biografi%2FMarius_Nygaard%2Futdypning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/Sprakhjelp/Raad/Raad_om_uttale/">"Råd om uttale"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214121312/http://sprakradet.no/Sprakhjelp/Raad/Raad_om_uttale/">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A5d+om+uttale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2FSprakhjelp%2FRaad%2FRaad_om_uttale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristoffersen-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kristoffersen_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristoffersen_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristoffersen_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristoffersen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gjert_Kristoffersen" title="Gjert Kristoffersen">Kristoffersen, Gjert</a> (2000). <i>The Phonology of Norwegian</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823765-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823765-5"><bdi>978-0-19-823765-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Norwegian&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823765-5&rft.aulast=Kristoffersen&rft.aufirst=Gjert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haugen-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haugen_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haugen_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haugen_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haugen_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaugen1977" class="citation book cs1">Haugen, Einar (1977). <i>Norwegian English Dictionary</i>. Oslo: Unifersitetsforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-03874-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-03874-2"><bdi>0-299-03874-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norwegian+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Unifersitetsforlaget&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-299-03874-2&rft.aulast=Haugen&rft.aufirst=Einar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_BurgessHyvik2004" class="citation journal cs1">Peter Burgess, J.; Hyvik, Jens Johan (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpeterburgess.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/2004/2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10(4)_2004.pdf">"Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nations and Nationalism</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.2004.00185.x">10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-5078">1354-5078</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130721/https://jpeterburgess.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/2004/2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10%284%29_2004.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Ambivalent+patriotism%3A+Jacob+Aall+and+Dano-Norwegian+identity+before+1814&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=620&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.2004.00185.x&rft.issn=1354-5078&rft.aulast=Peter+Burgess&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Hyvik%2C+Jens+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjpeterburgess.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2F2004%2F2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10%284%29_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gjerset-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gjerset_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gjerset_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjerset1915" class="citation book cs1">Gjerset, Knut (1915). <i>History of the Norwegian People, Volumes I & II</i>. The MacMillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Norwegian+People%2C+Volumes+I+%26+II&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Gjerset&rft.aufirst=Knut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoel1996" class="citation book cs1">Hoel, Oddmund Løkensgard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krundalen.no/blogg/?page_id=101"><i>Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865</i></a>. Oslo: Noregs Forskingsråd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-12-00695-6" title="Special:BookSources/82-12-00695-6"><bdi>82-12-00695-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923050324/http://www.krundalen.no/blogg/?page_id=101">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasjonalisme+i+norsk+m%C3%A5lstrid+1848%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Noregs+Forskingsr%C3%A5d&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=82-12-00695-6&rft.aulast=Hoel&rft.aufirst=Oddmund+L%C3%B8kensgard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krundalen.no%2Fblogg%2F%3Fpage_id%3D101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larsen-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larsen_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson,_Karen1948" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Karen (1948). <i>A History of Norway</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Norway&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Larson%2C+Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjekkeland1997" class="citation book cs1">Skjekkeland, Martin (1997). <i>Dei norske dialektane</i>. Høyskoleforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-7634-103-9" title="Special:BookSources/82-7634-103-9"><bdi>82-7634-103-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dei+norske+dialektane&rft.pub=H%C3%B8yskoleforlaget&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=82-7634-103-9&rft.aulast=Skjekkeland&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABokm%C3%A5l" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norwegian_language" title="Template:Norwegian language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norwegian_language" title="Template talk:Norwegian language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norwegian language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norwegian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">Norwegian language conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Written</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bokmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnorsk" title="Samnorsk">Samnorsk</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(discontinued)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Unofficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk" title="Høgnorsk">Høgnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Spoken</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">West and south</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arendalsk" title="Arendalsk">Arendalsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandnes-m%C3%A5l" title="Sandnes-mål">Sandnesmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavangersk" title="Stavangersk">Stavangersk</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Østnorsk">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohusm%C3%A5l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohusmål (page does not exist)">Bohusmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudbrandsdalsm%C3%A5l" title="Gudbrandsdalsmål">Gudbrandsdalsmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Hallingmål-Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rna-Idrem%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Särna-Idremål">Särna-Idremål</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_egentliga_dalm%C3%A5len" class="extiw" title="sv:De egentliga dalmålen">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian" title="Urban East Norwegian">Urban East Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_dialect" title="Oslo dialect">Oslo dialect</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herjedalsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herjedalsk (page does not exist)">Herjedalsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalska" class="extiw" title="sv:Härjedalska">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamtlandic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamtlandic dialects">Jemtlansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meldal_dialect" title="Meldal dialect">Medalsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondheimsk" title="Trondheimsk">Trondheimsk</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nordnorsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordnorsk">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8nn%C3%B8y_dialect" title="Brønnøy dialect">Brønnøymål</a></li> <li>etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Non-dialectical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Norwegian" title="Modern Norwegian">Modern Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svorsk" title="Svorsk">Svorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Norwegian" title="American Norwegian">American Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russenorsk" title="Russenorsk">Russenorsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l_and_Standard_Danish" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish">Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_exonyms" title="Norwegian exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature" title="Norwegian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_profanity" title="Norwegian profanity">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kjell_(norwegian_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kjell"><img alt="Kjell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/8px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/12px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg/16px-Kjell_%28norwegian_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="49" /></a></span> "<a href="/wiki/Kjell_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kjell (letter)">Kjell</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvegia_transcription" title="Norvegia transcription">Norvegia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Language Council of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noregs_M%C3%A5llag" title="Noregs Mållag">Noregs Mållag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy" title="Norwegian Academy">Norwegian Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l_Society" title="Riksmål Society">Riksmål Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Danish_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Danish_language" title="Template:Danish language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Danish_language" title="Template talk:Danish language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Danish_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Danish language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Danish_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98" title="Ø">Ø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Braille">Danish Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature" title="Danish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Phonology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dania_transcription" title="Dania transcription">Dania transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%B8d" title="Stød">Stød</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illuminated_keyboard_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Illuminated_keyboard_2.JPG/200px-Illuminated_keyboard_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Illuminated_keyboard_2.JPG/300px-Illuminated_keyboard_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Illuminated_keyboard_2.JPG/400px-Illuminated_keyboard_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> (jysk) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a> (ømål)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> (østdansk) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants,<br />derivatives, etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standard Danish (rigsdansk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petuh" title="Petuh">Petuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bokmål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danglish" title="Danglish">Danglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Danish,_Norwegian_and_Swedish" title="Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish">Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansk_Sprogn%C3%A6vn" title="Dansk Sprognævn">Dansk Sprognævn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Norway" title="Template:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages of Norway</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bokmål</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" title="Lule Sámi">Lule</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani" title="Scandoromani">Scandoromani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a 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